identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FB2D87DDFFF6FFFCC485FEADFBBEFCA2.text	FB2D87DDFFF6FFFCC485FEADFBBEFCA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichnanthe brusti Paulsen	<div><p>Lichnanthe brusti Paulsen, new species</p> <p>Brust’s bee scarab; Fig. 2–7, 11, 14–18.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 2), labeled (Fig. 3): a) “ USA: WYOMING: / Carbon Co.: 25 mi NNE / Sinclair, Seminoe Dunes/42.1039 °,−106.9379 ° / 11.vii.2023; M.L.Brust ”;b)on orange paper,“ Lichnanthe / brusti ♂ /Paulsen / HOLOTYPE ”; c) “U of Nebraska / State Museum / entomology / UNSMe / 9453”. Holotype deposited at UNSM. Allotype female (Fig. 5) labeled (Fig. 6): a) as holotype; b) on orange paper, “ Lichnanthe / brusti ♀ / Paulsen / ALLOTYPE ”; c) “U of Nebraska / State Museum / entomology / UNSMe / 9454”. Allotype deposited at UNSM.</p> <p>Two paratype females (CSCI, UNSM), 107 paratype males (5 CSCA, 20 CSCI, 5 CMNC, 10 DCCC, 7 FSCA, 10 NMNH, 25 UNSM, 5 UWIM, and 20 to be distributed in the future as needed) labeled: a) as holotype; b) on yellow paper, “ Lichnanthe / brusti [♂ or ♀] / Paulsen / PARATYPE ”.</p> <p>Five paratype males (3 CSCI, 2 UNSM) labeled: a) “ USA: WYOMING / Carbon Co.: 14.2 mi. E / of Lamont; Ferris Dunes / 42.19474 °, −107.19905 ° / 16.vii.2022; M.L. Brust ”; b) on yellow paper, “ Lichnanthe / brusti ♂ / Paulsen / PARATYPE ”.</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 2). Length: 14.5 mm. Width: 5.8 mm at elytral humeri. Color: Integument piceous, nearly black, densely clothed with long, fine, pale yellowish-white setae. Pronotum, clypeus and scutellum with bronze metallic reflection. Antennal clubs and 3 distal abdominal segments orange-brown. Antennal funicle (antennomeres 2–7) light brown ventrally, and dark brown dorsally; tarsi bicolored with the antennal coloration inverted; elytral surface testaceous, macroscopically appearing striped from alternating longitudinal areas of testaceous or dark brown setae; setae fine, sparse, never forming spots or clumps. Elytral humeri with variably sized dark brown humeral spot. Head: Mandibles square, moderately angulate externally and truncate apically from above (Fig. 7). Labrum deeply emarginate anteriorly, punctate, sparsely and finely setose. Maxilla with terminal palpomere subparallel, width less than 1/2 length, apical sensory area wider than base of same palpomere. Clypeus subparallel, sides converging weakly at anterior 1/3, longer than wide, lateral margins elevated anteriorly; clypeal surface rugose, densely punctate, weakly setose; setae sparse and short. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct but with raised bump medially. Frons with moderately short setae (&lt;1/3 length of antennal club); setae erect. Ocular canthi punctate, setose; setae longer than on frons. Antennal club elongate, distinctly longer than scape (antennomere 1). Thorax: Pronotum convex but impressed in apical half along midline; marginal bead almost entire but obsolete near scutellum; pronotal disc densely punctate, densely setose with long, fine setae; posterolateral angles with small, smooth impunctate areas. Scutellum densely setose, punctate. Elytra contiguous along median suture for about 1/2 distance from scutellum to elytral apices, elytra gradually but distinctly dehiscent apically, sutural angle with rounded protuberance (see Fig. 2), elytral apices otherwise gradually rounded, broad. Legs: Secondary tooth of protibia large, strongly developed. First protarsomere subequal in length to next 2 collectively. Tarsal claws on all legs lacking basal tooth. Terminal oblique carina on mesotibia almost obsolete, corbels indistinct. Apex of hind tibia as in figure 31 of Carlson (1980); metatibial spurs more or less equal; dorsal channel for tarsi strongly developed. Abdomen: Genitalia (Fig. 4) not demonstrably distinct from those of other species studied, internal sac with a median spine and bird-skull shaped sclerite immediately preceding the terminal flagellum, as shown in figure 41 of Carlson (1980). The parameres of all L. brusti specimens dissected are not contiguous along the suture (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Description. Allotype female (Fig. 5). Length: 16.8 mm. Width: 6.8 mm at elytral humeri.</p> <p>Coloration and setation as holotype male except setation on head and pronotum relatively shorter; and abdomen distally with reddish-brown coloration reduced. The body overall appears to be more robust, especially the shorter and rounder metafemora. The antennal club is much shorter than in the male, just slightly longer than scape. On the pronotum the impunctate areas near posterior-lateral corners are markedly larger, and the marginal bead is apparently entire near the scutellum. The elytra of the allotype female display discoloration from being stored in isopropyl alcohol.</p> <p>Variation in males. Paratype males (n = 111) differ from the holotype as follows. Length: 12.0– 16.5 mm. Width: 5.1–6.3 mm. Coloration and setation as holotype male except 31% of males have a large humeral spot on the elytron, while 67% have small spots, and spot size was not consistently symmetrical. Two specimens had 4 spots due to the presence of an additional spot on each elytron nearer to the scutellum. The development of the sutural apex also exhibited interesting variation. In 58% of males the apex was produced into a bulbous rounded process as in the holotype, but the remaining 42% lacked the process and the apices were simply rounded.</p> <p>Variation in females. Paratype females (n = 2) differ from the allotype as follows. Length: 12.8–15.8. mm. Width: 5.7–7.0 mm. With only two examples, the only significant difference from the allotype appears to be adult size.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is light-colored and densely setose, adaptations to living in sand as seen in the coastal California species L. albipilosa Carlson and L. ursina (LeConte). However, its distribution and square mandibles make confusion with these species impossible. Specimens of L. brusti have faint but distinct longitudinal striping on the elytra formed from variation in the color of the elytral setae (see Fig. 17), and a humeral spot on the elytra.</p> <p>Etymology. Brust’s bee scarab is named for Dr. Mathew Brust, professor at Chadron State College who collected the entire type series and recognized the uniqueness of the material. He is one of the most keen and dedicated collectors I know, and without his entomological knowledge and collecting expertise the species would have remained unknown and undescribed.</p> <p>Distribution. The species is known from two locations in Carbon County, Wyoming, Seminoe Dune and the Ferris Dunes (Fig. 14, 18, 19).</p> <p>Discussion. Brust first discovered the species in 2022, flying amid sparse vegetation in the morning at the Ferris Dunes (Fig. 14–15), although none were found there in a late afternoon visit to the same spot a year later. However, additional specimens were found flying at the nearby Seminoe Dune (Fig. 16– 18) the following morning between 8:30 and 10 a.m. (Cook 2023). Some specimens were also seen on the sand, but a focus on netting flying specimens may account for the skewed sex ratio and support a previous study that found that females fly only infrequently. A three-year study of Lichnanthe rathvoni sex ratios by Carlson (1977) found that a large sample (n = 2660) of flying adults was skewed to 93% males, while the sex ratio of pupa excavated from the sandy substrate did not differ from 50:50. Although the mouthparts (especially the brushy maxillae) appear functional, dissection of the abdomen showed an atrophied digestive tract and no evidence of pollen or other food (David Hawks, pers. comm.)</p> <p>With respect to the key to Lichnanthe species in Carlson (1980), males of this new species progress through couplet six due to the impunctate areas near the posterolateral corners of the pronotum, which may be minute but are always present. The unicolorous hind femora lead to couplet 8, there reaching a dead end as neither the characters of L. rathvoni or L. brachyselis Carlson pertain to this species. Females would skip to couplet 11 due to their strong pronotal anterolateral bead, to couplet 12 with abruptly dehiscent elytra. Couplet 13 cannot be passed, as the combination of a wide terminal maxillary palpomere and deeply emarginate labrum is not presented.</p> <p>The key could be modified with a couplet at any point distinguishing square, apically truncate mandibles (L. brusti and the new species below) from oval mandibles with rounded apices (all other species), regardless of sex. The two new species could be distinguished from each other therein by the density and length of setae on the head (Fig. 7–8) and the presence of a dark humeral spot on the elytra in L. brusti.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB2D87DDFFF6FFFCC485FEADFBBEFCA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2024): Two new species of bumblebee scarabs (Coleoptera: Glaphyridae: Lichnanthe Burmeister) from the central United States; a new discovery in Wyoming resolves a century-old puzzle from the Nebraska Sand Hills. Insecta Mundi 2024 (33): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10793341
FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46.text	FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichnanthe bruneri Paulsen	<div><p>Lichnanthe bruneri Paulsen, new species</p> <p>Bruner’s bee scarab; Fig. 8, 10, 12–13.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 10) labeled (Fig. 11): a) “ Dismal River / Neb. July”; b) handwritten “ Amphicoma / vulpina / Hentz / ♂ Det. Dawson ”; c) on orange paper, “ Lichnanthe / bruneri ♂ / Paulsen / HOLOTYPE ”; c) “U of Nebraska / State Museum / entomology / UNSMe / 9455”. Holotype deposited at UNSM.</p> <p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 10). Length: 15.0 mm. Width: 5.4 mm at elytral humeri. Color: Integument of head and thorax piceous, nearly black, body densely clothed with long, fine, pale yellowish white setae. Pronotum, clypeus and scutellum with bronze metallic reflection. Antennal clubs and 3 distal abdominal segments orange-brown, remainder of abdomen and legs brown to light reddish brown. Antennal funicle (antennomeres 2–7) light brown ventrally, gradually becoming dark brown dorsally; elytral surface testaceous, macroscopically appearing unicolorous, setose; setae mostly testaceous but with some dark brown setae at base and on disc; setae fine, sparse, never forming spots or clumps. Elytral humeri lacking dark humeral spot. Head: Mandibles square, strongly angulate externally and truncate apically from above (Fig. 8). Labrum deeply emarginate anteriorly, punctate, setose; setae moderate to long. Maxilla with terminal palpomere subparallel, width less than 1/2 length, apical sensory area wider than base of same palpomere. Clypeus widest at middle, longer than wide, lateral margins elevated anteriorly; clypeal surface rugose, densely punctate and setose; setae long. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct but with raised bump medially. Frons with long, hair-like setae (&gt;1/2 length of antennal club); setae recumbent. Ocular canthi punctate, setose; setae shorter than on frons. Antennal club elongate, distinctly 2× longer than scape (antennomere 1). Thorax: Pronotum convex but impressed in apical half along midline; marginal bead entire, including near scutellum; pronotal disc densely punctate, densely setose with long, fine setae; posterolateral angles with small, smooth impunctate areas. Scutellum densely setose, punctate. Elytra contiguous along median suture for about 1/2 distance from scutellum to elytral apices, elytra gradually but distinctly dehiscent apically, sutural angle not produced, simply rounded, elytral apices broad. Legs: Secondary tooth of protibia large, strongly developed. First protarsomere subequal in length to next 2 collectively. Tarsal claws on all legs lacking basal tooth. Terminal oblique carina on mesotibia almost obsolete, corbels indistinct. Apex of meso- and metatibiae as in preceding species; metatibial spurs more or less equal; dorsal channel for tarsi strongly developed. Abdomen: Genitalia not demonstrably distinct from those of other species studied, however the parameral suture is straight in this species and the parameres nearly contiguous (Fig. 12), while in all males of L. brusti dissected the parameres are sinuous along the suture and distinctly separated near the apices (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is similar to L. brusti in overall coloration and the presence of square mandibles, a character unique to these two taxa within Lichnanthe as the remaining taxa have oval, externally rounded mandibles as in L. rathvoni (Fig. 9). However, I do not consider these two taxa to be conspecific due to the differences discussed in the descriptions. The most striking difference is the long, dense, hair-like setae of the head of L. bruneri (Fig. 8), given that over 100 examples of L. brusti all had shorter, spikier, and much less dense setae (Fig. 7). This species has uniformly testaceous elytra, whereas the elytra in L. brusti appear longitudinally striped and have dark humeral spots.</p> <p>Etymology. Bruner’s bee scarab is named for Lawrence Bruner, University of Nebraska professor considered a pioneer of Nebraska entomology, and collector of the single known specimen in 1889. Although Lichnanthe have been called bumblebee scarabs, most appear to be mimicking halictids, anthophorines, and andrenids (D.C. Hawks, pers. comm.), so the common name ‘bee scarab’ is suggested.</p> <p>Distribution. The species is known only from Thomas County, Nebraska near the Dismal River (Fig. 1, 19).</p> <p>Discussion. Unfortunately, the species has eluded rediscovery for 134 years and may possibly be extinct, especially if it is in fact tied to the presence of open sand dunes. Nebraska has the largest dune field in North America (Muhs and Budahn 2019), and although the sand is currently grass-stabilized, the dunes were largely active 700 years ago (Mason et al. 2004; Miao et al. 2007;). Some were mobile during the last 250 years (Stokes and Swinehart 1997) and possibly into the mid-nineteenth century based on historical accounts (Muhs and Holliday 1995).</p> <p>Yet, after more than a century of confusion prolonged at least partially by my reluctance to entertain that a member of this mainly coastal group could occur in the middle of the continent, Nebraska boasts a native glaphyrid, and only its second endemic scarabaeoid. Although the state is approaching 300 species of scarabaeoid beetles, only one other species, the aphodiine Flaviellus gordoni (Ratcliffe), is endemic to Nebraska (Ratcliffe and Paulsen 2008). Both species are restricted to the Sand Hills.</p> <p>My previous attempts to locate the species in Thomas County were unsuccessful, but the distribution of L. bruneri should be studied further and its conservation needs assessed. The blowouts near Plummer Ford could be seen in aerial photographs from the 1960s from the Thomas County soil survey (Sherfey et al. 1965), but they are now entirely vegetated. New sampling should focus on the extensive blowout systems in the Sand Hills near the Dismal River to the west. If the habits of the similar Wyoming species are any indication, adults may only be active during a short period in July, and then only during the morning.</p> <p>Both of these Lichnanthe species are distributed in the same areas as the endangered plant Penstemon haydenii Wats. (blowout penstemon) in Wyoming (Heidel 2005) and in Nebraska. Perhaps the best chance to find extant populations of L. bruneri is where blowout penstemon currently survives (Fig. 19). Because some Lichnanthe larvae feed at least partially on roots there may be undiscovered links between these beetles and the blowout penstemon beyond sharing a small and very limited relictual habitat.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB2D87DDFFFAFFFFC485FCB5FBD6FB46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2024): Two new species of bumblebee scarabs (Coleoptera: Glaphyridae: Lichnanthe Burmeister) from the central United States; a new discovery in Wyoming resolves a century-old puzzle from the Nebraska Sand Hills. Insecta Mundi 2024 (33): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10793341
