taxonID	type	description	language	source
F33487D0FFDAFFF7FF78FA0BFB9E1E72.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Carinobulus complex sp. nov., by present designation.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDAFFF7FF78FA0BFB9E1E72.taxon	etymology	Name. To reflect the bimodally crested metazonae characteristic of the genus, and ʻ-bolusʼ, a common suffix for genus-group names in the Spirobolida; masculine in gender.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDAFFF7FF78FA0BFB9E1E72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new genus and species is remarkable not only in the bimodally crested metazonae (slightly, but clearly concave in the middle), which in itself is unique in the family, but also in the anterior gonopods being particularly elaborate and complex, multiramous and rather palm-shaped. In addition to the bimodal crests, Carinobolus gen. nov. differs from the similar Costabolus gen. nov. by the absence of prominent prefemoral protuberances from male legs 2 and of prominent coxal protuberances from male legs 3, and by the overall shape of the anterior gonopods which are palm-like rather than subtriangular. See also Key below.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDAFFF7FF78FA0BFB9E1E72.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality in southeastern Nigeria (Fig. 8).	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD9FFF3FF78FF56FAFB1F0A.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 3	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD9FFF3FF78FF56FAFB1F0A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male (NHMD), southeastern NIGERIA, 56 km from Calabar, 13. VI. 1963, collector unknown. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female (NHMD), 1 male (SEM, RMCA), same data as holotype. Name. Complex, a noun in apposition referring to the particularly complex anterior gonopods.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD9FFF3FF78FF56FAFB1F0A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Basically as in the genus. Body short, up to 26 mm long, with 38 body rings plus telson. Metazonae bimodally crested, epiproct slightly projecting caudally. Tarsal pads present, coxal projections absent. Legs and antennae short. Anterior gonopods particularly complex, multiramous, rather palm-shaped, with a paramedian pair of antero-apical processes and a two-segmented telopodite.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD9FFF3FF78FF56FAFB1F0A.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 39 body rings (38 + telson), ca 26 mm long, 3 mm wide. Male paratypes same as holotype; female paratype slightly longer than male (ca 28 mm long), broken into several pieces. Coloration faded in alcohol, but two darker stripes still visible on each side of body. Head, antennae, legs and telson slightly brownish, ommatidia and medial part of frons dark brown (Fig. 1). Head capsule with a median suture, this being especially distinct on labrum; ca 20 ommatidia located in an irregular oval cluster (Fig. 2 B). Labrum as usual, with three irregular teeth and a single row of 10 – 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side (Fig. 2 A). Incisura lateralis closed (Fig. 2 B). Antennal cavity / groove present, antennae shorter than body diameter. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 3 = 4 = 5 <1 <6 <2 (Fig. 2 A, B). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones clustered together inside a membranous area. Antennomeres 5 and 6 each with an apicolateral field of specialized sensilla (Fig. 2 C). Gnathochilarium as usual, of spirobolidan conformation. Stipites separated in basal portion, each bearing three apical setae, but not setose on ventral surface. Lamellae linguales separated by anterior portion of mentum (Fig. 2 D), each with two usual setae located behind one another, mentum devoid of a large swollen area apically between both lamellae linguales, but subdivided basally by a well-marked suture (Fig. 2 D). Mandible: external tooth (et) large and prominent, inner tooth (it) with three smaller inner teeth, a thin lateral tooth (lt), five rows of pectinate lamellae (pl), molar plate (mp) with a few (2 – 3) transverse furrows (Fig. 2 E – G). Collum, with a prominent groove along anterior margin, lateroventral margin broadly rounded, not extending ventrad as far as ventrolateral corner of body ring 2 (Fig. 2 H). Body rings: Metazonae heavily crested / ribbed, crests being bimodal, slightly, but clearly concave in the middle (Figs 1 A, B, 2 H – K, M, N); mesozonae with longitudinal impressions, these being especially clearly visible ventrally; pre-anal ring with dorsal tip of epiproct clearly overhanging the paraprocts (Fig. 2 K); hypoproct rounded; anal valves well-rounded and devoid of spines or setae. Posterior margin of paraprocts in lateral view without distinct lips (Figs 1 D, 2 L). Ozopores (oz) small and inconspicuous, starting with ring 6 (Fig. 2 I), suture between putative pleurotergite and sternite visible. Pleurotergal tips of body ring 2 gaping ventrally, not connected to sternite; pleurotergal tips of body ring 3 fused to sternite and forming a complete ring. Pleurotergal tips of male body ring 7 fused ventrally. Limbus membranous, overtopped by a row of short, parallel and regularly spaced spinicles (Fig. 2 O). Legs: Male leg-pairs 1 and 2 modified, coxae of legs 1 fused medially at base only, each prefemur of legs 2 with a small, unciform, basal projection (Fig. 3 C, hp). Midbody legs ca 0.5 x body diameter, with coxa as long as the other podomeres. Tarsus ventrally with three pairs of spines and apically with a pair of setiform spines (Fig. 3 B). Male tarsi 3 up to midbody legs with a tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw (Fig. 3 B, pa). Tarsal claw of male leg pair 1 normal in size, subequal to tarsal claws of postgonopodal legs (Fig. 3 A, B). Anterior gonopods (Fig. 3 D – F) especially complex, clearly branched; sternite (st) elongated into a triangular process with a blunt tip; a paramedian pair of slender, membranous, acuminate, antero-apical processes (ap); coxite (cx 1) subtending much of anterior gonopods; telopodites 2 - segmented, each consisting of a smaller, roundish, basal telopoditomere (t 1) and a much larger, higher, complex, lobe-shaped, distal telopoditomere (t 2). Posterior gonopods (Fig. 3 G – I) connected by a small, triangular, sclerotized sternite (st), clearly and rather regularly curved, slender, 2 - segmented, both segments (a thicker and slightly longer coxite (cx 2) and a more slender and shorter telopodite (tl) distinctly separated near midway subtransversely by a deep seminal groove; a rudimentary solenomere (sl) subapically. Sperm channel running at mesal margin of coxite through telopodite’s subapical part (Fig. 3 I). Vulvae in the single female missing (apparently, removed and lost by Richard L. Hoffman at VNHM).	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDEFFF3FF78F99BFB9E1EBA.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Costabolus baculus sp. nov., by present designation.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDEFFF3FF78F99BFB9E1EBA.taxon	etymology	Name. Reflecting the longitudinal costae / ribs on the metazonae, and ʻ-bolusʼ, a common suffix for genus-group names in the Spirobolida; masculine in gender.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDEFFF3FF78F99BFB9E1EBA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from all pachybolid genera but Carinobolus gen. nov. by strongly crested metazonae, from Carinobolu s gen. nov. by the crests being simple, even, not bimodal, by the presence of prominent prefemoral protuberances on male legs 2 and of prominent coxal protuberances on male legs 3, and the anterior gonopods being subtriangular in overall shape, vs. rather palm-shaped in Carinobolu s gen. nov. See also Key below.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDEFFF3FF78F99BFB9E1EBA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality in southeastern Nigeria (Fig. 8).	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDDFFFCFF78FF56FE0518AE.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 7	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDDFFFCFF78FF56FE0518AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male (with exposed gonopods, body broken into two pieces) (VNHM 198), Nigeria, 27 km NE of Calabar, 20 m inside native forest, 12. VIII. 1984, collector unknown. Paratypes: 2 males (VNHM 198), same data as holotype; 1 female (VMNH 154), Nigeria, 27 km NE Calabar (Ekang road), under logs on fairly dry soil in new canopy forest farmed to young maize, 28. IV. 1984, collector unknown; 1 male, 1 female (VMHN 199), Nigeria, 27 km N of Calabar, between trees, native forest, 20 m off logging road, 12. VIII. 1984, collector unknown. Name. Baculus in Latin means “ crutch ”, referring to the long coxal processes on male legs 2 and 3; a noun in apposition.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDDFFFCFF78FF56FE0518AE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Basically as in the genus. Body short, up to 27 mm long, with 38 body rings plus telson, metazonae with simple longitudinal crests / ribs, epiproct slightly projecting caudally. Male with tarsal pads and prominent coxal projections on leg-pairs 2 and 3.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFDDFFFCFF78FF56FE0518AE.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: male holotype with 39 body rings (38 + telson), ca 27 mm long, 3 mm wide. Paratypes, both male and female, same as holotype. Coloration faded in alcohol, but a darker pattern still visible dorsally and laterally, yellowish ventrally. Head, ommatidia and anterior part of collum dark brown, antennae, legs and telson yellowish (Fig. 4). Head capsule with an axial suture, this being especially distinct on labrum; ca 22 ommatidia located in an irregular oval cluster (Fig. 5 A). Labrum as usual, with three irregular teeth and a single row of 12 stout marginal setae. Clypeus with two setiferous foveolae on each side (Fig. 5 E). Incisura lateralis closed (Fig. 5 A, D). Antennal cavity / groove present, length of antennae ca 1.3 mm; antennae shorter than body diameter. Relative lengths of antennomeres: 3 = 4 = 5 <1 <6 <2 (Fig. 5 D). Terminal antennomere with four large sensory cones clustered together inside a membranous area (Fig. 5 C). Antennomeres 5 and 6 each with an apicolateral field of specialized sensilla (Fig. 5 D). Gnathochilarium as usual, of spirobolidan conformation. Stipites separated in basal portion, each bearing three apical setae, but no setae on ventral surface. Lamellae linguales separated by anterior portion of mentum, each with two usual setae located behind one another; mentum without a large swollen area apically between both lamellae linguales, subdivided basally by a well-marked suture (Fig. 5 H). Mandible: external tooth (et) prominent, inner tooth (it) with three smaller inner teeth, a thin lateral tooth (lt), six rows of pectinate lamellae (pl), molar plate (mp) with five transverse furrows (Fig. 5 F, G). Collum with a prominent groove along anterior margin, lateroventral margin broadly rounded, not extending ventrad as far as ventrolateral corner of body ring 2 (Fig. 5 I). Body rings: Metazonae heavily crested (Fig. 5 J – L); mesozonae with longitudinal impressions, these being especially distinct ventrally (Fig. 5 K), caudal fringe / limbus membranous, with very small and regularly spaced spinicles (Fig. 5 L). Pre-anal ring with a small dorsal tip of epiproct overhanging the paraprocts (Figs 4 A, 5 M); hypoproct rounded; paraprocts (anal valves) well-rounded and devoid of spines or setae (Fig. 5 M). Posterior margin of paraprocts in lateral view without distinct lips (Fig. 5 M). Ozopores (oz) starting with body ring 6. Legs: Midbody legs ca 1.4 mm long, with prefemur longer than coxa and as long as the other podomeres; with small tarsal pads (pa) (Fig. 5 O, P). Male tarsi 3 up to midbody legs with a small tarsal pad not protruding past base of claw, and with a pair of setiform apical spines (Fig. 6 D). Male leg-pairs 1, 2 and 3 modified, coxae 1 fused medially at base only, each prefemur 2 with a well-developed, unciform, basal projection (hp) (Fig. 6 B, C), each coxa 3 with a long and spoon-shaped coxal process (cp), this being almost as long as the leg itself (Fig. 6 B, D). Anterior gonopods stout and relatively simple (Fig. 6 E – I); sternite (st) produced into a wide, broadly rounded lobe, bearing clear traces of axial fusion (Fig. 6 E); coxite (cx 1) subtending much of anterior gonopods; telopodites basically 2 - segmented, each consisting of a smaller, roundish, apically flattened, basal telopoditomere (t 1) with a very small, accessory, subtriangular segment at base (Fig. 6 H, I), and a much larger, lobe-shaped, distal telopoditomere (t 2). Posterior gonopods (Fig. 6 J, K, pg in H) in situ almost completely concealed inside anterior gonopods, clearly divided into a slender coxite (cx 2) and a shorter telopodite (tl), both being slender (Fig. 6 J) and connected by a tiny triangular sternite. Telopodite consisting of two components: (1) a median membranous area, and (2) a lateral sclerotized area. Sperm channel running at mesal margin of coxite through telopodite’s membranous area, ending up subapically on a rudimentary solenomere (sl) (Fig. 6 J, K). Paratypes. Males as holotype. Female similar in size and appearance to males, but devoid of prefemoral or coxal projections on leg-pairs 2 and 3, respectively. Vulva simple, consisting of two simple, sclerotized plates, bivalve-like and subequal in size (Fig. 7). Both coxite (cxv) and operculum (o) of vulva very small and inconspicuous. Both valves only basally with one row of setae directed towards the opening. Anterior valve (av) slightly larger than posterior one (pv) (Fig. 7).	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD1FFFCFF78FBDBFE361C0E.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Amblybolus Keeton, 1964 a = Tonkouibolus Demange & Mauriès 1975 a, synonymized by Hoffman (1979). Type species: Amblybolus mitis Keeton, 1964 b, from Mount Coffee and Bushrod Island near Monrovia, Liberia (Keeton 1964 b), by monotypy.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD1FFFCFF78F92BFE1B1E96.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Spirobolus noronhensis Pocock, 1890, from Ilha Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (Pocock 1890), by subsequent designation (Hoffman 1979). No other species known.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD0FFFDFF78FF56FE1B181E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Carinobolus complex sp. nov., from Nigeria, by present designation. No other species known.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD0FFFDFF78FEAEFEF81A82.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Costabolus baculus sp. nov., from Nigeria, by present designation. No other species known.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
F33487D0FFD0FFFDFF78FEAEFEF81A82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A tribe of the family Pachybolidae characterized by the following putative apomorphies or synapomorphies: - incisura lateralis closed (Figs 2 B, 5 D), a synapomorphy shared with Pachybolini (Wesener et al. 2008); - setae on lamellae linguales apical (Figs 2 D, 5 H), a synapomorphy shared with Pachybolini (Wesener et al. 2008); - vulva subreniform and bivalve (Fig. 7 A, B), a synapomorphy shared with Pachybolini (Wesener et al. 2008), but devoid of a central ridge, this being an apparent plesiomorphy. - both posterior gonopods mostly connected by a tiny sternite, each distinctly biarticulate near midlength (Figs 3 G – I, 6 J – K), telopodite clearly twisted based on a subtransverse course of the seminal groove dividing the coxite and telopodite.	en	Golovatch, Sergei, Vandenspiegel, Didier (2022): Carinobolus gen. nov. and Costabolus gen. nov., two new, remarkably crested monospecific genera of spirobolidan millipedes from WestAfrica, with the proposal of a new tribe, Amblybolini tribus nova (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae). Zootaxa 5150 (1): 97-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.1.5
