taxonID	type	description	language	source
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. In Carolina, [no collector given], 469.1 (LINN!, lectotype designated by Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 390, 1906)	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	description	Trillium hamosum Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 101. 1830. Type: — In the Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania, discovered by Steinhauer. Type not located. Trillium medium Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 102. 1830. Type: — from New England south to Virginia. Type not located.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Basionym: Trillium erectum var. declinatum A. Gray, Manual [Gray], ed 5: 523. 1867. Type: — USA. 1863, Robbins s. n. (holotype,: GH 00030145 digital image!; isotypes, GH 00030146 digital image!, MO- 104984!).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Patrick annotated MO 104984 as Trillium cernuum, against which Gray (1867) compared his var. declinatum in the protologue. The name at species level is preceded by T. declinatum Raf., which is T. catesbaei, and Fernald (1932) provided the new name T. gleasonii. Patrick also annotated NY 00319876 (!) as lectotype but never published this. This collection, NY 00319876, was annotated by Patrick as T. flexipes. This may have been one of the specimens that Gray (1867) used as part of his description of var. declinatum, but he cited only collections by Robbins from Lake Superior with no mention of additional specimens in his description of var. declinatum. Fernald (1932) later provided a new name, T. gleasonii, because T. declinatum Raf. preceded T. declinatum (A. Gray) Gleason. We here assign this concept to T. cernuum.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	discussion	Note: — Eames & Wiegand (1923) discussed variation in T. cernuum.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CANADA: Quebec: Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean (Quebec), Saguenay, Ilets-Jermie, 48 ° 53 ’ N- 68 ° 48 ’ W, 12 Jul 1973, Cayouette 73 - 418 (holotype: not located; isotypes: DAO 000466224 digital image!, CM 0491 digital image!, GH 00030151 digital image!, MICH 1192833 digital image!, NY 00319873 digital image!, US 00288583 digital image!).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CANADA. Quebec: Comté de Gaspé-quest, Mont-Saint-Pierre, 49 ° 13 ’ N- 65 ° 49 ’ 0. Erablière à bouléau jaune, en flanc de côteau, exposition sud-est. 13 Jun 1973, Cayouette & Quattara 73 - 145 (holotype ” QFA; isotypes: CM 0360 digital image!, DAO 000466223 digital image!, GH 00030150 digital image!, MICH 1192832 digital image!, NY 00319872 digital image!, US 00288582 digital image!).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	discussion	Note: — Patrick annotated PH 00028390 as lectotype. We formalize this designation here.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. Habitat in Virginia, s. d., s. coll (LINN!, lectotype designated by Reveal, Phytologia 72: 1 – 4, 1992).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.taxon	discussion	Note: — This name is based on Michaux’s T. rhomboideum var. album. Pursh (1814) based his new combination on Michaux’s name, but this appears to have been without observation of Michaux’s type gathering because it (at P) is evidently T. rugelii (see below), whereas the K specimen of T. erectum var. album Pursh is a white-flowered form of T. erectum.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.taxon	discussion	Note: — Clute (1905) discussed the default name for the type color form, reddish, and the necessity, if it was at all worthy of formal description, to name the color forms that are different from the typical color form and often co-occur with one or more color forms.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Within populations of T. erectum and its close relative T. sulcatum, plants can exhibit an array of floral color variation and orientation. Variation is often found regionally where the characters are consistent, but there are regions also where great variability within a single population has been observed. For instance, in the southern Appalachians, flowers can be white, greenish, yellow, pink, and typical maroon. The typical predominant color form is maroon, but in the Southern Appalachians white forms exist in large uniform colonies (see also T. simile). In most populations, a single color is predominant with only occasional other colors, whereas other populations can have a mixture. The position of the flower can also vary from the typical form with erect peduncles and the flowers held facing outward, but some populations have the peduncles held horizontally in plane with the leaves, declining below the plane of the leaves, or pendent like those of T. rugelii or T. vaseyi. This variation we consider to be normal and do not recognize formal designations based on color or flower position in most cases. An exception, if found to be genetically distinct, are the large white flowered plants forming uniform populations in some regions of the Southern Appalachians (see also under T. simile).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76FE46406CF9B6.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. Kentucky: s. d., Rafinesque s. n., (P 1776245 digital image!, lectotype, designated here). Rafinesque (1840) described Trillium flexipes from plants in “ West Kentucky and Tennessee ” with sessile leaves, 3 - nerved, the peduncle “ inclinato flexuoso, ” lanceolate-acuminate sepals and white obovate-acute petals. No collector was provided in his description, but it was presumably one of his. A specimen at P (P 01776245) from the Durand Herbarium has a label that provides only “ Kentucky, Rafinesque. ” Given that this is the only likely type material that we have located, we have designated this as the lectotype. Heterotypic synonyms: Trillium album Small, in part, see under T. rugelii.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76F9524750F896.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CANADA. British Columbia: near Boat Basin, Hesquiat Harbour, west coast of Vancouver Island, elev. 2000 ft., 1938, Hibberson s. n. (holotype: UBC!). Homotypic synonyms: Trillium ovatum Pursh var. hibbersonii (T. M. C. Taylor & Szczaw.) G. W. Douglas & P. Pojar, Canad. Field-Naturalist 115: 343. 2001. Trillium hibbersonii Wiley, nom. nud., Rare wildflowers of North America. 1968.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6051FF76F8724704FCFA.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. North Carolina: on the mountains of the Broad River, Mar 1841, Rugel s. n. (BM 327335 & BM 001009870 [one sheet] digital image!, lectotype, designated here; isolectotypes: E 00346019 digital image!). Heterotypic synonyms: Trillium affine Rendle, J. Bot. 39: 334. 1901. Type: — USA. Georgia: s. d., Rugel s. n. (holotype: BM 000547280 digital image!) Trillium album (Michx.) Small, Fl. S. E. US. 278. 1903. Basionym: Trillium rhomboideum var. album Michx., Fl-Bor. - Amer. 1: 215. 1803. Type: — P 00730404 digital image!, lectotype, designated here) (see also T. erectum).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6051FF76F8724704FCFA.taxon	description	Notes: — Trillium rugelii was described in 1901 by Rendle from a Rugel collection at BM. In the protologue, he stated “ Specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit. ” There is one sheet at BM that has two stems, one of which was selected as a lectotype, as noted on the annotation label by Patrick (c. 1981), but this typification was never formally published. The stem on the upper left was selected as the lectotype by Patrick and the stem on the right was selected as an isolectotype despite the presence of a single collection label. The ICN rules (ICN 8.2) state that this should be treated as a single gathering. Thus, we select the sheet at BM as the lectotype (BM 327335 & BM 001009870). The combination T. album was made by Small (1903). The basionym was Michaux’s T. rhomboideum var. album, which was based on specimens that are in fact T. rugelii. Here, we typify the name T. rhomboideum var. album and designate the specimen at P (00730404) as the lectotype of T. rhomboideum var. album. Notes: — Case (1997) reported differences in fragrance between the forms in the Southern Appalachians vs. plants from the middle and northern parts of Alabama. He described them as strongly fragrant of old garden roses but did not mention that of the mountain plants. Observations by AF of T. rugelii from Tennessee south to Alabama and east to South Carolina have shown that floral fragrance is variable and often similar to some forms of foamflower (Tiarella), fragrant violets, or Cyclamen. The intensity of the fragrance varies over the distribution, but the floral fragrance is often stronger in more southern populations.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBD6051FF76FC9640FAF830.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. North Carolina: moist woodlands near Tryon, 28 April 1904, Gleason 14933 - a (holotype: NY 00051079 digital image!). Homotypic synonyms: Trillium vaseyi var. simile (Gleason) Barksdale, J. Elisah Mitchell Sci. Soc. 54: 285. 1938. Trillium erectum var. vaseyi f. simile (Gleason) Ahles, J. Elisah Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172. 1964. Notes: — The concept of T. simile has been greatly expanded and the morphological characters misapplied since its description. Gleason (1906) compared T. simile to T. rugelii in his description and diagnosis of this new species, stating it differed by its longer stamens, yellow anthers (vs. purple), and proportionately longer filaments. Gleason was familiar with T. rugelii and its typical habit of declining to reflexed flowers held beneath the leaves, so his comparison of this novelty suggests that the type gathering of T. simile had flowers held beneath the leaves. In his description, he even stated that the peduncles were “ declined or cernuous ” (Gleason 1906). Barksdale (1938) placed T. simile at varietal status under T. vaseyi, also confirming the original concept of Gleason (1906) that the flowers were pendent. Barksdale (1938) was confident that T. simile was merely a color variant of T. vaseyi occurring in mixed populations with the white form being rare but also in isolated uniformly white-flowered populations. Peattie (1927) argued that T. simile has erect peduncles, but sometimes declined flowers based on the type gathering and his field experience. Although the type at NY does have the flowers in an upright position, it is not apparent whether this is due to a pressing artifact or the plants truly having erect peduncles. The current concept is that of a large plant, with erect peduncles, large creamy-white petals that usually are overlapping at their bases, a dark ovary, and yellow pollen (Case & Case 1997, Case 1997). Forms like this occur throughout the Southern Appalachians (Case 1997). Some specimens have been observed in herbaria that share this morphology from Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia (AF pers. obs.). Barksdale (1938) said that Small’s (1933) treatment could apply to nearly any white-flowered erect Trillium with a dark ovary, and it appears that the current concept does not match the type based on the protologue in which Gleason (1906) compared his new species to T. rugelii. Floral fragrance in Trillium has been used as a field character when comparing related species. Peattie (1927), Small (1933), Case (1997), and others have mentioned the sweet or delicious floral scent of T. simile, which the authors have observed on various erect and reflexed forms in the Southern Appalachians that fit both concepts of T. simile. A form that is common in and around the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee) at lower elevations on rich mesic slopes has been considered the typical form with large creamy-white, erect flowers (Case & Case 1997), but this form has a fragrance identical to that of the higher elevation reddish forms of T. erectum, i. e., wet dog or egg whites. Forms with erect peduncles have been observed with a sweet applelike fragrance, and declining forms observed in western North Carolina and northern Georgia have been observed with a distinctive spicy clove-like or a tea rose-like fragrance. Like T. flexipes, it may be that the fragrance changes temporally over the flowering period to attract potential pollinators or to even deter herbivory, and that the volatiles producing the fragrance vary during the day due to temperature. In addition to the fragrance difference, T. simile differs from T. erectum in its much longer filaments and anthers that surpass the ovaries, but there has never been a wide-range study that surveys this character and its taxonomic value. Molecular analyses of T. subg. Trillium may resolve this complex of white-flowered species.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. Tennessee: Grundy Co., rich bouldery woods at base of N-facing slope near Deer Lick Falls in Layne Cove, elev. ca. 420 m, western escarpment Cumberland Plateau, 2 km due N of Monteagle, 21 Apr 1980, Patrick, Perkins & Horn 1122 (holotype: TENN!; isotypes: BH, DUKE 10000089 digital image!, GH 00030175 digital image!, MO- 104974!, NCU 00000629 digital image!, NY 00319900 digital image!, UNA, US 00406395 digital image!).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48.taxon	discussion	Note: — This name was published without a Latin diagnosis and is thus invalid. The date of collection is given as “ 1934 ” on plants. jstor. org, but the specimen labels read 1937.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48.taxon	discussion	Notes: — This species is similar to T. erectum but occurs mostly occurs to the west, largely on the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky, Tennessee and adjacent Alabama. The two are sympatric in a small portion of their distributions in eastern Kentucky, north-eastern Tennessee, south-western Virginia, and north-western North Carolina along the Blue Ridge escarpment of the Southern Appalachians. In some cases, the two species are hard to separate based and may be better regarded as a single variable species with a broad range of variation and similarities in floral fragrance and habitat preferences. However, in cultivation, lower-elevation T. sulcatum is a better garden plant and more vigorous. In the Ridge and Valley of Tennessee, white-flowered forms in uniform populations have been misidentified as T. flexipes, but these forms have dark ovaries and the wet-dog floral fragrance of the typical forms (AF pers. obs.).	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FC024090F97B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — USA. North Carolina: M. N. Caro, 1878, Vasey s. n. (US 00091979 digital image!, lectotype, designated here: isolectotypes: F 0046074 F digital image!, GH 00030177 digital image!, NY 00319910 digital image!, NY 00319911 digital image!, P 01776194 digital image!, PH 00028410 digital image!). Homotypic synonym: Trillium erectum var. vaseyi (Harbison) Ahles, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172. 1964. Heterotypic synonym: Trillium vaseyi f. album House, Muhlenbergia 6: 73. 1910. Type: — USA. North Carolina: Haywood Co., No. Pigeon Gap Trail, 4000 ft. alt., 9 May 1909, House 4146 (holotype: US 00091980 digital image!). Notes: — Harbison (1901) named Trillium vaseyi for G. R. Vasey, who collected this species in the North Carolina mountains in 1878. There are many specimens collected by Vasey in several herbaria. The Biltmore Herbarium was transferred to US, and we select the US collection (00091979) as the lectotype. One of the duplicates at NY (00319911) has a collection number of “ No 477 ” handwritten on the preprinted labels similar to that of most other duplicates. We consider this to be an isolectotype despite the collection number on the label. Annotations on NCU 00000631 were noted by Patrick, and he considered this a syntype because Harbison had labeled it “ co-type. ” No other collection was mentioned in the protologue aside from Vasey’s gathering.	en	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
