taxonID	type	description	language	source
71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A new species of Pristimantis diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Skin on dorsum porous, thick and glandular, with large, flat, glandular warts on flanks; dorsolateral folds absent; thick glandular patch on supra / postympanic region, and on dorsal surfaces of humeral, femoral, tibial and tarsal regions; glandular folds in wrists; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weakly defined; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent; tympanic annulus rounded, 36 % of eye length, with posterior margin in contact with supratympatic glandular patch; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view; rounded to slightly protruding in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid without tubercles, IOD wider than upper eyelid; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers present, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae, with 4 to 5 teeth; (6) males with cream-coloured nuptial pads on dorsum of Finger I and vocal slits; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; emarginated discs of fingers broadly expanded and elliptical; (8) fingers without lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercle present but low or poorly differentiated; (10) heels without tubercles, inner tarsal wart low and poorly differentiated; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about 5 - 6 x the size of subconical, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes with narrow lateral fringes; basal toe webbing between toes II-V; Toe V longer than Toe III (disc of Toe III does not reach distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs elliptical, slightly narrower than those on fingers; (13) in life, dorsal surfaces dark brown, chocolate brown, or orange-brown, with or without dark irregular botches, distinctive head markings absent, ventral surfaces brown with irregular pale flecks and blotches, iris bronze with dense black reticulations; in preservative, brown surfaces turn grey; (14) SVL 50.0 - 50.5 mm in adult females (n = 2), 34.7 - 42.5 (38.5 + / - 2.1 SD, n = 10) mm in adult males (Table 1).	en	Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2019): A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador. ZooKeys 852: 137-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult female (50.0 mm SVL, Fig. 2); head narrower than body, wider than long (head width 40 % of SVL, head length 32 % of SVL, head length 80 % of head width); snout short (eye nostril 11 % of SVL, eye nostril 87 % of eye diameter), rounded in dorsal and lateral views; canthus rostralis rounded and weakly concave; loreal area concave; lips flared; eye large (eye diameter 1.14 times eye-nostril distance, eye diameter 38 % of head length); nostrils slightly protuberant laterally (Fig. 3). Cranial crest absent; upper eyelids without tubercles; tympanic membrane differentiated, tympanic annulus visible (tympanum diameter 35 % of eye diameter), upper and posterior borders of tympanic annulus in contact with prominent, thick glandular patch that covers all dorsal fascia of m. depressor mandibulae; large, glandular postrictal tubercles. Choanas small and widely separated from each other, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomer present, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae, with four or five teeth; tongue longer than wide, posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth. Skin on dorsum thick and glandular, surface texture porous (Figs 1, 4), with large, flat, glandular warts on flanks; dorsolateral folds absent; thick glandular patch on dorsal surfaces of humeral, femoral, tibial and tarsal regions; glandular folds in wrists (Fig. 4); skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weakly defined; skin on ventral surfaces of legs granular; cloaca not protuberant, cloacal region with large warts. Ulnar tubercle present but low; palmar tubercle flat and bifurcate; thenar tubercle elongate, about half the size of palmar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded in ventral and lateral views; supernumerary palmar tubercles rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers without lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded and elliptical, most prominent on fingers II-IV, while disc on Finger I slightly expanded; all discs bearing ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves (Fig. 3). Hind limbs robust (tibia length 46 % of SVL; foot length 49 % of SVL); heel without tubercles; inner edge of tarsus with one wart low and poorly differentiated; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about 5 x round outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles rounded; plantar supernumerary tubercles low and inconspicuous, smaller than subarticular tubercles; toes with narrow lateral fringes; basal toe webbing between toes II-V; discs of toes expanded, elliptical, slightly narrower than those on fingers, most prominent on fingers II-V, while disc on Finger I slightly expanded; toes with ventral pads well-defined by circumferential grooves; toe lengths, when adpressed, IV> V> III> II> I; Toe V longer than Toe III; disc of Toe III not reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches middle of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV (Fig. 3).	en	Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2019): A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador. ZooKeys 852: 137-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524.taxon	description	Measurements (in mm) of holotype. Snout-vent length 50.0; head width 20.1; head length 16.0; eye-nostril distance 5.3; internarial distance 4.6; interorbital distance 8.8; tympanum diameter 2.1; eye diameter 6.0; tibia length 23.2; hand length 15.8; foot length 24.3.	en	Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2019): A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador. ZooKeys 852: 137-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is coined from the New Latin adjective andinus (pertaining to the Andes) and the Latin noun gigas (giant). The name alludes to the large and stout body of this new species in comparison with other species of Pristimantis from the high Andes.	en	Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2019): A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador. ZooKeys 852: 137-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
71B73FF8341B0E2288F4E40D0AE4F524.taxon	distribution	Distribution, natural history, conservation status, and extinction risk. Pristimantis andinogigas sp. nov. is only known from its type locality, the paramos of the Nudo de Cajanuma, at elevations between 3300 and 3400 m, on the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of southern Ecuador (Fig. 7). Surveys in other localities of the Nudo de Cajanuma, and on the nearby Nudo de Sabanilla, have not recorded the species (Almendariz and Orces 2004, Ron et al. 2019). However, most surveys were conducted at lower elevations, and most paramos in the region lack amphibian inventories. It is possible that P. andinogigas inhabits a larger area at the Cajanuma-Sabanilla mountain ridges; but it is unlikely that it occurs farther north on the Cordillera Oriental (e. g., Nudo de Guagrahuma), because of separation by the valley of the River Zamora, reaching elevations as low as 2800 m that may limit species' dispersal. The ecosystem at the type locality is Paramo Bambusoid Meadow (MAE et al. 2013). The most representative plant genera were Bomarea, Miconia, Blechnum, Disterigna, Epidendrum, Gaultheria and Puya; and the most abundant plant species were Escallonia myrtilloides, Puya nitida, Hypericum lancioides, Tillandsia aequatorialis, Neurolepis nana, Cortaderia bifida, C. jubata, Chusquea neurophylla, Calamagrostris macrophylla, Themistoclesia epiphytica, Senecio tephrosioides, Disterigma pentandrum, and D. empetrifolium, Rubus laegaardii (Eguiguren et al. 2015). Pristimantis andinogigas was found active at night (19 h 00 - 22 h 00) at 6 - 10 ° C air temperature and 85 - 98 % relative humidity. All males and some subadults and juveniles were observed active on bamboos (Neurolepis spp.); while both adult females were found active on the floor. During the day, individuals were found hidden inside rosettes (Senecio spp. and Puya spp.) or at the base of bamboos. Pristimantis andinogigas was the most abundant species during surveys at the type locality, representing 47 out of 108 anuran records. It was found in sympatry with Pristimantis percultus, Pristimantis sp. cf. colodactylus, Pristimantis sp. cf. orestes, and Lynchus sp. The type locality of P. andinogigas is officially protected as part of the Podocarpus National Park, a national protected area created in 1982. The area has little anthropogenic impact, and in general, paramos of the Nudo de Cajanuma and the nearby Nudo de Sabanilla are reported to have a relatively good conservation status (Hofstede et al. 2002). Road infrastructure projects have been proposed in the past, but their development was cancelled (Cisneros et al. 2004, Bernardi de Leon 2009). However, three expeditions over the last five years have recorded very low numbers of P. andinogigas. Although more data are needed, it may be possible that the population of P. andinogigas has declined. In the absence of further information about the extinction risk on this newly discovered species, we suggest that P. andinogigas should be classified in the IUCN Red List category of Data Deficient (IUCN 2012).	en	Yanez-Munoz, Mario H., Veintimilla-Yanez, David, Batallas, Diego, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2019): A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador. ZooKeys 852: 137-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
