taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA4487DDFFABA40DFF540C8AFD4FFCBA.taxon	description	(Figures 1 & 2)	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFABA40DFF540C8AFD4FFCBA.taxon	materials_examined	Measurments: table 1. Female: body short, slightly ventrally arcuate when relaxed. Cuticular annulation distinct, 1 – 2 µm wide; lateral fields with four incisures, 2 – 6 µm wide, occupying 18.3 – 40.7 % of body width. Head low, 1.5 – 2 µm high and 4 – 5 µm wide, not offset, with two or three fine annuli. Cephalic skeleton weak, outer margins of basal plates extended two annuli inside body. Stylet delicate, conus 34.3 – 47.7 % of stylet length, knobs small and rounded or sloping backwards, 1 – 1.5 µm wide, sometimes asymmetrical. DGO 1 – 1.5 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb oval, 4 – 5.5 µm wide, muscular, with thickening of lumen wall about 1 – 1.5 µm long. Isthmus cylindrical and more slender than procorpus. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus in anterior half to almost its middle, 58.4 (54 – 62) µm from anterior end. S-E pore located from posterior half of isthmus to anterior half of basal pharyngeal bulb. Hemizonid about two cuticular annuli long, 71.9 (66 – 74.5) µm from the anterior end, immediately or one annulus anterior to the S-E pore. Deirids at level of S-E pore. Basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform and offset from intestine, the ratio of its length to width is 2.5 (2.1 – 4.0), with the two most anterior intestinal cells appearing hyaline. Ovary outstretched, oocytes in single row, spermatheca elongate and filled with rounded sperms, uterus quadricolumellar, vagina 4.5 - 6.5 µm and 34.1 – 51.6 % of VBW. PUS 5 – 10 µm long, 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) times VBW or 14.2 (7.0 – 20.2) % V-A distance. Post-vulval body length 14.5 (11.9 – 16.6) times ABW. Tail almost cylindrical and sometimes tapering gradually from anus, with rounded terminus, only one specimen with small mucron. Male: Similar to female in general body characteristics, but slightly narrower and in one specimen with a short basal pharyngeal bulb overlap over the intestine (about 2 µm). Spicules slightly ventrally arcuate, gubernaculum simple and crescent-shaped. Bursa with crenate margin, 13 – 22 µm long and enveloping 27.4 – 40.1 % of tail length. Habitat & locality. This population was found in soil around vegetable roots, in a suburb of Kezerun, Fars province, Iran. Type material. Holotype female, five paratype females and four paratype males kept in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, and three female paratypes and three paratype males on two slides deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Diagnosis and relationships. Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. is characterised by a short body length (441 – 543 µm), four incisures in lateral fields, delicate and short stylet (6 – 7.5 µm) with small rounded or sloping backwards knobs, pyriform and offset basal pharyngeal bulb, V = 67.7 – 76.4, short PUS (5 – 10 µm), less than one VBW in length, small spicules (12.5 – 15 µm) and almost cylindrical tail (71 – 90 µm) with rounded terminus. D. paraparvus n. sp. resembles D. gallaeformans Oliveira, Santin, Seni, Dietrich, Salazar, Subbotin, Mundo-Ocampo, Goldenberg & Barreto, 2013, D. longimatricalis (Kazachenko, 1975) Brzeski, 1984, D. parvus Zell, 1988, and D. terricolus Brzeski, 1991. It differs from all of these species by shorter PUS and smaller PUS / VBW ratio (0.4 – 0.8 vs. 1.4 – 1.8, 1.8 – 5.1, 1.8 – 4.3 and 2.1 – 3.2, respectively). In addition, D. gallaeformans has longer spicules (16.5 – 26 vs. 12.5 – 15 µm), bursa reaching the tail tip (vs. covering 27.6 – 40.1 % of tail in D. paraparvus n. sp.) and has a more conical tail with pointed to minutely rounded tip (vs. almost cylindrical with rounded tip); D. parvus has greater c ratio (8.6 – 15.0 vs. 5.4 – 6.2); while D. terricolus has greater c (9.1 – 12.1 vs. 5.4 – 6.2) and smaller c′ (4.5 – 7.1 vs. 7.6 – 9.4) ratios. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek ‘ para ’, which means beside, near, and ‘ parvus’. It refers to the similarity of this species to D. parvus.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFACA40DFF540FEAFC27F979.taxon	description	7 females: L = 660 (615 – 708) µm; stylet = 8.4 (7.5 – 9) µm; pharynx = 117 (107 – 139) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 144 (114 – 170) µm; tail = 55.8 (51 – 66) µm; a = 42.1 (37.3 – 46.9); b = 5.7 (4.4 – 6.5); c = 11.9 (10.6 – 13.2); c′ = 5.3 (4.8 – 5.7); V = 80.1 (77.5 – 82.0); V′ = 87.5 (85.3 – 88.7); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.4 – 2.6); PUS / V-A = 40.4 (29.2 – 46.2) %; V-A / T = 1.4 (1.2 – 1.7). 3 males: L = 620 (610 – 632) µm; stylet = 7.8 (7 – 8) µm; pharynx = 110 (103 – 114) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 138 (135 – 139) µm; tail = 55.4 (50 – 64) µm; a = 44.5 (41.5 – 47.3); b = 5.7 (5.4 – 6.0); c = 11.3 (9.9 – 12.1); c′ = 5.3 (4.7 – 6.6); spicules = 15.5 (15 – 16) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFACA40DFF540FEAFC27F979.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. anchilisposomus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, head with rounded margins and weak cephalic skeleton, delicate medium-sized stylet with small rounded to posteriorly sloping knobs, usually long (seldom pyriform) basal pharyngeal bulb overlapping intestine and measuring 7 – 41 µm and seldom pyriform, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, rounded to dull tail tip and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. anchilisposomus is similar to D. dauniae Brzeski & Marinari, 1991, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965, D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958, D. silvaticus Brzeski, 1991, D. tenuidens Gritzenko, 1971, D. triformis and D. valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968. It can be distinguished from all of these, except some specimens of D. myceliophagus, by having a long pharyngeal lobe overlapping intestine. The only difference between D. anchilisposomus and D. myceliophagus is the cephalic skeleton (weak to medium and extending two annuli into the body vs. short, crescentic and with refractive margins).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFACA40EFF540AFEFD9CFC15.taxon	description	489 females: L = 994 (603 – 1468) µm; stylet = 10.3 (8 – 13) µm; pharynx = 134 (82 – 178) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 141 (89 – 204) µm; tail = 67.3 (39.5 – 90.5) μm; a = 36.6 (21.4 – 52.2); b = 7.4 (4.9 – 11.7); c = 14.8 (11.4 – 27.8); c′ = 4.3 (2.6 – 7.2); V = 80.8 (77.1 – 84.9); V′ = 86.7 (78.4 – 89.8); PUS / VBW = 3.3 (1.7 – 4.6); PUS / V-A = 67.8 (36.9 – 92.6) %; V-A / T = 1.8 (1.2 – 4.5). 422 males: L = 894 (600 – 1254) µm; stylet = 10.1 (8.5 – 12) µm; pharynx = 132 (103 – 162) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 138 (107 – 182) µm; tail = 63.3 (45 – 87.5) µm; a = 42.2 (27.1 – 59.5); b = 6.8 (4.8 – 9.0); c = 14.1 (11.0 – 19.1); c ′ = 5.0 (3.1 – 6.9); spicules = 22.0 (18 – 28) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFACA40EFF540AFEFD9CFC15.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. destructor is distinctive because of its rather stout body, six lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to four additional lines), well-developed cephalic skeleton, moderately large stylet with distinct rounded to posteriorly sloping knobs, moderately developed median bulb with distinct valve, basal pharyngeal bulb of variable shape (usually pyriform to rather long) and often with a short overlap (with an average of 8 µm and sometimes up to 31 µm), posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, thick tail that narrows evenly from its midpoint to a usually rounded, but sometimes dull terminus, and long spicules. Most of the present data were obtained from nematodes under different feeding and temperature conditions, resulting in wide ranges form morphological and morphometric character values. In comparison with morphological characteristics given by Brzeski (1998), the Iranian populations of D. destructor have different tail tip shape (often rounded, sometimes dull and seldom pointed vs. always rounded). D. destructor is close to D. arachis Zhang, Liu, Janssen, Zhang, Xiao, Li, Couvreur & Bert, 2014, D. africanus Wendt, Swart, Vrain & Webster, 1995, D. convallariae Sturhan & Friedman, 1965, D. halictus Giblin-Davis, Erteld, Kanzaki, Ye, Zeng & Center, 2010, D. longicauda Geraert & Choi, 1988 and D. oncogenus Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares- Rius, De Luca, Cantalapedra-Navarrete, Liébanas, Landa, Subotin & Castillo, 2016, but none of these are pathogenic on potatoes. Moreover, D. destructor can be distinguished from D. arachis and D. africanus by its relatively longer spicules (18 – 28 vs. 16 – 24 and 15.5 – 22 μm, respectively) and different host preferences (non-pathogenic on peanut vs. pathogenic on it), from D. convallariae by different tail tip shape (rounded vs. pointed), from D. halictus by its relatively longer body (608 – 1468 vs. 560 – 774 μm), relatively larger spicules (18 – 28 vs. 16.5 – 21 μm) and different method of reproduction (bisexual vs. parthenogenetic), from D. longicauda by relatively larger spicules (18 – 28 vs. 16 – 23 μm), relatively greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.7 – 4.6 vs. 1.2 – 2.1) and different tail shape (thick with rounded tip vs. long and slender, with pointed to rounded tip), and from D. oncogenus by different tail terminus shape (rounded vs. rather pointed).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAFA40FFF540852FC67FE82.taxon	description	191 females: L = 1140 (878 – 1510) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9 – 13) µm; pharynx = 177 (143 – 221) µm; tail = 77.6 (53 – 105) µm; a = 46.1 (29.5 – 62.5; in one specimen = 18.5); b = 6.5 (5.0 – 8.4); c = 14.8 (11.5 – 25.7); c′ = 5.4 (3.7 – 7.7); V = 80.4 (75.8 – 87.3; in one specimen = 69.6); V ′ = 86.3 (74.1 – 93.9); PUS / VBW = 2.6 (1.5 – 3.6); PUS / V-A = 43.4 (25.6 – 77.8) %; V-A / T = 1.8 (0.8 – 2.4; in one specimen = 3.9). 134 males: L = 1103 (877 – 1346) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9.5 – 12) µm; pharynx = 175 (130 – 210) μm; tail = 76.5 (58 – 99) μm; a = 48.4 (33.8 – 66.5); b = 6.3 (5.2 – 8.1); c = 14.5 (12.0 – 18.3); c′ = 5.1 (3.5 – 7.4); spicules = 23.7 (20 – 28) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAFA40FFF540852FC67FE82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. dipsaci is distinguished by its long, slender body, four lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), well-developed cephalic skeleton, moderately large stylet with distinct rounded knobs, moderately-developed median bulb with distinct valve, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (usually long and cylindrical, sometimes pyriform and shorter, sometimes with a short stem), basal pharyngeal bulb usually with slight intestinal overlap, averaging 5 µm (seldom up to 29 µm) and sometimes offset, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, thick tail with usually pointed, but sometimes dull tip, and long spicules. The Iranian populations of D. dipsaci are similar to D. angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936, D. gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Liébanas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo, 2011, D. laurae Skwiercz, Kornobis, Winiszewska, Przybylska, Obrępalska-Stęplowska, Gawlak & Subbotin, 2017, D. solani, D. sturhani Mirbabaei Karani, Eskandari, Ghaderi, Heydari, & Miraeez, 2017 and D. weischeri Chizhov, Borisov & Subbotin, 2010. They differs from D. angustus by relatively longer spicules (20 – 28 vs. 16 – 21 μm), less bursa / tail % (24.8 – 85.2 vs. approximately 100 %), different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (long and cylindrical vs. clavate). It can be distinguished from D. laurae by shorter body (878 – 1510 vs. 1523 – 2095 μm), shorter tail (53 – 105 vs. 104 – 127 μm), less a index (18.5 – 62.5 vs. 72.5 – 103) and PUS / VBW (1.5 – 3.6 vs. 4.3 – 5.6), shorter basal pharyngeal bulb (length / width = 1.9 – 5.8 vs. approximately 10) and the shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. mucronate), from D. solani by having longer spicules (20 – 28 vs. 18 – 20 μm), the shape of basal pharyngeal bulb and tail tip (long and cylindrical and usually pointed vs. pyriform and dull to rounded, respectively), from D. sturhani with longer body 878 – 1510 vs. 656 – 865 μm), longer spicules (20 – 28 vs. 18.5 – 20.5 μm), greater PUS / VBW (2.6 (1.5 – 3.6) vs. 1.4 (1.0 – 1.9 )) and different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. usually dull), from D. weischeri with greater c′ index (5.4 (3.7 – 7.7) vs. 3.7 (2.9 – 4.8 )). In the description of D. weischeri, other differences with D. dipsaci such as shorter tail and spicules, greater c index, V-A, V-A / T and PUS length are also noted, that falls within the range of variation of different D. dispaci populations in the present study and are not useful. The closest species to D. dipsaci is D. gigas, which is distinguished only with shorter body length (878 – 1510 vs. 1270 – 1932 μm).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAEA40FFF540DAAFD9DFBF1.taxon	description	8 females: L = 749 (602 – 861) µm; stylet = 7.4 (7 – 8) µm; pharynx = 118 (98 – 145) µm; tail = 73.5 (51 – 91) µm; a = 44.8 (35.6 – 57.5); b = 6.4 (5.4 – 8.2); c = 10.4 (9.1 – 12.3); c′ = 6.6 (4.2 – 8.5); V = 80.6 (78.9 – 82.6); V′ = 89.3 (88.1 – 90.5); PUS / VBW = 1.2 (1.0 – 1.4; in one specimen = 2.1); PUS / V-A = 30.6 (20.9 – 58.4) %; V-A / T = 1.0 (0.8 – 1.2). 4 males: L = 537 (494 – 565) µm; stylet = 7.3 (7 – 8) µm; pharynx = 116 (104 – 134) µm; tail = 51.2 (50 – 53) µm; a = 44.1 (39.1 – 48.7); b = 4.6 (4.2 – 4.9); c = 10.5 (9.7 – 11.1); c′ = 5.1 (4.6 – 5.5); spicules = 14.9 (14 – 16) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAEA40FFF540DAAFD9DFBF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. equalis is characterised by four lateral field incisures, unstriated head, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform to elongate and usually offset, sometimes with a slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, short post-vulval uterine sac, tail tip usually pointed and sometimes rounded, and short spicules.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAEA40FFF540876FBECF859.taxon	description	(Figure 3) 10 females: L = 526 (485 – 579) µm; stylet = 6.1 (5 – 7) µm; pharynx = 90.8 (84 – 98) µm; tail = 53.7 (46 – 60) µm; a = 37.2 (27.9 – 45.9); b = 5.8 (5.2 – 6.7); c = 9.8 (8.9 – 10.6); c′ = 6.0 (5.0 – 7.0); V = 74.7 (72.6 – 76.5); V′ = 83.2 (81.0 – 84.6); PUS / VBW = 2.1 (1.6 – 2.6); PUS / V-A = 34.4 (28.3 – 47.1) %; V-A / T = 1.5 (1.3 – 1.8). 3 males: L = 445 (414 – 489) µm; stylet = 6.1 (6 – 6.5) µm; pharynx = 92.1 (86 – 98) µm; tail = 46.1 (45 – 47) µm; a = 40.8 (38.8 – 43.6); b = 4.8 (4.6 – 5.0); c = 9.6 (9.1 – 10.5); c′ = 5.5 (5.2 – 5.7); spicules = 12.1 (11.5 – 13) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFAEA40FFF540876FBECF859.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. ferepolitor is distinctive because of its short body, six lateral field incisures, delicate, very short stylet with posteriorly sloping knobs, pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb (sometimes slightly elongate) and usually offset and sometimes slightly overlapping the intestine (up to 2 µm), position of vulva, rather long post-vulval uterine sac, usually rounded and sometimes dull tail tip, and short spicules. In drawings in the original description (Kazachenko 1980) and redescriptions of Brzeski (1984, 1991, 1998), the basal pharyngeal bulb is elongate and offset from intestine, and the tail tip is pointed, while in this study, the basal pharyngeal bulb was often pyriform, short and sometimes with slightly overlapping over intestine and tail was usually rounded (Figure 1). D. ferepolitor is similar to D. apus Brzeski, 1991, D. filenchulus Brzeski, 1991, D. geraerti, D. silvaticus, D. stenurus Esmaeili, Heydari, Ziaie & Ye, 2017 and D. virtudesae Tobar-Jimenez, 1964. It differs from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.6 – 2.6 vs. 0.2 – 0.4) and different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform and offset vs. elongated and with long overlap), from D. filenchulus by smaller PUS / VBW and c′ (1.6 – 2.6 and 5.0 – 7.0 vs. 2.1 – 4.5 and 7.4 – 14, respectively), from D. geraerti by greater c′ index (5.0 – 7.0 vs. 3.5 – 5.0), different tail shape (medium vs. usually thick) and lower V (72.6 – 76.5 vs. 80), from D. silvaticus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.6 – 2.6 vs. 0.7 – 1.7), different tail tip shape (rounded and dull vs. pointed and mucronate) and slightly shorter spicules (11.5 – 13 vs. 15 μm), and from D. stenurus and D. virtudesae by lower c value (8.9 – 10.6 vs. 11.1 – 16.0 and 17.3 – 20.9, respectively) and greater c′ index (5.0 – 7.0 vs. 3.3 – 4.9 and 2.8, respectively).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA0A401FF540C8AFEECF95A.taxon	description	153 females: L = 785 (476 – 1228) µm; stylet = 7.4 (6.5 – 8.5) µm; pharynx = 123 (96 – 183) µm; tail = 76.9 (44 – 112) µm; a = 42.3 (29.3 – 58.4); b = 6.4 (4.6 – 8.9); c = 10.3 (7.8 – 16.2); c′ = 6.4 (3.7 – 10.5); V = 79.7 (71.3 – 84.9); V′ = 88.4 (79.5 – 91.7); PUS / VBW = 1.5 (0.8 – 3.3); PUS / V-A = 32.4 (15.3 – 59.2) %; V-A / T = 1.1 (0.7 – 1.9). 44 males: L = 708 (501 – 954) µm; stylet = 7.4 (7 – 8.5) µm; pharynx = 120 (93 – 166) µm; tail = 75.4 (47 – 104) µm; a = 44.4 (28.8 – 62.9); b = 5.9 (4.5 – 8.5); c = 9.6 (7.3 – 13.1); c′ = 6.0 (4.3 – 8.5); spicules = 17.6 (15 – 22) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA0A401FF540C8AFEECF95A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. medicaginis is distinguished by six lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb (in one specimen elongate), usually offset and sometimes with a slight overlap (up to about 9 µm), variable position of vulva and length of post-vulval uterine sac, rather thin tail with usually pointed to dull and sometimes rounded or seldom mucronate, terminus, and spicule length. The Iranian populations of D. medicaginis are close to 11 species, including D. acutatus Brzeski, 1991, D. anchilisposomus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans Zell, 1988, D. geraerti, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens, D. triformis and D. valveus. D. medicaginis differs from D. acutatus by a lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.5 (0.8 – 3.3) vs. 3.5 (2.8 – 4.1 )), different tail shape (narrow with pointed to rounded tip vs. thick with pointed tip) and lower V-A / T ratio (0.7 – 1.9 vs. 2.0 – 2.5), from D. anchilisposomus by its usually pyriform, offset basal pharyngeal bulb (vs. developed basal pharyngeal bulb with long lobe overlapping intestine) and different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. usually rounded), from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (0.8 – 3.3 vs. 0.2 – 0.4) and different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform and offset vs. elongate and with long overlap), from D. dauniae by having annulated head (vs. smooth), relatively lower V and c′ indices (71.3 – 84.9 and 3.7 – 10.5 vs. 83 – 85 and 3.2 – 4.1, respectively) and different tail shape (long and narrow vs. short and thick). It can be distinguished from D. elegans by relatively shorter body and tail lengths (476 – 1228 and 44 – 112 vs. 1030 – 1370 and 111 – 149 μm, respectively), from D. geraerti by different tail shape (narrow and relatively long vs. short and thick), from D. myceliophagus by having different development of the cephalic skeleton (medium vs. crescentic and refractive) and by tail shape (narrow with pointed to rounded tip vs. usually thick with rounded tip), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (narrow, often with pointed to rounded tip vs. thick with pointed or rounded with mucron), from D. tenuidens by annulated head (vs. smooth), and from D. triformis by longer spicules (15 – 22 vs. 13 – 15 μm) and six lateral field incisures (vs. four) in anus region. The closest species to D. medicaginis is D. valveus. Brzeski (1991) stated that the main differences between these species are in the tail shape and relatively posterior vulva position in D. valveus. The general tail shapes in the drawings of Brzeski (1991) do not differ. In addition, the tail tip of D. medicaginis is often pointed or dull, sometimes rounded, and rarely mucronate, while that of D. valveus is usually rounded to dull, and only rarely pointed. In most populations of D. medicaginis in the present study, we observed that the shape of tail tip is diverse even within a population. On the other hand, the V index of both species overlap (72 – 84 in D. medicaginis and 75 – 82 in D. valveus) (Brzeski 1998). In the description and drawings presented by Brzeski (1998), the S-E pore is in the region of the posterior half of isthmus to the junction of isthmus and basal pharyngeal bulb in D. medicaginis, and near the junction of isthmus and basal pharyngeal bulb in D. valveus. Brzeski (1991, 1998) described D. medicaginis with offset basal pharyngeal bulb and D. valveus with either an offset basal pharyngeal bulb or partial overlap (up to 4 µm). In the present study we observed that in many populations of different Ditylenchus species, a partial overlap of the basal pharyngeal bulb occurs in species with a usually offset basal pharyngeal bulb (such as D. ferepolitor, D. parvus and D. equalis). Therefore, this character cannot separate these two species. Also we observed that the position of S-E pore is variable even in a single population. Therefore, it seems that D. medicaginis and D. valveus, cannot be reliably separated from each other based solely on morphological and morphometric characters and require further study.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA0A402FF540B14FD61FB9A.taxon	description	348 females: L = 734 (481 – 1108) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6 – 9) µm; pharynx = 119 (87 – 162) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 127 (87 – 187) µm; tail = 56.0 (33 – 85) µm; a = 38.1 (22.8 – 56.0); b = 6.2 (4.3 – 8.8); c = 13.2 (8.5 – 18.9); c′ = 4.6 (2.8 – 7.2); V = 80.8 (73.9 – 85.3); V′ = 87.6 (82.1 – 92.5); PUS / VBW = 2.1 (0.8 – 3.7); PUS / V-A = 45.5 (17.3 – 69.6) %; V-A / T = 1.5 (0.8 – 2.4). 201 males: L = 701 (426 – 939) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6.5 – 9) µm; pharynx = 120 (86.5 – 168) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 126 (92 – 168) µm; tail = 52.8 (39.5 – 76) µm; a = 40.6 (27.8 – 56.7); b = 5.9 (3.7 – 8.4); c = 13.4 (8.6 – 18.7); c′ = 4.5 (3.2 – 6.5); spicules = 18.9 (14.5 – 23.5) µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA0A402FF540B14FD61FB9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. myceliophagus is distinctive because of its thin to stout body, six lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), refractive, short crescentic cephalic skeleton, delicate, short stylet with rounded or posteriorly sloping knobs, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform, cylindrical or elongate), basal pharyngeal bulb offset or with slight to long overlap, up to 66 µm, variable vuvla position and length of postvulval uterine sac, a usually thick tail that suddenly narrows from about half to the last two thirds, with a usually rounded, sometimes dull, tip, and variable spicule length. Unlike the original description of D. myceliophagus (Goodey 1958), the head of different populations in this study was striated. The general shape of tail in the Iranian populations was more diverse than the Brzeski populations (1998) (usually thick and sometimes narrow vs. always thick). The Iranian populations of D. myceliophagus are close to D. acutatus, D. anchilisposomus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens, D. triformis and D. valveus. D. myceliophagus can be distinguished from all of these species by its crescentic and refractive cephalic skeleton. In addition, it differs from D. acutatus with a lower PUS / VBW ratio (2.1 (0.8 – 3.7) vs. 3.5 (2.8 – 4.1 )) and different tail shape (usually thick, with rounded tip vs. thick, with pointed tip), from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (0.8 – 3.7 vs. 0.2 – 0.4) and different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate and offset or with overlap vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. elegans by its shorter body (481 – 1108 vs. 1030 – 1370), shorter tail (33 – 85 vs. 111 – 149 μm), relatively greater V (73.9 – 85.3 vs. 71 – 77), lower PUS / VBW ratio (0.8 – 3.7 vs. 3.2) and different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with pointed tip), from D. medicaginis to some extent by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often pointed to dull tip), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated head (vs. smooth) and different tail tip (usually rounded vs. sharply pointed), from D. triformis by longer spicules (14.5 – 23.5 vs. 13 – 15 µm) and six incisures vs. four at anus region, and from D. valveus, to some extent, by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often dull to rounded terminus). In the case of individuals with offset basal pharyngeal bulb or slight overlap over intestine, the basal plate of the cephalic skeleton is the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. dauniae and D. geraerti, also if there are individuals with long basal bulb overlap over intestine, this feature is again the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. anchilisposomus.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA3A403FF5408D5FF6BFE6E.taxon	description	19 females: L = 690 (541 – 813) µm; stylet = 7.2 (6.5 – 8) µm; pharynx = 121 (110 – 141) µm; tail = 70.6 (53 – 102); a = 41.5 (35.3 – 49.6); b = 5.7 (4.8 – 6.9); c = 9.9 (6.9 – 11.0); c′ = 6.3 (4.8 – 7.9); V = 73.5 (70.8 – 75.2); V′ = 81.9 (80.4 – 83.0); PUS / VBW = 2.7 (1.0 – 3.6); PUS / V-A = 35.6 (17.8 – 45.8) %; V-A / T = 1.6 (1.1 – 1.9). 7 males: L = 595 (442 – 717) µm; stylet = 7.0 (6.5 – 7.5) µm; pharynx = 111 (95 – 128) µm; tail = 63.9 (44 – 87.5) µm; a = 44.7 (34.7 – 57.8); b = 5.3 (4.4 – 6.0); c = 9.5 (8.2 – 10.3); c′ = 6.2 (4.6 – 8.2); spicules = 14.6 (12 – 17).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA3A403FF5408D5FF6BFE6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. parvus is characterised by four lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb that is offset or slightly overlapping (up to 4 µm), position of vulva, variable length of post-vulval uterine sac, usually pointed and sometimes mucronate tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian populations of D. parvus in this study in comparison to those of Brzeski (1998) have a slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb (vs. offset) and stylet knobs sometimes sloping backwards (vs. rounded). D. parvus is similar to D. emus, D. equalis, D. exilis and D. terricolus. It can be distinguished from D. emus by the lower V value (70.8 – 75.2 vs. 79 – 81) and pointed tail tip (vs. rounded), from D. equalis by lower V (70.8 – 75.2 vs. 77 – 84) and shorter range of spicule length (12 – 17 vs. 14 – 25 μm), and from D. exilis by lower V (70.8 – 75.2 vs. 77 – 81) and greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.0 – 3.6 vs. 0.6 – 1.0). D. parvus bears the most resemblance to D. terricolus. The differences between these two species are the structure of median and basal pharyngeal bulbs and the shape of the tail tip (Brzeski 1991). The median bulb is more elongated in the second species, although intermediate forms were seen in individuals of some populations in this study. Also, the basal pharyngeal bulb slightly overlaps the intestine in the second species, which was observed in this study’s populations and another Iranian population (Karegar et al. 1995). On the other hand, according to Brzeski (1991), the tail tip in the first species is pointed, and in the second species is variable, with a thick terminus, while in the populations of this study, a wide variety of tail shapes, from rounded to pointed or mucronate, was observed. Since the populations of this study were generally more similar to D. parvus, they are retained under this name until further investigations can be made. It should be noted that two individuals from one population, in the present study have characteristics outside the range of other populations, which include a longer tail (91 – 102 vs. 53 – 80 μm), as well as lower PUS / VBW and PUS / V-A ratios (1.0 – 1.3 and 17.8 – 23.4 % v s. 1.7 – 3.6 and 28.7 – 45.8 %, respectively). In terms of characteristics, these two individuals were more similar to D. equalis, but due to the value of V (70.8 – 71.6) being similar to D. parvus and the greater stability of this character, they were placed in D. parvus.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA2A403FF540DC3FC1CFB1E.taxon	description	(Figure 4) 9 females: L = 621 (493 – 729) µm; stylet = 7.0 (7 – 8) µm; pharynx = 118 (97 – 131) µm; tail = 56.9 (44 – 66) µm; a = 39.3 (34.7 – 46.1); b = 5.3 (4.6 – 6.0); c = 10.9 (9.1 – 12.7); c′ = 5.4 (4.7 – 6.6); V = 78.3 (76.2 – 80.2); V′ = 86.2 (83.3 – 88.3); PUS / VBW = 1.7 (1.3 – 2.7); PUS / V-A = 32.6 (22.2 – 48.2) %; V-A / T = 1.4 (1.1 – 1.8). 2 males: L = 462, 581 μm; stylet = 6.5, 7 μm; pharynx = 97, 117 µm; tail = 51, 56 µm; a = 42.4, 44.7; b = 4.8, 5.0; c = 9.0, 10.3; c ′ = 6.9, 5.6; spicules = 14, 16 µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA2A403FF540DC3FC1CFB1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. triformis is characterised by six lateral field incisures that reduced to four at anus level, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, elongate basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes slightly overlapping (up to 6 µm), posterior position of vulva, rather long post-vulval uterine sac, usually rounded, seldom dull or pointed, tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. triformis is close to 11 species, including D. acutatus, D. dauniae, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. valveus, D. virtudesae, D. apus, D. elegans and D. tenuidens. It differs from all of these species by the reduction of lateral field incisures at the anus region to four. In addition, it can be distinguished from D. virtudesae by longer spicules (14 – 16 vs. 11 μm), from D. acutatus and D. elegans by lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.3 – 2.7 vs. 2.8 – 4.1, 3.2, respectively) and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed or dull), and from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.3 – 2.7 vs. 0.2 – 0.4) and the nature of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate, offset or with slight overlap vs. elongated and with long overlap). It differs from D. myceliophagus by different basal plate of cephalic skeleton (weak to moderate vs. refractive and crescentic), from D. silvaticus and D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed), and from D. valveus by shorter spicules (14 – 16 vs. 16 – 23 µm). The only difference between D. triformis and the three remaining species is the number of incisures at the anus region.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA2A404FF540953FB7AFE82.taxon	description	9 females: L = 739 (638 – 907) µm; stylet = 7.2 (7 – 8) µm; pharynx = 123 (106 – 153) µm; tail = 66.4 (55 – 92) µm; a = 38.3 (29.3 – 51.7); b = 6.1 (5.2 – 8.0); c = 11.5 (9.8 – 14.4); c′ = 5.5 (4.5 – 7.4); V = 80.4 (79.0 – 82.7); V′ = 88.3 (84.9 – 89.8); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.1 – 2.6); PUS / V-A = 46.2 (23.5 – 68.4) %; V-A / T = 1.2 (1.0 – 1.8). 2 males: L = 625, 816 µm; stylet = 7, 8 µm; pharynx = 122, 128 µm; tail = 59, 74 µm; a = 44.5, 54.1; b = 5.1, 6.4; c = 10.5, 11.1; c′ = 5.4, 6.3; spicules = 18.5, 19 µm.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFA2A404FF540953FB7AFE82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. D. valveus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with round knobs, usually pyriform, but sometimes cylindrical, basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes with slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, usually long post-vulval uterine sac, usually dull and rounded, but sometimes mucronate, tail tip, and spicule length. The Iranian population of D. valveus comes close to D. acutatus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens and D. triformis. It can be distinguished from D. acutatus by its lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.1 – 2.6 vs. 2.8 – 4.1) and different tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), from D. apus by having greater V and PUS / VBW ratio (79.0 – 82.7 and 1.1 – 2.6 vs. 75 – 76 and 0.2 – 0.4, respectively) and also by the shape of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform and usually offset vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. dauniae by lower V (79.0 – 82.7 vs. 83 – 84) and greater c ′ index (4.5 – 7.4 vs. 3.2 – 4.1), from D. elegans by shorter body and tail length (638 – 907 and 55 – 92 vs. 1030 – 1370 and 111 – 149 µm), greater V (79.0 – 82.7 vs. 71 – 77), lower c ′ ratio (4.5 – 7.4 vs. 7.2 – 11.3) and different tail tip shape (rounded and dull vs. pointed), from D. geraerti by tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull tip vs. thick with rounded tip) and greater c′ index (4.5 – 7.4 vs. 3.5 – 5), from D. myceliophagus by different cephalic skeleton development (moderate vs. crescentic and refractive), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull terminus vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head, position of S-E pore (located between posterior half of isthmus and anterior half of basal bulb vs. half of isthmus), shape of basal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate) and tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), and from D. triformis by longer spicules (18.5 – 19 vs. 13 – 15 μm) and having six incisures at anus region (vs. four). The closest species to D. valveus is D. medicaginis (see D. medicaginis diagnosis).	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
FA4487DDFFB9A418FF540E5AFC0CFB33.taxon	materials_examined	Diagnosis (emended). Anguinidae. Both sexes vermiform, mature females slightly or not swollen. Body size between 0.5 and 2.5 mm. Cuticle with fine transverse striation. Lateral fields usually with four or six (occasionally two, five or more than six) incisures, which may be indistinct. Lip region usually low and flattened, continuous or slightly offset. Cephalic framework only slightly refractive. Stylet weak to moderate, distinctly knobbed. Median bulb oval, muscular, with thickenings of lumen walls; isthmus not separated from basal bulb by a constriction; basal bulb short or long; when long may overlap the intestine for a short or long distance. No cardiac cells, but two most anterior intestine cells often hyaline. Ovary with one or two rows of oocytes, short or long, sometimes reaching pharyngeal region, outstretched, sometimes reflexed. Spermatheca elongate axial sac. Crustaformeria in form of a quadricolumella of four rows of four cells each. Post-vulval uterine sac present with few exceptions. Testis usually without flexures; caudal alae leptoderan, short adanal to subterminal, exceptionally reaching tail end. Tails of both sexes similar, conical to filiform. Deirids present. Phasmid absent. Mycetophagous, and / or parasites of higher plants, found in soil or aerial parts of plants; rarely entomophoretic.	en	Hashemi, Kobra, Karegar, Akbar (2019): Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Zootaxa 4651 (1): 85-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6
