taxonID	type	description	language	source
0A4A53B750CAC397400748DE6A61CCE5.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 2 genera with 3 species: Genus Elephas Linnaeus 1758 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Loxodonta Anonymous 1827 (2 species)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A4A53B750CAC397400748DE6A61CCE5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Maglio (1973).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF1F30AC185C01775BDC1EB22B707F43.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF1F30AC185C01775BDC1EB22B707F43.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798 Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. sumatranus Temminck 1847	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Zeylonae " [Sri Lanka].	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798 Subspecies Elephas maximus subsp. sumatranus Temminck 1847	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Thirteen countries in SE Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See Shoshani and Eisenberg (1982, Mammalian Species, 182), who identified three subspecies of the Asian elephant: E. m. sumatranus from the island of Sumatra, E. m. indicus from mainland Asia, and E. m. maximus from the island of Sri Lanka. See also Deraniyagala (1955). Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002) suggested that based on small measurements and restricted ear depigmentation, the Malay elephant (hirsutus Lydekker 1914) and the Borneo elephant (borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950) should be synonyms of sumatranus Temminck, 1847. Similarly, based on geographic grounds, the Javan elephant (sondaicus Deraniyagala, 1953) should be a synonym of sumatranus Temminck, 1847. This is not followed because the Sumatran elephant is distinguished from other Asian subspecies by its 20 instead of 19 pairs of ribs. In addition, the elephants of Borneo are believed to be feral descendants introduced in the 1750 ’ s (details in Shoshani and Eisenberg, 1982). E. m. sondaicus was designated by subfossil tooth from Java (Deraniyagala, 1955: 41), no other data such as number of ribs is given. Based on DNA isolated from dung, Fernando et al. (2003) concluded that elephants from Sabah and Sarawak (Borneo) are " genetically distinct, with molecular divergence indicative of a Pleistocene colonisation of Borneo and subsequent isolation. " These authors suggested, however " that a formal reinstatement of the subspecies E. m. borneensis await a detailed morphological analysis of Borneo elephants and their comparison with other populations. " E. m. borneensis was first described by Deraniyagala in 1950. I concur with Fernando et al. ' s (2003) opinion that there should also be morphological differences among the recognized Asian elephant subspecies. Characters suggested by Deraniyagala (1955) and by Shoshani (2000) include: overall body size, ear size, tusk size and shape (e. g., straight vs. curved), number of ribs (20 vs. 19 pairs), amount of bodily depigmentation, and habitat (forest vs. savanna).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7F4339D16FE79DED8FE1BFDEEACF82DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Zeylonae " [Sri Lanka].	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
90CC64BEDB7AC5DC050DCF624DDA3903.taxon	child_taxa	Families: 1 family with 2 genera and 3 species: Family Elephantidae Gray 1821 (2 genera with 3 species and 3 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
90CC64BEDB7AC5DC050DCF624DDA3903.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Traditionally (since Illiger, 1811) the category or rank of " Order " has been used for Proboscidea. In 1997 McKenna, Bell et al., following cladistic classification, proposed a new category – " Parvorder " for PROBOSCIDEA. For ‘ stability’ I retained the ordinal category, even though the category parvorder conveys a cladistic message.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Restricted to the Orange River, South Africa by Pohle (1926; see Allen, 1939).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Sub-Saharan, except C and W coast of Africa, including 30 countries from Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II for Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, Appendix I for other African countries; U. S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955). The name cornaliae (Aradas, 1870) is based on a Loxodonta molar from Catania, Sicily, and inferentially was a Carthaginian import (C. Groves, pers comm., 2002). The North African names (berbericus, hannibali, pharaohensis) were placed in this synonymy instead of under L. cyclotis per suggestion of Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Elephas africanus Blumenbach 1797	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species: Species Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797) Species Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The spelling in the original publication was " Loxodonte " [F. Cuvier, 1825, in E. Geoffroy St. - Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, 3 (52): 2]. " Loxodonte " was latinized in 1827 (author unknown) to read Loxodonta, and has been accepted in his form. Following Article 11 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), the format of " Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827 " is accepted. See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Yaunde, S Cameroon.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: C and W coast of Africa, including 21 countries from Senegal in the west to Uganda in the east.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I (as included in L. africana); U. S. ESA – Threatened (as included in L. africana); IUCN – Endangered (as included in L. africana).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92), where cyclotis was treated as a subspecies of L. africana. Grubb et al. (2000) presented morphological and some molecular data in support of upgrading cyclotis to a species category, separate species from africana, corroborating earlier hypothesis that Loxodonta cyclotis and L. africana are distinct species. Further, Grubb et al. (2000) supported the hypothesis that L. cyclotis is morphologically more primitive than L. africana. Roca et al. (2001) provided genetic evidence for two species in Africa. Evidence provided by Debruyne (2003), however, suggests that the African Forest Elephant and the African Bush Elephant are only subspecifically distinct – this taxonomic question has not yet been resolved.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
