identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.text	E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium cernuum L.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium cernuum L. , Sp. Pl. 1: 339–340. 1753 </p>
            <p>  Type :— USA. In Carolina, [no collector given], 469.1 (LINN!, lectotype designated by Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 390, 1906) </p>
            <p> Heterotypic synonyms:  Trillium brevipetalum Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 100. 1830. Type:—Near the lakes, Ontario and Erie. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium glaucum Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 102. 1830.   Type:—  In Pennsylvania  ,  near Philadelphia, Maryland, Virginia , “&amp; c.”.” Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium hamosum 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 101. 1830. Type:—In the  Pocono Mountains , Pennsylvania, discovered by Steinhauer. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium medium Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 102. 1830. Type:—from New England south to Virginia. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium declinatum (A.Gray) Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 389. 1906. nom. illeg. </p>
            <p>  Basionym :  Trillium erectum var. declinatum A.Gray , Manual [Gray], ed 5: 523. 1867. Type:— USA. 1863, Robbins s.n. (holotype,: GH 00030145 digital image!; isotypes, GH00030146 digital image!, MO-104984!)  . </p>
            <p> Notes:— Patrick annotated MO 104984 as  Trillium cernuum , against which Gray (1867) compared his  var. declinatum in the protologue. The name at species level is preceded by  T. declinatum Raf. , which is  T. catesbaei , and Fernald (1932) provided the new name  T. gleasonii . Patrick also annotated NY00319876(!) as lectotype but never published this. This collection, NY00319876, was annotated by Patrick as  T. flexipes . This may have been one of the specimens that Gray (1867) used as part of his description of  var. declinatum , but he cited only collections by Robbins from Lake Superior with no mention of additional specimens in his description of  var. declinatum . Fernald (1932) later provided a new name,  T. gleasonii , because  T. declinatum Raf. preceded  T. declinatum (A.Gray) Gleason. We here assign this concept to  T. cernuum . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium cernuum 
var. macranthum Eames &amp; Wiegand
, Rhodora
 25: 191. 1923. Type:— USA. New York: Tompkins,  Valley of Fall Creek ,  Round Marshes (Gracie’s Swamp) and vicinity,  Dryden , low woods, north end of marshes, 31 May 1914, Eames &amp; MacDaniels 2012 (holotype: GH00030148!; isotypes: CM0361 digital image!, F0046068 F digital image!, MIN1002612 digital image!, S-G-7311 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Note:— Eames &amp; Wiegand (1923) discussed variation in  T. cernuum . </p>
            <p> Trillium cernuum f. viride Cayoutte &amp; Cayoutte, Naturaliste Canad. 111: 326. 1984. </p>
            <p>
                  Type:— CANADA: Quebec: Saguenay –Lac-Saint-Jean (Quebec),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.8/lat 48.883335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.883335">Saguenay</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.8/lat 48.883335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.883335">Ilets-Jermie</a>
                 , 48°53’N- 68°48’W, 12 Jul 1973, Cayouette 73-418 (holotype: not located; isotypes: DAO000466224 digital image!, CM0491 digital image!, GH00030151 digital image!, MICH1192833 digital image!, NY00319873 digital image!, US00288583 digital image!)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Trillium cernuum f. marginatum Cayouette &amp; Cayouette, Naturaliste Canad. 111: 326. 1984. </p>
            <p>  Type:— CANADA. Quebec:  Comté de Gaspé-quest , Mont-Saint-Pierre, 49°13’ N-65°49’0. Erablière à bouléau jaune, en flanc de côteau, exposition sud-est. 13 Jun 1973, Cayouette &amp; Quattara 73-145 (holotype ” QFA;  isotypes: CM0360 digital image!, DAO000466223 digital image!, GH 00030150 digital image!, MICH1192832 digital image!, NY00319872 digital image!, US00288582 digital image!) . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium cernuum 
f. tangerae Wherry
,
 Bartonia 23: 49. 1945. Type:— USA. Pennsylvania: Adams County, 2 miles west-southwest of  Iron Springs , moist rocky woods, 5 May 1945,  Wherry s.n. (holotype: PH 00028390, lectotype designated here, digital image!; isolectotype: PH 00028389 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Note:—   Patrick annotated PH 00028390 as lectotype. We formalize this designation here  . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium cernuum 
var. terrae
-novae 
Boivin , Rhodora 55: 101–102. 1953.  Type :— CANADA.  Newfoundland : west coast near  Stephensville , west side of E. Harmon Air Force Base, in wet black soil under Alder bushes, 9 June 1949, Bassett 293 (holotype: DAO 000466288 digital image!). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFB86057FF76FC2F4266FE36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.text	E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium erectum L.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium erectum L. , Sp. Pl. 1: 340. 1753. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA.  Habitat in Virginia, s.d., s.coll (LINN!, lectotype designated by Reveal, Phytologia 72: 1–4, 1992)  . </p>
            <p>Heterotypic synonyms:</p>
            <p> Trillium pendulum Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin iii, 421. 1801. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium rhomboideum var. atropurpureum Michx ,. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 215. 1803. Invalid name. </p>
            <p> Trillium rhomboideum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 215–216. 1803. nom. superfl., cited  T. erectum L. as synonym. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium foetidum 
Salisb., Parad. Lond. Tt. 35. 1805. Type:— USA. Virginia: Bartram s.n. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium acuminatum Raf. , Med. Repos. 5: 361. 1808. Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium album Small , in part, see  T. rugelii . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
var. album (Michx.) Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 245. 1814.  Type :— North America. Sep., Michaux s.n. (holotype: P 00730404 digital image). </p>
            <p> Note:— This name is based on Michaux’s  T. rhomboideum var. album . Pursh (1814) based his new combination on Michaux’s name, but this appears to have been without observation of Michaux’s type gathering because it (at P) is evidently  T. rugelii (see below), whereas the K specimen of  T. erectum var. album Pursh is a white-flowered form of  T. erectum . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
var. atropurpureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 245. 1814 [1813].  Type :— USA. Amer., Sept., Michaux s.n. (holotype: not located; isotype: P00730489 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Trillium purpureum Kin ex Elliott (1817: 430) . A   sketch of the botany of  South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 430.  Type :—USA. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Kin s.n. (holotype: PH digital image!; isotype: MO 2140261!)  . </p>
            <p> 
Trillium latifolium 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 96. 1830. Type:—In Kentucky. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium nutans 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 99. 1830. Type:—From Canada to Carolina. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium flavum 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 100. 1830. Type:—In the mountains from New York to Virginia. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium spatulatum 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 101. 1830. Type:—In the  mountains Alleghany. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium divaricatum 
Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 102. 1830. Type:—In the Alleghany and  Cumberland mountains . Type not located. </p>
            <p> Trillium atropurpureum M.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck, Bot. North. Middle States 361. 1833. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium rhombifolium 
Raf., Autik. Bot 133. 1840. Type:—Apalachian [sic] Mts. Alabama &amp; c. Type not located. </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
var. flavum Torr., Fl. New York 2: 296. 1847.  Type :— USA. New York:  Hamilton or Madison counties, Douglas s.n. (holotype: NY 00319877 digital image!; isotypes: GH 00030156 digital image!), non,  Trillium erectum var. flavum H.H.Eaton ex A.Eaton , nom. nud. </p>
            <p> Trillium erectum subsp. rubrum Clute, Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 9: 76. 1905. nom. nud. </p>
            <p>Note:— Clute (1905) discussed the default name for the type color form, reddish, and the necessity, if it was at all worthy of formal description, to name the color forms that are different from the typical color form and often co-occur with one or more color forms.</p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
f. albiflorum, Ralph Hoffm. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: 244. 1922. Type:— USA. Massachusetts: Berkshire County,  Stockbridge , rich woods, 23 May 1920,  Hoffman s.n. (holotype: NEBC 00032163!). </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
var. cahnae Farw., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 9: 266. 1925. Type:— USA. Michigan: Oakland,  Vicinity of Clawson , 12 May 1924,  Cahn 6874a (holotype: BLH0000369 digital image!). </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
f. sessiloides Boivin , Rhodora 55: 102. 1953. Type:— CANADA. Ontario: Carleton,  Beechwood , close to the cemetery gate, May 1899, s.coll. 1822 (holotype: DAO000466292 digital image!). </p>
            <p> 
Trillium erectum 
L. var. horizontale Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 151. 1940. Type:— CANADA. Quebec:  Comté des Deux-Montagnes , bois riche,   N.- E. à Ontario, 30 Apr 1958,  Meunier s.n. (holotype: S-G-7309 digital image!)  . </p>
            <p> Notes:— Within populations of  T. erectum and its close relative  T. sulcatum , plants can exhibit an array of floral color variation and orientation. Variation is often found regionally where the characters are consistent, but there are regions also where great variability within a single population has been observed. For instance, in the southern Appalachians, flowers can be white, greenish, yellow, pink, and typical maroon. The typical predominant color form is maroon, but in the Southern Appalachians white forms exist in large uniform colonies (see also  T. simile ). In most populations, a single color is predominant with only occasional other colors, whereas other populations can have a mixture. The position of the flower can also vary from the typical form with erect peduncles and the flowers held facing outward, but some populations have the peduncles held horizontally in plane with the leaves, declining below the plane of the leaves, or pendent like those of  T. rugelii or  T. vaseyi . This variation we consider to be normal and do not recognize formal designations based on color or flower position in most cases. An exception, if found to be genetically distinct, are the large white flowered plants forming uniform populations in some regions of the Southern Appalachians (see also under  T. simile ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBB6056FF76FDD24650FE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76FE46406CF9B6.text	E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76FE46406CF9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium flexipes Raf., Autik. Bot.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium flexipes Raf. , Autik. Bot. 133. 1840. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA. Kentucky: s.d.,  Rafinesque s.n., (P 1776245 digital image!, lectotype, designated here)  . </p>
            <p>  Rafinesque (1840) described  Trillium flexipes from plants in “West Kentucky and Tennessee ” with sessile leaves, 3-nerved, the peduncle “inclinato flexuoso,” lanceolate-acuminate sepals and white obovate-acute petals. No collector was provided in his description, but it was presumably one of his. A specimen at P (P01776245) from the Durand Herbarium has a label that provides only “ Kentucky, Rafinesque. ”  Given that this is the only likely type material that we have located, we have designated this as the lectotype  . </p>
            <p> Heterotypic synonyms:  Trillium album Small , in part, see under  T. rugelii . </p>
            <p> Trillium cernuum var. declinatum f. walpolei Farw. , Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 363. 1920.  Type :— USA. Michigan: Washtenaw County,  Ypsilanti , copses, flowers purple, 19 May 1918, Farwell 4849 (BLH0000359 digital image!, lectotype designated here; isolectotypes: BLH0000360 digital image!, GH00030152 digital image!, MICH1192832 digital image!, MICH1192834 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Note:—  Patrick annotated the BLH specimen as lectotype ,  but he never published this. We formalize this here and designate BLH0000359 as lectotype . </p>
            <p> Trillium cernuum var. declinatum f. billingtonii Farw ., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 363. 1920.  Type :— USA. Michigan: Washtenaw County,  Ypsilanti , copses, flowers brown, 19 May 1918, Farwell 4850 (MICH1192831, lectotype designated here, digital image!; isolectotypes, BLH0000361 digital image!, BLH 00030151 digital image!, BLH0000362 digital image!, GH00030149 digital image!). </p>
            <p>Note:— McVaugh annotated the MI specimen as lectotype. Patrick later also annotated this specimen as the lectotype, but neither officially published this designation.</p>
            <p> Trillium erectum var. blandum Jennison , Rhodora 40: 486. 1938. Type:— USA. North Carolina:  Swain Co., Opp. Ela, in rich shaded woods loam, elevation 1850 ft., 9 May 1937, Jennison 2185 (holotype: TENN; isotype: GSMNP01232). A paratype is at US . </p>
            <p> Trillium flexipes f. walpolei (Farwell) Fernald , Rhodora 46: 17. 1944. Basionym:  Trillium cernuum var. declinatum f. walpolei Farw. Fernald (1944) considered this to be a red-flowered form of  T. flexipes and the anther and pollen color support this, though the status of these red-flowered  T. flexipes -like plants remains unclear, but they could be hybrids with sympatric  T. erectum . </p>
            <p> Trillium flexipes is widely distributed over a large part of the Midwest from South Dakota eastward to Pennsylvania and south into northern Arkansas and Alabama. Over this area, it is variable in floral position (erect vs. reflexed or pendent) and fragrance (Case &amp; Case 1997, AF pers. obs.). Within some parts of this distribution, it is uniform in morphology, e.g., in northern Alabama (Case &amp; Case 1997, AF pers. obs.) where the plants have large upright flowers, overlapping large petals and an intense fragrance. In Missouri where AF has observed many plants the flowers are variably reflexed, declining, or horizontal and held just above the leaves to erect, but the flowers are smaller with narrowly ovate-lanceolate petals and without the distinctive powerful fragrance of some southern forms. Even within a geographic region, fragrance varies over the flowering period, and during a single day the fragrance varies from morning to afternoon (AF pers. obs.). For instance, Alabamian  T. flexipes open with a distinctive mild tea rose-like fragrance discernible at close range in the early part of the day, but a southern magnolia-like fragrance is noticeable at a meter or more away by midday. Missouri forms have a mild, but pleasant floral fragrance. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76FE46406CF9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76F9524750F896.text	E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76F9524750F896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium hibbersonii (T. M. C. Taylor & Szczaw.) D. O'Neill & S. B. Farmer, Phytotaxa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium hibbersonii (T.M.C.Taylor &amp; Szczaw.) D.O’Neill &amp; S.B.Farmer, Phytotaxa 436: 193. 2020. </p>
            <p> Basionym:  Trillium ovatum Pursh forma hibbersonii T.M.C. Taylor &amp; Szczaw., Syesis 7: 250. 1974. </p>
            <p>  Type:— CANADA. British Columbia: near Boat Basin,  Hesquiat Harbour , west coast of  Vancouver Island , elev. 2000 ft., 1938,  Hibberson s.n. (holotype: UBC!)  . </p>
            <p> Homotypic synonyms:  Trillium ovatum Pursh var. hibbersonii (T.M.C.Taylor &amp; Szczaw.) G.W.Douglas &amp; P.Pojar, Canad. Field-Naturalist 115: 343. 2001.  Trillium hibbersonii Wiley , nom. nud., Rare wildflowers of North America. 1968. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBA6056FF76F9524750F896	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBA6051FF76F8724704FCFA.text	E91C9C62FFBA6051FF76F8724704FCFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium rugelii Rendle, J. Bot.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium rugelii Rendle , J. Bot. 39: 331–332, pl. 426, f. B. 1901. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA. North Carolina: on the mountains of the Broad River, Mar 1841,  Rugel s.n. (BM 327335 &amp; BM 001009870 [one sheet] digital image!, lectotype, designated here; isolectotypes: E00346019 digital image!)  . </p>
            <p>  Heterotypic synonyms:  Trillium affine Rendle, J. Bot. 39: 334. 1901. Type:—USA. Georgia: s.d., Rugel s.n. (holotype: BM 000547280 digital image!) </p>
            <p> Trillium album (Michx.) Small, Fl. S.E. US. 278. 1903. Basionym:  Trillium rhomboideum var. album Michx., Fl-Bor. - Amer. 1: 215. 1803. Type:— P 00730404 digital image!, lectotype, designated here) (see also  T. erectum ). </p>
            <p> Notes:—  Trillium rugelii was described in 1901 by  Rendle from a Rugel collection at BM.  In the protologue, he stated “Specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit.” There is one sheet at BM that has two stems, one of which was selected as a lectotype, as noted on the annotation label by  Patrick (c. 1981), but this typification was never formally published.  The stem on the upper left was selected as the lectotype by Patrick and the stem on the right was selected as an isolectotype despite the presence of a single collection label. The ICN rules (ICN 8.2) state that this should be treated as a single gathering.  Thus , we select the sheet at BM  as the lectotype (BM327335 &amp; BM001009870) . </p>
            <p> The combination  T. album was made by Small (1903). The basionym was Michaux’s  T. rhomboideum var. album , which was based on specimens that are in fact  T. rugelii . Here, we typify the name  T. rhomboideum var. album and designate the specimen at P (00730404) as the lectotype of  T. rhomboideum var. album . </p>
            <p> Notes:— Case (1997) reported differences in fragrance between the forms in the Southern Appalachians vs. plants from the middle and northern parts of Alabama. He described them as strongly fragrant of old garden roses but did not mention that of the mountain plants. Observations by AF of  T. rugelii from Tennessee south to Alabama and east to South Carolina have shown that floral fragrance is variable and often similar to some forms of foamflower (  Tiarella ), fragrant violets, or  Cyclamen . The intensity of the fragrance varies over the distribution, but the floral fragrance is often stronger in more southern populations. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBA6051FF76F8724704FCFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBD6051FF76FC9640FAF830.text	E91C9C62FFBD6051FF76FC9640FAF830.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium simile Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium simile Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 391. 1906. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA. North Carolina: moist woodlands near Tryon, 28 April 1904,  Gleason 14933-a (holotype: NY00051079 digital image!)  . </p>
            <p> Homotypic synonyms:  Trillium vaseyi var. simile (Gleason) Barksdale, J. Elisah Mitchell Sci. Soc. 54: 285. 1938.  Trillium erectum var. vaseyi f. simile (Gleason) Ahles, J. Elisah Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172. 1964. </p>
            <p> Notes:— The concept of  T. simile has been greatly expanded and the morphological characters misapplied since its description. Gleason (1906) compared  T. simile to  T. rugelii in his description and diagnosis of this new species, stating it differed by its longer stamens, yellow anthers (vs. purple), and proportionately longer filaments. Gleason was familiar with  T. rugelii and its typical habit of declining to reflexed flowers held beneath the leaves, so his comparison of this novelty suggests that the type gathering of  T. simile had flowers held beneath the leaves. In his description, he even stated that the peduncles were “declined or cernuous” (Gleason 1906). Barksdale (1938) placed  T. simile at varietal status under  T. vaseyi , also confirming the original concept of Gleason (1906) that the flowers were pendent. Barksdale (1938) was confident that  T. simile was merely a color variant of  T. vaseyi occurring in mixed populations with the white form being rare but also in isolated uniformly white-flowered populations. Peattie (1927) argued that  T. simile has erect peduncles, but sometimes declined flowers based on the type gathering and his field experience. Although the type at NY does have the flowers in an upright position, it is not apparent whether this is due to a pressing artifact or the plants truly having erect peduncles. The current concept is that of a large plant, with erect peduncles, large creamy-white petals that usually are overlapping at their bases, a dark ovary, and yellow pollen (Case &amp; Case 1997, Case 1997). Forms like this occur throughout the Southern Appalachians (Case 1997). Some specimens have been observed in herbaria that share this morphology from Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia (AF pers. obs.). Barksdale (1938) said that Small’s (1933) treatment could apply to nearly any white-flowered erect  Trillium with a dark ovary, and it appears that the current concept does not match the type based on the protologue in which Gleason (1906) compared his new species to  T. rugelii . </p>
            <p> Floral fragrance in  Trillium has been used as a field character when comparing related species. Peattie (1927), Small (1933), Case (1997), and others have mentioned the sweet or delicious floral scent of  T. simile , which the authors have observed on various erect and reflexed forms in the Southern Appalachians that fit both concepts of  T. simile . A form that is common in and around the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee) at lower elevations on rich mesic slopes has been considered the typical form with large creamy-white, erect flowers (Case &amp; Case 1997), but this form has a fragrance identical to that of the higher elevation reddish forms of  T. erectum , i.e., wet dog or egg whites. Forms with erect peduncles have been observed with a sweet applelike fragrance, and declining forms observed in western North Carolina and northern Georgia have been observed with a distinctive spicy clove-like or a tea rose-like fragrance. Like  T. flexipes , it may be that the fragrance changes temporally over the flowering period to attract potential pollinators or to even deter herbivory, and that the volatiles producing the fragrance vary during the day due to temperature. In addition to the fragrance difference,  T. simile differs from  T. erectum in its much longer filaments and anthers that surpass the ovaries, but there has never been a wide-range study that surveys this character and its taxonomic value. Molecular analyses of T. subg.  Trillium may resolve this complex of white-flowered species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBD6051FF76FC9640FAF830	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48.text	E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium sulcatum Patrick	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium sulcatum Patrick , Brittonia 36: 27–35, f. 1–5. 1984. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA. Tennessee: Grundy Co., rich bouldery woods at base of N-facing slope near  Deer Lick Falls in Layne Cove , elev. ca. 420 m, western escarpment Cumberland Plateau, 2 km due N of  Monteagle , 21 Apr 1980, Patrick, Perkins &amp; Horn 1122 (holotype: TENN!;  isotypes: BH, DUKE10000089 digital image!, GH00030175 digital image!, MO-104974!, NCU00000629 digital image!, NY00319900 digital image!, UNA, US 00406395 digital image!) . </p>
            <p> Heterotypic synonyms:  Trillium erectum var. sulcatum Barksdale, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 54: 280–281. 1938. Type:— USA. North Carolina: Surry Co., in deep woods near Roaring Gap, 27 Apr 1937, Lyons s.n. (holotype: NCU00000625 digital image!; isotypes, NCU00000621 digital image!, NCU00000622 digital image!, NCU00000623 digital image!, NCU00000624 digital image!, NCU00000626 digital image!). </p>
            <p>Note:— This name was published without a Latin diagnosis and is thus invalid. The date of collection is given as “1934” on plants.jstor. org, but the specimen labels read 1937.</p>
            <p> Trillium sulcatum f. albolutescens T.S.Patrick , Brittonia 36: 30. 1984. Type:— USA. North Carolina: Ashe Co.; rich shady western slopes of “The Peak,” in western part of Ashe County, 16 May 1950, Harper 4167 (holotype: MO-104973!; isotypes: GH00030176 digital image!, NY00319901 digital image!, US 00406185 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Notes:— This species is similar to  T. erectum but occurs mostly occurs to the west, largely on the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky, Tennessee and adjacent Alabama. The two are sympatric in a small portion of their distributions in eastern Kentucky, north-eastern Tennessee, south-western Virginia, and north-western North Carolina along the Blue Ridge escarpment of the Southern Appalachians. In some cases, the two species are hard to separate based and may be better regarded as a single variable species with a broad range of variation and similarities in floral fragrance and habitat preferences. However, in cultivation, lower-elevation  T. sulcatum is a better garden plant and more vigorous. In the Ridge and Valley of Tennessee, white-flowered forms in uniform populations have been misidentified as  T. flexipes , but these forms have dark ovaries and the wet-dog floral fragrance of the typical forms (AF pers. obs.). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FF4C4693FC48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FC024090F97B.text	E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FC024090F97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trillium vaseyi Harbison	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trillium vaseyi Harbison , Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1: 24. 1901. </p>
            <p>  Type:— USA. North Carolina: M. N. Caro, 1878,  Vasey s.n. (US00091979 digital image!, lectotype, designated here:  isolectotypes: F0046074 F digital image!, GH00030177 digital image!, NY00319910 digital image!, NY00319911 digital image!, P01776194 digital image!, PH00028410 digital image!) . </p>
            <p> Homotypic synonym:  Trillium erectum var. vaseyi (Harbison) Ahles, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172. 1964. </p>
            <p> Heterotypic synonym:  Trillium vaseyi f. album House ,  Muhlenbergia 6: 73. 1910. Type:— USA. North  Carolina : Haywood Co., No. Pigeon Gap Trail, 4000 ft. alt., 9 May 1909, House 4146 (holotype: US 00091980 digital image!). </p>
            <p> Notes:— Harbison (1901) named  Trillium vaseyi for G. R. Vasey, who collected this species in the North Carolina mountains in 1878. There are many specimens collected by Vasey in several herbaria. The Biltmore Herbarium was transferred to US, and we select the US collection (00091979) as the lectotype. One of the duplicates at NY (00319911) has a collection number of “ No 477 ” handwritten on the preprinted labels similar to that of most other duplicates. We consider this to be an isolectotype despite the collection number on the label. </p>
            <p> Annotations on NCU00000631 were noted by Patrick, and he considered this a syntype because Harbison had labeled it “co-type.” No other collection was mentioned in the protologue aside from Vasey’s gathering . </p>
            <p> Trillium vaseyi and  T. simile co-occur in some regions, and in these mixed populations they hybridize if their flowering periods overlap (Case &amp; Case 1997). Although they do share pendent flowers and long anthers, the anther and sometimes pollen color of  T. vaseyi is yellow or purple to lavender, whereas that of  T. simile is always yellow. Moreover, observation in the field over two decades shows that  T. vaseyi typically flowers two to three weeks later than  T. simile when they are sympatric (AF pers. obs). Forms of  T. vaseyi with white petals still have a reddish ovary and purple anthers (Peattie 1927). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62FFBC6050FF76FC024090F97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Floden, Aaron J.;Knapp, Wesley M.	Floden, Aaron J., Knapp, Wesley M. (2023): Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae). Phytotaxa 599 (3): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
