taxonID	type	description	language	source
EC4BE952FFCB6807FEBDCB578E59E9E5.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Alterosa bocainae, new species. The single character most useful for diagnosing Alterosa, and which may be uniquely apomorphic, is the structure of the phallobase of the male (Figs. 6 D, 8 D, 9 D), which is tubular basally and lacks the basodorsal expansion common in most philopotamids, including species in the subfamily Chimarrinae. Other characters of the male genitalia useful, in combination, to diagnose the genus include: intermediate appendages positioned mesally to the preanal appendages (Figs. 6 A, B; 10 A, B), absence of ventral processes on any of the terminal segments of the male genitalia, and sternum IX with the posteroventral margin distinctly produced and widely truncate ventrally (Figs. 9 A, B; 10 A, B) and the posterodorsal margin acutely articulating with the tergum (Figs. 6 A, 9 A). Preanal appendages arise from the base of tergum X (Fig. 6 A, 10 A), rather than the dorsal margin of sternum IX (as is typical in Sortosa, see Ross 1956, figs. 36 A, 37 A, 38 A). In species in which the preanal appendages are not secondarily modified (Fig. 9 A), they are relatively simple in structure, elongate and finger­like (Figs. 6 A, 11 A). Venation (Fig. 1) is primitive for Philopotamidae and very similar to Sortosa and Hydrobiosella. Female genitalia (Fig. 4), like those of most genera of Philopotaminae, excluding Dolophilodes, Fumonta, and Philopotamus, are elongate and tapered, with very long, articulated apodemes from the anterior margin of sternum VIII and tergum IX. Adult. Color of pinned, dry specimens dark brown overall with contrasting small light brown or yellowish spots on forewings, these sometimes arranged in irregularly linear arrays near costal margins; legs, palps, and antennae usually paler in color. Three ocelli present, prominent. Eyes with short projecting setae between the ommatidia. Maxillary palps (Fig. 2) 5 ­ segmented, relatively short: 1 st segment very short, usually broadly joined (often apparently fused) to 2 nd segment, usually with a few setae on apicomesal margin; 2 nd segment short, globose, with numerous elongate setae on apicomesal surface; 3 rd segment relatively short, about 3 or 4 x length of segment 2; 4 th segment very short, about 2 x as long as wide; 5 th segment longer than segment 3, variable in length among species. Setal warts of head (Fig. 3) well developed; posterolateral warts large, typical of Philopotamidae; posterior setal warts rounded, separated mesally; anteromesal setal wart large, subtriangular, notched mesally to accommodate anterior ocellus, laterally fused to anterior setal warts; fused anterior and anteromesal warts roughly M­shaped. Prothorax with rounded mesal setal warts, slightly separated mesally, laterally with indistinctly defined setal areas. Wing venation (Fig. 1) primitive (forewing with forks 1 – 5 present, hind wing with fork 4 missing, anal veins of hind wing reaching wing margin); fork 1 of forewing branching just proximal to discal crossvein; s, r­m, and m crossveins of forewing nearly linearly arranged, these plus m­cu, base of fork 3, and apex of Cu 2 clear, unpigmented. Spur formula 2: 4: 4. Male Genitalia. At least some abdominal terga, through and including tergum VIII, with unpigmented spots surrounding elongate setae on posterior margins. Abdominal sterna VII, VIII, and IX without ventromesal processes. Tergum VIII usually with distinct posteromesal invagination (Fig. 11 E), but sometimes absent or very weakly developed. Sternum IX with posteroventral margin greatly produced; as viewed ventrally, broadly truncate, usually with slight mesal invagination, with distinct mesal suture line extending from anterior to posterior margin; posterodorsal margin acutely articulated with tergum, and below dorsal development of tergum X. Tergum IX greatly reduced or fused to base of tergum X, sometimes developed into mesal or lateral projections extending over base of tergum X. Tergum X moderately to greatly elongate, entire, apically with numerous short sensilla. Intermediate appendage mesal to preanal appendage, very differently developed in different species, often with apical spines or setae. Preanal appendage inserted membranously or apparently partially fused to base of tergum X, elongate linear and basally constricted in most species, highly modified in shape, with apical armature of spines or setae in others. Inferior appendages elongate linear, with 2 articles, varying in relative length among species; apex of 2 nd article with pad of short, stiff setae on mesal surface. Phallic apparatus with phallobase tubular, without basodorsal expansion, usually somewhat curved, sometimes distinctly bent; endotheca highly variable, usually with included spines, these varying greatly in size, number and position among different species; phallotremal sclerite usually small, weakly sclerotized and indistinct. Female Genitalia. Genitalia (Fig. 4) elongate and tapered. Segment VII distinctly elongate, pleural region more or less pleated. Intersegmental region between segments VII and VIII membranous and relatively elongate. Segment VIII with tergum reduced, tapered posteriorly; sternum with elongate, rod­like, articulated apodemes from anterolateral margins. Segment IX reduced and tapered; tergum often more sclerotized along anterior and ventral margins, anterolaterally with elongate, rod­like, articulated apodemes; sternum less sclerotized, often nearly membranous. Segment X comprised of pair of bulbous, setose lobes, each terminating in short apical cercus. Vaginal apparatus usually membranous and often more or less indistinct, anteriorly with cupped sclerite. Etymology. Alterosa is a name, feminine in gender, traditionally used to refer to the mountains of southern Minas Gerais, Brazil.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFCF6806FEBDCB588FD3EAD0.taxon	description	Fig. 5 A – D This species is most similar to A. boraceiae. It resembles that species in having elongate, apically setose, intermediate appendages, branched near the base. It differs in having the lateral branches of the intermediate appendages more elongate, in lacking paired longitudinal ridges of short spines on tergum X, and in having preanal appendages more elongate and rod­like. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 8 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin weakly rounded, subtruncate; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X narrow, lateral margin gradually narrowing to apex, basolaterally with small rounded protuberance; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, rounded and distinctly enlarged in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle and numerous small adpressed scale­like spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, branched basally, forming elongate rod­like mesal branch, nearly as long as tergum X, and shorter lateral branch (about half as long), both branches with numerous fine microsetae on lateral margin; apices of both branches subacute, with brush of coarse setae. Preanal appendage narrow, rodlike, only weakly constricted basally, elongate, with scant setae and numerous minute setalike spines; apex rounded, with weak brush of short stiff setae. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, about 3 times longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, nearly uniform in width, only slightly narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, narrow, moderately elongate, weakly, angularly bent near middle, narrowing apically; endotheca with tract of numerous very short spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFCF6806FEBDCB588FD3EAD0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 2100 m, 25. i. 1993, V. O. Becker (UMSP 000204557) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named after the eminent lepidopterist, Vitor Becker, who collected and pinned the holotype.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFCC681BFEBDCCA88E8BE825.taxon	description	Figs. 1 – 4, 6 A – D This species is similar to A. fimbriata, but differs in that its intermediate appendage has a longer basal stalk and less of an apical expansion, and also in having tergum X lacking longitudinal rows of spines. Adult. Color (in alcohol) brown; legs, palps, and antennae distinctly pale, wing pattern not discernable, but costal margin with some paler areas. Male forewing 7 – 7.8 mm.; female 6.6 – 6.9 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin moderately emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending no more than halfway to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin weakly rounded, subtruncate; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X tapered from base, basolaterally with small rounded sensillate projection; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, short, subequal in length to preanal appendage, posteromesally curved from base and greatly enlarged apically; apex rounded, with brush of coarse setae, extending along apex and dorsomesal margin, also with numerous fine microsetae. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, more than 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, nearly uniform in width, slightly narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, elongate narrow, strongly bent near base; endotheca with clusters of small spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFCC681BFEBDCCA88E8BE825.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Lajeado, Serra da Bocaina, Cachoeira do Lajeado, 22 ° 43.208 ' S, 44 ° 37.782 ' W, el 1590 m, 4. iii. 2002, Paprocki & Muniz, (UMSP 000100627) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: São Paulo: — 4 males, 2 females, same locality data as holotype (UMSP); — 17 males, 7 females, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, small trib. on main park road, 22 ° 46.585 ' S, 44 ° 36.307 ' W, el 1560 m, 2 – 3. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (MZUSP) (UMSP) (NMNH). Etymology. This species is named bocainae for Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, the beautiful park where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD26819FEBDCE8A8F61EE05.taxon	description	Fig. 7 A – D This species is most similar to A. beckeri and resembles that species in having elongate, basally branched intermediate appendages, each with an apical brush. It differs from A. beckeri in that the lateral branches of the intermediate appendage are shorter, and in having paired longitudinal ridges of spines on tergum X. The preanal appendage is also less modified and has a single apical seta, rather than a weak brush of setae. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 6.2 – 6.8 mm.; female 7.1 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin weakly rounded, subtruncate; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X with basolateral margins rounded, tapering apically; dorsally with mesally paired, longitudinal rows of short spines, converging apically; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, rounded and distinctly enlarged in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle. Intermediate appendage heavily sclero­ tized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, branched basally, lateral branch very short, mesal branch elongate, rod­like; apices of both branches rounded, with brush of coarse setae. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, more than 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, scarcely narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short, narrowing apically, slightly curved; endotheca with paired clusters of short spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD26819FEBDCE8A8F61EE05.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Estação Biológica Boraceia, Rio Venerando & tribs., 23 ° 39.185 ' S, 45 ° 53.414 ' W, el 850 m, 18 – 20. iv. 1998, Holzenthal, Melo, Froehlich, (UMSP 000033080) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: São Paulo: — 1 male, 1 female, same locality data as holotype (UMSP); — 2 males, 2 females, Estacion Biológica Boraceia, Rio Venerando, 850 m, 3. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., (NMNH).	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD26819FEBDCE8A8F61EE05.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named boraceiae for the nearly pristine and beautiful nature preserve, Estação Biológica Boraceia, maintained by the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD06818FEBDC8EA8EABED2D.taxon	description	Fig. 8 A – D This species is easily diagnosed by the spine­like setae on the apex of tergum X and the structure of the intermediate appendages, which are branched basally and heavily armed with coarse setae. The absence of endothecal spines in the phallus is also a useful diagnostic character; similar only to Alterosa holzenthali. Adult. Color (in alcohol) brown; legs and palps scarcely paler, antennae somewhat so, wing pattern not evident. Male forewing 7 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded in dorsal half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X with basolateral margins angularly protruding; dorsally with elevated longitudinal mesal ridge; apex expanded, truncate as viewed dorsally, with numerous elongate spine­like setae, apex enlarged and upturned in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle and numerous small adpressed scale­like spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, moderately elongate, branched basally, with slightly more elongate and apically expanded mesal branch and shorter lateral branch, each covered with numerous spine­like setae, setae longer and more numerous apically; apices of both branches rounded. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, about 3 times longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, nearly uniform in width, only slightly narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, elongate narrow, curved in basal half; endotheca without spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD06818FEBDC8EA8EABED2D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional do Caparaó, small trib. to Rio Caparaó, Vale Verde, 20 ° 25.029 ' S, 41 ° 50.767 ' W, el 1350 m, 12 – 14. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, (UMSP 000200499) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named caparaonensis for Parque Nacional do Caparaó, the beautiful park where the holotype specimen was collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD6681FFEBDCB228CA2EB52.taxon	description	Fig. 9 A – D This species is similar to Alterosa fluminensis, A. flinti, A. marinonii and A. sanctaeteresae, all of which have similarly developed inferior appendages and highly modified and enlarged preanal appendages armed with spine­like setae. From A. flinti and A. sanctaeteresae it differs in lacking elongate, apically setose lateral branches from the intermediate appendages. From A. marinonii and A. fluminensis it differs in the armature of the preanal appendages, which in A. escova is brush­like and confined to the posterolateral margin of the appendage. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 6 – 6.7 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin slightly emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X tapered from base, slightly expanded at midlength; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, moderately elongate, more or less spine­like and weakly scabrous, with scale­like spines along dorsolateral margin; apex acute. Preanal appendage greatly enlarged, wider at base than apex, elongate, with short, stout setae apically, extending along ventromesal margin; apex rounded; preanal appendage basally with flange­like process bearing cluster of prominent, stalked, spine­like setae, flange­like process large, rounded, with stout apicomarginal setae, mesal to appendage itself. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, short, nearly as wide as long, bulging mesally; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively wide and uniform in width, about as wide basally as apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short and wide, slightly curved dorsally; endotheca relatively short, with numerous short spines, apparently in several paired tracts, basolateral ones very short.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD6681FFEBDCB228CA2EB52.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: small stream on São Paulo Route 247, 11 km SE Bananal, 22 ° 45.684 ' S, 44 ° 23.190 ' W, el 675 m, 23. ix. 2002, Blahnik, Prather, Melo, Froehlich, Silva, (UMSP 000088791) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: — 1 male, Parque Nacional Itatiaia, Rio Taquaral, 22 ° 27.252 ' S, 44 ° 36.570 ' W, el 1300 m, 22 – 23. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, (NMNH); — 1 male, Parque Nacional Itatiaia, trib. to Rio Taquaral, 22 ° 26.688 ' S, 44 ° 36.464 ' W, el 1320 m, 6. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Prather, (UMSP). Etymology. This species is named escova, from the Portuguese word for brush, referring to the somewhat brush­like preanal appendages of this species. The word is used as a noun in apposition.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD7681CFEBDCC718E55EA8D.taxon	description	Fig. 10 A – D This species is most similar to Alterosa jordaensis, resembling that species in the elongate, curved intermediate appendages and enlarged phallic spines. It differs in that the intermediate appendages in A. falcata are more nearly sickle­like. The differences are relatively minor and it is possible that the two will eventually be found to be not specifically distinct. The mesal, crest­like development of tergum X in A. falcata is variably developed in different populations and sometimes absent, or nearly so. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5.9 – 6.8 mm.; female 6.2 – 6.4 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin moderately emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending no more than halfway to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending in broad arc or nearly linearly from dorsum; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X tapered from base; dorsally with small preapical projection (variably developed), and sometimes with crest­like projection at slightly past midlength (absent in some populations); apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view, shape somewhat variable; tergum midlaterally with patch of adpressed seta­like spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, sickle­shaped, arched, apex curved downward; apex acute. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection, without apical seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, relatively narrow, especially at midlength, only slightly narrower basally than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short and wide, slightly curved; endotheca longer than phallobase when extended, with large sclerotized, nail­like spines (8 – 13 in specimens available) in about 3 tracts (distinguishable in specimens with endotheca expanded): basal tract of 4 or more spines, usually slightly shorter than others, apical tract (s) arranged as more or less paired spines, extended into 2 (or 3) regions, with middle region most variable in number of spines (2 – 6).	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD7681CFEBDCC718E55EA8D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Ibitipoca, sitio of Anestis Papadopoulos, cachoeira, 21 ° 43.441 ' S, 43 ° 54.537 ' W, el 1125 m, 4 – 5. v. 1988, Holzenthal & Paprocki, (UMSP 000033071) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: — 1 male, 1 female, same locality data as holotype (UMSP); Rio de Janeiro: — 1 male, 1 female, Rio Macacú (2 nd order), on RJ 116, km 62, 22 ° 23.201 ' S, 42 ° 33.945 ' W, el 840 m, 17. iii. 1996, Holzenthal, Rochetti, Oliveira, (MZUSP); — 1 male, 1 female, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, 22 ° 27.003 ' S, 44 ° 36.818 ' W, el 1300 m, 7. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (MZUSP); — 1 male, Km 54, 26 km E of Nova Friburgo, 410 m, 19. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., (NMNH); São Paulo: — 2 males, Parque Nacional do Serra do Bocaina, Cachoeira dos Posses, 22 ° 46.437 ' S, 44 ° 36.250 ' W, el 1250 m, 3. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP); — 3 males, 2 females, Lajeado, Serra do Bocaina, Cachoeira do Lajeado, 22 ° 43.208 ' S, 44 ° 37.782 ' W, el 1590 m, 4. iii. 2002, Paprocki & Muniz, (UMSP). Etymology. This species is named falcata for shape of the intermediate appendages, which are somewhat falcate or sickle­shaped.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDA6812FEBDCB22884EE885.taxon	description	Fig. 11 A – E This species is most similar to A. bocainae, agreeing in having short, apically broadened intermediate appendages armed with coarse setae. It differs in having the intermediate appendages more broadly expanded apically, and in having a tergum X that possesses longitudinal rows of spines. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 7.8 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X narrow, lateral margins subparallel; dorsally with mesally paired, longitudinal rows of short spines, converging apically; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, apex enlarged and upturned in lateral view, forming a dorsally acute apex. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, short, subequal in length to preanal appendage, lobe, as viewed laterally, with apicoventral margin greatly enlarged and rounded, lobe laterally compressed as viewed dorsally; apex subacute, with brush of coarse setae, setae extending ventrally along margin of apicoventral lobe. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex rounded, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, nearly uniform in width, narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, narrow, moderately elongate, sinuously curved from base; endotheca with numerous fine needle­like spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDA6812FEBDCB22884EE885.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio Paquequer, 22 ° 26.992 ' S, 42 ° 59.899 ' W, el 1000 m, 26. ii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP 000070780) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named fimbriata, Latin for fringed, and referring to the apically widened intermediate appendages which are densely fringed with short spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDB6810FEBDCF428FD1EFFD.taxon	description	Fig. 12 A – D This species is similar to Alterosa escova, A. fluminensis, A. marinonii and A. sanctaeteresae, all of which have similarly developed inferior appendages and highly modified and enlarged preanal appendages armed with spine­like setae. From all except A. sanctaeteresae it differs in possessing elongate, apically setose lateral branches from the intermediate appendages. It differs from A. sanctaeteresae in the unusual shape of the preanal appendage, which in A. flinti has a greatly enlarged, rounded dorsal lobe. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5.5 – 5.9 mm.; female 5.7 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin moderately emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending no more than halfway to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X. Tergum X with lateral margins rounded basally, subparallel apically; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, branched basally, both branches rod­like, mesal branch much shorter, with acuminate apex, lateral branch with apex subacute; with brush of short, stiff setae. Preanal append­ age short, bulbous, forming rounded, laterally compressed structure with coarse, stalked, spine­like setae on posterior margin, ventrally situated setae on slightly emergent process, constricted basally. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, about one and a half times longer than wide, bulging mesally; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, relatively wide, apex enlarged; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, moderately elongate, sinuously flexed in basal and apical third; endotheca with basal tract of about 4 nail­like spines and apical tract of numerous smaller tack­like spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDB6810FEBDCF428FD1EFFD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: 24 km SE Santa Teresa, el 280 m, 22. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S Flint, Jr., (UMSP 000204550) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: — 3 males, same locality data as holotype (NMNH) (UMSP); Rio de Janeiro: — 1 male, 1 female, Km 17, 8 km S of Teresopolis, 18 – 19. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., (NMNH). Etymology. I take great pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., the eminent trichopterist who devoted his career to the study of Neotropical caddisflies and who collected the type specimens.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD96816FEBDC9D289FBEE55.taxon	description	Fig. 13 A – E This species is similar to Alterosa escova, A. flinti, A. marinonii and A. sanctaeteresae, all of which have similarly developed inferior appendages and highly modified and enlarged preanal appendages armed with spine­like setae. From A. flinti and A. sanctaeteresae it differs in lacking elongate, apically setose lateral branches from the intermediate appendages. From A. escova and A. marinonii it differs in the shape and armature of the preanal appendage, which in A. fluminensis possesses a basal pad with elongate, stalked setae, in addition to apical and mesolateral setae. Alterosa fluminensis is also unique in possessing a small, stalked basal process at the base of tergum X, although the latter structure may not always be present. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5.2 – 6 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin not or scarcely emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, mesal projection extending into short mesal stalk, terminating with small bulbous, apically setose process (stalked process broken in holotype specimen, but present with specimen; apparently undeveloped in paratype specimen). Tergum X tapered from base, in lateral profile undulate; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, moderately elongate, spine­like; apex acute. Preanal appendage greatly enlarged, broad basally, elongate, with short, stout setae apically, extending along ventromesal margin; apex rounded; preanal appendage basally with flange­like process bearing cluster of prominent, stalked, spine­like setae, flange­like process small, rounded, more or less ventral and mesal to appendage itself. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, short, nearly as wide as long, bulging mesally; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively broad and nearly uniform in width; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short, narrow basally, expanded apically, rather sharply bent at midlength; endotheca with numerous short tack­like spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFD96816FEBDC9D289FBEE55.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio Sousa in Cachoeiras de Macacú, 26 ° 26.567 ' S, 42 ° 37.957 ' W, el 150 m, 16. iii. 1996, Holzenthal, Rochetti, Oliveira, (UMSP 000035880) (MZUSP). Paratype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: — 1 male, Km 54, 26 km E of Nova Friburgo, 410 m, 19. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., (NMNH). Etymology. This species is named fluminensis from the Latin word for stream, and referring to the state of Rio de Janeiro where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDF6814FEBDC8BA8F3CEDA5.taxon	description	Fig. 14 A – D This species is very similar to A. orgaosensis and it is possible that the two may eventually prove to be not specifically distinct. It resembles that species in having an inferior appendage with a very short 2 nd article, tergum X with a large, inflated apex and a basolateral margin that is peculiarly cupped. Additionally, the apices of the preanal appendages of both species are unusual in being concavely cupped, each bearing a thick spine­like seta. The two species differ primarily in the structure of the intermediate appendage, which is apically rounded and setose in A. guapimirim and concave and armed much like the preanal appendage in A. orgaosensis. Additionally, tergum X is more distinctly dome­shaped in A. orgaosensis. Adult. Color (in alcohol) brown; legs, palps, and antennae distinctly pale, wing pattern not discernable, but costal margin with some paler areas. Male forewing 6.2 – 6.9 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin not or scarcely emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin moderately produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX forming a shelf­like projection over base of tergum X, projection prominent, apex as viewed dorsally, rounded, subspatulate. Tergum X with lateral margins subparallel; dorsally with elevated longitudinal mesal ridge; apex sensillate, forming greatly enlarged expansion in apical half, rounded and distinctly enlarged in lateral view; tergum basolaterally with short, setose, apically­rounded projection, set in a large, sclerotized concave depression. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, shorter than preanal appendage, rod­like and mesally curved; apex rounded, slightly expanded, with small number of apical spines. Preanal appendage narrow, sinuous, with apex projecting outward, elongate, with scant setae on lateral margin; apex rounded, with distinct terminal seta; in oblique concavity, seta stout and spine­like. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, more than 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, (less than half the length), nearly as wide at base as apex of 1 st article, more or less uniform in width; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, moderately elongate, strongly curved near middle; endotheca with 4 large spines in 2 pairs, dorsal ones slightly curved; internally with appar­ ent pair of elongate, curved spines (actually probably sclerotized margins of a somewhat trough­shaped phallotremal sclerite).	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDF6814FEBDC8BA8F3CEDA5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos, Guapimirim, Trilha das Ruinas, 22 ° 29.679 ' S, 42 ° 59.729 ' W, el 940 m, 28. ii. 2002, Blahnik & Paprocki, (UMSP 000083754) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: — 3 males, same locality data as holotype (UMSP) (NMNH). Etymology. This species is named guapimirim, using the word as a noun in apposition, referring to the name of the section in Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDD6814FEBDC80A8E0DEB02.taxon	description	Fig. 15 A – D This species differs from all other species of Alterosa in the laterally spinose and projecting posterior margin of tergum IX. The narrow pencil­like intermediate appendage, which closely parallels the lateral margin of tergum X and terminates with a stout apical seta, is similar only to A. paprockii. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5 – 5.2 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin angularly truncate; posteroventral margin moderately produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX forming a shelf­like projection over base of tergum X, shelf with apicomesal invagination, lateral and ventrolateral margins with numerous short stiff spines, few spines also present basomesally. Tergum X tapered from base; apex sensillate, slightly enlarged and rounded as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage weakly sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, appendage narrow, pencil­like, closely adpressed to lateral margin of tergum X; apex acute, terminating in apical spine­like seta, seta short. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, elongate, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex acuminate, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about one and a half times longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively narrow and uniform in width; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase sinuously bent at midlength; endotheca without spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFDD6814FEBDC80A8E0DEB02.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Parque Ecológica Spitzkopf, confluence Rio Ouro & Rio Caeté, 27 ° 00.352 ' S, 49 ° 06.693 ' W, el 140 m, 3. iii. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich, Paprocki, (UMSP 000033074) (MZUSP). Paratype: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: — 1 male, Parque Ecológica Spitzkopf, Rio Caeté above 1 st falls, 27 ° 00.35 ' S, 49 ° 06.70 ' W, el 170 m, 4. iii. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich, Paprocki, (UMSP). Etymology. I am pleased to name this species for my friend and colleague, Dr. Ralph W. Holzenthal, not only for collecting the type specimens, but also for his outstanding contributions to the study of Neotropical caddisflies.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE26829FEBDCC8F89A7E932.taxon	description	Fig. 16 A – D Alterosa intervales is similar to A. sanctipauli, resembling that species in the elongate, narrow, unbranched intermediate appendages. It differs in that the setae of the intermediate appendage in A. intervales are very elongate and located along the apicolateral margin, while those in A. sanctipauli are very short and terminal. Alterosa intervales also differs from A. sanctipauli in the shape of the apex of tergum X and presence of paired, spined longitudinal ridges found on the same structure. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 7 – 7.3 mm.; female 6.8 – 7 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X with basolateral margins rounded, tapering apically; dorsally with mesally paired, longitudinal rows of short spines, converging apically; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, subtruncate in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, rod­like, curved near base; apex acute, with linear, preapical row of about four elongate spine­like setae. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex rounded, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, about 3 x longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, nearly uniform in width, only slightly narrower at base than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, short, scarcely curved; endotheca with numerous fine spines in several distinct, paired tracts near base, apex elongate, without spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE26829FEBDCC8F89A7E932.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Parque Estadual Intervales, small trib. to Agua Comprida, 24 ° 16.531 ' S, 48 ° 25.042 ' W, el 800 m, 01. x. 2002, Blahnik & Prather, (UMSP 000088786) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: São Paulo: — 1 male, 3 females, same collection data as holotype (UMSP) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named intervales, used as a noun in apposition, for Parque Estadual Intervales, the very beautiful park where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE0682FFEBDCFA089DEE9E5.taxon	description	Fig. 17 A – E This species is probably most similar to A. intervales, but differs from that species, and others having a tergum X with a scabrous basal protrusion, in the highly modified and unique structure of the preanal and intermediate appendages. The preanal appendages of A. itatiaiae are thick and stout and bear an apical brush of setae, and the intermediate appendages have a linear array of coarse setae on a longitudinal apicolateral fold. The scabrous basal protrusions of tergum X are also more strongly developed than in any other species of Alterosa. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 7 – 8.3 mm.; female 8 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin moderately emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending no more than halfway to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin weakly rounded, subtruncate; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending nearly linearly from dorsum; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X with rounded lateral margins, forming elevate lateral projections; dorsally with mesally paired longitudinal ridges, each apically lined with short spines, appearing as apparent mesal invagination; apex sensillate, subtruncate as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle and numerous small adpressed scale­like spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, subequal in length to preanal appendage, narrow at base and gradually expanding apically, with row of thickened setae in lateral cleft on apical half; apex rounded. Preanal appendage narrow, only weakly constricted basally, elongate, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex rounded, with brush of numerous thickened setae. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, nearly uniform in width, narrower at base than apex of 2 nd article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short and wide, slightly curved; endotheca with about 4 pairs of short tack­like spines basoventrally (as seen with endotheca extended), preapically with paired tracts of fine spines, extending more or less linearly from venter onto apicolateral pleats, dorsally with sack­like projection at about midlength.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE0682FFEBDCFA089DEE9E5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, trail to Veu da Noiva, 22 ° 25.706 ' S, 44 ° 37.171 ' W, el 1310 m, 24. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Paprocki, Blahnik, Neto, (UMSP 000080369) (MZUSP) Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: — 11 males, 1 female, same locality data as holotype (MZUSP) (UMSP); — 1 male, same locality, 5. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (NMNH); — 5 males, 1 female, same locality, 5. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP); — 2 males, Parque Nacional Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, 22 ° 27.033 ' S, 44 ° 36.818 ' W, el 1300 m, 23. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Paprocki, Blahnik, Neto, (NMNH); — 2 males, Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional Itatiaia, trib. to Rio Taquaral, 22 ° 26.688 ' S, 44 ° 36.464 ' W, el 1320 m, 6. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Prather, (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named itatiaiae for Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, the very beautiful Atlantic tropical rainforest site where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE6682DFEBDCFCA8967EFFD.taxon	description	Fig. 18 A – D Alterosa jordaensis is very similar to A. falcata and, as discussed under that species, I am not altogether certain that the two are distinct species. At this stage in the description of the fauna, I felt it was better to use species names to describe the differences observed than to make assessments about species limits. While there are numerous minor differences between the two species, the most diagnostic difference is in the shape and structure of the intermediate appendages, which are less acute in A. jordaensis and appear to have several small apical sensilla. Adult. Color overall, medium brown; legs and antennae paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 6.8 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin moderately produced, extending in broad arc or nearly linearly from dorsum; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, projection mesal, short, tab­like. Tergum X tapered from base. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, rod­like, arched, apex curved downward; apex subacute. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection, with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, relatively narrow, especially at midlength; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short and wide, slightly curved; endotheca more than 2 x length of phallobase, with about 18 large spines, in paired series at about midlength.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE6682DFEBDCFCA8967EFFD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, Rio Galharada, 22 ° 41.662 ' S, 45 ° 27.783 ' W, el 1530 m, 13 – 15. ix. 2002, Blahnik, Prather, Melo, Huamantinco, (UMSP 000200126) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named jordaensis after the spectacular site where the holotype specimen was collected, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE4682CFEBDC9D28EC8ED8D.taxon	description	Fig. 19 A – D	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE4682CFEBDC9D28EC8ED8D.taxon	description	Adult. Color in alcohol, brown. Male forewing 5 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin not or scarcely emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming rounded projection in ventral half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, projection broadly rounded and weakly developed. Tergum X tapered from base; apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, shorter than preanal appendage, more or less spine­like and weakly scabrous; apex acute. Preanal appendage greatly enlarged, broad basally, elongate, with numerous very short, stout, spine­like setae located apically and along ventral margin. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, short, nearly as wide as long, bulging mesally; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively wide and uniform in width, about as wide basally as apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, short, curved near middle; endotheca basally with about 8 fine needle­like spines, apically with numerous short tack­like spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE4682CFEBDC9D28EC8ED8D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: BRAZIL: Paraná: — 1 male, Rio Marumbi, Marumbi, el 1600 ft., 15 – 16. ii. 1969, W. L. & J. G. Peters, (NMNH).	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEA6822FEBDCB2289FAED2D.taxon	description	Fig. 20 A – D This species is very similar to A. guapimirim and, as discussed previously, it is possible that the two may eventually prove to be not specifically distinct. It resembles that species in having an inferior appendage with a very short 2 nd article, tergum X with a large, inflated apex and a basolateral margin that is peculiarly cupped. Additionally, the apices of the preanal appendages of both species are unusual in being concavely cupped, each bearing a thick spine­like seta. The two species differ primarily in the structure of the intermediate appendage, which is apically rounded and setose in A. guapimirim and concave and armed much like the preanal appendage in A. orgaosensis. Another difference is that tergum X is more distinctly dome­shaped in A. orgaosensis. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 7.2 – 7.8 mm.; female 7.8 – 8.2 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin not or scarcely emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin moderately produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, projection prominent, apex as viewed dorsally, rounded, subspatulate. Tergum X with weakly rounded lateral margin and greatly enlarged apex; apex sensillate, forming greatly enlarged expansion in apical half, rounded and distinctly enlarged in lateral view; tergum basolaterally with short, setose, apically­rounded projection. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, moderately elongate, rod­like and mesally curved; apex with rounded preapical concavity, with 1 or 2 setae in concavity, setae sclerotized and spine­like. Preanal appendage similar in structure to, but slightly longer than, intermediate appendage, narrow, sinuous, with apex projecting outward, elongate, with scant setae on lateral margin; apex rounded, with distinct terminal seta in preapical concavity, seta stout and spine­like. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, about 3 times longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st, (less than half the length), nearly as wide as base as apex of 1 st article, more or less uniform in width; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, narrow, moderately elongate, strongly curved near middle; endotheca with about 8 large spines, basal pair very large and curved.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEA6822FEBDCB2289FAED2D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos, Rio Beija­flor, 22 ° 27.063 ' S, 43 ° 00.065 ' W, el 1125 m, 27. ii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP 000068474) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRASIL: Rio de Janeiro: — 2 females, same locality data as holotype (MZUSP); — 5 males, 1 female, Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos, Rio Paquequer, 22 ° 922 ' S, 42 ° 69.899 ' W, el 1000 m, 26. ii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP) (NMNH). Etymology. This species is named orgaosensis after the mountain range and park, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos, where the type specimens were collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEB6820FEBDCCF88C8EE885.taxon	description	Fig. 21 A – D This is a distinctive species, unlikely to be confused with any other species of Alterosa. The highly modified, apically forked tergum VIII of the male and the dorsoventrally flat­ tened, plate­like appendages of tergum IX are unique within Alterosa. However the modified tergum VIII has a somewhat analogous counterpart in the Chilean species, Sortosa duple x (Schmid) and S. dupliplex (Flint). Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 7.5 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply mesally excavate, with long paired rod­like projections, each forked at midlength and with flanking spines along inner margin of each branch. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X tapered from base, basally with weakly developed mesal crest, apex sensillate, subacute as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendages appearing rod­like, each extending nearly length of tergum and terminating with distinct apical seta. Lateral margins of tergum IX heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, forming greatly enlarged, slightly scabrous, dorsoventrally flattened plates, extending nearly length of tergum X, apices acute. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, elongate, with scant setae on lateral margin; apex acute, with apical seta not enlarged or modified. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively narrow and uniform in width, scarcely narrower at base than apex of 1 st article, distinctly flattened on mesal surface; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae and additional scattered short setae on mesal surface. Phallobase tubular, narrow, moderately elongate, angularly flexed and abruptly narrowed from basal third; endotheca (internally) with tract of numerous small spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEB6820FEBDCCF88C8EE885.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRASIL: Minas Gerais: Cachoeira do Abacaxi, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12.270 ' S, 43 ° 38.163 ' W, el 1120 m, 30. ix. 2002, Paprocki, Braga, Salgado, (UMSP 000091521) (MZUSP). Etymology. I am pleased to name this species paprockii for Henrique Paprocki, my good friend and fellow trichopterist, who collected the holotype specimen of this very unusual species.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE96826FEBDCF6A8E3EEF4D.taxon	description	Fig. 22 A – D This species is similar to Alterosa escova, A. flinti, A. fluminensis, and A. marinonii, all of which have similarly developed inferior appendages and highly modified and enlarged preanal appendages armed with spine­like setae. From all except A. flinti (with which it occurs sympatrically), it differs in possessing elongate, apically setose lateral branches from the intermediate appendages. It differs from A. flinti primarily in the shape of the preanal appendage, which in A. sanctaeteresae is more elongate and bears a mesal pad­like process with short spines and a short apical process with spine­like setae. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5.2 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin slightly emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, extending sinuously from dorsum; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, mesal projection fused to tergum X, forming distinct, dorsoventrally flattened, apically rounded projection. Tergum X narrow, basolateral margins weakly protruding, subparallel in basal half, converging apically, in lateral profile undulate; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, branched basally, both branches rod­like, mesal branch much shorter, with acuminate apex, lateral branch with apex subacute, with brush of short, stiff setae. Preanal appendage greatly enlarged, wider at base than apex, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with loose spike of spine­like setae at apical third; apex rounded, not abruptly narrowed; preanal appendage basally with flange­like process bearing cluster of prominent, stalked, spinelike setae, process largely mesal to preanal appendage, forming rounded papillate, pad­like process bearing brush of setae from posterior margin. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, short, nearly as wide as long; 2 nd article longer than 1 st article, relatively wide, base nearly as wide as apex of 1 st article, apex only slightly enlarged; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short, narrowing apically, scarcely curved; endotheca with paired tracts of numerous short spines, spines slightly longer basally.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFE96826FEBDCF6A8E3EEF4D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: 24 km SE of Santa Teresa, el 280 m, 22. iv. 1977, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., (UMSP 000204555) (MZUSP). Etymology. This species is named sanctaeteresae after Santa Teresa, a municipality near the collection locality of the holotype specimen.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEF6824FEBDC9A28CFDED2D.taxon	description	Fig. 23 A – D	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEF6824FEBDC9A28CFDED2D.taxon	description	Adult. Color in alcohol, brown. Male forewing 6 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X with basolateral margins weakly protruding, apical half with margins subparallel, converging apically; rounded and distinctly enlarged in lateral view; tergum textured basolaterally, with scabrous cuticle and numerous small adpressed scale­like spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, forming elongate rod­like projection, nearly as long as tergum X; apex rounded, terminating with 2 or 3 apical spine­like setae. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection with distinct terminal seta. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, narrow, more than 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, narrow, relatively uniform in width, only slightly narrower at apex than apex of 1 st article; apex rounded, with small pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, relatively short and wide, scarcely curved; endotheca with numerous spines, most fine and relatively needle­like, in several apparent clusters.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFEF6824FEBDC9A28CFDED2D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: BRAZIL: São Paulo: — male Holotype, 3. xi. 1961, E. J. Fittkau, (NMNH).	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFED6824FEBDCBA28CC5EB18.taxon	description	Fig. 24 A – E This species differs from all other species of Alterosa by the short, knob­like intermediate appendages, studded with numerous short sensilla or sensilla­like projections, and also by the relatively widened, but not distinctly truncate, apex of the 2 nd article of the inferior appendage. Adult. Color overall, including legs palps and antennae, dark brown; wings sparsely and irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5 – 5.5 mm.; female 6.0 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII without posteromesal invagination. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin rounded and projecting, broadly apodeme­like; posterolateral margin distinctly invaginated dorsally, very broadly produced ventrally; tergum IX apparently absent. Tergum X elongate, relatively simple in structure, apex rounded and sensillate; preapically with acute, crest­like dorsal projection; basolaterally with broadly rounded wing­like expansions on either side, each expansion with acute spine­like projection at widest point. Intermediate appendage short, rounded, knob­like, apically with numerous short sensilla. Preanal appendage simple in structure, elongate narrow, slightly widened apically; surface with numerous minute seta­like scales and scattered setae, each in rather distinct dimple­like invagination. Inferior appendages elongate, relatively wide, 1 st article slightly flattened on mesal surface, 2 nd article distinctly, concavely so; 1 st article, as viewed laterally, wide basally, tapering slightly to apex; 2 nd article shorter and narrower than basal segment, widened apically, apex subequal in width to apex of 1 st article, rounded in lateral view; apicomesal margin of 2 nd article with pad of short peg­like setae, basomesal surface with several stout setae. Phallobase narrow, tubular, strongly flexed at base, gradually curved and narrowed apically; endotheca with numerous spines of different lengths, apparently arranged into several tracts; as viewed retracted in phallobase, with approximately 8 elongate basal spines, 7 shorter spines at midlength (2 strongly curved), and 6 small apical spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFED6824FEBDCBA28CC5EB18.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Parque Ecológica Spitzkopf, Rio Caeté above 1 st falls, 27 ° 00.35 ' S, 49 ° 06.70 ' W, el 170 m, 4. iii. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich, Paprocki, (UMSP 000033076) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: — 1 female, same locality data as holotype (MZUSP); — 1 male, Parque Ecológica Spitzkopf, confl. Rio Ouro & Rio Caeté, 27 ° 00.352 ' S, 49 ° 06.693 ' W, el 140 m, 3. iii. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich, Paprocki, (UMSP). Etymology. This species is named schadrackorum in honor of Mr. Hans Schadrack and his father, Udo, a great lover of nature, who began maintaining Spitzkopf as a protected area.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFF36839FEBDCB228E90E9E5.taxon	description	Fig. 25 A – D This species is unlike any other species of Alterosa and easily diagnosed by the structure of the intermediate appendages, which are unique in forming a compact cluster of elongate spines. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 6 – 6.9 mm.; female 7.1 – 7.5 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin moderately emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending no more than halfway to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, mesal projection narrow, extending hood­like, with scabrous dorsal surface texture, but without spines. Tergum X with rounded lateral margins; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, not or scarcely enlarged in lateral view; tergum basolaterally with minute spines. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, comprised of short mesal projection with 2 or 3 elongate spines and basolateral cluster of elongate spines, decreasing in size ventrally. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex abruptly narrowed, forming subacuminate projection, without apical seta. Inferior appendages robust; 1 st article, in lateral view, about one and a half times longer than wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, relatively wide, enlarged apically; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase relative short and evenly tubular, weakly curved at midlength; endotheca with about 5 or 6 large sclerotized spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFF36839FEBDCB228E90E9E5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Córrego Tripuí, 20 ° 23.364 ' S, 43 ° 32.541 ' W, el 1070 m, 21. xi. 1998, Paprocki, Braga, Amarante, (UMSP 000046796) (MZUSP). Paratype s: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: — 1 male, same locality data as holotype (NMNH); — 2 males, 2 females, Córrego da Serra de Ouro Fino, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12.371 ' S, 43 ° 38.581 ' W, el 1000 m, 8. x. 2000, Paprocki, Salgado, Isaac, (MZUSP), (UMSP). Etymology. This species is named tripuiensis after Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, the beautiful reserve where the holotype specimen was collected.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFF0683FFEBDCFE08F15EAF5.taxon	description	Fig. 26 A – E This species is similar only to A. schadrackorum in having the apices of the inferior appendages broadened and truncate, but in A. truncata they are much more distinctly so. The relative lengths of the articles of the inferior appendages, as well as the overall structure of the genitalia of these two species are otherwise entirely dissimilar. An additional diagnostically unique character for A. truncata is the structure of the intermediate appendages, which are elongate, narrow, and arched, each terminating in a very prominent apical lance­like seta. There is some minor variation among populations in the structure of tergum X, as shown in Fig. 26 A and 26 E. Adult. Color overall, dark brown; legs, palps, and antennae slightly paler, wings irregularly mottled with small light brown spots. Male forewing 5.5 – 7 mm.; female 6.1 – 7 mm. Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin deeply emarginate, emargination V­shaped and extending more than half way to anterior margin. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin broadly rounded; posteroventral margin greatly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion; tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X. Tergum X narrow, lateral margins subparallel; dorsally with mesally divided crest­like projection near base, with spine­like projections along each side of divided margin, apex of crest either undulate or serrate; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, rounded and slightly enlarged in lateral view, or with angular preapical projection. Intermediate appendage heavily sclerotized, elongate, extending past preanal appendages, narrow rod­like, but with strong basal curvature, narrowly paralleling lateral margins of tergum X; apex acute, terminating in apical spine­like seta, seta prominent, lance­like. Preanal appendage narrow, constricted basally, moderately elongate, not greatly modified, with scant setae and numerous minute seta­like spines; apex rounded, without apical seta, but frequently with 1 or 2 short, blunt, preapical projections from the ventral surface, fringed apically with minute spines. Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, about 2 x as long as wide, tapering apically; 2 nd article subequal in length to 1 st article, moderately wide, nearly as wide at base as apex of 1 st article; apex enlarged and subtruncate, with fringing pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae. Phallobase tubular, narrow, moderately elongate, with moderate basal inflection and slight curvature; endotheca with 2 obvious tracts of fine spines, one of longer needle­like spines and the other (ventral) of paired patches of shorter spines.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFF0683FFEBDCFE08F15EAF5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Estação Ecológica de Peti, Córrego Brucutu, 19 ° 52.995 ' S, 43 ° 22.452 W, 17. xi. 1998, Paprocki, Amarante, (UMSP 000046574) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: — 1 male, same locality data as holotype, (UMSP); — 2 males, Rio Mainarte, bridge on Cibrão road, 20 ° 27 ' 258 ' S, 43 ° 24.094 ' W, el 700 m, 19. ix. 1998, Paprocki, Amarante, (MZUSP); — 2 males, 2 females, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Rio Caparaó at Vale Verde, 20 ° 25.029 ' S, 41 ° 50.767 ' W, el 1350 m, 12 – 13. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP); São Paulo: — 1 male, 3 females, Cachoeira do Paredão, Lajeado, Serra do Bocaina, 22 ° 43.533 ' S, 44 ° 37.274 ' W, el 1550 m, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (MZUSP); — 3 males, Cachoeira do Principe, Lajeado, Serra do Bocaina, 22 ° 49.913 ' S, 44 ° 37.418 ' S, el 1560 m, 4. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP); — 1 male, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, small tributary on main park road, 22 ° 46.585 ' S, 44 ° 36.307 ' W, el 1560 m, 2 – 3. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather, (UMSP); — 1 male, Estacion Biológica Boraceia, Ribeirão Venerando, 26. i. 1974, Froehlich, (NMNH); — 1 male, Casa Grande, Pedeira, 15. xi. 1974, C. G. Froehlich, (NMNH). Etymology. This species is named truncata for its diagnostic, apically flattened and truncate inferior appendages.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
EC4BE952FFF56833FEBDCB858FCCEAF5.taxon	description	Characters useful for defining species relationships within Alterosa are primarily those of the male genitalia. Character polarity can be assessed most directly for those characters where the assumption of evolutionary progression from simple and generalized to complex and specialized can be applied. Species sharing what are implied to be derived character states are considered related. They are discussed below as five informally recognized species groups. The sanctipauli Group includes those taxa with a rounded basal protuberance on tergum X on which the cuticle is scabrously developed (Figs. 7 A, B; 8 A, B). A scabrous development is exceptionally absent in A. bocainae (Fig. 6 A, B), and both the lateral protuberance and scabrous cuticle are absent in A. truncata (Fig. 26 A, B). Species in the sanctipauli Group also have the apex of tergum X longitudinally narrowed and developed into a crest­like process (Figs. 7 A, 11 A). Many of the species also have paired longitudinal, serrate ridges on tergum X (Figs. 7 A, B; 17 B), although this character is not consistently present among all species. A possibly plesiomorphic character similarity is the shape of the inferior appendages, which are elongate, linear (Figs. 5 A, C; 16 A, C). Species placed here with confidence include: Alterosa beckeri, A. bocainae, A. boraceiae, A. caparaonensis, A. fimbriata, A. intervales, A. itatiaiae, and A. sanctipauli. Of these, A. caparaonensis, A. beckeri, and A. boraceiae all have the intermediate appendages branched basally (Figs. 5 A, B; 7 A, B, 8 A, B). A species less confidently placed in this group is Alterosa truncata (Fig. 26), without a basal scabrous protuberance on tergum X and with modified apices to the inferior appendages, but having paired longitudinal, serrate ridges on tergum X and also a tergum X with an apical crest­like development. Both of these latter characters are found within the sanctipauli Group and suggest the probable placement of A. truncata within this group. Two species that have a general similarity to the sanctipauli Group include Alterosa falcata and A. jordaensis. These species greatly resemble each other in the peculiar development of their intermediate appendages, which are arched and curved apically and comparatively unarmed (Figs. 10 A, B; 18 A, B). Both species also have a small number of large phallic spines (Figs. 10 D, 18 D). They, however, lack the defining characters of the above group, as well as apomorphic characters that would place them in or near some other group. I have separated these two species as the falcata Group. Another well­defined group is the marinonii Group including: Alterosa escova, A. flinti, A. fluminensis, A. marinonii, and A. sanctaeteresae. A defining character for the group includes the greatly modified and enlarged preanal appendages, which are widened basally and armed with stout, modified setae (Figs. 9 A, B; 19 A, B; 22 A, B). Character sim­ ilarities include the shape and structure of the inferior appendages, which have their basal segments bulbously rounded and their apical segments widened, each possessing a large pad of apicomesal setae (Figs. 9 A, C; 22 A, C), the structure of the intermediate appendages, which are similarly spine­like in all of the species (Figs. 9 A, B; 13 A, B), and the overall shape of segment IX (Figs. 9 A, 13 A, 19 A). Two species, A. flinti and A. sanctaeteresae, have an elongate lateral branch from the intermediate appendage that terminates with a brush of setae (Figs. 12 A, B; 22 A, B). A pair of superficially dissimilar species that nevertheless share some apomorphic character similarities include Alterosa holzenthali and A. paprockii. These are referred to here as the holzenthali Group. Both species have the posterolateral margin of tergum IX extending shelf­like over the base of tergum X (Figs. 15 A, B; 21 A, B) and both also have very narrow, pencil­like intermediate appendages closely apposed to the lateral margin of tergum X, each with a spine­like apical seta (Figs. 15 B, 21 B). The two species also have similarly developed inferior appendages, with the second article longer than the first and somewhat flattened on the mesal surface (Figs. 15 C, 21 C). Armature in the phallic apparatus is absent in A. holzenthali (Fig. 15 D) and reduced in A. paprockii (Fig. 21 D). While they are similar to each other, there are no obvious characters for placing these species within or near one of the other species groups. The guapimirim Group is more heterogeneous than the other groups recognized above and it is possible that it may not prove to be monophyletic. I have place here four species, A. guapimirim, A. orgaosensis, A. schadrackorum, and A. tripuiensis. The first two are very similar and are clearly closely related. Both have a similarly developed, bulbously enlarged tergum X (Figs. 14 A, 20 A), similar preanal appendages, each with its apex concave and bearing a stout spine (Figs. 14 A, B; 20 A, B), similar concavely cupped bases to tergum X (Figs. 14 A, 20 A), and similarly shaped inferior appendages, with the second articles much shorter than the first (Figs. 14 A, C; 20 A, C). A relationship of these species to A. tripuiensis is suggested by the development of the base of tergum IX, which is similarly laterally compressed and extends over the base of tergum X (Figs. 20 A, B; 25 A, B). General similarities of A. schadrackorum to A. tripuiensis suggested its probable placement in this group, as for instance an overall similarity of the shape of segment IX (Figs. 24 A, 25 A), a similarity of the inferior appendages, with the second article shorter than the first and widened apically (Figs. 24 A, C; 25 A, C), and the form of the intermediate appendages, which are very short and rounded in both species (Figs. 24 A, B; 25 A, B). The placement of both Alterosa schadrackorum and A. tripuiensis within the guapimirim Group is admittedly speculative.	en	Blahnik Table Of Contents, Roger J. (2005): Alterosa, a new caddisfly genus from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 991 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.991.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.991.1.1
