taxonID	type	description	language	source
E46D87BEFF94FFDE50A9FE5AFA72FBD3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Pirabasoporella atalaiaensis n. sp. Other species included. Pirabasoporella baitoae n. sp. and Pirabasoporella chipolae n. sp.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF94FFDE50A9FE5AFA72FBD3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the type formation (Pirabas Formation) of Miocene strata in Brazil (Maury 1925).	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF94FFDE50A9FE5AFA72FBD3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony rigid, dichotomously branching, reticulate, subparallel neighbouring branches connected by tubular horizontal struts; branches with autozooids arranged in two alternating longitudinal series and opening on one side only, colony attached by rhizoids. Autozooids with a pseudoporous, mixed umbonuloid and lepralioid frontal shield, orifice with proximal pseudosinus, condyles indistinct if present, oral spines present or absent. Struts formed by hollow kenozooids budded from and communicating with large pore plates at the distolateral and proximolateral walls of two zooids on either side. Adventitious avicularia of two types: suboral (always present) and frontal or abfrontal (occasionally present). Ovicell terminal, hyperstomial with uncalcified ectooecium and a pitted endooecial surface, not closed by the operculum in life. The dorsal (abfrontal) side of each zooid with a large circular foramen that is sealed by a multiporous pore plate and from which the rhizoid is produced.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF94FFDE50A9FE5AFA72FBD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Owing to its peculiar reticulate colony growth, with kenozooidal struts connecting neighbouring branches, and because of strong similarities in orifice and ovicell shape as well as its mode of attachment via abfrontal rhizoids, Pirabasoporella gen. nov. is classified in the family Jaculinidae Zabala, 1986. This poorly known family, which is presently being revised by Rosso and Berning (in prep.), today occurs in the bathyal eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Recent species assigned to the eponymous genus Jaculina Jullien in Jullien and Calvet, 1903 include the genotype J. blanchardi Jullien in Jullien and Calvet, 1903 as well as J. parallelata (Waters, 1895) and J. tessellata Hayward, 1979. However, the Mediterranean fossil species Vibraculina conti Neviani, 1895, which is the genotype of Vibraculina Neviani, 1895 and which is currently provisionally classified in the family Vicidae Gordon, 1988 (D. P. Gordon, pers. comm. 2013), can probably be regarded as congeneric. Vibraculina is thus likely to be a senior synonym of Jaculina, and Pirabasoporella would be the only other genus in the Jaculinidae. Besides the kenozooidal struts that connect neighbouring branches, which are composed of one or two series of autozooids, species hitherto classified with the Jaculinidae are characterized by hyperstomial ovicells with a smooth or deeply pitted surface, by a sinusoidal orifice with or without oral spines, by the presence of adventitious avicularia, by abfrontal pore plates from which rhizoids are produced, and by frontal shields that are imperforate except for a single marginal row of pores. Everything else being principally the same, the major morphological difference justifying the introduction of the new jaculinid genus Pirabasoporella is the pseudoporous frontal shield in these western Atlantic species (see Discussion). Moreover, the mostly oval abfrontal rhizoidal pore plates, as well as their communication pores, are distinctly larger and situated towards the zooid centre, whereas those in the eastern Atlantic / Mediterranean taxa are comparatively small, round, and positioned directly at the distal zooidal margin. Adventitious (spatulate) avicularia on the frontal and abfrontal zooidal surface, in addition to the small suboral one, are also known only in Pirabasoporella.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF93FFDD50A9FB98FB92FBB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the type locality at Atalaia Beach (Salinopolis city, Pará State).	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF93FFDD50A9FB98FB92FBB8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MG-UFPA 6200 - I, a colony fragment from the type locality at Atalaia Beach (Salinopolis city, Pará State); type stratum, Pirabas Formation, Miocene. Paratype: 10 separate colony fragments labelled as MG-UFPA 6201 - I to 6211 - I. Additional material: More than 100 colony fragments, MG-UFPA 6212 - I to 6300 - I from sections Atalaia, B- 17 Capanema and Aricuru.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF93FFDD50A9FB98FB92FBB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pirabasoporella with relatively large zooids and few pores in the frontal shield. Oral spines absent. Adventitious avicularia of two types: a small suboral one associated with an umbo, and a larger one occasionally developing on the frontal shield during ontogeny. Ovicell terminal, hyperstomial with uncalcified ectooecium and a pitted endooecial surface, not closed by the operculum. Abfrontal rhizoidal foramen relatively small and proximally situated.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF93FFDD50A9FB98FB92FBB8.taxon	description	Description. Colony rigid, reticulate with bifurcating branches connected by kenozooidal struts at regular intervals, branches growing more or less parallel to each other (Figs. 3 A-C). The struts usually developing at every second autozooid, jointly budded laterally from the distolateral and proximolateral corners of two zooids (Fig. 3 B), slightly curved or straight, thick but hollow with microstructures indicating the same origin as autozooidal skeleton, surface smooth or with faint ridges and a row of slit-like areolar pores near each branch contact (Fig. 3 D), struts delimiting elongate rounded-rectangular to lozenge-shaped fenestrules indented by slightly bulging peristomial rim of the interjacent zooids. Autozooids rectangular but slightly curved, arranged in two alternating longitudinal series initially separated by thin raised ridges that gradually thicken during ontogeny (Fig. 3 F), frontal shield mixed umbonuloid and lepralioid, the short umbonuloid part restricted to the distal shield (Fig. 4 F, G), the interior surface smooth and often with concentric growth lines, the lepralioid frontal shield perforated by 15 – 25 pores, some pores not penetrating the shield entirely (Fig. 4 E, F). Primary orifice immersed, ill-defined, secondary aperture not well preserved, relatively large, suborbicular with a variably broad U-shaped pseudosinus (Fig. 3 E), surrounded by a short, wide peristome that becomes thickened during ontogeny, proximolaterally carrying two protuberances, the prominent one towards the neighbouring zooid produced by a suboral avicularium (Fig. 3 D, E). Avicularia polymorphic, of two different types: a single, small, suboral avicularium on each autozooid (Fig. 3 E), cystid slightly raised, situated proximolateral to aperture, rostrum subtriangular, directing laterally to proximolaterally, pivotal bar complete. Large adventitious frontal avicularia forming anywhere on the frontal shield in elder zooids (Fig. 3 D); rostrum elongate-triangular, directed proximolaterally. Ovicells large, terminal, globular but flattened frontally, hyperstomial, recumbent on proximal part of distal zooid (Fig. 4 A – D); ectooecium uncalcified, endooecium densely sculptured with numerous tiny pits or pores apart from a broad, smooth, prominent rim surrounding ovicell opening that arches above aperture (Fig. 4 D), not closed by the operculum of the maternal zooid in life (Fig. 4 B). Abfrontal side of colony smooth, zooidal borders marked by thin raised ridges (Fig. 3 G), each zooid with large, deep, round to elongate rhizoid pore, occasionally surrounded by a thick prominent rim during ontogeny, sealed at its base by a multiporous pore plate with the pores situated along the margin (Fig. 4 E). An additional pore of the same type present at distal edge of lateral walls of zooids that do not produce a kenozooidal strut. Ancestrula not observed.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF93FFDD50A9FB98FB92FBB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although more than 100 colony fragments of Pirabasoporella atalaiaensis n. sp. were found, all of them are very small, which complicates assessing the presence and extent of morphological change during ontogeny within a colony, and distinguishing it from interspecific differences. The fragments do vary to quite an extent with respect to strut thickness, presence / absence of large frontal avicularia, and size of the frontal shield pores, for example (compare Figs 3 B, 3 D, 4 A). Morphometric analyses show overlapping ranges of strut thickness in the various fragments, with thin struts appearing in colonies that can be regarded as ontogenetically young colonies (Fig. 4 A), and thick struts in older colonies (Fig. 3 B). Large frontal avicularia were exclusively found in colonies that were composed of older or even ephebic (gerontic) zooids, some orifices of which were sealed off by frontal calcification (Fig. 3 D, zooid at lower left). Thus, we consider intercolonial morphological variability to be the result of ontogenetic change, not of interspecific differences. Frontal thickening of zooids and an increase in strut diameter is likely to be explained by the necessity to reinforce an expanding colony.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF90FFD350A9FB05FF04FA36.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the Early Miocene type Baitoa Formation in the Dominican Republic.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF90FFD350A9FB05FF04FA36.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: USNM 595120, the colony fragment depicted in Fig. 5 A, B, from the type locality at Rio Yaque del Norte; type stratum Baitoa Formation, Early Miocene, (sensu Saunders et al. 1986), Dominican Republic. Paratypes: USNM 595121 to 595125, 5 separate colony fragments. Additional material: More than 100 colony fragments in USNM, numbers NMB 17285 – 17289 and NMB 16935, NMB 17184 and Olsson 179.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF90FFD350A9FB05FF04FA36.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pirabasoporella with relatively few frontal-shield pores that become progressively closed during ontogeny, surface often nodular. Apertural pseudosinus relatively wide. Abfrontal rhizoidal pores large and encircled by an elevated rim, strut pores very large. Adventitious avicularia present on abfrontal side of some zooids; apart from the suboral avicularium additional frontal avicularia are lacking. Ovicells unknown.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF90FFD350A9FB05FF04FA36.taxon	description	Description. Colony rigid, reticulate, with bifurcating branches connected by kenozooidal struts, branches growing more or less parallel to each other (Fig. 5 A, C); struts irregularly developed, jointly budded laterally from strut pore-plate, rarely one strut budded from two adjacent plates (Fig. 5 G), slightly curved or straight, surface smooth or with faint ridges and a row of slit-like areolar pores near each branch contact. No fenestrules preserved. Autozooids elongate-pentagonal, widest at about mid-distance, arranged in two alternating longitudinal series, separated by thin raised ridges that are especially prominent on the abfrontal side, the lepralioid part of the frontal shield perforated by up to 40 pores, many of which are closed during ontogeny while the lateral areolar pores remain open, surface occasionally nodular; umbonuloid part confined to distalmost frontal shield. Interzooidal communication via multiporous pore plates. Primary orifice immersed and ill-defined, with inconspicuous condyles, secondary orifice relatively large (Fig. 5 B), suborbicular, about as wide as long, with a broadly U-shaped pseudosinus comprising 1 / 5 of total orifice length, formed by two extremely short pointed lateral denticles. Two types of avicularia present: each autozooid on frontal side with a single, small, suboral avicularium situated directly proximolateral to pseudosinus (Fig. 5 B), oblique to frontal plane, rising distally, rostrum semielliptical, directed laterally towards median line, cystid raised distally to produce a suboral umbo, crossbar complete, without columella. Some zooids have an additional, slightly larger (see Table 2 for measurements) adventitious avicularium on abfrontal side, situated proximal to rhizoidal pore on a somewhat elevated cystid, elongate- oval with complete crossbar (Fig. 5 F, G) Abfrontal side of colony relatively smooth to distinctly nodular, zooidal borders marked by prominent ridges with a deep central suture, each zooid with an extremely large oval to circular rhizoid pore (up to 268 µm diameter) positioned relatively distal, surrounded by a thick prominent rim and sealed at its base by a multiporous pore plate with the large pores situated along the margin (Fig. 5 F). Rhizoid pores of a similar type, but prominently oval (Fig 5 G), present at distal edge of lateral walls of zooids that do not produce a kenozooidal strut, the pores in these usually smaller, not limited to pore-plate margin. Ovicells and ancestrula not observed.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF90FFD350A9FB05FF04FA36.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pirabasoporella baitoae n. sp. differs from P. atalaiaensis n. sp. and P. chipolae n. sp. in having generally fewer pores in the frontal shield (which occasionally displays a nodular surface), a broader apertural pseudosinus and the occasional presence of abfrontal avicularia while large frontal avicularia are absent. Further differences from P. atalaiaensis are the shorter but broader autozooids, and distinctly larger abfrontal rhizoidal pore plates that are circled by an elevated rim. In contrast to P. c hi po l ae, P. baitoae does not have oral spines. Among the approximately 100 colony fragments studied, none contained ovicells or indications of their presence. Insofar as P. atalaiaensis, like all other jaculinid species, produces hyperstomial ovicells, we do not interpret their lack in P. ba i t o ae as an indication of internal brooding but perhaps reflecting a response or adaptation to environmental conditions, in which asexual colony growth may prevail over sexual reproduction. A similar strategy is found in Metrarabdotos, for example, in which several hundred autozooids may be formed for every gonozooid (Cheetham et al. 2001). However, we have no evidence (e. g. repair of broken zooids) that propagation in P. baitoae took place predominantly via fragmentation of colonies. On the other hand, neither ancestrulae nor early astogenetic colonies have ever been reported in any living or fossil jaculinid. In one instance (Fig. 5 E) a connecting strut was observed that originated from two different pore plates (i. e. zooids) on one side of the branch while fusing towards, and connecting to, a single pore plate on the opposite branch.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF9EFFD150A9F9E1FBD8FAA6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the type Early Miocene Chipola Formation in Florida.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF9EFFD150A9F9E1FBD8FAA6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: USNM 595126, the colony fragment depicted in Fig. 6 A, from the type locality at Farley Creek, Florida; type stratum, Chipola Formation, Early Miocene (sensu Saunders et al. 1986). Paratypes: USNM 595127 to 595131, 5 separate colony fragments. Additional studied material: More than 20 colony fragments in USNM, collection numbers TU LOC. 824, Scolaro collection; plus three fragments on a slide, NHMUK 1968.1.6.7, TU loc. 825, leg. R. J. Scolaro.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF9EFFD150A9F9E1FBD8FAA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pirabasoporella with numerous frontal-shield pores, a pair of oral spines, large spatulate avicularia occurring on lateral side of some later ontogenetic zooids, and deeply immersed rhizoidal as well as strut pore plates with numerous small communication pores.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
E46D87BEFF9EFFD150A9F9E1FBD8FAA6.taxon	description	Description. Colony rigid, ramose, reticulate with bifurcating branches connected by kenozooidal struts at irregular intervals (Fig 6 A), branches growing more or less parallel to each other. Struts usually developing chaotically, jointly budded laterally from the strut pore plate, slightly curved or straight, surface smooth or with faint ridges and a row of slit-like areolar pores near each branch contact, struts delimiting rounded-rectangular (Fig. 6 A) to irregularly oval fenestrules (Fig. 6 C). Autozooids subrectangular, arranged in two alternating longitudinal series, not separated by thin raised ridges, but with prominent raised ridges on abfrontal side. Lepralioid part of frontal shield perforated by up to 30 pseudopores, many of which are closed during ontogeny. Primary orifice immersed and ill-defined, condyles indistinct if present; secondary orifice relatively large, oval, longer than wide, with a broadly oval, wide pseudosinus comprising ¼ total orifice length, formed by two short, acute lateral denticles directed medially, the round or oval bases of two large spines situated directly at each lateral orifice margin (Fig. 6 B). Avicularia polymorphic: a single, small, suboral avicularium on each autozooid, situated directly proximal to pseudosinus cystid raised distally, oblique to frontal plane, rostrum semielliptical, directed laterally, crossbar complete, without columella; in ontogenetically older zooids a larger spatulate avicularium (Fig. 6 E) rarely develops proximolateral to orifice towards branch axis, its rostrum curved and directed proximolaterally, distally entirely filled by a flat smooth shelf, crossbar not observed. Abfrontal side of colony relatively smooth (Fig. 6 E, F), zooidal borders marked by prominent ridges with deep median suture, each zooid with large, deep, round to oval rhizoid pore of very variable size (36 – 380 µm diameter; see Fig. 6 F) positioned close to distal margin, usually surrounded by thick prominent rim during ontogeny, sealed at its base by a multiporous pore plate with the pores situated along the margin. An additional pore plate of a similar type present at distal edge of lateral walls of zooids that do not produce a kenozooidal strut. Ovicells and ancestrula not observed. BW SD FL FW AL AW AD SPL SDW RPL RPW AAL AAW SAL SAW SL SW mean 543 212 641 339 530 257 178 388 353 117 75 289 81 67 41 49 27 min 423 196 610 248 491 197 151 351 324 54 36 281 78 52 34 34 22 max 594 22 673 438 566 299 210 401 380 206 103 296 85 78 52 60 33 # 17 8 3 3 24 24 44 9 9 10 10 2 2 13 13 10 10 Remarks. Pirabasoporella chipolae n. sp. differs from P. atalaiaensis n. sp. and P. baitoae n. sp. in having oral spines, occasional spatulate frontal avicularia and deeply immersed rhizoidal pore plates with relatively small communication pores. While oral spines are lacking from P. atalaiaensis and P. baitoae and most other jaculinid species, they are present in a few Jaculina species, e. g. J. tessellata, thus their presence in P. chipolae is not extremely unusual. Preservation of some of the specimens is excellent, and the secondary orifice typical of jaculinids is most apparent in this species (e. g. Fig. 6 B). The proximal pseudosinus is formed by two distinct lateral denticles (sensu Berning et al. 2014) directed medially. As in P. baitoae, a connecting strut was observed in P. chipolae that originated from two different pore plates on one side of the branch while fusing towards the opposite branch (Fig. 6 G). Also, ovicells were not found in P. chipolae. Few specimens were studied, however, so their absence is not surprising.	en	Zágoršek, Kamil, Ramalho, Laís V., Berning, Björn, Távora, Vladimir De Araújo (2014): A new genus of the family Jaculinidae (Cheilostomata, Bryozoa) from the Miocene of the tropical western Atlantic. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 98-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.5
