identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FA0014436867FFFCFC9DFF26FEB1FCCB.text	FA0014436867FFFCFC9DFF26FEB1FCCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthoclada Bergquist 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Acanthoclada</p>
            <p> Desmoxya Didiscus Halicnemia Heteroxya Higginsia Julavis Microxistyla Myrmekioderma Negombo Parahigginsia Halicnemia *  Higginsia *  Paratimea *  Stelligera *  Acanthoclada Alloscleria Desmoxya Heteroxya *  Julavis Microxistyla Myrmekioderma Negombo Parahigginsia Didiscus * </p>
            <p> Adreus * </p>
            <p> Axos *  Hemiasterella Acanthoclada Alloscleria Alveospngia Desmoxya Didiscus Heteroxya Julavis Microxistyla Myrmekioderma Negombo Parahigginsia Acanthoclada * </p>
            <p> Halicnemia * </p>
            <p> Higginsia * </p>
            <p> Paratimea * </p>
            <p> Stelligera * </p>
            <p> Plenaster † </p>
            <p> Heteroxyidae Alloscleria</p>
            <p> (  Axinellida ) </p>
            <p> Alveospongia</p>
            <p> Heteroxya * </p>
            <p> Julavis</p>
            <p> Raspailiidae (  Axinellida )  Desmoxyidae (  Poecilosclerida )  Hemiasterellidae (  Tethyida )  Microxistyla Myrmekioderma pars.*  Negombo Parahigginsia Myrmekioderma pars.*  Didiscus * </p>
            <p> Desmoxya * </p>
            <p> Adreus * </p>
            <p> Axos * </p>
            <p> Hemiasterella</p>
            <p>With the exception of Hooper &amp; Van Soest (2002), these studies were not complete taxonomic reviews but rather faunas of a particular region, and therefore they include only the genera that were represented in their chosen area.</p>
            <p>*There are supporting molecular data.</p>
            <p> † Molecular data do not support the allocation of  Plenaster to  Stelligeridae (taxonomic affinities will be discussed in a separate manuscript). </p>
            <p> Dendy (1905) established the subfamily  Heteroxyinae for  Heteroxya Topsent, 1898 and his new genus  Acanthoxifer . Later, Dendy (1922) added  Higginsia and  Halicnemia to a section, Heteroxyeae, in the subfamily  Axinellinae . Dendy (1922) agreed with Topsent (1897) and treated  Bubaris constellata as a species of  Halicnemia ; he stated: ‘Nor do I imagine that  H. constellata , on account of its pseudasters, need be considered as the type of a distinct genus’. Topsent (1928) proposed the family  Astraxinellidae Dendy, 1905 for the group  Halicnemia ,  Higginsia ,  Vibulinus Gray, 1867 (=  Stelligera ; synonymy by Hooper, 2002) and  Hemiasterella and retained  Heteroxyinae for  Heteroxya and  Acanthoxifer . He assigned four families to Halichondrina Vosmaer, 1887:  Axinellidae ;  Astraxinellidae ;  Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905 ; and  Bubaridae Topsent, 1894 . Dendy (1905) introduced the name  Astraxinellidae briefly and rather flippantly: </p>
            <p> Some of the old group  Axinellidae (e. g.  Vibulinus , with asterose microscleres) must likewise be included in this sub-order, and it may prove necessary to institute a new family –  Astraxinellidae – for their reception. </p>
            <p> Given that there is no genus  Astraxinella , the family name  Astraxinellidae is invalid. For reasons of priority, Morrow et al. (2012) resurrected  Stelligeridae for the clade that contained  Halicnemia ,  Paratimea and  Stelligera . Lendenfeld (1898) gave the following diagnosis for  Stelligeridae : </p>
            <p> Euastrosa with a spongin skeleton, which either just glues the megascleres together or is highly abundant like in  Axinella . This family includes the two genera,  Stelligera (with monactine megascleres and additional diactines) and  Hemiasterella (with only diactine megascleres). In the Adriatic, they are represented by genus  Stelligera . </p>
            <p> Laubenfels (1936) subdivided  Axinellidae into two subfamilies,  Axinellinae and Higginsinae, for genera that are similar to typical  Axinellidae but possess microsclere oxeas that are frequently spiny. Lévi (1955) synonymized Higginsinae with Desmoxyinae because  Higginsia , the type genus of Laubenfels’ subfamily, was included in Desmoxyinae and  Desmoxya , the type genus of Desmoxyinae, was included in Higginsinae by Laubenfels. Lévi (1955) also then raised Desmoxyinae to family rank. Lévi (1953) erected a new order,  Axinellida , containing the family  Axinellidae , which had previously been classified in Halichondrida (Topsent, 1928; Laubenfels, 1936) and assigned  Desmoxyidae Hallmann, 1917 ,  Heteroxyidae and  Astraxinellidae (for axinellids with asterose microscleres) to it. Later, Lévi (1973) used  Hemiasterellidae , rather than  Astraxinellidae , for axinellids with asters (  Hemiasterella ,  Adreus ,  Paratimea and  Stelligera ). </p>
            <p> Bergquist (1970) and Wiedenmayer (1977) adopted the classification of Lévi (1955) and used  Desmoxyidae for axinellids with microscleres in the form of spined or smooth microxeas. Bergquist (1970) established the genus  Acanthoclada and assigned it to  Desmoxyidae . </p>
            <p> Van Soest et al. (1990), in a study using morphocladistics, called for the abandonment of  Axinellida and the allocation of  Desmoxyidae to Halichondrida and  Hemiasterellidae to Hadromerida Topsent, 1894 (see Morrow et al., 2013). Van Soest et al. (1990) assigned  Myrmekioderma Ehlers, 1870 and  Didiscus Dendy, 1922 to  Halichondriidae Gray, 1867 , a classification followed by Díaz et al. (1993). Later, Van Soest &amp; Lehnert (1997) returned  Myrmekioderma and  Didiscus to  Desmoxyidae . </p>
            <p> The monotypic genus,  Desmoxya Hallmann, 1917 , was created for  Higginsia lunata Carter, 1885 . Hooper &amp; Lévi (1993) synonymized  Desmoxya and  Dendropsis Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 with  Higginsia Higgin, 1877 based on the shared apomorphy of spined microxeas, but they highlighted that there were major skeletal differences and that  Desmoxya might need to be resurrected to accommodate Higginsia- like species that lack any evidence of axial and extra-axial skeletons, such as  Higginsia lunata and their new species,  Higginsia anfractuosa . The discovery of another species,  Desmoxya pelagiae Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2005 , from the cold-water coral reefs of the North Atlantic led to the resurrection of  Desmoxya . Van Soest &amp; Hooper (2005) considered  Desmoxyidae synonymous with  Heteroxyidae and changed the family to which  Halicnemia ,  Higginsia ,  Desmoxya etc. were assigned from  Desmoxyidae to  Heteroxyidae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436867FFFCFC9DFF26FEB1FCCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436869FFF4FEF0FA08FCFAF8C9.text	FA0014436869FFF4FEF0FA08FCFAF8C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelligera Gray 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  STELLIGERA GRAY, 1867</p>
            <p> Diagnosis (modified from Hooper, 2002b):  Stelligeridae with erect branching growth form; choanosome composed of axial region of styles and oxea and extra-axial region of long projecting styles perpendicular to axis and styles/oxea, forming an irregular reticulation; ectosomal skeleton composed of bouquets of slender styles surrounding protruding extra-axial styles; smooth-rayed euaster microscleres form an ectosomal crust. Produces copious amounts of slime on collection. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Stelligera stuposa (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436869FFF4FEF0FA08FCFAF8C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436869FFF4FC85FDB8FBADF999.text	FA0014436869FFF4FC85FDB8FBADF999.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelligera stuposa (Ellis & Solander 1786)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> STELLIGERA STUPOSA (ELLIS &amp; SOLANDER, 1786)</p>
            <p> Spongia stuposa Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786 Dictyocylindrus stuposus (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) Raspailia stelligera Schmidt, 1862</p>
            <p> Stelligera stelligera (Schmidt, 1862)</p>
            <p> Stelligera stuposa f.  stuposa (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) Vibulinus stuposus (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.599/lat 54.393333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.393333">Mc</a>
                 814, N. of Chapel Island, Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, 54°23.60′N, 5°35.94′W, 25 m, 15 June 1982, collected B. Picton, determined B. Picton  . 
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            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.97885/lat 56.6712)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.97885&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.6712">Mc</a>
                 4330, Sligneach Mor, Loch Sunart, Scotland, 56°40.272′N, 5°58.731′W, 25 m, 30 June 2008, coll. C. Goodwin, det. C. Goodwin. 
            </p>
            <p> DNA sequences:  From BELUM Mc4330, we sequenced partial CO1 (GenBank accession no. HQ379421) and 28S (D1–D2, D3–D5 and D6–D8, GenBank accession nos HQ379220, HQ379286 and HQ379354, respectively). The GenBank 18S sequence (KC902232) is from this specimen . </p>
            <p> Remarks: Voultsiadou-Koukoura &amp; Van Soest (1991) suggested that  Stelligera stelligera (Schmidt, 1862) , type locality Adriatic Sea, might be the same species as  Stelligera stuposa (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) , type locality British Isles. Hooper (2002b) re-examined the type material and synonymized  Stelligera stelligera with  Stelligera stuposa , making  Stelligera stuposa the type species of  Stelligera . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436869FFF4FC85FDB8FBADF999	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436869FFF4FF0DFE2DFE8DFA08.text	FA0014436869FFF4FF0DFE2DFE8DFA08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelligeridae Lendenfeld 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  STELLIGERIDAE LENDENFELD, 1898</p>
            <p> Emended diagnosis:  Axinellida in which the choanaosomal skeleton can be composed of styles, tylostyles, oxeas or rhabdostyles. Ectosomal region often with protruding megascleres surrounded by bouquets of smaller, slender accessory oxeas or styles. Ectosomal crust heavily reinforced with microscleres. Accessory oxeas often with centrotylote swellings, occasionally with fissurate terminations. Microscleres can be smooth-rayed euasters; spined microxeas often bent or centrangulate or acanthose cladotoxas and birotules. Where known, reproduction is oviparous. Presence of cells with granular inclusions in most species. All produce slime on collection. </p>
            <p> Included genera:  Acanthoclada Bergquist, 1970 (p. 22, pl. 5b, pl. 10a,f, pl. 16a,b);  Halicnemia Bowerbank, 1864 (p. 184);  Higginsia Higgin, 1877 (p. 291);  Paratimea Hallmann, 1917 (p. 675);  Plenaster Lim &amp; Wiklund, 2017 (although see remarks below);  Stelligera Gray, 1867 (p. 545). </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Stelligera Gray, 1867 . </p>
            <p> Remarks: A detailed description of the morphological characters that unite  Stelligeridae is given in the Discussion. The molecular trees of Lim et al. (2017) clearly show that  Plenaster is not a stelligerid; the taxonomic affinities of this genus will be part of a future manuscript. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436869FFF4FF0DFE2DFE8DFA08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436869FFF7FC45F99FFE29FC7F.text	FA0014436869FFF7FC45F99FFE29FC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelligera rigida (Montagu 1818)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> STELLIGERA RIGIDA (MONTAGU, 1818)</p>
            <p> Spongia rigida Montagu, 1818</p>
            <p> Stelligera stuposa f.  rigida (Montagu, 1818)</p>
            <p> Vibulinus rigidus (Montagu, 1818)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  BELUM Mc975, Blockhouse I s l a n d, C a r l i n g f o r d L o u g h, N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d, 54°01.45′N, 6°04.70′W, 15 m, 21.07.1983, coll. B. Picton, det. B. Picton.</p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.9135/lat 56.538834)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.9135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.538834">Mc</a>
                 4357,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.9135/lat 56.538834)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.9135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.538834">Wreck</a>
                 of the Rondo, Sound of Mull, Scotland, 56°32.33′N, 5°54.81′W, 32 m, 02.07.2008, coll. B. Picton, det. B. Picton. 
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            <p> DNA sequences:  From BELUM Mc4357, we sequenced partial CO1 (GenBank accession no. HQ379420) and 28S (D1–D2, D3–D5 and D6–D8, GenBank accession nos HQ379219, HQ379285 and HQ379353, respectively). The GenBank 18S sequence (KC902164) is from this specimen . </p>
            <p> Remarks: Hooper (2002b) speculated that  Stelligera rigida (Montagu, 1818) from the British Isles and  Stelligera nux Lendenfeld, 1898 from the Mediterranean might be synonyms of  Stelligera stuposa , although the types were not examined. From extensive collecting of  Stelligera stuposa and  Stelligera rigida from areas close or adjacent to the type locality, we can verify that differences in external morphology are consistent with small differences in aster morphology. There were also small differences between the two taxa using complete 18S rRNA (Supporting Information, Fig. S2) and partial fragments of 28S rRNA (Supporting Information, Figs S3, S 5), but the CO1 Folmer fragment (Supporting Information, Fig. S4) was identical for the two species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436869FFF7FC45F99FFE29FC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686AFFF6FCB7FEE5FED2FF6D.text	FA001443686AFFF6FCB7FEE5FED2FF6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea constellata (Topsent 1893)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA CONSTELLATA (TOPSENT, 1893)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 2A–D)</p>
            <p> Bubaris constellata Topsent, 1893 (p. 33–34)  Halicnemia constellata (Topsent, 1893)</p>
            <p>Material examined: Holotype MNHN-DT-2361 Roscoff (only a microscope slide of the type specimen remains).</p>
            <p>Description: Megascleres: long, slender tylostyles 2500–3000 µm × 13–14 µm (these measurements are taken from the original description; in the slide from the holotype that we examined, only one tylostyle was intact, which measured 2 mm), subtrilobate head 17 µm (Fig. 2A).</p>
            <p>A c c e s s o r y o x e a s: c e n t r o t y l o t e o x e a s 3 7 9– 6 7 0– 900 µm × 8–10 µm (Fig. 2B, C).</p>
            <p>Microscleres: smooth-rayed euasters 14– 30– 46 µm (Fig. 2D).</p>
            <p> Remarks: This species is very similar to  Paratimea loennbergi , with the exception that in  Paratimea loennbergi there are two categories of tylostyles: long, slender tylostyles, with a globular to subtrilobate head (&gt; 2 mm × 32 µm), similar to those of  Paratimea constellata and, in addition, distinctive short tylostyles that are stout and club-like, with a pear-shaped, annulated head. These are found only in the base of the sponge, where it is in contact with the substratum. It is possible that these two taxa are conspecific, but that the microscope preparations made from  Paratimea constellata did not include the basal layer with the distinctive short tylostyles. Unfortunately, the type material of  Paratimea constellata is missing, and it is not possible to ascertain whether the basal layer, if present, contained the short, club-like tylostyles. Therefore, we retain  Paratimea constellata and  Paratimea loennbergi as two separate species until fresh material from the type locality can eventually be examined and sequenced. </p>
            <p> We have examined specimens from the Ulster Museum collection identified as  Paratimea constellata . The spiculation and skeletal architecture is identical to that of  Paratimea loennbergi , and the material has been re-identified accordingly. Records of  Paratimea constellata from the coasts of Britain and Ireland (Picton et al., 2007) should be attributed to  Paratimea loennbergi . The GenBank sequences for  Paratimea constellata listed by Morrow et al. (2012) (HQ379218, HQ379397, HQ379284, HQ379352 and HQ379419) have been changed to  Paratimea loennbergi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686AFFF6FCB7FEE5FED2FF6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686AFFF7FF21FBE0FD0FF8CF.text	FA001443686AFFF7FF21FBE0FD0FF8CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea Hallmann 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  PARATIMEA HALLMANN, 1917</p>
            <p> Emended diagnosis:  Stelligeridae with encrusting or massive growth form. Choanosomal skeleton lax; encrusting species have hymedesmioid skeletal architecture consisting of erect tylostyles and paratangential tracts of centrotylote or polytylote ectosomal oxea. Massive species have oxeote megascleres, arranged without order. Oxea are also scattered throughout the choanosome in dragmata. Microscleres are smooth-rayed euasters, most abundant in the surface layer. Produce slime on collection. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Paratimea constellata (Topsent, 1893) . </p>
            <p> Included species:  Paratimea alijosensis Austin, 1996 ,  Paratimea arbuscula (Topsent, 1928) ,  Paratimea aurantiaca sp. nov. ,  Paratimea azorica (Topsent, 1904) ,  Paratimea camelus (Van Soest, 2017) comb. nov. ,  Paratimea constellata (Topsent, 1893) ,  Paratimea dentata sp. nov. ,  Paratimea duplex (Topsent, 1927) ,  Paratimea galaxa Laubenfels, 1936 ,  Paratimea globastrella Van Soest, Kaiser &amp; van Syoc, 2011 ,  Paratimea hoffmannae sp. nov. ,  Paratimea lalori sp. nov. ,  Paratimea loennbergi (Alander, 1942) ,  Paratimea loricata (Sarà, 1958) ,  Paratimea mosambicensis sp.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686AFFF7FF21FBE0FD0FF8CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686BFFF6FF73FEFEFE6BFBA1.text	FA001443686BFFF6FF73FEFEFE6BFBA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea camelus (Van Soest 2017) Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA CAMELUS (VAN SOEST, 2017) COMB. NOV.</p>
            <p> Hemiasterella camelus Van Soest, 2017: pp. 174–176 , fig. 109a– e, original description. </p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype RMNH Por. 9924, S u r i n a m e, ‘L u y m e s O. C.P. S.I I ’ G u y a n a S h e l f Expedition, station M97, 7°18.498′N, 54°.10.002′W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969.</p>
            <p> DNA sequences:  We sequenced the CO1 Folmer fragment from the holotype (GenBank accession no. MK096539) . </p>
            <p> Remarks: The CO1 gene tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S4) shows  Paratimea camelus clustering closely with  Paratimea oxeata , inside  Stelligeridae , and the pairwise identity matrix (Supporting Information, Fig.S6) shows 99.85% similarity between the two species. A re-examination of the holotype found a raspailiid surface architecture, typical of many stelligerids. The smaller oxyspherasters reported by Van Soest (2017; fig. 109e) are considered to be contaminants, because we did not find any in our spicule preparations or tissue section. These asters are very different from those found in other  Stelligeridae and are likely to be contamination from a tethyid sponge. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686BFFF6FF73FEFEFE6BFBA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686BFFF6FED4FBA7FC58FB2B.text	FA001443686BFFF6FED4FBA7FC58FB2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea duplex (Topsent 1927)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA DUPLEX (TOPSENT, 1927)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 3A–D; REPRODUCED FROM TOPSENT, 1928: PL. 6, FIG. 21)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Type material: Holotype MNHN-DT-1094, dried specimen, station 1116, 50 miles off the coast of Mogador, Morocco, 31°43.50′N, 10°46.75′W, 2165 m, 11 July 1901; habitat: pink mud made up of Foraminifera (slide only).</p>
            <p>  Paratypes: MNHN-DT-1093, station 1116 (see above), specimen in alcohol; MNHN-DT-1191, station 1242,  Banc de Seine , France, 240 m, 10 September 1901; habitat: broken shell and gravel (slide only)  . </p>
            <p>
                  ZMA POR19447 (slide only),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.075/lat 55.444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.444">Porcupine Bank</a>
                 , west of Ireland, 55°26.64′N, 16°04.5′W, 6 September 2004, 773 m, Box Core  , RV  Pelagia , coll.  R. W. M. Van Soest . 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratype  Halicnemia duplex MNHN-DT-1093, station 1116, 31°43.5′N, 10°46.75′W, 50 miles from Mogador, Morocco, 11 July 1901, 2165 m,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -10.779166/lat 31.725)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-10.779166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.725">Prince Albert</a>
                 of Monaco cruises  . 
            </p>
            <p> Description: Outer morphology: Topsent (1928) describes two specimens from station 1116 as growing on the deep-water coral  Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus, 1758) ; the type is cushion shaped, 3 mm thick, with a conulose surface. </p>
            <p>Colour: Topsent (1928) describes the colour as greyish in alcohol.</p>
            <p>Choanosomal skeleton: Principal spicules have a disordered arrangement, spongin lacking, making the skeleton lax and friable. Asters abundant throughout skeleton.</p>
            <p>Ectosomal skeleton: Tufts of centrotylote oxeas encircle large oxea, which occupy the axis of the conule; asters very abundant (Fig. 3D).</p>
            <p>Megascleres: Megascleres are centrotylote oxeas 2.0– 2.6 mm × 20–40 mm, and styles to subtylostyles 1.6– 1.8 mm × 25–35 µm (Fig. 3A–C).</p>
            <p>A c c e s s o r y o x e a s: We a k l y c e n t r o t y l o t e o x e a s, 360–770 µm. × 7–9 µm.</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Microscleres are oxyasters without centrum, smooth rayed, with rays of unequal lengths. Asters 50–100 µm in diameter, with 10–15 rays (Fig. 3A, C).</p>
            <p> Remarks: Topsent (1928) notes that  Paratimea duplex is unusual in having a mix of oxeas, styles and tylostyles as the principal megascleres. The oxea are much more common and are larger than the styles or tylostyles. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686BFFF6FED4FBA7FC58FB2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686BFFF6FCADFB3BFB47FABC.text	FA001443686BFFF6FCADFB3BFB47FABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea loennbergi (Alander 1942)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA LOENNBERGI (ALANDER, 1942)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 2E, F)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686BFFF6FCADFB3BFB47FABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443686BFFE9FCEBFAEAFF04FAEC.text	FA001443686BFFE9FCEBFAEAFF04FAEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia loennbergi Alander 1942	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halicnemia loennbergi Alander, 1942 (p. 68) </p>
            <p> Material examined:   Holotype SMNH 1229 (wet specimen),  Väderöfjord , Sweden, 60 m, coll. H. Alander. New spicule preparations were made. </p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.2085333/lat 51.93788)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.2085333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.93788">Mc</a>
                 5290, Aberreidy Quarry, Pembrokshire, Wales, 51°56.273′N, 5°12.512′W, 13 m, 30 July 2009, coll. B. Picton. det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.7190332/lat 55.85265)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.7190332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.85265">Mc</a>
                 4323, Loch Caolisport, Firth of Lorn, Scotland, 55°51.159′N, 5°43.142′W, 34 m, 24 June 2008, coll. B. Picton, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0832/lat 58.8285)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8285">Mc</a>
                 7417, Ramsö, Kosterfjord, Sweden, 58°49.710′N, 11°04.992′E, 25 m, 7 September 2010, coll. B. Picton, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  ZMA POR20296,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.3977/lat 56.8234)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.3977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.8234">Mingulay Reef</a>
                 , Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 56°49.404′N, 7°23.862′W, 139 m, 11 July 2006, coll  .  R. W. M. Van Soest, det. C. Morrow.
            </p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Forms a thin, hispid crust, usually covered in silt trapped by projecting spicules.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443686BFFE9FCEBFAEAFF04FAEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436875FFE8FF0EFC9AFC55FE8C.text	FA0014436875FFE8FF0EFC9AFC55FE8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea oxeata Pulitzer-Finali 1978	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA OXEATA PULITZER-FINALI, 1978</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4A–E)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   S153,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.5100365/lat 43.19762)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.5100365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.19762">Trémies Cave</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.5100365/lat 43.19762)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.5100365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.19762">Calanque</a>
                 coast, France, Mediterranean Sea, 43°11.8573′N, 5°30.6022′E, 4 July 1981 (Jean Vacelet’s Collection, Marine Station of Endoume)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Massive lobose, surface conulose, oscules arranged on top of raised humps (Fig. 4A).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436875FFE8FF0EFC9AFC55FE8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436876FFEBFF15FDEBFE19FC6E.text	FA0014436876FFEBFF15FDEBFE19FC6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea aurantiaca Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA AURANTIACA MORROW SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 5A–F)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.09425/lat 52.00115)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.09425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.00115">Mc</a>
                 5226, Abercastle, North Pembrokeshire, Wales, 52°00.069′N, 5°05.655′W, 27.6 m, 29 July 2009, coll. B. Picton. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratype BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.2520633/lat 55.311974)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.2520633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.311974">Mc</a>
                 2937, Duncan’s Bo, Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland, UK, 55°18.7183′ N, 6°15.1238′W, 32 m, 6 September 2005, coll. B. Picton. 
            </p>
            <p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 8 7 4 7 0 E 8 9 - 177F-4350-B8C2-C0CAAFED34C7</p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Thinly encrusting, with a hispid surface (Fig. 5E).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436876FFEBFF15FDEBFE19FC6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436877FFEAFF3DFD90FC06FD2A.text	FA0014436877FFEAFF3DFD90FC06FD2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea dentata Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA DENTATA MORROW SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 6A–F)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype BELUM Mc6884, Les Dents, Channel Isles, 49°25.5270′N, 2°23.7130′W, 26 m, 28 June 2010, coll. B. Picton.</p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ED7CD719-53D1- 4B74-8C40-145FEA6850E6</p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Thinly encrusting, with a hispid surface (Fig. 6E).</p>
            <p>Colour: Bright yellow; Methuen colour code 3A4 (Kornerup &amp; Wanscher, 1978; Fig. 6E).</p>
            <p>Choanosomal skeleton: Hymedesmoid arrangement, consisting of erect, long tylostyles and ascending bundles of centrotylote oxeas scattered throughout the skeleton (Fig. 6F). Cells with granular inclusions are abundant throughout the choanosome.</p>
            <p>Ectosomal skeleton: Bundles of centrotylote oxeas penetrate the surface, giving it its hispid appearance; oxyasters are common in the surface layer.</p>
            <p>Megascleres: Tylostyles–subtylostyles, 1660– 1890 – 2100 µm × 8–10 µm (N = 4); the base is 13–16 µm (Fig. 6A).</p>
            <p>A c c e s s o r y o x e a s: C e n t r o t y l o t e o x e a 3 7 0– 4 1 2 – 460 µm × 2–4–5 µm; centrotylote swelling 3.0–5.7– 7.6 µm (Fig. 6B). Both ends of the oxea are dentate, with approximately six ‘teeth’ (Fig. 6C).</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Microscleres are smooth oxyasters, 15– 17 –19 µm in diameter; the diameter of the centrum is ~6 µm. In the SEM of the aster (Fig. 6D), 23 conical rays are visible.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436877FFEAFF3DFD90FC06FD2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436871FFECFF27FA17FC07FD8B.text	FA0014436871FFECFF27FA17FC07FD8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea lalori Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA LALORI MORROW SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 8A–H)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -12.41645/lat 54.06301)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-12.41645&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.06301">Mc</a>
                 7732, west of Ireland, 54°03.7806′N, 12°24.987′W, Celtic Explorer Biodiscovery Cruise, 25 May 2010, 1500 m, ROV Holland I, coll. Christine Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CF306ABB-34D7- 448F-8F17-057D18016BBF</p>
            <p> Description: Outer morphology: The type specimen was growing on dead  Desmophyllum pertusum coral. It is spherical in shape, ~ 2.5 cm in diameter, with oscules arranged in a cluster on the upper surface of the sponge. The surface is slightly uneven owing to the presence of minute conules (Fig. 8A). </p>
            <p>Choanosomal skeleton: Very little spongin present, giving a lax, friable texture. Megascleres distributed w i t h o u t o r d e r; a s t e r s d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t choanosome.</p>
            <p>Ectosomal skeleton: Ectosomal oxeas form bouquets around central large oxea but do not protrude much beyond the surface (Fig. 8B). Asters form a dense ectosomal layer.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436871FFECFF27FA17FC07FD8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687CFFE1FCF9FF16FB66FDF7.text	FA001443687CFFE1FCF9FF16FB66FDF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratimea rosacea MORROW & CARDENAS 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARATIMEA ROSACEA MORROW &amp; CÁRDENAS SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 10A–F)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype MNHN-IP-2015-1236,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.483334/lat -11.483334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.483334">Iles Glorieuses</a>
                 , Mozambique Channel, 11°29′S, 47°29′E, BIOMAGLO expedition, 25 January 2017, station DW4812, 390– 417 m, field# PMG158, coll. Cécile Debitus. 
            </p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5FBDFF5A-225A-42F7-97B3-C7D711C4E396</p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Globular, ~ 4 cm in diameter, with oscules and radiating oscular channels on the upper surface (Fig. 10A).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687CFFE1FCF9FF16FB66FDF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687DFFE0FF24FAABFD1BF90C.text	FA001443687DFFE0FF24FAABFD1BF90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia Bowerbank 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  HALICNEMIA BOWERBANK, 1864</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: see Hooper (2002).</p>
            <p> Type species:  Halicnemia patera Bowerbank, 1864 . </p>
            <p> Included species: The WPD (Van Soest et al., 2018) lists eight species, but only three of these species (  Halicnemia patera ,  Halicnemia salomonensis Dendy, 1922 and  Halicnemia verticillata ) were examined in this study. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687DFFE0FF24FAABFD1BF90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687DFFE0FF22F909FDD6F88E.text	FA001443687DFFE0FF22F909FDD6F88E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia patera Bowerbank 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HALICNEMIA PATERA BOWERBANK, 1864</p>
            <p>(FIG. 11A–F)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687DFFE0FF22F909FDD6F88E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687DFFE0FF73F8FBFDECF8CA.text	FA001443687DFFE0FF73F8FBFDECF8CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia inflata Bowerbank 1866	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hymedesmia inflata Bowerbank, 1866</p>
            <p> Crella inflata (Bowerbank, 1866)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687DFFE0FF73F8FBFDECF8CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687DFFE0FCEBFF17FC62FA6B.text	FA001443687DFFE0FCEBFF17FC62FA6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quindesmia inflata (Bowerbank 1866)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Quindesmia inflata (Bowerbank, 1866)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Syntypes: BMNH 10.1.1.2459/2460 Shetland, 1863 (Norman Collection, dried specimen and slide) (Fig. 11A) . </p>
            <p>
                  BMNH 1925.11. 1.326 North  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.0666666/lat 60.566666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.0666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.566666">Sea</a>
                 , near Shetland Islands, 330 m, 60°34′ N, 2°04′E (‘Goldseeker’ Collection)  . 
            </p>
            <p>  BMNH Bk471 from Shetland (collected by Mr Peach, identified as the holotype for  Halicnemia inflata )  . </p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n: (B M N H 1 0.1.1. 2 4 5 9/ 2 4 6 0) O u t e r morphology: Discoid, free-living sponge, with a fringe of spicules bordering the outer margin, ~ 2 cm in diameter.</p>
            <p>Megascleres: Long tylostyles (Fig. 11B), 2450–2670 µm × 21–29 µm (at neck; N = 3), slightly trilobate head, 40 µm across, occasionally with a second tylote swelling near the base (Fig. 11C). In addition to the large tylostyles there are also short, bulbous tylostyles (Fig. 11E), 294– 488– 833 µm × 12– 19– 26 µm (at neck), with a globular shaped head, 25– 33– 40 µm. Frequently, there is a second tylote swelling on the shaft of the short tylostyles (Fig. 11E).</p>
            <p>Accessory oxeas: Centrotylote (Fig. 11D), usually with one central swelling, although two swellings equidistant of the centre is also common. Occasional oxeas have three swellings, and some have no swellings, only a V-shaped bend in the middle, reminiscent of a hairpin (Fig. 11E). They measure 1350– 1620– 1930 µm × 6– 10.4– 12 µm.</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Centrangulate acanthoxeas (Fig. 11F), 127– 154– 175 µm × 7– 9– 12 µm.</p>
            <p> Remarks:  Halicnemia patera BMNH 1996.10.639 off Jenny’s Cove, Lundy, Bristol Channel, 22 m, coll. J. D. George 1985, det. S. M. Stone coll. no. L5639 non  patera . This specimen matches Topsent’s description of  Halicnemia gallica (Topsent, 1893) , which was later synonymized with  Halicnemia patera by Topsent (1897), but is recognized here as a valid species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687DFFE0FCEBFF17FC62FA6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687DFFE2FC41F996FE83FAFA.text	FA001443687DFFE2FC41F996FE83FAFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia gallica (Topsent 1893)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HALICNEMIA GALLICA (TOPSENT, 1893)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 12A–D)</p>
            <p> Bubaris gallica Topsent, 1893</p>
            <p> Naenia gallica (Topsent, 1893)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Neotype (here designated) BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.1257668/lat 51.964085)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.1257668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.964085">Mc</a>
                 5427, Huw’s Reef, Pembrokeshire, Wales, 51°57.845′N, 5°07.546′W, 17 m, 4 August 2009, coll. B. Picton, det. C. Morrow (in situ photograph, Fig. 12A). 
            </p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.3691666/lat 49.4455)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.3691666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.4455">Mc</a>
                 6677, Channel Isles (UK), 49°26.73′N, 2°22.15′W, 23 m, 23 June 2010, coll. Jen Jones, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  ZMA POR4835,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.884/lat 48.688)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.688">Baie de la Tortue</a>
                 , Roscoff, France, 48°41.28′N, 3°53.04′W, 15 m, 8 June 1982, coll. W. H. de Weerdt, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>Description: (BELUM Mc5427) Outer morphology: The neotype is a small encrusting sponge, ~ 3 cm × 4 cm in area by 2–3 mm in thickness. The surface is covered in conules (Fig. 12A).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687DFFE2FC41F996FE83FAFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436878FFE5FCBBFF17FC24FD5C.text	FA0014436878FFE5FCBBFF17FC24FD5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia salomonensis Dendy 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HALICNEMIA SALOMONENSIS DENDY, 1922</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13A, B)</p>
            <p> M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: H o l o t y p e, H a l i c n e m i a  salomonensis Dendy, 1922 (p. 128, pl. 17, fig. 9a–c) BMNH 21.11.7.109 RN CXXIV.4, Salomon Islands, Indian Ocean, 75 fathoms (137 m), (spicule slide only). </p>
            <p>Description: Megascleres: Megascleres are stout styles, often irregularly bent (Fig. 13A).</p>
            <p> Microscleres: The acanthoxea are different from the acanthoxea in other  Halicnemia species. Dendy (1922) described them as ‘trichites’. They measure 49–80– 119 µm (Fig. 13B). It is not possible to say with any certainty whether this species belongs in  Halicnemia or elsewhere in the classification; for now, we retain it in  Halicnemia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436878FFE5FCBBFF17FC24FD5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436878FFE4FC9BFCC3FEB4F8D5.text	FA0014436878FFE4FC9BFCC3FEB4F8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia verticillata (BOWERBANK 1866)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HALICNEMIA VERTICILLATA (BOWERBANK, 1866)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 14A–F)</p>
            <p> Bubaris verticillata (Bowerbank, 1866)</p>
            <p> Hymeraphia verticillata Bowerbank, 1866 (p. 145–146)  Laonaenia verticillata (Bowerbank, 1866)</p>
            <p> Naenia verticillata (Bowerbank, 1866)</p>
            <p> Material examined:   Syntypes BMNH 10.1.1.2389– 2392,  Porcupine Expedition 1868, 345 fathoms (631 m), 40 miles NNW of Shetland, Norman Collection (slide only)  . </p>
            <p>BMNH 10.1.1.2388, Trondheim, Norway, Norman Collection (slide only).</p>
            <p>BMNH 1406.70.5.3.21, Marquesas, Florida (Schmidt, 1870).</p>
            <p> BELUM Mc6786, Boue Tirlipois, Channel Isles, 49°24.427′N, 2°23.183′W, 36 m, 25 June 2010, coll. B. Picton, det. C. Morrow.</p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.990334/lat 53.251335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.990334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.251335">Mc</a>
                 5018, Galway Bay, Ireland, 53°15.080′N, 9°59.420′W, 38 m, 17 August 1993, coll. C. Morrow, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -12.5546665/lat 54.056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-12.5546665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.056">Mc</a>
                 2018.4, Whittard Canyon, Ireland, 54°03.36′N, 12°33.28′W, Event 15, 1400 m, 4 June 2013, coll. C. Morrow, det. C. Morrow. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.674667/lat 70.75767)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.674667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.75767">Field</a>
                 # 40-10(6), off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.674667/lat 70.75767)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.674667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.75767">Tromsø</a>
                 , Sotbakken, Northern Norway, 70°45.46′N, 18°40.48′E, Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a expedition, van veen grab, station 40-10, 18 June 2007, 273 m, coll. P. Cárdenas., det. P. Cárdenas. 
            </p>
            <p>Description: (BMNH 10.1.1.2389) Megascleres: Large tylostyles 2–3 mm × 4–7 µm (N = 4), tylostyle head 10–16 µm (Fig. 14A).</p>
            <p>A c c e s s o r y o x e a s: C e n t r o t y l o t e o x e a 6 0 0 – 800 µm × 5–10 µm; centrotylote swelling 10–17 µm. The centrotylote oxeas have distinctive fissurate ends (Fig. 14C).</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Acanthoxeas in a wide range of sizes (50– 400 µm × 5–10 µm), with spines arranged in verticils (Fig. 14D).</p>
            <p>Reproduction: The presence of oocytes was observed in BELUM Mc6786, collected in June from the channel Islands, 36 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436878FFE4FC9BFCC3FEB4F8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443687BFFE6FF6CF9A4FA52F92A.text	FA001443687BFFE6FF6CF9A4FA52F92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia caledoniensis Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HALICNEMIA CALEDONIENSIS MORROW SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 15A–G)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.794833/lat 55.6645)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.794833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.6645">Mc</a>
                 4307, NW of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.794833/lat 55.6645)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.794833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.6645">Cath Sgeir</a>
                 , Gigha, Firth of Lorn, Scotland, 55°39.87′N, 5°47.68998′W, 29 m, 24 June 2008, coll. B. Picton. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes: BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.609047/lat 55.225212)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.609047&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.225212">Mc</a>
                 3493 E of Black Rock, Skerries, Northern Ireland, 55°13.51272′N, 6°36.54282′W, 29 m, 25 August 2006, coll. B. Picton  ;   BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.30223/lat 51.50091)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.30223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.50091">Mc</a>
                 3736  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.30223/lat 51.50091)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.30223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.50091">Labhra Cliff</a>
                 , Lough Hyne, Co Cork, Ireland, 51°30.0546′N, 9°18.1338′W, 12 m, 10 April 2007, coll. B. Picton  ;   BELUM  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.140967/lat 51.965332)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.140967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.965332">Mc</a>
                 5406 Ynys Deullyn, North Pembrokeshire, Wales, 51°57.91998′N, 5°08.45802′W, 16 m, 3 August 2009, coll. B. Picton. 
            </p>
            <p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: D C E 9 F F 6 2 - 21B0-4840-9788-3C68523150A5</p>
            <p>Description: Outer morphology: Thinly encrusting, with a hispid surface covered in silt. The holotype is ~ 15 mm × 10 mm (Fig. 15G).</p>
            <p>Colour: Pale yellow, Methuen colour code 3A4 (Kornerup &amp; Wanscher, 1978; Fig. 15G).</p>
            <p>Choanosomal skeleton: Hymedesmoid arrangement consisting of erect, long tylostyles and bundles of long, slender, centrotylote oxeas scattered throughout the skeleton. Smaller, club-like tylostyles present in basal layer. Cells with granular content are abundant throughout the choanaosomal tissue (Fig. 15F).</p>
            <p>Ectosomal skeleton: Large tylostyles penetrate the surface, surrounded by supporting bundles of centrotylote oxeas. Acanthoxeas form a dense paratangential layer beneath the surface (Fig. 15F).</p>
            <p>Megascleres: Megascleres are very long, thin tylostyles, 1000–2800 µm × 5–7 µm (N = 6), with a base only slightly swollen (9–12 µm) (Fig. 15A). In addition to long tylostyles, there are small club-like tylostyles, 160– 215 –340 µm × 7– 13 –20 µm at the widest part of the shaft and 13– 20 –29 µm at the base (Fig. 15B).</p>
            <p>Accessory oxeas: Centrotylote oxeas, with centrotylote swelling not always obvious. The oxeas are 430– 560 – 660 µm × 2.5– 3.5 –5.0 µm (Fig. 15C–D).</p>
            <p> Microscleres: Microscleres are angular acanthoxeas, 90– 100 –110 µm × 4– 5 –9 µm (Fig. 15E). The spines are relatively large, ~3–4 µm in length. The term microsclere is widely used for the acanthoxeas in  Halicnemia (e.g. Hooper, 2002), although they can be large (up to 110 µm in  Halicnemia caledoniensis and up to 400 µm in  Halicnemia verticillata ). </p>
            <p>Reproduction: The presence of oocytes has been observed in several specimens collected between June and August.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443687BFFE6FF6CF9A4FA52F92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436844FFD9FEDBF9B8FAE1FA32.text	FA0014436844FFD9FEDBF9B8FAE1FA32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia Higgin 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> GENUS  HIGGINSIA HIGGIN, 1877</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: See Van Soest (2002).</p>
            <p> Type species:  Higginsia coralloides Higgin, 1877 . </p>
            <p> Included species: In WPD, Van Soest et al. (2018) listed 26 species. We have examined the type material of only six of these species.  Higginsia durissima (Burton, 1928: p. 131, fig. 2) is returned to  Bubaris Gray, 1867 , because there is no justification for its transferral to  Higginsia ;  Higginsia anfractuosa Hooper &amp; Lévi, 1993 and  Higginsia fragilis Lévi, 1961 are reassigned to  Hymedesmiidae . </p>
            <p> Remarks: Van Soest (2002) stated that the spined microscleres can be curved and that raphides or trichodragmata may occur. He was referring to  Higginsia lunata Carter, 1885 . Van Soest &amp; Hooper (2005) subsequently resurrected the genus  Desmoxya for this species (see remarks on  Desmoxya ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436844FFD9FEDBF9B8FAE1FA32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436844FFD9FCADFA35FB61F9B2.text	FA0014436844FFD9FCADFA35FB61F9B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia petrosioides Dendy 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIGGINSIA PETROSIOIDES DENDY, 1922</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13C)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436844FFD9FCADFA35FB61F9B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436844FFD8FCF9F9E4FE77FEA3.text	FA0014436844FFD8FCF9F9E4FE77FEA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia petrosioides Dendy 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Higginsia petrosioides Dendy, 1922 (p. 126, pl. 7, fig. 9) </p>
            <p> Material examined:   Holotype BMNH RN CXXXII.2, Seychelles,  Indian Ocean , 20 October 2005, 44 fathoms (80 m), ‘Sealark’ (slide only). </p>
            <p>DNA sequences: CO1 Folmer fragment (GenBank accession no. EU146439) from QM G300611.</p>
            <p> Remarks: The centrotylote swelling on the oxea is only slightly noticeable in this species. The oxea are often bifurcate at one or both ends (Fig. 13C). Flanged ends to the oxea are also found in  Higginsia bidentifera ,  Halicnemia verticillata and  Paratimea dentata (BELUM Mc 6884). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436844FFD8FCF9F9E4FE77FEA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FF39FA79FDF9F9C3.text	FA0014436845FFD8FF39FA79FDF9F9C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthoclada Bergquist 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  ACANTHOCLADA BERGQUIST, 1970</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: see Bergquist (1970).</p>
            <p> Type species:  Acanthoclada prostrata Bergquist, 1970 (p. 22, pl. 5b, pl. 10a,f, pl. 16a,b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FF39FA79FDF9F9C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FF00F95EFAEEFD2B.text	FA0014436845FFD8FF00F95EFAEEFD2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthoclada prostrata Bergquist 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ACANTHOCLADA PROSTRATA BERGQUIST, 1970</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   NMNZ  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.83333/lat -36.383335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.383335">Por</a>
                 145, Takatu Point, New Zealand, 36°23′S, 174°50′E, 10 m. 
            </p>
            <p>Description: Bergquist (1970) describes this species as ‘thickly encrusting and slimy’ and notes the presence of oocytes in one specimen.</p>
            <p>DNA sequences: From NMNZ Por 145, we sequenced the 28S D3 region, (GenBank accession no. MK084764).</p>
            <p> Remarks: Bergquist (1970) proposed  Acanthoclada for sponges with a  Higginsia -like skeleton but with the addition of echinating rhabdostyles. In addition to centrotrangulate oxea,  Acanthoclada also has cladotoxa and curved birotule microscleres. Bergquist had misgivings regarding the allocation of  Acanthoclada to  Desmoxyidae owing to the absence of oxeote microscleres. Hooper (2002a) retained  Acanthoclada in  Desmoxyidae with reservation, stating, ‘being most similar to  Higginsia based largely on their affinities in skeletal structure, whereas this assignment is still not certain’. Our 28S gene tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S3) strongly supports a close relationship between  Acanthoclada ,  Halicnemia and  Higginsia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FF00F95EFAEEFD2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FF73FCA8FE5AFAEB.text	FA0014436845FFD8FF73FCA8FE5AFAEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axinella thielei (Topsent 1898)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Axinella thielei (Topsent, 1898) (p. 245). </p>
            <p> Material examined:   Lectotype (here designated) MNHN DT885, Princess Alice, Prainha de Pico,  Azores , 523 m, 1895. </p>
            <p> MNHN DT886,   MNHN DT884 (slides only), Princess Alice Bank,  Azores , 200 m  , 1897. </p>
            <p>Description: Megascleres: Robust styles to tylostyles, 630– 735– 845 µm × 25–40 µm.</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Acanthoxea, 50– 73– 98 µm × 2–4.5 µm (Fig. 13E).</p>
            <p>Remarks: MNHN DT884 was not mentioned in the original description. The acanthoxea in this specimen are shorter and more robust, with sparser spination than the type material.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FF73FCA8FE5AFAEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FEDDFEAEFDE4FE2F.text	FA0014436845FFD8FEDDFEAEFDE4FE2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia robusta BURTON 1959	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIGGINSIA ROBUSTA BURTON, 1959</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13D)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FEDDFEAEFDE4FE2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FF73FE19FD7BFD73.text	FA0014436845FFD8FF73FE19FD7BFD73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia robusta BURTON 1959	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Higginsia robusta Burton, 1959 (p. 255, fig. 32) </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype BMNH 1936.3.4.342,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.583332/lat 11.953333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.953333">Gulf of Aden</a>
                 , 11°57.2′N, 50°35′E, 12.10.1933, 38 m (slide only). 
            </p>
            <p>Remarks: This species is characterized by the possession of relatively short and thick styles and acanthoxea (Fig. 13D). The styles are ~740 µm × 36 µm; occasionally, short thick oxea of similar proportions are present. The acanthoxea are 42–58 µm.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FF73FE19FD7BFD73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFD8FEC0FCFEFDE7FCFF.text	FA0014436845FFD8FEC0FCFEFDE7FCFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia thielei TOPSENT 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIGGINSIA THIELEI TOPSENT, 1898</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13E)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFD8FEC0FCFEFDE7FCFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436845FFDBFC4AFD29FAE3FEC1.text	FA0014436845FFDBFC4AFD29FAE3FEC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroxyidae Dendy 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  HETEROXYIDAE DENDY, 1905</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Encrusting to massive growth forms. Surface hispid; sinuous or straight canals or grooves may be present. Choanosome consisting of (acanth) oxea either loosely scattered or forming a confused reticulation. Ectosomal skeleton consisting of dense brushes of (acanth)oxea perpendicular to the surface. Megascleres, two size classes of smooth or spined oxea; some of the oxea have a characteristic double flex; occasionally, styles present. Microscleres when present consist of raphides in trichodragmata in one or more size categories; larger raphides sinuous or curved.</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Heteroxya Topsent, 1898 . </p>
            <p> Included genera:  Heteroxya Topsent, 1898 (pp. 231–234, fig.2a);  Myrmekioderma Ehlers, 1870 (p. 32);  Alloscleria Topsent, 1927 (p. 6);  Julavis Laubenfels, 1936 (p. 79);  Microxistyla Topsent, 1928 (p. 179);  Negombo Dendy, 1905 (p. 127) and  Parahigginsia Dendy, 1924 (p. 375) (for  Heteroxya and  Myrmekioderma , molecular data are available; the remaining genera for which we have no molecular data are retained in  Heteroxyidae ). </p>
            <p> Remarks: The family  Heteroxyidae was originally proposed for  Heteroxya and  Acanthoxifer Dendy, 1905 (=  Myrmekioderma ). Bergquist (1965) compared the type species of  Myrmekioderma with the type species of  Acanthoxifer and concluded that they were conspecific. Erpenbeck et al. (2005), using partial 28S rRNA sequences,showed  Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1794) (type species of  Myrmekioderma ) clustering with  Didiscus spp. in  Raspailiidae . Redmond et al. (2013), using 18S rRNA, showed  Myrmekioderma granulatum clustering with  Raspailiidae , but  Myrmekioderma rea clustered with  Axinellidae , suggesting that the genus  Myrmekioderma is polyphyletic. Erpenbeck et al. (2012a), using CO1 barcoding sequences, showed  Myrmekioderma granulatum and  Myrmekioderma gyroderma clustering with  Axinellidae and not with  Didiscus in  Raspailiidae . In our CO1 tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S4), we have used the  Myrmekioderma sequences from Erpenbeck et al. (2012a), and they cluster with  Heteroxya corticata Topsent, 1898 and  Heteroxya beauforti , close to  Axinellidae . Pending further investigation of the possible polyphyly of  Myrmekioderma , we retain the genus in  Heteroxyidae . </p>
            <p> Figure 1 provides strong molecular evidence for the exclusion of  Didiscus and  Desmoxya from  Heteroxyidae . Although previous molecular studies have consistently shown  Didiscus clustering in  Raspailiidae , this is the first study that provides molecular and morphological support for the allocation of  Desmoxya (and  Desmoxyidae ) to  Poecilosclerida . </p>
            <p> Inour CO1 genetree(SupportingInformation, Fig.S4),  Heteroxya spp. cluster with  Myrmekioderma spp. close to  Axinellidae . Some  Axinellidae (e.g.  Axinella parva Picton &amp; Goodwin, 2007 and  Axinella pyramidata Stephens, 1916 ) have oxea with a double flex, which are similar to the oxea in  Heteroxya corticata (type taxon of  Heteroxyidae ; Fig. 16A–D) and  Heteroxya beauforti (Fig. 17A–F). Cells with granular inclusions are abundant in  Axinella pyramidata ,  Axinella parva ,  Heteroxya corticata and  Heteroxya beauforti . These characters appear to unite  Heteroxya and  Axinellidae and support the recent allocation of  Heteroxyidae to  Axinellida (Van Soest et al., 2018: in WPD). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436845FFDBFC4AFD29FAE3FEC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436846FFDAFC43FE48FE35F936.text	FA0014436846FFDAFC43FE48FE35F936.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroxya Topsent 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  HETEROXYA TOPSENT, 1898</p>
            <p>Diagnosis emended: Encrusting growth form; surface highly hispid; choanosome with a condensed basal layer of spongin lying on the substrate, containing (acanth)oxeas distributed without appreciable order on basal spongin and strewn throughout the mesohyl; subectosomal skeleton consists of oxeas arranged perpendicular to the ectosome, protruding through the surface, but not embedded in basal spongin; ectosomal skeleton with a perpendicular palisade of smaller (acanth)oxeas, through which the larger subectosomal oxeas protrude; long styles present in one species. Two categories of oxea, smooth or spined; larger oxea sometimes with a double flex; microscleres absent.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Heteroxya corticata Topsent, 1898 (pp. 231–234, fig. 2a). </p>
            <p> Included species:  Heteroxya corticata ;  Heteroxya beauforti Morrow sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436846FFDAFC43FE48FE35F936	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436847FFDDFF28F900FD0CFE44.text	FA0014436847FFDDFF28F900FD0CFE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroxya corticata Topsent 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HETEROXYA CORTICATA TOPSENT, 1898</p>
            <p>(FIG. 16A–D)</p>
            <p>Material examined: Syntypes MOM-INV-22538, Topsent, 1888, Azores, stn 578, 869, depth 1165</p>
            <p>m, 1240 m Collections du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco.</p>
            <p> DNA sequences:  The CO 1 Folmer fragment (GenBank accession no. KP939318) is from the holotype . </p>
            <p>Remarks: Figure 16A is a photograph of an ethanolpreserved specimen from the type lot. It is dirty beige in colour, with a hispid surface and is growing on coral. Figure 16B is a photomicrograph showing the large oxea that often have a characteristic double flex. The large oxea measure 1600– 1700 –2000 µm × 26– 32– 37 µm. The ends of the oxea occasionally have some microspination (Fig. 16C). The small oxea (Fig. 16D) measure 235– 310– 420 µm × 12–23 µm. The spination is more pronounced in the smaller oxea, particularly towards the ends of the oxea, but some spination may also be present over the entire surface of the spicule.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436847FFDDFF28F900FD0CFE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436840FFDDFF1BFDC0FD10FB5E.text	FA0014436840FFDDFF1BFDC0FD10FB5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroxya beauforti Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HETEROXYA BEAUFORTI MORROW SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 17A–F)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype BELUM Mc7794, 54°03.67998′N, 12°33.105′W, CE10004 of RV Celtic Explorer, 31 May 2010, 1300 m, coll. C. Morrow, det. C. Morrow.</p>
            <p> Paratypes: BELUM Mc 7750, 54°03.79758′N, 12°24.78846′W, CE10004 of RV Celtic Explorer, 26 May 2010, 1469 m, coll. C. Morrow, det. C. Morrow.</p>
            <p> ZMA POR20081, 55°26.676′ N, 16°04.308′W, ExpeditionBiosys / Hermes 2005, FieldBx 173/rest, 629m, 12 July 2005, coll .  R. W. M. Van Soest, det. C. Morrow.</p>
            <p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 3 B 4 B 5 3 F A - 5B58-438B-956F-42483E159B2E</p>
            <p> Description: External morphology: Thin encrustation on dead scleractinian cup coral  Desmophyllum sp. (Fig. 17A). The holotype is almost completely overgrowing the underside of the cup coral that measures ~ 35 mm in diameter, thickness ~ 1.5 mm. Surface is hispid to hirsute. Oscules not apparent in preserved material. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436840FFDDFF1BFDC0FD10FB5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436840FFDCFC5AF91BFEB1FDB8.text	FA0014436840FFDCFC5AF91BFEB1FDB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alloscleria Topsent 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  ALLOSCLERIA TOPSENT, 1927</p>
            <p> Type species:  Alloscleria tenuispinosa Topsent, 1927 . </p>
            <p> Included species:  Alloscleria tenuispinosa Topsent, 1927 (p. 6) </p>
            <p> Remarks: Topsent (1927) erected the genus  Alloscleria for his new species  Alloscleria tenuispinosa and  Topsentia glabra (Topsent, 1898) and allocated the genus to Spongosoritidae (=  Halichondriidae ). He considered  Alloscleria tenuispinosa most closely allied with  Topsentia glabra . Hooper (2002b) synonymized  Alloscleria with  Halicnemia , primarily on the basis of the presence of acanthoxea. However, Erpenbeck &amp; Van Soest (2002), in a discussion of  Topsentia Berg, 1899 , subsequently resurrected  Alloscleria , although they retained the genus in  Desmoxyidae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436840FFDCFC5AF91BFEB1FDB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436841FFDCFF0AFDAEFDFCFB79.text	FA0014436841FFDCFF0AFDAEFDFCFB79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alloscleria tenuispinosa Topsent 1927	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ALLOSCLERIA TENUISPINOSA TOPSENT, 1927</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13F)</p>
            <p> Halicnemia tenuispinosa (Topsent, 1927) (Hooper, 2002)</p>
            <p> Material examined:   Holotype MNHN DT1990, stn 1242, Banc de Seine,  Azores , 10 September 1901, 240 m (slide only). </p>
            <p>Description: Megascleres: This species has fusiform styles 310– 400– 444 (SD = 40) µm × 7– 8– 10 µm.</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Very fine acanthose oxea, 60– 88– 106 µm × 1.5– 1.8– 2.5 µm, that are only slightly curved in the middle (Fig. 13F).</p>
            <p> Remarks: The spicule and skeletal morphology of  Alloscleria tenuispinosa differs substantially from typical  Halicnemia and  Higginsia species. Without molecular evidence, it is difficult to identify the correct family and order for this genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436841FFDCFF0AFDAEFDFCFB79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436841FFDCFEDDFA8BFDF9FA3B.text	FA0014436841FFDCFEDDFA8BFDF9FA3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubaridae Topsent 1894	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  BUBARIDAE TOPSENT, 1894</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Bubaris Gray, 1867 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436841FFDCFEDDFA8BFDF9FA3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436841FFDCFC75FF17FA52FB87.text	FA0014436841FFDCFC75FF17FA52FB87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubaris durissima Burton 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> BUBARIS DURISSIMA BURTON, 1928</p>
            <p>(FIG. 18)</p>
            <p> Higginsia durissima (Burton, 1928) WPD (Van Soest et al., 2018)</p>
            <p> Material examined:   Holotype BMNH  R.N. XXXI.i, stn 532, Andaman Sea, Merqui Archipelago, 113 m. </p>
            <p>Description: Megascleres: Thick, short rhabdostyles and oxea, 450 µm × 34 µm; axial canal often visible in rhabdostyles (Fig. 18).</p>
            <p> Remarks: Although this species was transferred to  Higginsia (Van Soest et al., 2018: in WPD), we do not know of good morphological evidence to support its placement here. This species has shared affinities with  Axinellidae ,  Hymerhabdiidae and  Dictyonellidae . On spicule and skeletal morphology, these three families are apparently indistinguishable. There is some evidence that there are chemical characters that characterize  Hymerhabdiidae , such as the presence of isocyanids (Braekman et al., 1992), and using DNA sequences they are easily distinguishable. Given that it is not possible to say with confidence whether  Bubaris durissima should be assigned to  Axinellidae ,  Dictyonellidae or  Hymerhabdiidae , and in the absence of molecular data, we consider returning it to its original genus (  Bubaris ) the most conservative option. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436841FFDCFC75FF17FA52FB87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436841FFDCFEE4FA39FDF9F8FA.text	FA0014436841FFDCFEE4FA39FDF9F8FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bubaris Gray 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  BUBARIS GRAY, 1867</p>
            <p> Type species:  Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) (p. 141) </p>
            <p> Included species:  Bubaris ammosclera Hechtel, 1969 ;  Bubaris carcisis Vacelet, 1969 ;  Bubaris conulosa Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971 ;  Bubaris durissima Burton, 1928 ;  Bubaris murrayi Topsent, 1913 ;  Bubaris salomonensis Dendy, 1922 ;  Bubaris sarayi Ilan, Ben-Eliahu &amp; Galil, 1994 ;  Bubaris sosia Topsent, 1904 ;  Bubaris subtyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 ;  Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436841FFDCFEE4FA39FDF9F8FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436841FFDFFC52FB82FDA4FE5D.text	FA0014436841FFDFFC52FB82FDA4FE5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poecilosclerida Topsent 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ORDER  POECILOSCLERIDA TOPSENT, 1928</p>
            <p> FAMILY  DESMOXYIDAE HALLMANN, 1917 (HERE RESSURECTED) </p>
            <p>Diagnosis (emended): Thinly encrusting or massive sponges; megascleres smooth diactinal strongyles and onychaetes, with acanthostyles present in one species; microscleres are crescent-shaped acanthoxea. Choanosomalskeletoncomposedofascending,plumose columns of strongyles interspersed with bundles of onychaetes. Basal layer of erect acanthostyles present in one species. Acanthoxea distributed throughout the choanosome but concentrated in surface layer.</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Desmoxya Hallmann, 1917 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436841FFDFFC52FB82FDA4FE5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436842FFDEFF24FD1DFED4FE44.text	FA0014436842FFDEFF24FD1DFED4FE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmoxya Hallmann 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  DESMOXYA HALLMANN, 1917</p>
            <p> Desmoxya Hallmann, 1917 (p. 650–654) Diagnosis (emended):  Desmoxyidae with thinly encrusting or massive growth form. Choanosomal skeleton hymedesmioid to plumose, composed of tracts of strongylote megascleres and crescent-shaped, acanthose microscleres especially abundant in surface membrane. Bundles of onychaetes scattered throughout choanosome. Basal layer of erect acanthostyles present in one species. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Desmoxya lunata (Carter, 1885)</p>
            <p> Included species:  Desmoxya lunata (Carter, 1885) ;  Desmoxya pelagiae Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2005</p>
            <p> Hallmann (1917) speculated that the microscleres in  Desmoxya lunata , which are terminally spined, crescent-shaped or sigmoidal microxea, might have been derived from sigmata. He questioned whether genera with spined microxea, such as  Higginsia ,  Halicnemia and  Desmoxya , should be included in  Axinellidae . He further speculated that the acanthoxea in  Desmoxya and  Halicnemia were similar to those of  Acanthoxa Hentschel, 1914 and could be homologous with the acanthoscleres of myxillids. Our 18S tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S2) shows that there is molecular support for Hallmann’s hypothesis (in part), because  Desmoxya pelagiae clusters in  Poecilosclerida . However,  Halicnemia and  Higginsia group with  Stelligera and  Paratimea in  Stelligeridae :  Axinellida . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436842FFDEFF24FD1DFED4FE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436843FFDEFEDDFDC7FDD4FDC0.text	FA0014436843FFDEFEDDFDC7FDD4FDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmoxya lunata (Carter 1885)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> DESMOXYA LUNATA (CARTER, 1885)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 19A–G)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436843FFDEFEDDFDC7FDD4FDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436843FFDEFF68FAA1FBC5FC97.text	FA0014436843FFDEFF68FAA1FBC5FC97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Desmoxya pelagiae Van Soest & Hooper 2005	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> DESMOXYA PELAGIAE VAN SOEST &amp; HOOPER, 2005</p>
            <p>(FIG. 20A–H)</p>
            <p> Desmoxya pelagiae Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2005 (pp. 1368–1370, fig. 2a–h). </p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype ZMA POR18145, M2004 BX33A, Rockall Bank, S part, 55°30.288′N, 15°47.148′W, 2 September 2004, 673 m.</p>
            <p> BELUM Mc 7764, 54°4.435′N, 12°31.507′W, CE10004 of RV Celtic Explorer, 27 May 2010, coll. C. Morrow, det. C. Morrow.</p>
            <p> DNA sequences:  From BELUM Mc 7764, we sequenced partial CO1 (GenBank accession no. KC876696) and 28S (D3–D5, GenBank accession no. KF018109). The 18 S GenBank sequence KC902064 is from the same specimen . </p>
            <p> Remarks: A re-examination of the type specimen of  Desmoxya pelagiae found acanthostyle spicules and unidirectional spines on the raphides (similar to onychaetes) that were overlooked in the original description (Fig. 20 shows an SEM of the spicules from the type specimen). The acanthostyles are relatively scarce and confined to the basal region of the sponge. They measure 288– 314– 353 µm × 9–10 µm (N = 6; measurements taken at middle portion of shaft), the heads of the acanthostyles are ~12 µm across. </p>
            <p> The presence of acanthostyles and onychaetes suggests an affinity with  Tedaniidae (  Poecilosclerida ). Figure 20G, H illustrates the spicule composition in  Desmoxya #  pelagiae and  Tedania (Trachytedania) cf. ferrolensis (Cristobo &amp; Urgorri, 2001) , respectively. Both species share strongyles, raphides and acanthostyles. In addition,  Desmoxya pelagiae has bow-shaped acanthose microscleres with unidirectional spines. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436843FFDEFF68FAA1FBC5FC97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436843FFDEFF73FDB6FEA4FABA.text	FA0014436843FFDEFF73FDB6FEA4FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia lunata Carter 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Higginsia lunata Carter, 1885</p>
            <p> M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:  H o l o t y p e B M N H P. P.H. ’86:12:15:138 Brit.Mus.Sp. 68, (Carter, 1885, p. 358), 35 m, South Australia . </p>
            <p> Remarks: A re-examination of the type specimen of  Desmoxya lunata using SEM revealed that the raphides are acanthose (Fig. 19D–G), suggesting that it might have affinities with  Tedaniidae . The raphides are unusual; they appear to occur in at least three length categories and are ‘compound’. They consist of several slightly overlapping raphides glued together, whereas in  Desmoxya pelagiae the raphides are spined mostly at the ends and are in trichodragmas with individual raphides single, not compound. The acanthoxea in  Desmoxya lunata are diactinal (Fig. 19C), whereas in  Desmoxya pelagiae they are monactinal. In other respects, the spicules and skeletal arrangement are closest to those of  Desmoxya pelagiae . We therefore take  Desmoxya pelagiae as a representative of  Desmoxya and propose the transfer of  Desmoxya from  Heteroxyidae :  Axinellida to  Desmoxyidae :  Poecilosclerida . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436843FFDEFF73FDB6FEA4FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436843FFDEFC56FCEDFC03FA84.text	FA0014436843FFDEFC56FCEDFC03FA84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmiidae TOPSENT 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  HYMEDESMIIDAE TOPSENT, 1928</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: See Van Soest (2002).</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Hymedesmia Bowerbank, 1864 . </p>
            <p> Included genera:  Acanthancora Topsent, 1927 ;  Hamigera Gray, 1867 ;  Hemimycale Burton, 1934 ;  Hymedesmia Bowerbank, 1864 ;  Kirkpatrickia Topsent, 1912 ;  Phorbas Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 ;  Plocamionida Topsent, 1927 ;  Pseudohalichondria Carter, 1886 ;  Spanioplon Topsent, 1890 . </p>
            <p>Remarks: Morrow et al. (2013) and Redmond et al. (2013) indicated that this family is polyphyletic and in need of revision.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436843FFDEFC56FCEDFC03FA84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436843FFD3FC10FA87FD32F992.text	FA0014436843FFD3FC10FA87FD32F992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hooperia Morrow 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HOOPERIA MORROW GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 21D–F, 22A–D)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Erect, globular, cylindrical digitate growth form. Surface with non-detachable dermis with distinctive, evenly distributed areolated porefields up to 2.5 mm in diameter. Choanosome consisting of ascending, meandering, anastomosing bundles of strongyles. Around papillae/areolae the spicule bundles diverge. Ectosome heavy layer of collagen containing rugose oxea arranged paratangentially to surface. Megascleres are straight, slender strongyles with symmetrical rounded ends. Microscleres are slender, straight or only slightly curved rugose oxea with tapering ends.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Higginsia anfractuosa Hooper &amp; Lévi, 1993 (p. 1455, figs 39, 40), herein designated. </p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6423AD93-0EC7- 4831-9FFF-399257E64E64</p>
            <p> Remarks: This genus is erected for  Higginsia anfractuosa . In assigning this species to  Higginsia, Hooper &amp; Lévi (1993) emphasized the presence of acanthoxea and raphides of two size classes. They stated that morphologically it was most similar to  Higginsia lunata Carter, 1885 in growth form, papillose surface features and skeletal architecture and that both species are atypical of other  Higginsia . Re-examination of the holotypes of  Desmoxya lunata and  Desmoxya pelagiae using SEM (Figs 19, 20, respectively) showed that the ‘raphides’ were spined, similar to the onychaetes in  Tedaniidae . Re-examination of the holotype of  Higginsia anfractuosa showed that the ‘acanthoxea’ described by Hooper &amp; Lévi (1993) were slender rugose oxea unlike the crescent-shaped acanthoxea in  Desmoxya . Thin spicules resembling raphides were present, but they were approximately the same sizes as the strongyles and oxea, and we would interpret them as developing spicules rather than raphides. </p>
            <p> Morphologically, we consider  Hooperia anfractuosa comb. nov. most similar to  Hemimycale . Both  Hemimycale and  Hooperia share conspicuous, raised areolated porefields supported by parallel columns of erect strongyles (Fig. 21C, F, respectively). The choanosomal skeleton in  Hemimycale and  Hooperia consists of bundles of strongyles that branch and anastomose infrequently (Fig. 21A, D, respectively).  Hooperia can be distinguished from other hymedesmiid genera by the presence of a surface layer of rugose oxea (Fig. 22C) that are morphologically distinct from the acanthoxea in  Crellidae . </p>
            <p> According to the family diagnoses given by Hooper &amp; Van Soest (2002),  Hooperia would be placed in  Crellidae Dendy, 1922 , because it has a tangential layer of rugose/ acanthose oxea. However, the CO1 gene tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S4) shows  Hooperia anfractuosa clustering with  Hemimycale :  Hymedesmiidae . Morphologically, the skeletal architecture and spicule morphology in  Hooperia anfractuosa (Fig. 21D, E) are more similar to  Hemimycale columella (Fig. 21A, B) than to  Crella elegans . Therefore, we have assigned  Hooperia to  Hymedesmiidae . </p>
            <p>Etymology: This genus is named in honour of Dr John Hooper, Head of Biodiversity &amp; Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Australia, for his major contribution to sponge taxonomy.</p>
            <p> HOOPERIA ANFRACTUOSA (HOOPER &amp; LÉVI, </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436843FFD3FC10FA87FD32F992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443684EFFD3FC94F9D9FB50F9DF.text	FA001443684EFFD3FC94F9D9FB50F9DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spanioplon fragilis (LEVI 1961) Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SPANIOPLON FRAGILIS (LÉVI, 1961) COMB. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 23C–F)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443684EFFD3FC94F9D9FB50F9DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443684EFFD3FC40FB68FBFEFA4E.text	FA001443684EFFD3FC40FB68FBFEFA4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spanioplon Topsent 1890	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  SPANIOPLON TOPSENT, 1890</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: See Van Soest (2002).</p>
            <p> Type species:  Spanioplon armaturum (Bowerbank, 1866) . </p>
            <p> Included species: In WPD, Van Soest et al. (2018) listed three valid species. We have examined material only of the type species,  Spanioplon armaturum (Bowerbank, 1866) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443684EFFD3FC40FB68FBFEFA4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA001443684EFFD5FCF9F989FDE7FACF.text	FA001443684EFFD5FCF9F989FDE7FACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia fragilis Levi 1961	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Higginsia fragilis Lévi, 1961 (p. 14, fig. 16) </p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype MNHN DCL373 sv 99, Aldabra C. Lévi (microscope slide only).</p>
            <p>Description: Choanosomal skeleton: Ascending sinuous columns composed of styles (rhabdostyles) and occasionally tylostyles, with interconnecting spicules (Fig. 23F). Heads of principal spicules embedded in spongin. Secondary reticulation, with one to three spicules interconnecting.</p>
            <p>E c t o s o m a l s k e l e t o n: S u r f a c e l ay e r o f s t r a i g h t acanthoxeas arranged tangentially.</p>
            <p>M e g a s c l e r e s: R o b u s t s t y l e s t o t y l o s t y l e s, 3 0 8– 358– 422 (SD = 28) µm × 10–11 µm (Fig. 23C); thin strongyles (tornotes) with basal ends rounded and slightly dilated, 178– 270– 317 (SD = 38) µm (Fig. 23D).</p>
            <p>Microscleres: Acanthoxeas 91– 102– 110 µm × 1–2 µm (Fig. 23E).</p>
            <p> Remarks: This species appears to be a poecilosclerid, and morphologically it is similar to  Spanioplon armaturum (Fig. 23A, B). Both species share style/tylostyle megascleres and tornotes with basal ends rounded and slightly dilated. The ‘acanthoxeas’ in  Higginsia fragilis are also similar to those of  Spanioplon armaturum (which vary from acanthoxeas to acanthostyles) and are unlike the acanthoxeas in other  Higginsia and  Halicnemia species. On the basis of the morphology, we propose the transfer of  Higginsia fragilis to  Spanioplon (  Hymedesmiidae :  Poecilosclerida ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA001443684EFFD5FCF9F989FDE7FACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436848FFD5FF62FA14FD9AF8FA.text	FA0014436848FFD5FF62FA14FD9AF8FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiasterellidae LENDENFELD 1889	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  HEMIASTERELLIDAE LENDENFELD, 1889</p>
            <p>Diagnosis (emended from Hooper, 2002b): Encrusting, cup-shaped, arborescent or branching growth forms; megascleres styles, oxea or both enclosed within axially compressed spongin fibres or basally compressed in encrusting taxa, and plumose to plumo-reticulate extra-axial branches or sometimes with a definite axis. Microscleres are euasters, usually with microspination.</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Hemiasterella Carter, 1879 . </p>
            <p> Included genera: In WPD, Van Soest et al. (2018) listed four genera:  Adreus Gray, 1867 ;  Axos Gray, 1867 ;  Hemiasterella Carter, 1879 ; and  Leptosastra Topsent, 1904 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436848FFD5FF62FA14FD9AF8FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436848FFD4FC6DFBBFFEE6F8F0.text	FA0014436848FFD4FC6DFBBFFEE6F8F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adreus Gray 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  ADREUS GRAY, 1867</p>
            <p>Emended diagnosis: Arborescent growth form; choanosomal skeleton with strongly compressed axis composed of long smooth tylostyles in bundles running longitudinally through branches; poorly developed extra-axial skeleton composed of sparse plumose brushes of smaller smooth styles ascending to periphery; euasters with curved or sinuous, smooth or spined, strongylote or tylote rays often branched, mainly confined to the ectosomal region, absent in some species.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Adreus fascicularis (Bowerbank, 1866) . </p>
            <p> Included species: Van Soest et al. (2018) listed three valid species:  Adreus fascicularis (Bowerbank, 1866) ;  Adreus micraster (Burton, 1956) ; and  Adreus stylifer (Arndt, 1927) . On the basis of molecular evidence presented in the Supporting Information (Fig. S5), we formally propose the transfer of  Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis Ridley, 1884 and  Ceratopsion axiferum (Hentschel, 1912) to  Adreus (see below,  Adreus axiferum ). </p>
            <p> Remarks: In addition to arborescent growth forms, we have also collected an undescribed encrusting  Adreus (BELUM Mc4982); this species is represented in our 18S rRNA gene tree (Supporting Information, Fig. S2). </p>
            <p> Erpenbeck et al. (2007), in an analysis of the systematics of  Raspailiidae using partial 28S rRNA sequences, showed that  Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and  Ceratopsion axiferum did not cluster with the main raspailiid group. In an attempt to resolve the taxonomic affinities of some of their ‘raspailiid’ taxa that failed to group with the main raspailiid clade, we combined many of their sequences with our own (Supporting Information, Fig. S5). Our analysis indicates that, rather than being raspailiids that have lost their acanthostyles,  Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and  Ceratopsion axiferum are better interpreted as  Adreus that have secondarily lost their asters. For these species, we propose the new combinations  Adreus australiensis and  Adreus axiferum . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436848FFD4FC6DFBBFFEE6F8F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436849FFD4FCEDFA96FBB3F921.text	FA0014436849FFD4FCEDFA96FBB3F921.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adreus australiensis (RIDLEY 1884) Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ADREUS AUSTRALIENSIS (RIDLEY, 1884) COMB. NOV.</p>
            <p> Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis Ridley, 1884 (p. 460, Pl. 42) </p>
            <p> Raspailia australiensis Ridley, 1884</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   QM G320811 and G320826,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.325/lat -15.333667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.333667">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>
                 , 15°20.02′S, 140°19.50′E, 28 m, 24 May 2003, coll. C. Bartlett &amp; S. Cook, det. M. Schlacher. 
            </p>
            <p> DNA sequences:  28S D1 (GenBank accession nos EU146438 and EU146439 from QM G320811 and G320826, respectively) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436849FFD4FCEDFA96FBB3F921	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
FA0014436849FFD7FC92F93BFE81FD18.text	FA0014436849FFD7FC92F93BFE81FD18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adreus axiferum (HENTSCHEL 1912) Morrow & Cárdenas & Boury-Esnault & Picton & Mccormack & Soest & Collins & Redmond & Maggs & Sigwart & Allcock 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ADREUS AXIFERUM (HENTSCHEL, 1912) COMB. NOV.</p>
            <p> Axinella axifera Hentschel, 1912 (p. 418, Pl. 14 fig. 2 and Pl. 21 fig. 56) </p>
            <p> Ceratopsion axiferum (Hentschel, 1912)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  QM G304729, N. of Petherbridge Islets, Turtle Is., Great Barrier Reef, 14°41.04′S, 145°01.60′E, 9.3 m, 2 September 1994, coll. J.A. Kennedy &amp; M. Gwendolyn, det. J. Hooper.</p>
            <p>DNA sequences: 28S D1 (GenBank accession no. EU146406 from QM G304729).</p>
            <p>SHARED DATA</p>
            <p>A spreadsheet with collection information of specimens examined in this study, previous records and Genbank accession numbers was archived in the PANGAEA data repository (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/ PANGAEA.897272).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA0014436849FFD7FC92F93BFE81FD18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morrow, Christine;Cárdenas, Paco;Boury-Esnault, Nicole;Picton, Bernard;Mccormack, Grace;Soest, Rob Van;Collins, Allen;Redmond, Niamh;Maggs, Christine;Sigwart, Julia;Allcock, Louise A.	Morrow, Christine, Cárdenas, Paco, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Picton, Bernard, Mccormack, Grace, Soest, Rob Van, Collins, Allen, Redmond, Niamh, Maggs, Christine, Sigwart, Julia, Allcock, Louise A. (2019): Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 31-81
