taxonID	type	description	language	source
FD1F87899A43FF9D1DECAB4FFE6AF8F5.taxon	materials_examined	Localities and material. Mexico, Chiapas, National Park Lagunas de Montebello: (1) Type locality: 3.5 km after the entrance to the park, towards Tziscao. In the forests at right hand of the entrance to “ Lago de Montebello ”, 100 m away from the lake shore. Slightly disturbed pine-oak forest over a N-faced slope; within soil at 0 – 20 cm depth. 16 ° 06 ’ 16 ” N, 91 º 42 ’ 13 ” W, 1490 m a. s. l .. 19 J- 23 A- 15 CA (with 2, 9, and 4 posterior amputees, respectively), 11 / 19 / 1981, C. Fragoso and P. Lavelle. 6 J- 4 A- 3 CA, 11 / 27 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. (2) 2 km after the entrance to the Park, towards Tziscao 300 m by a rural road. Ecotone cloud forest - pine oak forest with abundant bromeliads, within soil at 0 – 20 cm depth. 16 ° 4 ’ 38 ” N, 91 ° 43 ’ 10 ” W, 1540 m a. s. l., 8 J- 1 A, 11 / 27 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. (3) km 6 on route to Tziscao, 4 km after “ Cinco lagos ”. Well preserved cloud forest and adjacent recently cleared forest, within soil at 0 – 20 cm depth. 16 ° 7 ’ 2 ” N, 91 ° 40 ’ 8 ” W, 1500 m a. s. l., 2 A- 4 CA, 11 / 28 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. Holotype. One clitellate adult collected 11 / 27 / 1997 in locality (1), IEOL 4238. Paratypes. Five clitellate adults collected in locality (1), 11 / 19 / 1981: IEOL 2149, 2150, 2151, 2155, and in locality (3), IEOL 3336, dissected. Further 20 individuals, characterized only externally: localities (1), 11 / 19 / 1981: IEOL 2154, 3360, 4229, 4230, 4231, 4232, 4233, 4234, 4235, 4236, 4237; 11 / 27 / 1997: IEOL 4219, 4220, 4239, 4243; (2), IEOL 3320; (3), IEOL 4240, 4241, 4242, 4243.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A43FF9D1DECAB4FFE6AF8F5.taxon	description	Description. External. Length 50 – 120 mm (mean = 78.9 mm, n = 19; holotype 103 mm); width (postclitellar) 1.6 – 2.5 mm (mean = 2.11, n = 23; holotype 1.8 mm). Segments 128 – 239 (mean = 189, n = 14; holotype 213). Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous, invaginated in the majority of individuals. Peristomium with several longitudinal annulations; in several individuals these grooves also present in the second segment. Secondary furrows: one postsetal in 7 and 8; in 9 – 13 one presetal and one postsetal; behind clitellum generally absent. Setae eight per segment, visible from segment 2, closely paired in the anterior region and quincuaxial in the posterior region. Setal formula in anterior region (average, n = 5) (aa: ab: bc: cd: dd): 10: 2.9: 1: 7.3: 0.6: 34.9; 30: 4: 1: 4.2: 1.2: 39.1. In all individuals the first seta that shifts is seta c, then seta d and finally seta b; setae a never move and thus row A is recognized throughout. The quincuaxial arrangement occurs always in the second half of the body, after segment 100 (average beginning after 65 % of segments, range 55 – 80 %, n = 12). Spermathecal setae present in some individuals (c. 50 %), on one or both sides of 6 and 7 (one ind.), 7 (14 ind.) or 7 and 8 (one ind.), sometimes surrounded by swellings (Fig. 1 A). Spermathecal setae slightly curved, without ornamentation, measuring 0.73 – 0.93 mm, apex slightly arrow-shaped (Fig. 2 C, D). Penial setae very conspicuous, robust, paired (a and b) in 17 and 19, semicircular (Fig. 2 A); those of 17 always slightly smaller (length 0.93 – 1.12 mm, width 70 µm) than those of 19 (1.02 – 1.31 mm, 100 µm). Apex with a slight undulation, ending in an acute tip; ornamentation limited to undulation, consisting in several irregular rows of small, apex oriented thorns (Fig. 2 B). Setae a and b of 18 visible. Clitellum dark to light orange, dorsally in 13 – 19 (one ind.), 1 / 2 13 – 19 (8 ind.), 14 – 19 (6 ind.) or 14 – 1 / 2 20 (one ind.); ventrally in 13 – 19 (one ind.), 1 / 2 13 – 19 (7 ind.), 14 – 19 (7 ind.) or 1 / 4 13 – 1 / 4 20 (one ind.); saddle shaped in the region of the genital zone (17 – 19) and (in some individuals) in 15 – 16, reaching setae b; in some individuals fused with swellings of segments 14 – 16. Intersegmental furrows of clitellum recognizable in some individuals (Fig. 1 A). Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first pore in 12 / 13 (n = 20). Spermathecal pores paired in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, very large, centered in AB (Fig. 1 A), the posterior edge of each pore with iridescence. Due to their size, in some individuals the pores appear to be in segments 8 and 9, but when looking inside the pore the duct is clearly in the respective intersegment. Female pores in 14, presetal and slightly median to a, within an ovoidtriangular papilla extending in BB (Fig. 1 A). Two pairs of prostatic pores in 17 and 19 just at the base of seta b, joined by square bracket-shaped seminal grooves, which run outside B (Fig. 1 A). In some individuals the seminal groove is more bracket-like, whereas in others it curves slightly in 18 towards seta b. Male pores in 17 / 18, within the seminal groove, outside B; in fully clitellate individuals pores difficult to see. Genital marks unpaired (Fig. 1 A) as mid-ventral, intersegmental papillae located in some intersegments of region 16 / 17 – 23 / 24; shape ovoidrectangular, extending into AA, BB or (more commonly) from outside B to outside B. Papillae in 20 / 21 and 21 / 22 mostly present (16 ind.). Holotype with papillae in 19 / 20 – 22 / 23. Papillae largest in 2 nd or 3 rd position, smallest generally in the last position. In some clitellate adults papillae of 17 / 18, 18 / 19 difficult to recognize, seeming more like swellings. Internal. Septa 5 / 6 and 12 / 13 very thin and membranous; 11 / 12 slightly muscular; 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 muscular; septa 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 funnel-shaped and imbricated, those of 8 / 9 – 10 / 11 joined by 4 – 8 dorsal and lateral connective tissue fibers. One large gizzard in 5, extending up to 7 – 8. Extramural calciferous glands present in 7 – 12 (n = 6), as dorsolateral sacs that open into the esophagus through a medium-sized conduct (Fig. 1 C); internally each sac with large, numerous lamellae with free margins. Size of sacs: 7 ≤ 8 ≥ 9> 10> 11> 12. Intestine begins in 14 / 15 or 15 / 16. Intestinal typhlosole starting in 15 or 16, as a small fold increasing in size in 21, 22, lamina-shaped in 23 or 24 with free edge divided into three deep ridges (i. e. typhlosole trifid), continuing with same shape until abrupt end in 123, 124, 126. In 24 – 28 with up to 13 lateral folds, straight or slightly oblique in posterior direction. Smaller dorsolateral typhlosoles covering 6 – 7 segments in the region of 21 – 28, at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca present as one or two paired dorsal pouches of the intestine in 21 – 24. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 8 – 12. Lateral hearts in 7, 8, 9 and 10; latero-esophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Ventral vessel present. Extra parietal ventral vessels in each side of 13, 14, 15 and 16, running outside male gonoduct joined in 13 to paired infra-esophageal vessels, which run anteriorly until 7; vessels in 7 and 8 joined to lateral commissures before anastomosing with anterior septum and fusing with the ventral vessel. Paired clusters of tufted micronephridia along a longitudinal row in 2 – 4; septal meronephridia observed in the anterior face of septa 7 / 8 – 12 / 13 (four, two on each side). Parietal, closed meronephridia from 14 backwards; in some individuals four on each side (eight per segment) from 28 – 39; from 40 on only three nephridia observed on each side. Median ventral nephridium of last segments larger and with a small nephrostome into the preceding segment. Holandric. Testes of 10 and 11 bushy and very large, joined to the male funnels by abundant coagulum and located mid-ventrally on the anterior septum. Male funnels iridescent and plicated, placed at both sides of the midventral line of the posterior septum; funnels of 11 larger than those of 10. Male gonoducts double, running along body wall in BC of 13 – 17, muscular in region 15 – 16, entering body wall in 17 / 18 just below the muscular duct of the prostate, towards mid-ventral line. Two pairs of seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, respectively fixed to septa 9 / 10 and 11 / 12; the anterior pair slightly smaller and in some individuals flat; the posterior pair larger and acinous. Two pairs of tubular prostates of similar size in 17 and 19, strongly coiled and fixed to intestine and septa by connective tissue, extending 1 – 4 segments backwards; muscular duct narrower and shorter (1 / 4) than glandular part. Penial setae a and b of both 17 and 19, in separate follicles that join to form an ovoidal muscle pouch; these pouches fixed by muscular stripes to lateral walls (one fiber) and to the floor (one or two fibers per pouch). Further retractor muscles in 16 / 17 and 18 / 19, extending from mid-ventral line to dorso-lateral walls; mid-ventral floor in segments 16 – 18 thicker. In each follicle, one undeveloped extra seta present. Ovaries one pair, large, on the floor of 13, with bushy coral shape and numerous eggs not in rows; female funnels one pair in 13, at both sides of mid-ventral line. Two pairs of similar-sized spermathecae discharging in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, ampulla and duct in the respective posterior segment, diverticulum in the anterior one; diverticulum sessile, discoidal, tightened to the parietes and with the overall appearance of a cabbage; duct wider and shorter than the elongated ampulla, which narrows in the middle part (Fig. 1 B). Length of spermathecae 2 mm. Spermathecal setae embedded in ovoidal pouches of muscular tissue fixed to lateral parietes by muscular stripes. Two follicles within pouches, no extra setae observed.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A43FF9D1DECAB4FFE6AF8F5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the species is dedicated to the Tojolabal people who inhabit the region of Montebello lakes and other nearby zones, in the highlands of the state of Chiapas.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A43FF9D1DECAB4FFE6AF8F5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. R. tojolabala belongs to the group of species with last hearts in 12 and quincuaxial setae. Being holandric it is separated from the metandric R. guatemalana, R. balantina, R. tecumumami, R. americana, R. lavellei and R. vulcanica; by having two pairs of seminal vesicles it is separated from R. irpex (one pair), although both species share the dorsal calciferous glands in segments 7 – 11. The quincuaxial arrangement of setae separates it from the other holandric species of the genus like R. sauerlandti, R. stadelmanni, R. strigosa, R, eiseni and R. microscolecina, sharing with the last three species the shape of spermathecae. From the quincuaxial R. lasiura it is also separated because, after the revision of one paratype (see further on), this last species turned out to be metandric as was assumed by Gates (1962). This species has previously been referred to as " Ramiellona sp. nov. 28 " (Fragoso 1993), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 13 " (Fragoso 2001), and " Ramiellona sp. nov. 14 " (Fragoso 2007; Fragoso & Brown 2007).	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A47FF9E1DECAEEFFE3CFB7C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa, Madrigal hill, tropical rain forest, within soil at 0 – 10 cm depth. 17 ° 32 ’ 01 ” N, 92 ° 55 ’ 31 ” W, 260 m a. s. l., 2 J- 2 CA, 01 / 10 / 2003, S. Uribe. Holotype. One complete clitellate adult, IEOL- 4224. Paratype. One complete clitellate adult, IEOL- 4225. Other material. Two juveniles, same data as for holotype.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A47FF9E1DECAEEFFE3CFB7C.taxon	description	Description. External. Length 50 mm (holotype), 46 mm (paratype); width (postclitellar) 1.9 mm. Segments 141 (h), 127 (p). Pigment absent. Prostomium invaginated prolobous. Peristomium with several longitudinal grooves, reaching in paratype the second segment. Secondary annulations irregular, with one presetal and one postsetal in some segments. Setae eight per segment, closely paired in anterior region and quincuaxial in posterior region. Setal formula in anterior region (aa: ab: bc: cd: dd): 10: 2.7: 1: 9: 2.9: 23.7; 30: 2.8: 1: 3.3: 1.7: 16.2. In both individuals the first seta that shifts is seta c in 70; then seta d in 86, seta b in 87 or 89 and finally seta a in 91 or 98. Paratype with spermathecal setae on both sides of 7 and 8 (a or b) (Fig. 3 A) within ovoidal pouches of muscular tissue, those of 7 fixed to lateral walls by muscular stripes; in both segments only one functional seta and several small extra setae. Holotype with spermathecal seta on both sides of segment 7 and only on one side of 8 and 9. Spermathecal setae slightly curved, ornamented in the last quarter (Fig. 4 B), characterized by alternated rounded crevices (Fig. 4 D); apex slightly concave and arrow-shaped; length of seta 0.7 mm. Paired penial setae (a and b) in 17 and 19, curved, length 0.68 mm, width 17 µm. Apex with two undulations and very thin ending (Fig. 4 A); two or three longitudinal rows of fine thorns just at beginning of first undulation, each row with 10 – 12 thorns; apex very delicate and easily broken, only observed in one of eight revised setae; small and irregular serrations present just before the beginning of apex undulations (Fig. 4 C). Setae a and b of 18 visible. Clitellum light orange, saddle shaped, in 14 – 18; annular in 14, reaching a in 15 and 16 and limited by the genital zone in 17 – 18. Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first pore in 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores paired, large, in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, centered in A; those of 8 / 9 slightly medial; in both individuals some filling observed. Female pores not recognized. Two pairs of prostatic pores in 17 and 19, over protuberances joined by parenthesis-shaped seminal grooves, which run outside B. Male pores in 18, in the deepest part of the genital region, slightly outside seta b. Genital marks of two kind, swellings and papillae (Fig. 3 A). Ovoidal swellings surrounding spermathecal setae. Unpaired, elliptical, mid-ventral papillae in 13 / 14 (with longitudinal ridges) and in 20 / 21, 21 / 22 and 22 / 23; the latter smooth and smaller, respectively reaching B, AB and A. Additional postsetal, paired marks in 16, with longitudinal ridges and extending from edge of clitellum to outside A. Internal. Septa 5 / 6 very thin and membranous; 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 thin and slightly muscular; 11 / 12, 12 / 13 slightly muscular; septa 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 funnel shaped, imbricated and joined by 2 – 4 dorsal and lateral connective tissue fibers. One large gizzard in 5. Extramural calciferous glands present in 8 – 10, as dorso-lateral sacs that open widely into the esophagus; internally each sac with numerous, large lamellae with free margins (Fig. 3 C). Size of sacs: 10> 9 ≥ 8. Esophagus in 13 with scarce and small ventral and lateral ridges; in 12 and 11 with free margin lamellae projecting from the entire esophagus wall and occluding half of the lumen. Intestine begins in 13 / 14. Intestinal typhlosole starting very thin in 15, increasing abruptly in 19, reaching maximal size in 21; laminar, ending in 73 (holotype) or 81 (paratype). In 20 – 25 with lateral folds, slightly oblique in posterior direction. Smaller dorso-lateral typhlosoles in 19 – 25, at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca absent. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 8 – 12. Lateral hearts in 7, 8, 9 and 10; latero-esophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Ventral vessel present. A pair of extra parietal ventral vessels in 13, 14 and 15, running outside male gonoduct. Paired clusters of tufted micronephridia along a longitudinal row in segments 3 – 6, joined to both sides of pharynx; septal meronephridia difficult to see, in 11 one pair at each side, on septum 11 / 12. Parietal, closed meronephridia from 14 backwards, two (holotype) or three (paratype) on each side; in the holotype placed either in CD or outside D. The median ventral nephridium of last segments with a clear nephrostome. Holandric. Testes and male funnels of 11 larger than those of 10; in both segments testes clearly recognized at both sides of mid-ventral line, joined to the anterior septum. Male funnels iridescent, not plicated but more or less solid, placed at both sides of the mid-ventral line of the posterior septum; in both segments dense coagulum strongly attached to funnels. Male gonoducts double, iridescent, running along body wall of 12 – 17 in AB, muscular in region 15 – 16, entering body wall in equator of 17, just below the penial setae pouches and in direction of midventral line. Two pairs of acinous seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, respectively fixed to septa 9 / 10 and 11 / 12; the anterior pair smaller and relatively flat; the posterior pair larger, voluminous and covering the esophagus. Two pairs of tubular prostates in 17 and 19, coiled, each gland limited to one segment or extending one segment backwards and fixed to the floor by connective tissue; the anterior pair slightly larger than the posterior one; muscular duct narrower and shorter (1 / 4) than the glandular part. Penial setae a and b of 17 and 19 within separate follicles that are joined to form an ovoid muscle pouch; these pouches fixed by muscular stripes to the lateral walls (one fiber) and to the floor (two fibers per follicle). Mid-ventral floor of 18 thickened. Undeveloped extra penial setae not present. Ovaries one pair on the floor of 13, like large compacted bushes with numerous eggs dispersed all over, not in rows; female funnels one pair in 13, large and at both sides of the mid-ventral line. Two pairs of spermathecae in 8 and 9, 1.2 mm long, with two opposite sessile and ovoidal diverticles which project from the duct in the same segment of the ampulla (Fig. 3 B); each diverticle divided into two large wall chambers. Length of duct c. 1 / 2 of the pyriform ampulla; ampulla with several creases.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A47FF9E1DECAEEFFE3CFB7C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name makes reference to the type locality, that in nahuatl language means a river of stones.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A47FF9E1DECAEEFFE3CFB7C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ramiellona teapaensis sp. nov. belongs to the group of holandric species with last hearts in 12 and quincuaxial setae. It is most similar to R. tojolabala, differing mainly by the intestinal caeca (absent in R. teapaensis vs. present in R. tojolabala), the shape of the spermathecae (with two opposite diverticles in the same segment of the ampulla vs. a single discoidal diverticle in the anterior segment of that of the ampulla) and the typhlosole (laminar vs. trifid).	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A45FF931DECAB6FFB42F9B1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. One clitellate adult collected in locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 3356. Paratypes. Dissected: Five clitellate adults collected in locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 4252, 4248; 12 / 30 / 1982: IEOL 2165; 01 / 01 / 1983: IEOL 4244; 12 / 14 / 1984: IEOL 4210; one posterior amputee adult from locality 4, IEOL 2171. Further 15 individuals, only externally characterized: Locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 3701, 2170, 4251, 4246; 12 / 30 / 1982: 4245, 2160; 01 / 01 / 1983: 2405; 02 / 03 / 1984 IEOL 3702; 10 / 26 / 1984: IEOL 4215, 3700; 12 / 14 / 1984: IEOL 4213, 4212, 4208, 4210; locality 3, 10 / 31 / 1991: IEOL 2166.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A45FF931DECAB6FFB42F9B1.taxon	description	Description. External. Length of relaxed specimens 167 – 230 mm (mean = 209 mm, n = 13; holotype 216 mm), contracted 94 – 152 mm (mean = 126 mm, n = 4). Width postclitellar 3.6 – 5.3 mm (mean = 4.3, n = 18; holotype 4.7 mm). Segments 169 – 210 (mean = 193, n = 15; holotype 201). Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous. Peristomium with several longitudinal grooves, also present in second and third segment. Secondary annulations in preclitellar segments: one postsetal furrow in 5, 6 and 7; one presetal and one postsetal in segments 8 – 12 or, less common, two presetal and two postsetal furrows in some of segments 10 – 12 (Fig. 5 A); behind clitellum generally absent or one presetal and one postsetal. Setae eight per segment, visible from segments 4 – 6, closely paired in anterior region and widely paired in posterior region. Setal formula (average, n = 8) (aa: ab: bc: cd: dd): 10: 6.1: 1: 7.8: 0.6: 34.3 and 0.8 dd = 1 / 2 U; 30: 4.4: 1: 3.7: 1.2: 23 and 0.8 dd = 1 / 2 U; ten segments before anus: 1.2: 1: 1: 1: 4.6 and 1.2 dd = 1 / 2 U. Genital setae absent. Conspicuous and robust paired dimorphic penial setae (a and b) in 17. Seta a 2.1 – 2.4 mm long before distal curvature, 105 – 108 µm wide, almost straight in the main axis, slightly curved at base and with a 90 ° curvature (or stronger) at the distal end (Fig. 6 A); apex with irregularly distributed thorns, thinner than main axis (Fig. 6 B); seta b slightly smaller and thicker than seta a, 2.0 – 2.2 mm long before ental curvature, 122 – 135 µm wide, also almost straight in the main axis, with a slight curvature at base and a 90 ° curvature in the spoon-like apex that ends like a hook (Fig. 6 C); ornamentation limited to the last distal third and characterized by abundant irregular serrations, the apex with scarce and more conspicuous thorns (Fig. 6 D). Setae a and b of 18 visible in c. 20 % of checked material; in two individuals slightly larger than somatic setae. Clitellum dark orange, 1 / n 13, 14 – 18 (9 ind.), 14 – 18 (7 ind.), saddle-shaped in 15 – 18, reaching setae b (Fig. 5 A); in fully mature individuals borders almost joined mid-ventrally, partially occluding the genital zone; in other individuals furrows and setae cd easily recognized. Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first functional pore in 12 / 13 (16 ind.); in some individuals a closed pore also present in 11 / 12. Female pores very small and difficult to observe, in 14, presetal in A or slightly median to A. One pair of prostatic pores in 17 just at the base of seta b; each pore apparently connected to male pores in the equator of 18 by an oblique groove which runs through the clitellum and outside B. Spermathecal pores paired in 8 / 9 and centered in AB, small or, less common, medium sized. Genital marks mid-ventral and unpaired, as intersegmental ovoidal-rectangular papillae commonly extending in BB (but in some individuals from outside B to outside B) located in 10 / 11 (present in all individuals except the one from Tabasco) and in 18 / 19 (Fig. 5 A); due to the swelling of clitellum and the folding of genital zone, this last mark sometimes appears as paired. Other marks not present in all individuals include smaller midventral ovoid papillae in 11 / 12, 15 / 16, 16 / 17, 17 / 18, 20 / 21, 21 / 22 and swellings in segments 19 and 20; the adult from Tabasco with elliptical and narrow mid-ventral papillae from AB to AB in 11 / 12, 12 / 13 and 13 / 14. Internal. Septa 5 / 6, 12 / 13 and 13 / 14 very thin and membranous, 11 / 12 slightly muscular, 6 / 7 – 10 / 11 muscular; septa 6 / 7 – 11 / 12 funnel shaped, imbricated and joined by up to 16 dorsal and lateral connective-muscular tissue fibers arranged in three or four pairs both dorsally and laterally, the latter fixed to walls of the same or posterior segments. One large gizzard in 5, extending 2 – 3 segments backwards. Extramural calciferous glands absent. The inner wall of the esophagus in 7, 8 and 9 (rarely 10) with developed lamellae which occlude almost half of the lumen; in 10 and 11 (rarely 12) lamellae less developed, larger in the dorsal part and highly innervated in 11; in 12 and 13 esophagus with only small grooves. Intestine begins in 14 / 15. Intestinal typhlosole starting in 15 or 16, laminar and small, increasing abruptly in size in 22 (3 ind.), 23 (1) or 24 (3) with free edge divided into three deep ridges (trifid), ending abruptly in 146, 148, 150, 152, 153. In the region of segments 23 – 29 (until 32 in one ind.) typhlosole with lateral folds, dorso-ventrally oriented. Smaller dorso-lateral typhlosoles in the region of segments 22 – 29, (24 – 32 in one ind.), at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca present as 4 – 5 pairs of dorsal pouches on the intestine of segments 23 – 26 (2 ind.), 24 – 27 (3) or 25 – 29 (2); some segments with apparently more than two caeca, due to the invasion of posterior caeca. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout; in the region of segments 15 – 26 two pairs of lateral commissures per segment dorsally visible. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 7 – 12. Lateral hearts in 7, 8, 9 and 10; lateroesophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Ventral vessel present. Segment 6 with two larger latero-ventral vessels originating just at the union of the esophagus to gizzard (5 / 6) running forward under the gizzard. Paired infra-esophageal vessels in segments 8 – 12, joining supra-esophageal vessel in 8 – 11 through lateral esophageal commissures which apparently connect with their respective muscular septa. Extra-parietal ventral vessels on each side of segments 13, 14 and 15, running laterally of male gonoduct; those of 13 running towards lateral walls, then turning to the septum where each of them divides into two small branches; one of them entering the septum, the other one continuing to the posterior segment. Paired clusters of tufted microphridia in the ventral wall of segments 3 – 5. In 8 – 13 between 6 and 12 septal nephridia observed on the anterior face of the corresponding septa, present on both sides of the esophagus, oriented in dorsal-ventral direction. Parietal, closed meronephridia extending backwards from 13 (1 ind.) or 14 (3), 6 – 10 meronephridia per segment (3 – 5 on each side). The mid-ventral nephridium of last segments larger and with a small nephrostome in the preceding segment. Holandric. Testes of 10 and 11 bushy and joined to male funnels by abundant coagulum, located mid-ventrally on the anterior face of the corresponding septum. Male funnels iridescent and plicated, placed at both sides of midventral line of the posterior face of septum; testes and male funnels in 11 larger than those in 10. Male gonoducts double from segment 11, running along body wall of segments 12 – 16 between B and C, muscular from segments 14, 15; disappearing in 16 under penial retractor muscles, entering body wall in 17 where they turn towards B, and opening in the equator of 18. Two pairs of acinous seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, respectively fixed to septa 9 / 10 and 11 / 12; the anterior pair smaller than the posterior one which covers most of the esophagus. One pair of tubular prostates in 17, strongly coiled, fixed to intestine and septa by connective tissue, extending 2 – 5 segments backwards; the glandular part 2 – 3 times wider and 4 – 5 times longer than the muscular duct. Follicles of penial setae a and b joined and forming a muscle pouch; on its free side, this pouch fixed by one muscular stripe to the lateral wall of 17; its base fixed by 2 – 3 fibers to the mid-ventral line of 16 / 17. Undeveloped extra setae (two per follicle) present. One pair of medium-sized bushy ovaries on the floor of 13, at both sides of mid-ventral line, with numerous eggs in rows; female funnels one pair in 13; no ovisacs present. One pair of similar-sized spermathecae discharging in 8 / 9, ampulla and duct in segment 9, diverticle in 8, sessile, discoidal and attached to the ventral body wall, with several dozens of small seminal chambers (Fig. 5 B); duct wider and shorter than elongate ampulla (Fig. 5 C); ampulla often twisted in its medial region. Dimensions (n = 2): 4.5, 4.9 mm length, 2, 2.4 mm width.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A45FF931DECAB6FFB42F9B1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the species is related to the loss of the anterior spermathecae and the last prostatesthe microscolecin condition.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A45FF931DECAB6FFB42F9B1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ramiellona microscolecina sp. nov. is unique in the genus by the microscolecin condition. It also belongs to the group of holandric species with last hearts in 12 and with the spermathecae characterized by a discoidal cabbage shape-like diverticle situated in the segment anterior to that of the ampulla (R. strigosa, R. eiseni and R. tojolabana sp. nov.). This new species is very similar to R. strigosa setosa (see below), but differs in the different number of spermathecae and prostates. This species has previously been referred to as " Ramiellona sp. nov. 1 " (Fragoso & Lavelle 1987, Fragoso 1992), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 27 " (Fragoso 1993), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 12 " (Fragoso 2001), and " Ramiellona sp. nov. 14 " (Fragoso 2007; Fragoso & Brown 2007).	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A48FF891DECA823FDC8FB05.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Chajul: 24 clitellates, 5 dissected, IEOL 1932, 1945, 1978 – 3, 1962 – 1, 2324, 19 externally revised, IEOL 1962, 1940, 1978; Miramar: two clitellates, one dissected, IEOL 1915; Bonampak: 7 clitellates, two dissected, IEOL 2450, 2461, 5 externally revised, IEOL 1981, 2450; San Cristobal de las Casas: two clitellates, one dissected, IEOL 4040; Ixhuatan: one clitellate dissected, IEOL 4090; Huimanguillo: one clitellate dissected, IEOL 3313 – 1; Agua Blanca: one clitellate externally revised, IEOL 4239, one aclitellate adult dissected, IEOL 1979.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A48FF891DECA823FDC8FB05.taxon	description	Description. In the following we present characters that were found invariable in the examined populations; in the section entitled " Variations " we present some external characters that varied within and between populations. External. Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous. Peristomium with longitudinal grooves, also present in second and third segment. Secondary annulations in preclitellar and postclitellar segments. Setae eight per segment, closely paired in anterior region, widely paired in posterior region. Conspicuous and robust paired dimorphic penial setae (a always larger than b) in 17 and 19 (Figs 8, 9); seta a with abundant ornamentation, more evident (like teeth) in the distal extreme which ends as a thin filament (Figs 8 A, B, 9 A, B); seta b with a spoon-like apex, and with less and smaller ornamentations (Figs 8 C, D, 9 C, D). Setae a and b of 18 not visible in the majority of the examined individuals. Genital setae absent. Clitellum saddle-shaped. Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first functional pore in 12 / 13. Female pores in 14, presetal slightly median to A. Two pairs of prostatic pores in 17 and 19 just at base of penial seta. Spermathecal pores paired in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, centered in AB. Genital marks mid-ventral and unpaired as intersegmental ovoidal-rectangular papillae; small and paired diagonally oriented marks, generally in AB and always intraclitellar. Internal. Septa 5 / 6, 12 / 13 and 13 / 14 thin and membranous, 6 / 7 – 11 / 12 muscular, funnel-shaped, imbricated and joined by several dorsal and lateral connective-muscular tissue fibers. One large gizzard in 5, extending 2 – 3 segments backwards. Extramural calciferous glands absent. Esophagus with internal lamellae covering the entire esophageal wall in segments 8 – 12; larger in segments 9 – 11. Origin of intestine in 14 / 15. Dorsal typhlosole starting in 16 or 17, laminar and small, increasing abruptly in size in 22 or 23 with free edge divided into three deep ridges (trifid) until its end, tens of segments before anus. Typhlosole with lateral folds, dorso-ventrally oriented in segments 23 – 28, 29. Smaller dorso-lateral typhlosoles in the region of segments 21 – 29, at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca present as 3 – 4 pairs of dorsal pouches on the intestine of segments 23 – 27; some segments with apparently more than two caeca, due to the invasion of posterior caeca. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout; two pairs of lateral commissures per segment dorsally joined to the intestine in 15 – 17. Ventral vessel present. Large latero-ventral vessels running forward under the gizzard. Supraesophageal vessel visible in 7 – 12. Lateral hearts in 7 – 10; latero-esophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Paired infraesophageal vessels in 7 – 12, which join supra-esophageal vessel through lateral esophageal commissures. Extra parietal ventral vessels in each side of segments 13, 14 and 15, running outside of male gonoduct. Paired clusters of tufted microphridia in ventral parietes of segments 2 – 5. Septal nephridia in preclitellar segments. Parietal, closed meronephridia extending backwards from 14, 8 – 16 per segment (4 – 8 on each side). The median-ventral nephridium of last segments larger and with small nephrostome in the preceding segment. Holandric. Testes and iridescent male funnels of 11 larger than those of 10. Male gonoducts muscular from segment 14, entering body wall in equator of 17. Two pairs of acinous seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, the anterior pair smaller than the posterior one. Two pairs of tubular prostates in 17 and 19, strongly coiled and fixed to the intestine and septa by connective tissue; the glandular part wider and 4 – 5 times longer than the muscular duct. Follicles of penial setae a and b joined by its ectal end, forming a muscle pouch; these pouches fixed by muscular stripes to the lateral wall of the body. Each follicle with two undeveloped setae located in a separated pouch. Ovaries in 13. Two pairs of similar-sized spermathecae discharging in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, ampulla and duct in posterior segments (8 and 9, respectively), duct wider and shorter than elongate ampulla, the latter with sausage shape. Diverticle in anterior segments (7 and 8), sessile, flat, ovoid and fixed to the walls, with several small seminal chambers. Variations. Length: Chajul: 140 – 175 mm (contracted), 190 – 300 mm (relaxed); Miramar: 185 mm (relaxed); San Cristobal: 80 – 100 mm (contracted); Ixhuatan: 95 mm; Huimanguillo: 200 mm; Agua Blanca: 120 mm (contracted). Width: Chajul: 3.6 – 6.1 mm; Miramar: 5 mm; San Cristobal: 5.3 mm; Ixhuatan: 4.4 mm; Huimanguillo: 4.3 mm; Agua Blanca: 5.4 mm. Number of segments: Chajul: 243, 237; San Cristobal: 210; Ixhuatan: 206; Huimanguillo: 328. Clitellum: Chajul: 14 – 18 (10 ind.) (Fig. 7 A), 1 / 2 13 – 18 (one ind.), 13 – 19 (one ind.); Bonampak: 14 – 18 (4 ind.), 13 – 20; Miramar: 1 / 2 13 – 18, 14 – 20; San Cristobal: 14 – 18 (Fig. 7 E); Ixhuatan: 14 – 18; Huimanguillo: 1 / 4 13 – 18 (Fig. 7 D); Agua Blanca: 14 – 18 (Fig. 7 C), 1 / 2 13 – 19, 1 / 2 20. Genital marks: Chajul (Fig. 7 A): Unpaired midventral (in the following: UM) present in some of the intersegments 10 / 11 – 14 / 15, 19 / 20 – 21 / 22; paired (in the following: P) in some of the intersegments 14 / 15 – 18 / 19; the marks of 14 / 15 can be paired or unpaired, this varying in each individual. In some individuals transverse rows of circular areas within the marks of 10 / 11, 12 / 13 – 15 / 16 (Fig. 7 B). Bonampak: UM in some of the intersegments 9 / 10, 10 / 11, 12 / 13, 14 / 15, 19 / 20, 20 / 21; P in some of the intersegments 13 / 14 – 16 / 17; the marks of 14 / 15 can be paired or unpaired, this varying in each individual. Miramar: UM in some of the intersegments 12 / 13 – 14 / 15, 19 / 20 – 21 / 22; P in 15 / 16, 16 / 17. San Cristobal: UM in some of the intersegments 10 / 11, 12 / 13 – 14 / 15, 20 / 21 – 24 / 25; P in 15 / 16, 16 / 17 (Fig. 7 E). Ixhuatan: UM in 8 / 9 – 10 / 11, 14 / 15, 15 / 16, 20 / 21 – 23 / 24; P in 16 / 17. Huimanguillo: UM in 10 / 11, 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 19 / 20, 21 / 22, 22 / 23; P in 15 / 16 – 18 / 19; transverse rows of circular areas within the mark of 15 / 16 (Fig. 7 D). Agua Blanca: UM in 10 / 11 – 13 / 14, 20 / 21, 21 / 22 (Fig. 7 C). Penial setae ornamentation: Chajul, Miramar, San Cristobal: serrations limited to the last distal third, before apex, small, abundant and surrounding entire circumference of setae; at the apex thorns conspicuous and scarce (Fig. 8 B). San Cristobal: very similar, but apex thorns much scarcer. Ixhuatan: the single individual with apex of and the original descriptions of Ramiellona strigosa strigosa Gates, 1962 from Guatemala, Ramiellona eiseni (Michaelsen, 1911) from Guatemala, and Ramiellona strigosa setosa Righi, 1972 from Mexico. both a and b setae very different from all populations, ending not as a spoon or as a tip, but twisted and truncated (Fig. 9 F, H). Huimanguillo and Agua Blanca: serrations and thorns abundant and conspicuous in both a and b setae (Fig. 9 B, D).	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A48FF891DECA823FDC8FB05.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ramiellona strigosa strigosa was described by Gates (1962) from six adults, five aclitellate and one clitellate. The material had been collected by Eisen in Guatemala, in the highland pine forest region of Totonicapan, during his travel across the western and southern regions of Guatemala (Eisen 1903). It remained at the California Academy of Sciences until its revision by Gates, sixty years later. Gates (1962) pointed out the similarity with R. eiseni — collected also by Eisen in the proximities of Huehuetenango during the same trip, and described by Michaelsen (1911) from a single clitellate adult. Several differences indicated by Gates for both species were found in the material of R. strigosa setosa revised in this study, varying between populations and even within populations (e. g. number of genital marks, presence or absence of transverse circular areas within each marking, extension of clitellum). Unfortunately Michaelsen (1911) did not record other internal characters that would support (or not) the separation of both species. By now only the number of seminal vesicles and the presence / absence of calciferous lamellae separate both species (Table 1). Later on Righi (1972) described the subspecies R. strigosa setosa from Chiapa de Corzo. Although this author did not indicate on which differences the erection of the subspecies was based, we can conclude from Table 1 that the shape of penial setae, position of seminal vesicles and conspicuous posterior somatic setae led Righi to erect a new subspecies; it was considered as R. strigosa by the shape of the spermathecae and the presence of calciferous lamellae in segments 8 – 12. This subspecies shares a key feature with all the populations studied in this paper: dimorphic penial seta a and b with different apex shape (Table 1); besides, the type locality of R. strigosa setosa is within the range of localities where we found these populations (Fig. 11). However there are other characteristics such as the presence of testicular sacs and the lack of lateral typhlosoles that separate R. strigosa setosa from the populations here studied. Furthermore, some of the studied individuals have characters exclusively found in the Guatemalan population of R. strigosa strigosa, like lateral typhlosoles and transverse rows of circular areas in the genital marks (Chajul and Huimanguillo). For the time being, we will consider all specimens found in our survey as R. strigosa setosa. Examination of the types of both R. strigosa strigosa and R. strigosa setosa, sampling in more localities of southern Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala, and the use of DNA sequences (e. g. COI and other genes) will enable robust phylogenetic analyses and clarify whether (or not) i) R. strigosa strigosa is synonymous with R. eiseni, ii) R. strigosa setosa should be elevated to species rank, and iii) whether there are more than one species in the complex of R. strigosa setosa.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A52FF8A1DECAB77FE12FCAD.taxon	materials_examined	Locality and material. Guatemala, Puerta parada, Municipality of Santa Catarina Pinula, outside Guatemala City and 0.5 km from Panamerican Hwy. Forest of Cupressus in regeneration, property of J. Schuster. In a pond. 14 ° 33 ’ 27.69 ” N, 90 ° 29 ’ 10.12 ” W, 1800 m a. s. l .. 1 CA (posterior amputee). 06 / 06 / 1993, P. Reyes, IEOL 3098.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A52FF8A1DECAB77FE12FCAD.taxon	description	Description. External. Length nearly 200 mm, coiled and amputee; width postclitellar 13.5 mm. Segments more than 232. Pigment absent. Color gray-brownish, probably due to conservation in alcohol for 19 years. Prostomium evaginated, probably prolobous. One secondary annulation visible from segment 4, but more evident in 5; behind clitellum hardly visible, completely absent in last segments. Setae eight per segment, closely paired, minute and difficult to see; ab visible from 7, cd visible in 13 and then only behind clitellum; towards the posterior region the setae still minute but thicker. Setal formula (aa: ab: bc: cd: dd): segment 30: 8.4: 1: 8.4: 0.8: 48; segment 225: 6.8: 1: 5: 0.8: 41; dd <1 / 2 U. Paired penial setae (a and b) in 17 and 19, all similar in shape and size (Fig. 10 D – G). Both setae a and b characterized by three regions: a basal slightly curved zone, a straight region which represents the main body and a distal part, curved between 45 ° and 90 °. The distal apex slightly twisted, ending as a very thin filament. No ornamentation present in any region of the setae. Size of the straight region c. 2.44 mm. Setae a and b of 18 small and difficult to see. Clitellum saddle-shaped in 1 / 2 13 – 20 (8.5 segments), hardly visible, ventrally reaching AB. Dorsal pores present all along the body, first pore in 13 / 14. Paired spermathecal pores as transverse slits in AB of 7 / 8 and 8 / 9; very small (1 mm) in relation to the size of the worm, and slightly larger than ab. Female pores in equator of 14, just to the level of ab. Male pores not recognized. Two pairs of minute prostatic pores in 17 and 19, on small protuberances, in A, joined by parenthesis-shaped seminal grooves, which run in AB. Unpaired elliptical genital marks in the mid-ventral line of 16 / 17, 20 and 21, extending from AB to AB (Fig. 10 A). Internal. Septa 5 / 6 – 11 / 12 strongly muscular, funnel-shaped and imbricated, joined by large muscular fibers; posteriorly thin and membranous. Four muscular fibers at septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8, two dorsal and two lateral; eight fibers at septa 8 / 9, 9 / 10 and 11 / 12, four dorsal (two on each side), four lateral (two in each side). All septa joined to body wall except septum 10 / 11 which is completely united to 11 / 12. One large gizzard in 5. Calciferous glands absent; esophagus in 9 – 11 with thin lamellae projecting from the entire esophageal wall. Intestinal origin not recognized, somewhere in the region of segments 14 – 16. Dorsal typhlosole starting abruptly in 20, as a single and big lamina; from 30 on the free edge with two slight folds (i. e. typhlosole bifid), the main lamina with lateral dorso-ventral folds, ending in 189. Paired and dorsal intestinal caeca in each of segments 20 – 25 (n = 6). Single dorsal vessel visible throughout. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 9 – 12. Lateral hearts in 9 and 10; large latero-esophageal hearts in 11 and 12. The excretory system characterized by three different kinds of nephridia: i) paired tufts of micronephridia on the floor of segments 2, 3 and 4, at both sides of the pharynx; ii) four clusters of tufted micronephridia in each of segments 5 – 11, two fixed dorso-laterally to the posterior septum, and two on the floor at both sides of the mid-ventral line; iii) closed parietal meronephridia from 13 on backwards, c. 18 at each side (= 36 per segment), joined by a transverse cord. The median-ventral nephridium of last segments with a nephrostome. Metandric, testes and male funnels only in 11, within a closed testicular chamber formed by the total union of septa 10 / 11 and 11 / 12, which also encloses all the somatic structures of this segment. Testes large, tuft-like; male funnels small, slightly iridescent and plicate. Male gonoducts thick and large, entering the body wall in 13 at AB; due to their size, they can be observed posteriorly even inside the body wall. One pair of large acinous dorso-lateral seminal vesicles in 12, fixed to septum 11 / 12 and completely covering the esophagus and dorsal vessels. Paired tubular prostates in 17 and 19, small, folded and extending one or two segments backwards, fixed to the floor by connective tissue of the involved septa; muscular duct and glandular part almost the same width, but the latter 4 – 5 times longer than duct. Penial setae a and b within separate follicles, each one with two or three undeveloped extra setae. Follicles with some muscular stripes extending to body wall. Ovaries in 13, very small, bushy and with numerous eggs dispersed all over, not in rows; female funnels not recognized. Two pairs of spermathecae in 8 and 9, tightly attached to the floor, without diverticle and measuring in total length 3.3 mm. Ampulla ovoid, projecting posteriorly, its anterior part covering the underlying muscular duct, posterior part with a mesial curvature; no iridescence or external seminal chambers observed (Fig. 10 B, C). 1978 and the single individual found in Puerta Parada, Guatemala currently assigned to R. americana.	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
FD1F87899A52FF8A1DECAB77FE12FCAD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. R. americana and R. lavellei are very similar species which were both described from a single specimen, the first intercepted in soils supposedly from Guatemala (Gates 1957) and the second collected in pine forests of central Chiapas, Mexico (Gates 1978). The Puerta Parada individual of this study presents similarities with both species, mainly by the complete metandry (loss of testes and male funnels of segment 10). The metandric condition (complete or incomplete, i. e. only the loss of testes) is common in the majority of the Central American species of Ramiellona, and hitherto only recorded in one Mexican species. Other changes that accompany metandry are the testicular chamber of segment 11 and a single pair or seminal vesicles in segment 12. In R. americana Gates (1957) stated that the testicular chamber is complete and that it encloses digestive and circulatory systems of segment 10, making them visible only after separating completely the fused septa 10 / 11 from that of 11 / 12. Table 2 shows some characters shared by R. americana, R. lavellei and the Puerta Parada individual. It can be seen that the Puerta Parada specimen has characters in common with R. americana (clitellum, testicular chamber, type of septal nephiridia, size of penial setae) and with R. lavellei (setal distances, amount of parietal nephirida, type of spermathecae), but also that this individual presents some unique characteristics such as the kind of genital marks, the intraparietal male gonoduct, the amount and location of intestinal caeca and the bifid typhlosole. With more individuals available, it will be possible to evaluate the fixation of characters, and a new species or at least a new subspecies may be named. Search of type material of R. americana was unsuccessful: The species is not included in the catalogue of Oligochaeta types (Reynolds & Cook 1976) and nor was it found, on requesting the curators, in the main museums where G. Gates used to deposit his type specimens (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Canadian Museum of Natural History). For now we consider it better to assign the single individual of Puerta Parada to R. americana. Finally, similarities between the Puerta Parada individual and R. americana suggest that the latter species really inhabits Guatemala. Considering that all the Guatemalan species of Ramiellona have been found in the west high mountains of the region of Huehuetenango, the record of Puerta Parada extends the distribution of this genus in Guatemala, nearly 100 km southeast (Fig. 11).	en	Fragoso, Carlos, Rojas, Patricia (2014): New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Zootaxa 3753 (6): 549-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3
