identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F4708F78D41CFF9C1B2EF9BF9E928E20.text	F4708F78D41CFF9C1B2EF9BF9E928E20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dracoderes abei Higgins and Shirayama 1990	<div><p>Myoanatomy of D. abei</p> <p>Introvert</p> <p>Myoanatomy of the introvert in D. abei includes ten primary spinoscalid muscles, ten sets of W-shaped spinoscalid retractors, ten pairs of long introvert retractors, three introvert circular muscles, and about twelve short introvert retractors (Figs. 2 and 3). The primary spinoscalid muscles (psm) are short and thick, situated inside the basal sheath of the primary spinoscalids attaching proximally in the dorsal region of the sheath and distally in the joint with the spinoscalid end piece (Figs. 2a, b and 3). W-shaped spinoscalid retractors (sr) alternate positions with the primary spinoscalids attaching to the introvert cuticle anteriorly at the level of the second spinoscalid ring and posteriorly at the level of the fourth spinoscalid ring (Figs. 2a–c and 3). When the W-shaped muscles (sr) contract and withdraw the head into the trunk, they invert and become M-shaped (Fig. 2c). The introvert long retractors (ilr) attach to the introvert cuticle at the level of the second row of spinoscalids and extend toward the trunk where they attach in dorsolateral and ventromedial positions at the pachycycli (cuticular thickenings of the anterior segment margins) of segments 3–8 (Figs. 2a, b, e, h and 3). The introvert circular muscles are thin (composed of one to three muscle fibers each), and their position changes depending on the level of introvert eversion. When the introvert is everted, the introvert circular muscles are situated underneath the most posterior spinoscalids rings (Figs. 2a, b and 3) and below the level of the neck when the introvert is fully retracted. The introvert short retractors (isr) attach anteriorly, adjacent to the introvert circular muscles, and posteriorly to the cuticle of segment 1 in a medial position (Figs. 2a, b and 3a–c). These muscles reach their maximum length when the introvert is extended (Fig. 2c).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4708F78D41CFF9C1B2EF9BF9E928E20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Herranz, Maria;Sørensen, Martin V.;Park, Taeseo;Leander, Brian S.;Worsaae, Katrine	Herranz, Maria, Sørensen, Martin V., Park, Taeseo, Leander, Brian S., Worsaae, Katrine (2020): Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 20 (3): 467-493, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y
F4708F78D417FF961896FE489CCF8C81.text	F4708F78D417FF961896FE489CCF8C81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pycnophyes ilyocryptus	<div><p>Myoanatomy of P. ilyocryptus</p> <p>Introvert</p> <p>Introvert musculature in P. ilyocryptus includes ten λ- shaped spinoscalid retractor muscles, ten short spinoscalid muscles, ca. five circular muscles, fourteen short retractors, and ten pairs of long retractors. Primary spinoscalids lack internal muscles. The λ- shaped retractor muscles are radially arranged underneath the second row of spinoscalids attaching to the introvert cuticle (Figs. 4a, f and 5). When the introvert is retracted, the λ- shaped muscles invert and become y-shaped (Fig. 4i). There are several thin introvert circular muscles (icm) distributed in anterior and posterior areas of the introvert. The most anterior circular muscle is located underneath the second row of spinoscalids and the posterior ones (three to five) at the level of scalid rings 4–7 (Figs. 4e, f and 5). Alternating with the λ- shaped muscles and adjacent with the anterior introvert circular muscle are ten short scalid muscles (ism) that attach adjacent to the first circular muscle and distally to the introvert cuticle below the primary spinoscalids (Figs. 4e, f and 5). The short retractor muscles (isr) are attached anteriorly, adjacent to the posteriormost circular muscle fibers, and extending toward the pachycyclus of segment 2 (Figs. 4e, i and 5). When the introvert is retracted into the trunk, these muscles are inverted (Fig. 4i). The introvert long retractor muscles (ilr) are situated at the level of the second row of spinoscalids below the λ- shaped muscles and adjacent to the first circular muscle of the introvert (Fig. 5). These retractor muscles extend posteriorly into the trunk toward laterodorsal and ventromedial attachment sites within segments 3–6 (Figs. 4a, b and 5c).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4708F78D417FF961896FE489CCF8C81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Herranz, Maria;Sørensen, Martin V.;Park, Taeseo;Leander, Brian S.;Worsaae, Katrine	Herranz, Maria, Sørensen, Martin V., Park, Taeseo, Leander, Brian S., Worsaae, Katrine (2020): Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 20 (3): 467-493, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y
F4708F78D412FF931896F95A9EBB8F4C.text	F4708F78D412FF931896F95A9EBB8F4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dracoderes abei Higgins and Shirayama 1990	<div><p>Neuroanatomy of D. abei</p> <p>Tubulinergic nervous system</p> <p>Acetylated α- tubulin-like immunoreactivity (α- tub-LIR) in D. abei shows a circumpharyngeal brain with several longitudinal bundles originating radially from the anterior brain region, and extending along the introvert and trunk (Figs. 6, 7, and 8). The neuropil (np) is composed of a set of condensed neurites forming a ring that narrows on the ventral side (Figs. 6a, b and 8a, b). Connected to the anterior part of the neuropil, ten radially arranged neurite bundles (lnb) originate in the anterior brain region and extend anteriorly along the introvert, bend 180° toward the body wall and extend posteriorly along the trunk (Fig. 8a, b, d). These neurite bundles have different thicknesses, with the ventromedial bundles being much more prominent than the rest (Figs. 7b, c, and 8a, b). At the level of segments 1 to 2, the longitudinal neurite bundles merge two by two forming five longitudinal nerves: one ventromedial, two ventrolateral, and two subdorsal (Fig. 8a, b, d–f). The paired ventromedial prominent longitudinal bundles converge into a midventral nerve cord (vnc) that extends posteriorly throughout the trunk (Figs. 6a, b, 7b, c, and 8b). Within segment 8, the ventral nerve cord splits into two neurite bundles (vncn). From each branch, two peripheral neurites originate and innervate segments 9, 10, and 11, and extend laterally to connect with the subdorsal nerves (Figs. 6d, e and 8a, b). From segments 1 to 2, the ventrolateral (vln) and subdorsal nerves (sdn) extend toward trunk segments 8 and 9, respectively (Fig. 8b). The subdorsal nerves, ventrolateral nerves, and ventral nerve cord are interconnected through circular transverse neurites (tn) that originate from left and right sides of the ventral nerve cord, medially in segments 1–9 (Fig. 6a, b and 8a, b). The transverse neurites are unpaired in segment 1 and paired in segments 2–9. Additionally, thin diagonal neurites are present ventrally in some trunk segments but without a consistent pattern. Of the five trunk nerves, the ventral nerve cord is the only one that has associated nuclei. These nuclei are arranged along the ventral cord and seem to condense into discrete segmental ganglia in segments 1–8 (Fig. 6g, d). In specimens with a contracted trunk these ganglia are so close to each other that it is difficult to distinguish them individually, giving the appearance of a medullary cord. In segments 8–9, the aggregation of somata in the ventral nerve cord is continuous, extending also into the intersegmental area (Fig. 6d). The architecture of the tubulinergic nervous system of D. abei exhibits a segmental organization from segments 1 to 8.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4708F78D412FF931896F95A9EBB8F4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Herranz, Maria;Sørensen, Martin V.;Park, Taeseo;Leander, Brian S.;Worsaae, Katrine	Herranz, Maria, Sørensen, Martin V., Park, Taeseo, Leander, Brian S., Worsaae, Katrine (2020): Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 20 (3): 467-493, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y
F4708F78D413FF8F1B2EF99D9F1D8E2E.text	F4708F78D413FF8F1B2EF99D9F1D8E2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pycnophyes ilyocryptus	<div><p>Neuroanatomy of P. ilyocryptus</p> <p>Tubulinergic nervous system</p> <p>Alpha-tub-LIR in P. ilyocryptus showed a circumpharyngeal brain with ten longitudinal bundles originating from the anterior region of the brain and extending along the introvert and trunk (Figs. 9, 10, and 11). The neuropil (np) is composed of placids. The two ventral bundles with black dots in (d–e) mark the unfused condition of the ventral nerve cord in the head and neck. f Representation of segments 2–7. Abbreviations: cne, convergent neurite; cnr, 5HT-LIR complete nerve ring; inr, 5HT-LIR incomplete ring; lnb, longitudinal neurite bundle; mcnr, mouth cone nerve ring; ncn, neck circular neurite; ne, nephridium; np, neuropil; osn, outer oral style neurite; pen, penile spine neurite; s, spine; sdn, subdorsal nerve; sn, spine neurite; ssn sensory spot neurite; tn, transverse neurite; tsn, lateroterminal spine neurite; tu, tube; tun, tube neurite; vln, ventrolateral nerve; vms, ventromedial somata; vnc, ventral nerve cord; vncn, ventral nerve cord neurite; vncs, ventral nerve cord somata. Numbers refer to segments several neurites arranged in a parallel way forming a thick ring that is much narrower ventrally (Figs. 9a, b, d, 10b, c, and 11a, b). Ten neurite bundles (lnb) originate in the anterior brain region, next to the anteriormost part of the neuropil, extend anteriorly, and bend 180° toward the body wall to extend posteriorly along the trunk (Fig. 11a, b, d). The two</p> <p>R Fig. 9 Acetylated α- tubulin-LIR in the nervous system of Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Confocal Z-stack projections of specimens co-labeled with α- tubulin and DAPI (a, c, f, g). Autofluorescence of the cuticle was kept for guidance in all panels. Color legend in (a) applies to all panels. Anterior is up in all panels. a Head with introvert and mouth cone fully protruded, lateral view. Note that the brain is inverted due to the overextension of the mouth cone. b Segments 1–5 in ventral view, head completely retracted. c Detail the ventral nerve cord showing ganglia in trunk segments 6–7. Arrowheads mark the commissures. d Lateral view of a full specimen with the head retracted. Note the non-neural labeling of the sperm cells in the testis. e Segments 7–11 ventral view, female. Note the non-neural staining of the sperm in the spermatheca. Asterisk marks the location where the ventral nerve cord divides into left and right branches. f Segments 1 to 3, dorsal view, head partially extended. g Segments 8–11 in dorsal view. Note the non-neural labeling of the nephridia. h Detail of segments 10–11 showing the innervation of the penile spines in a male, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm. Abbreviations: b, brain; cne, convergent neurites; i, introvert; lnb, longitudinal neurite bundle; mc, mouth cone; mcnr, mouth cone nerve ring; msn, middorsal specialization neurite; ne, nephridium; np, neuropil; osn, outer oral style neurite; pen, penile spine neurite; pln, placid neurite; psn, primary spinoscalid neurite; sdn, subdorsal nerve; spn, spinoscalid neurite; ssn, sensory spot neurite; st, spermatheca; tn, transverse neurite; tspn, tergosternal projection neurite; vnc, ventral nerve cord; vncn, ventral nerve cord neurite; vmn, ventromedial nerve. Numbers refer to segments ventromedial neurite bundles (cne) are conspicuously thicker than the rest and extend posteriorly along the trunk converging on segment 1 to form the ventral nerve cord (vnc) (Figs. 9b and 11b, d). Remaining longitudinal neurite bundles also converge in segment 1 into two ventromedial (vmn) and two subdorsal nerves (sdn) that extend until segment 9 (Figs. 9b, f and 11a, b, e, f). The ventral nerve cord splits into three paired branches in between segments 8 and 9, each pair extending posterolaterally in segments 9, 10, and 11 (Figs. 9e, 10b, and 11b). The ventromedial longitudinal nerves (vmn) connect on segment 9 with the lateral branches of the ventral nerve cord, while the subdorsal nerves (sdn) converge middorsally on segment 9 from where several longitudinal neurites arise to innervate segments 10 and 11 dorsally (Figs. 9d, e, g and 11a, b). The longitudinal nerves and ventral nerve cord are interconnected through transverse neurite bundles (tn) that originate from left and right sides of the ventral nerve cord in segments 1–9 (Figs. 9b, d, e and 11a, b, f). The transverse neurites are unpaired ventrally (except for segment 1) and paired laterodorsally in segments 2–6 (Figs. 9b–f, 10b, and 11a, b). Segment 1 shows an additional transverse neurite connecting to the ventromedial nerves (Fig. 11b). The ventral nerve cord is associated with nuclei that are aggregated into distinct ganglia on segments 1–8. Most of the cell nuclei of the ventral ganglia are positioned laterally along the cord with longitudinal connectives toward the midline and transverse commissures (Fig. 9c). Somata-free connectives are present in between ganglia coincident with the articulating region between segments (Fig. 9c). Additional longitudinal nerves are not associated with somata (Fig. 9f, g).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4708F78D413FF8F1B2EF99D9F1D8E2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Herranz, Maria;Sørensen, Martin V.;Park, Taeseo;Leander, Brian S.;Worsaae, Katrine	Herranz, Maria, Sørensen, Martin V., Park, Taeseo, Leander, Brian S., Worsaae, Katrine (2020): Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 20 (3): 467-493, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y
