identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FF530825FF947B55FF7A7C4376C2FC52.text	FF530825FF947B55FF7A7C4376C2FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrosaurus microlophus (Bleeker 1860)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrosaurus microlophus (Bleeker, 1860)</p>
            <p>Chresonymy:</p>
            <p> Istiurus microlophus (Bleeker 1860a: 80, 1860b: 85) </p>
            <p> Istiurus amboinensis (part) (Bleeker 1860b: 85) </p>
            <p> Lophura amboinensis (part) (Boulenger 1885: 402; Casto de Elera 1895: 417; de Rooij 1915: 128) </p>
            <p> Lophura amboinensis var. celebensis (Weber 1890: 160, 167) </p>
            <p> Hydrosaurus amboinensis (part) (Wermuth,1967: 64) </p>
            <p> Type:  Holotype NHMUK 1863.12.4.35, juvenile, collected by P. Bleeker, 1855.</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Makassar (= Ujung Pandang), Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia (Figure 8)  . </p>
            <p>Description of holotype: See above.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Large species exceeding 1000 mm in total length; largest specimen, SMF 35996, SVL = 325mm, TL = 745mm (TL/SVL = 2.29), tip of the tail missing; complete specimen, MZB Lac 5870, SVL 131 mm, TL 315 mm (TL/SVL = 2.4) [Remark: The MVZ database gives 370 mm as tail length]. Head black; sometimes with yellowish colour around the eyes, the same on the lower half of the neck and in front of the shoulders as well as in the gular region; nuchal region black; a group of enlarged conical or pyramidal scales on either side of the neck; nuchal and dorsal crests continuous; in males, the sides of the body are dirty yellow with three groups of enlarged conical or pyramidal scales, often forming a triangular shape, between fore and hindlimbs that decrease in size ventrally to form transverse bands, the largest scales being black in colour; adult females are black with yellow enlarged scales; some females (presumably subadults or non-reproducing specimens) and juveniles typically grey with the groups of enlarged scales being whitish in colour; yellow ventrally, limbs on the upper side black and on the underside yellow (grey in subadults and juveniles); scales under fourth and fifth toes initially flat or singly keeled; tail black with some irregular yellow markings; sail dirty yellow to light brown with black stripes.</p>
            <p> Allocation of adult museum specimens to  Hydrosaurus microlophus . The preserved type material is only represented by a single specimen each. In the case of  H. celebensis we located additional adult voucher specimens that match the holotype of this species (see Appendix 1). However, we were not able to locate any juvenile specimens that can be assigned unambiguously to  H. celebensis . </p>
            <p> However, in the case of  H. microlophus the holotype is a juvenile and corresponding adult specimens present in museum collections had to be inferred as belonging to this species following morphological comparison. The main diagnostic characters for assignment of adult specimens to  H. microlophus is the presence of groups of enlarged, strongly keeled scales dorsolaterally and the highly variable number of enlarged scales on the sides of the neck (≥ 3 up to eleven) as well as their shape and arrangement. </p>
            <p> The Senckenberg collection holds three specimens (SMF 35996-98) from Sulawesi without precise locality or collector details. These specimens were received in 1930 from the Zoological Society Frankfurt and determined under the curatorship of Robert Mertens as  H. amboinensis microlophus . All three specimens agree well with the characters outlined as specific for the  H. microlophus type (i.e., enlarged dorsal scales in groups, ventral scales equal or larger than dorsal scales, 10/11 supra- and infralabials, respectively). Therefore, we consider the Senckenberg material adult representatives of  H. microlophus (see also below for a comparison of live specimens). Two of these specimens lack parts of their tails but one has a nearly complete tail (SVL = 325mm, TL = 745mm, with only the tip of the tail missing according to G. Köhler [SMF, pers. comm.], TL/SVL = 2.3). Currently the specimens, although kept in the same jar, are not individually numbered. For clarity we consider the nearly complete specimen as SMF 35996, the specimen measuring SVL = 295mm, TL = 90mm as SMF 35997 and the one measuring SVL = 333mm, TL = 220 mm as SMF 35998. Gaulke (1989) examined these specimens and concluded that they were conspecific with H. (cf.)  pustulatus unaware that the Philippine populations of  Hydrosaurus constituted a species complex (Siler et al. 2014). A comparison with the juvenile type shows that the enlarged dorsal scales have a much more pronounced keel in adults and that these may exhibit a conical or near pyramidal shape. In the juvenile holotype the enlarged dorsal scales are white while they appear to be brown (SMF 35997), dark brown or black (SMF 35996 and SMF 35998) in the preserved adults. This is in contrast to the black and yellow speckled dorsal colouration in  H. celebensis . Additionally, the enlarged dorsal scales in  H. celebensis are typically light coloured or even white. A comparison between the type specimen of  H. celebensis and an adult  H. microlophus specimen (SMF 35996) is shown in Figure 5. </p>
            <p> Bleeker (1860b) reported specimens from “Boni” as  Istiurus (=  Hydrosaurus )  amboinensis . There is a dried specimen at Naturalis (ZMA 12611) that was previously housed in the collection of the Tropeninstituut Amsterdam, and subsequently transferred to the ZMA collection (now at Naturalis). Boni (or Bone State) was a former sultanate on the east coast of the southwestern arm of Sulawesi near Danau (=Lake) Tempe. The specimen has enlarged conical, near pyramidal scales on either side of the neck and two groups of similar scales on the back. As its dorsal scalation matches that of  H. microlophus and the locality record falls within the range of this species it should be classified as such. </p>
            <p>Intraspecific Variation: One variable character is the number of enlarged scales on either side of the neck. The enlarged scales along the neck are sometimes arranged in a single row and sometimes intermixed with slightly smaller ones forming a group (picture collection AGT). The number of enlarged scales varies from three to eleven. The lateral groups of enlarged body scales consist of 10 to 20 scales, with the anterior most group having the highest number of scales. Typically there are three groups of enlarged scales between the fore and hindlimbs. One specimen (picture collection AGT) contains a group of three enlarged scales between the midbody and the onset of the tail group.</p>
            <p> Sexual dimorphism: Adult males of  H. microlophus have a considerably higher dorsal sail and a typically more pronounced nasal crest than do females, although we also observed some females with a well-developed nasal crest. In addition, males and females show a clear sexual dimorphic colouration (dichromatism, see above). Thus, in female specimens the groups of enlarged scales are whitish/yellowish coloured on a dark grey to nearly black dorsal ground colour while male specimens typically show a dirty yellow dorsal colouration with the groups of enlarged scales being black or brown in colour. </p>
            <p> Comparisons:  H. microlophus differs from  H. amboinensis by the possession of the following characters: grossly enlarged scales near the onset of the forelimbs; strongly enlarged conical or pyramidal scales in groups forming dorsolateral bands (all of these characters are either not or only slightly developed in  H. amboinensis ). Furthermore,  H. microlophus differs from  H. amboinensis in colouration (yellowish green in male  H. amboinensis and green in females with black marbling in both sexes vs. dirty yellow dorsal colouration with the groups of enlarged scales being dark coloured in male  H. microlophus , plus dark dorsal colouration with the groups of enlarged scales being whitish/yellowish in female  H. microlophus together with the top of the head and neck being black and the throat being yellow in colour in both sexes) they also possess a nasal crest (absent in  H. amboinensis , see Figure 6a). Most noticeably, the males of  H. microlophus differ in their pattern from the males of  H. celebensis the latter having complete or near complete black heads, limbs and tails.  H. microlophus differs from  H. weberi in general colouration and pattern, the latter being grey green.  H. microlophus differs from  H. celebensis and  H. weberi by having groups of enlarged (black in males, white or yellow in females) conical and pyramidal scales on the dorsum. In every case the number of scales in the major groups of enlarged scales is larger than that in  H. celebensis . In  H. microlophus the nuchal and dorsal crests are continuous, while they are separated by considerably smaller scales on the neck in  H. weberi . </p>
            <p> Biology:  H. microlophus appears to prefer open freshwater habitats mostly surrounded by high trees. We observed this species mainly on stony or rocky ground. In Bantimurung specimens were seen in a river with large boulders and low vegetation on the banks. Remarkably, this site was near the entrance of the Bantimurung National Park that is highly frequented by many visitors. Some specimens even occurred near a busy building site. </p>
            <p> Near Bengo-Bengo six specimens (one male and five females) were observed on a tree. It appeared as if this assemblage had a harem structure with the single male being the dominant individual. According to locals and own observations, individuals living close to human settlements are often seen in trees during the dry season to escape the hunting dogs. In contrast, during the rainy season a more terrestrial behaviour is observed. Individuals or groups of sailfin lizards of different ages are mainly seen on riverbanks and flee into the river when disturbed. We observed several specimens of all age groups living together within a relatively small range especially in the dry season. The semiaquatic habitat was shared with  Varanus togianus , a potential predator of juvenile  Hydrosaurus . </p>
            <p> Distribution:  H. microlophus is endemic to Sulawesi. It appears to be restricted to Southwest Sulawesi, the bordering southern part of Central Sulawesi and possibly also inhabits parts of West Sulawesi (Figure 8). See also the Discussion below. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF530825FF947B55FF7A7C4376C2FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Denzer, Wolfgang;Campbell, Patrick D.;Manthey, Ulrich;Glässer-Trobisch, Andrea;Koch, André	Denzer, Wolfgang, Campbell, Patrick D., Manthey, Ulrich, Glässer-Trobisch, Andrea, Koch, André (2020): Dragons in neglect: Taxonomic revision of the Sulawesi sailfin lizards of the genus Hydrosaurus Kaup, 1828 (Squamata, Agamidae). Zootaxa 4747 (2): 275-301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.3
FF530825FF907B48FF7A7F70750BFE4A.text	FF530825FF907B48FF7A7F70750BFE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrosaurus celebensis (Peters 1872)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrosaurus celebensis (Peters, 1872)</p>
            <p>Chresonymy:</p>
            <p> Lophura amboinensis (Günther 1873: 168)</p>
            <p> Lophura amboinensis (part) (Boulenger 1885: 402; Meyer 1887: 6; Casto de Elera 1895: 417; de Rooij 1915: 128) </p>
            <p> Lophura amboinensis var celebensis (Weber 1890: 160, 167) </p>
            <p> Hydrosaurus amboinensis (part) (Wermuth 1967: 64) </p>
            <p> Hydrosaurus cf. amboinensis (Koch 2012: 149)</p>
            <p> Hydrosaurus sp. [Sulawesi] (Siler et al. 2014: 102) </p>
            <p> Hydrosaurus celebensis (Siler et al. 2014: 104)</p>
            <p> Type:  Holotype ZMB 7393, adult male, collected by A. B. Meyer in 1870.</p>
            <p>  Type locality: “ Ufer des Flusses von Posso in der Bai von Tomini” (= banks of the  Poso river in the Bay of Tomini), Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (Figure 8)  . </p>
            <p>Description of holotype: See above.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Large species, exceeding 1000 mm in total length, possibly 1200 mm (assuming TL/SVL = 2.4, a complete tail of holotype amounts to 864 mm); largest specimen examined, holotype SVL 360 mm, TL 580 mm (TL/SVL = 1.61), part of the tail missing; complete specimen, MZB Lac271, SVL 233 mm, TL 563 mm (TL/SVL = 2.42). Head, neck, gular region and shoulder completely black; a row of enlarged flat, sometimes conical scales on either side of the neck; nuchal and dorsal crests continuous; a group of dirty white enlarged flat scales on the anterior part of the dorsum; few (&lt;10) additional enlarged scales approximately at midbody and before the hindlimbs. Dorsal colouration typically yellowish, sometimes dark orange, interspersed with black spots; ventrally beige, limbs black with a few yellow spots; scales under fourth and fifth toes broad with several keels from near the base of the toe; tail black, sail black or dark violet with black stripes.</p>
            <p>Intraspecific Variation: The number of enlarged scales along the neck varies from three to five. Equally, the number of enlarged scales on the dorsum varies in the anterior group from two to seven. At midbody and near the base of the tail there are typically only one or two enlarged scales. One male from Pattunuang had the midbody group split into two groups of two scales giving the impression of a crossband. While the ventral scales in H. ce- lebensis are typically smaller than the dorsal scales, a photograph (courtesy of J. McGuire) of the specimen (tissue sample JAM 6859) from Desa Jelaja, Southwest Sulawesi, used in the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Siler et al. (2014) shows that the size of the ventral scales appear to be larger than or equal to the size of the dorsal scale size.</p>
            <p> Sexual dimorphism: Adult males of  H. celebensis have a considerably higher dorsal sail and a more developed nasal crest than in females. In general, the colouration and pattern is more contrasted in males while females appear to be duller in colour. Typically males of  H. celebensis are black and yellow (or light orange) spotted whereas in females the spotted pattern is less pronounced consisting of an olive-brown, greyish ground colour with black spots in the Pattunuang population and rather greenish with light spots in the Palopo population. The colour of the head and anterior part of the neck is black in males while it is dark brown or grey with white speckles in females. </p>
            <p> Comparisons:  Hydrosaurus celebensis differs from  H. amboinensis by the possession of the following characters: a group of strongly enlarged, flat scales on the anterior part of the dorsum. The colour on the dorsum is yellowish (vs. yellowish green in male  H. amboinensis and green in females). Head, limbs and tail of male  H. celebensis are completely or nearly completely black whereas both sexes in  H. amboinensis have an entirely black marbled body. Additionally, the gular scales of  H. amboinensis are round and irregular in size, while those of  H. celebensis are minute and decreasing in size from the mental towards the onset of the gular pouch.  H. celebensis differs from  H. weberi in its general colour and pattern on the dorsum which is yellowish with black dots (vs. grey green in  weberi ).  H. celebensis differs from  H. weberi and  H. microlophus by less pronounced enlarged (i.e. armour-like) scales at the front of the forelimbs. In  H. celebensis the nuchal and dorsal crests are continuous, while they are separated by considerably smaller scales on the neck in  H. weberi . </p>
            <p> Biology:  H. celebensis was observed in a variety of habitats. In particular, the habitat of  H. celebensis in the Pattunuang canyon differs from that in Bantimurung and near Palopo. The Pattunuang river is very stony and during the rainy season flows at a rapid pace. Its riverbank vegetation mainly consists of trees and only a few bushes. In Bantimurung specimens of  H. celebensis were spotted in certain places where  H. microlophus (see above) was not found.  H. celebensis inhabited more inaccessible areas with dense vegetation on the banks and was often seen on branches above the water. Near Palopo  H. celebensis inhabited an area near a slow flowing river without stones or rocks. Most of the individuals were found sitting in dense, low vegetation. Some of the subadults were spotted on thin branches above the water. In some places they were also spotted high up in trees where adults could be seen resting on branches. An adult female carrying eggs could also be observed in Pattanuang towards the end of March. </p>
            <p> Distribution:  H. celebensis is endemic to Sulawesi. It appears to inhabit the northern part of South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi (Figure 8). The populations in Pattunuang and Bantimurung (South Sulawesi) are possibly a result of recent introductions according to a local source (A. Siady Hamzah, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, UNHAS, pers. comm.) and information on the website of the Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park by Taufik Ismail (2013). See also the Discussion below. </p>
            <p> Comparison between live specimens of  H. microlophus and  H. celebensis . Based on available photographs of live specimens from Sulawesi both species can be further distinguished by pholidosis, colouration and pattern. While some of the pictured specimens (mostly males) can be directly assigned to  H. celebensis (Peters, 1872) because they have a near identical appearance to that of the type specimen, others were quite difficult to identify and could only be assigned through inference to  H. microlophus . In particular, juveniles within the presumed  H. microlophus populations possess the same arrangements of groups of enlarged dorsal scales as the type specimen. All adults within the same populations also show these characteristic groups of enlarged lateral scales and we therefore consider these specimens as belonging to  H. microlophus . </p>
            <p> Specimens in various developmental stages of  H. microlophus , were observed near Bantimurung, Bengo-Bengo / Camba and Rompegading on the southwestern peninsula of Sulawesi (Figure 8). Figure 7 depicts a juvenile specimen from Rompegading displaying the characters described by Bleeker (1860). In particular the arrangement, size and shape of the enlarged dorsal scales fit well with the type specimen. Since the adult specimens of the southwestern peninsula differ vastly from both the holotype and live specimens of  H. celebensis , hence we conclude that they represent  H. microlophus . Adult males (and most females) from these populations have a much more pronounced scalation on the dorsum. The enlarged scales on the dorsum of the adults are strongly keeled and have a tetrahedral appearance (vs. near flat and only slightly keeled in  H. celebensis ). In males these scales are black in colour and whitish to yellow in females. An additional feature seen in adult  H. microlophus are the strongly enlarged scales on the anterior part of the forelimbs. This character very much resembles the description by Barbour (1911) for  H. weberi who compared it to a piece of “armour”. The ground colour of adult  H. microlophus males is generally dirty yellow, with the upper parts of the head, extremities and enlarged dorsal scales blackish. The gular region is yellowish. Adult females show a very different colouration (Figure 3F); the general dorsal ground colour is grey to dark grey or nearly black, while the enlarged scales are light. We did not observe or find a preserved adult male specimen with such a colouration nor did we find a female specimen with dark enlarged scales as described above. The colouration of some subadult females is very similar to that observed in juvenile specimens of both sexes (i.e., grey with cream coloured enlarged scales). The change in colour and development of the shape of the scales from one that is less to one that is more pronounced appears to be in line with ontogenetic development since only adult specimens show sexual dichromatism. </p>
            <p> A second distinct phenotype (Figures 3 C &amp; D) was photographed in the south of South Sulawesi (in the valley of the Pattunuang river and in Bantimurung) in the vicinity of a  H. microlophus population and in the north of the Southwestern peninsula near Palopo (Figure 8). Males of these populations agree completely with the holotype of  H. celebensis (see Figure 4B). They only have a few enlarged scales interspersed on the dorsum and their dorsal colouration is a pattern which is black and yellow spotted with white enlarged scales dorsolaterally. This particular colouration was observed during the dry season. During the wet season several males, but not all, displayed an even richer colouration, showing contrasts with the yellow coloured scales switching to a bright orange yellow colour. Head, gular region and extremities were completely black. Typically, females were slightly duller in colouration and less rich in contrast. Unfortunately, we were not able to find a juvenile within these populations that we could refer unambiguously to  H. celebensis . In both Pattunuang and Palopo where populations of  H. celebensis were found, almost all juveniles had more or less slightly marked crossbands of enlarged scales. In particular, we found that the juveniles of Pattunuang agreed with the general characteristics described for the type of  H. microlophus . Both in Pattunuang and Palopo adult  microlophus have not been observed but in Pattunuang it is probable that they are in contact with  celebensis because the next localities of  microlophus are only ca. 7 km (Bantimurung) resp. about 10 km (Bengo-Bengo) away. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF530825FF907B48FF7A7F70750BFE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Denzer, Wolfgang;Campbell, Patrick D.;Manthey, Ulrich;Glässer-Trobisch, Andrea;Koch, André	Denzer, Wolfgang, Campbell, Patrick D., Manthey, Ulrich, Glässer-Trobisch, Andrea, Koch, André (2020): Dragons in neglect: Taxonomic revision of the Sulawesi sailfin lizards of the genus Hydrosaurus Kaup, 1828 (Squamata, Agamidae). Zootaxa 4747 (2): 275-301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.3
