identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A4A53B750CAC397400748DE6A61CCE5.text	0A4A53B750CAC397400748DE6A61CCE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantidae Gray 1821	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elephantidae Gray 1821</p>
            <p> Elephantidae Gray 1821 , London Med. Repos., 15: 305. </p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Elephantida Haeckel 1866 . </p>
            <p>Genera: 2 genera with 3 species:</p>
            <p> Genus  Elephas Linnaeus 1758 (1 species with 3 subspecies) </p>
            <p> Genus  Loxodonta Anonymous 1827 (2 species) </p>
            <p>Discussion: Revised by Maglio (1973).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A4A53B750CAC397400748DE6A61CCE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF1F30AC185C01775BDC1EB22B707F43.text	BF1F30AC185C01775BDC1EB22B707F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephas Linnaeus 1758	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elephas Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Elephas Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 33. </p>
            <p> Type Species:  Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Elephantus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier 1795 . </p>
            <p>Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies:</p>
            <p> Species  Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. sumatranus Temminck 1847</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF1F30AC185C01775BDC1EB22B707F43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.text	7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 33. </p>
            <p> Type Locality:  "Zeylonae" [Sri Lanka].</p>
            <p>Vernacular Names: Asian Elephant.</p>
            <p>Subspecies::</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798</p>
            <p> Subspecies  Elephas maximus subsp. sumatranus Temminck 1847</p>
            <p>Distribution: Thirteen countries in SE Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east.</p>
            <p>Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.</p>
            <p> Discussion: See Shoshani and Eisenberg (1982, Mammalian Species, 182), who identified three subspecies of the Asian elephant: E. m. sumatranus from the island of Sumatra, E. m. indicus from mainland Asia, and E. m.  maximus from the island of Sri Lanka. See also Deraniyagala (1955). Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002) suggested that based on small measurements and restricted ear depigmentation, the Malay elephant (hirsutus Lydekker 1914) and the Borneo elephant (borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950) should be synonyms of sumatranus Temminck, 1847. Similarly, based on geographic grounds, the Javan elephant (sondaicus Deraniyagala, 1953) should be a synonym of sumatranus Temminck, 1847. This is not followed because the Sumatran elephant is distinguished from other Asian subspecies by its 20 instead of 19 pairs of ribs. In addition, the elephants of Borneo are believed to be feral descendants introduced in the 1750’s (details in Shoshani and Eisenberg, 1982). E. m. sondaicus was designated by subfossil tooth from Java (Deraniyagala, 1955:41), no other data such as number of ribs is given. Based on DNA isolated from dung, Fernando et al. (2003) concluded that elephants from Sabah and Sarawak (Borneo) are "genetically distinct, with molecular divergence indicative of a Pleistocene colonisation of Borneo and subsequent isolation." These authors suggested, however "that a formal reinstatement of the subspecies E. m. borneensis await a detailed morphological analysis of Borneo elephants and their comparison with other populations." E. m. borneensis was first described by Deraniyagala in 1950. I concur with Fernando et al.'s (2003) opinion that there should also be morphological differences among the recognized Asian elephant subspecies. Characters suggested by Deraniyagala (1955) and by Shoshani (2000) include: overall body size, ear size, tusk size and shape (e.g., straight vs. curved), number of ribs (20 vs. 19 pairs), amount of bodily depigmentation, and habitat (forest vs. savanna). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7078FE857E0FD8A00F7B814469431FD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
611EBC3EA8287CD8960E4E43C5163926.text	611EBC3EA8287CD8960E4E43C5163926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elephas maximus subsp. indicus Cuvier 1798</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Elephas maximus subsp. asurus Deraniyagala 1950 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. bengalensis de Blainville 1845 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. birmanicus Deraniyagala 1951 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. borneensis Deraniyagala 1950 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. dakhunensis Deraniyagala 1950 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. dauntela Falconer and Cautley 1847 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. gigas Perry 1811 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. heterodactylus Hodgson 1841 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. hirsutus Lydekker 1914 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. isodactylus Hodgson 1841 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. mukna Falconer and Cautley 1847 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. persicus Deraniyagala 1950 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. ruber Deraniyagala 1951 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. rubridens Deraniyagala 1950 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. sichiaoshanensis Wang, J-k 1978 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. sondaicus Deraniyagala 1953 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/611EBC3EA8287CD8960E4E43C5163926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7F4339D16FE79DED8FE1BFDEEACF82DF.text	7F4339D16FE79DED8FE1BFDEEACF82DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758</p>
            <p> Elephas maximus subsp. maximus Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 33. </p>
            <p> Type Locality:  "Zeylonae" [Sri Lanka].</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Elephas maximus subsp. asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. ceylanicus de Blainville 1845 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. zeylanicus Lydekker 1907 ;  Elephas maximus subsp. vilaliya Deraniyagala 1939 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F4339D16FE79DED8FE1BFDEEACF82DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
90CC64BEDB7AC5DC050DCF624DDA3903.text	90CC64BEDB7AC5DC050DCF624DDA3903.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proboscidea Illiger 1811	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Proboscidea Illiger 1811</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Proboscidiae Gray 1821 ;  Probosciformes Kinman 1994 . </p>
            <p>Families: 1 family with 2 genera and 3 species:</p>
            <p> Family  Elephantidae Gray 1821 (2 genera with 3 species and 3 subspecies) </p>
            <p> Discussion: Traditionally (since Illiger, 1811) the category or rank of "Order" has been used for  Proboscidea . In 1997 McKenna, Bell et al., following cladistic classification, proposed a new category – "Parvorder" for  PROBOSCIDEA . For ‘stability’ I retained the ordinal category, even though the category parvorder conveys a cladistic message. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90CC64BEDB7AC5DC050DCF624DDA3903	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.text	27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797)</p>
            <p> [Elephas] africana Blumenbach 1797 , Handb. Naturgesch., 5th ed.: 125. </p>
            <p> Type Locality:  Restricted to the Orange River, South Africa by Pohle (1926; see Allen, 1939).</p>
            <p>Vernacular Names: African Bush Elephant.</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Loxodonta angolensis Frade 1928 ;  Loxodonta berbericus Seurat 1930 ;  Loxodonta capensis (G. Cuvier 1798) ;  Loxodonta cavendishi (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta cornaliae (Aradas 1870) ;  Loxodonta hannibali (Deraniyagala 1953) ;  Loxodonta knochenhaueri (Matschie 1900) ;  Loxodonta mocambicus (Frade 1924) ;  Loxodonta orleansi (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta oxyotis Matschie 1900 ;  Loxodonta peeli (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta pharaohensis Deraniyagala 1948 ;  Loxodonta rothschildi (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta selousi (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta toxotis (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta typicus Blumenbach 1797 ;  Loxodonta zukowskyi Strand 1924 . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sub-Saharan, except C and W coast of Africa, including 30 countries from Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east.</p>
            <p>Conservation: CITES – Appendix II for Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, Appendix I for other African countries; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered.</p>
            <p> Discussion: See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955). The name  cornaliae (Aradas, 1870) is based on a  Loxodonta molar from Catania, Sicily, and inferentially was a Carthaginian import (C. Groves, pers comm., 2002). The North African names (  berbericus ,  hannibali ,  pharaohensis ) were placed in this synonymy instead of under  L. cyclotis per suggestion of Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/27A2D6A99D5AC884BE1B2AE603BA6124	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B.text	5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxodonta Anonymous 1827	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Loxodonta Anonymous 1827</p>
            <p> Loxodonta Anonymous 1827 , Zool. J., 3: 140. </p>
            <p> Type Species:  Elephas africanus Blumenbach 1797</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Loxodon Falconer 1857 . </p>
            <p>Species and subspecies: 2 species:</p>
            <p> Species  Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797)</p>
            <p> Species  Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900</p>
            <p> Discussion: The spelling in the original publication was "Loxodonte" [F. Cuvier, 1825, in E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, 3(52):2]. "Loxodonte" was latinized in 1827 (author unknown) to read  Loxodonta , and has been accepted in his form. Following Article 11 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), the format of "  Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827 " is accepted. See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5135E20D31F9C9577FC41E78CA79062B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.text	9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900</p>
            <p> Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 , Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin: 194. </p>
            <p> Type Locality:  Yaunde, S Cameroon.</p>
            <p>Vernacular Names: African Forest Elephant.</p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Loxodonta albertensis (Lydekker 1907) ;  Loxodonta cottoni (Lydekker 1908) ;  Loxodonta fransseni (Schouteden 1914) ;  Loxodonta pumilio (Noack 1906) . </p>
            <p>Distribution: C and W coast of Africa, including 21 countries from Senegal in the west to Uganda in the east.</p>
            <p> Conservation: CITES – Appendix I (as included in  L. africana ); U.S. ESA – Threatened (as included in  L. africana ); IUCN – Endangered (as included in  L. africana ). </p>
            <p> Discussion: See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92), where  cyclotis was treated as a subspecies of  L. africana . Grubb et al. (2000) presented morphological and some molecular data in support of upgrading  cyclotis to a species category, separate species from  africana , corroborating earlier hypothesis that  Loxodonta cyclotis and  L. africana are distinct species. Further, Grubb et al. (2000) supported the hypothesis that  L. cyclotis is morphologically more primitive than  L. africana . Roca et al. (2001) provided genetic evidence for two species in Africa. Evidence provided by Debruyne (2003), however, suggests that the African Forest Elephant and the African Bush Elephant are only subspecifically distinct – this taxonomic question has not yet been resolved. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9250F310846F6D48CDB44CB2D22F3AF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wilson, Don E.;Reeder, DeeAnn	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Proboscidea. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 90-91, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
