identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E75C8796FFCE37232998FE819168FCB8.text	E75C8796FFCE37232998FE819168FCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corallimorphus denhartogi Fautin, White, and Pearson 2002	<div><p>Corallimorphus denhartogi Fautin, White, and Pearson, 2002</p> <p>(Figures 1–2, Appendix 2)</p> <p>No synonyms</p> <p>Diagnosis. Column short and discoidal (Figure 1); oral disc to approximately 70 mm diameter; ectoderm sloughed off nearly all specimens. Mouth small (less than 1/3 oral disc diameter), ovoid; lips around mouth indistinct. Tentacles short and capitate, acrospheres typically broken off. Discal tentacles short, all about same size (2 mm long); marginal tentacles in three sizes (approximately 12 large, 12 medium, 24 small), to 8 mm long. Marginal:discal tentacles in approximately 2:1 ratio; about 72 total. Pedal disc slightly concave. For a detailed description of C. denhartogi, see Fautin et al. (2002).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, microbasic b -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Corallimorphus denhartogi was originally described from California to Oregon at depths of 2,550 to 4,300 m (Fautin et al. 2002). All specimens we examined occur within the previously known range (Figure 2).</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 2.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFCE37232998FE819168FCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFC0372D2998FF7F9168FD4D.text	E75C8796FFC0372D2998FF7F9168FD4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corallimorphus pilatus Fautin, White, and Pearson 2002	<div><p>Corallimorphus pilatus Fautin, White, and Pearson, 2002</p> <p>(Figures 3–4, Appendix 3)</p> <p>No synonyms</p> <p>Diagnosis. Column cylindrical; oral and pedal discs about same diameter (to 35 mm), column slightly shorter than diameter of discs (to 20 mm). Sparse tan ectoderm may be attached to column; brown ectoderm may persist near base of tentacles. Oral disc with raised lips around slit mouth; with long, capitate tentacles (Figure 3). Marginal tentacles shorter than discal tentacles (about 15 mm), in approximately 4:1 marginal:discal ratio; about 130 total. Pedal disc typically attached to stone or shell. For a detailed description of C. pilatus see Fautin et al. (2002).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, microbasic b -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Corallimorphus pilatus was originally described from California to British Columbia at depths of 198 to 900 m (Fautin et al. 2002). Additional specimens we examined extend the range north to include south coastal Alaska (Figure 4) and down to 2,026 m.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 3.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFC0372D2998FF7F9168FD4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFC1372B2998F95B9685FC10.text	E75C8796FFC1372B2998F95B9685FC10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bolocera kensmithi Fautin 2012	<div><p>Bolocera kensmithi n. sp.</p> <p>(Figures 5–8, Table 1, Appendix 4)</p> <p>Body form and size. Column tan or pink, smooth, ectoderm typically slightly wrinkled. Column stiff but not thick (about 0.5 mm); mesenterial insertions typically visible along entire length, most evident at limbus and margin. In some preserved specimens mesenteries protrude from proximal end of column or pedal disc (Figure 5).</p> <p>Most animals contracted so margin partially covers insertion of tentacles. Column short (10–31 mm long), in</p> <p>Tentacles deciduous (characteristic of genus): circumscribed endodermal sphincter muscle at base of each tentacle. All specimens devoid of tentacles.</p> <p>Pedal disc. Tan to pink, wrinkled or smooth. Circular, slightly concave; about half diameter of oral disc.</p> <p>Oral disc and tentacles. Oral disc tan to reddish-purple; smooth in poorly-preserved specimens, radially furrowed along mesenterial insertions in well-preserved specimens. In most specimens, oral disc torn, and mesenteries protrude through mouth. Mouth large (about 2/3 diameter of oral disc, opening to 18 mm); radially furrowed, lips raised and very prominent when mouth not torn (to 5 mm wide and long). Two prominent, symmetrical, off-white siphonoglyphs apparent in specimens with intact oral disc.</p> <p>Number and arrangement of tentacles inferred by pores (to about 2 mm diameter) on oral disc; small ridge typically surrounds each pore. To 72 pores, about 48 in most specimens, arrayed in three or four cycles; those of inner cycles communicate with endocoels, those of outermost cycle communicate with exocoels.</p> <p>Internal anatomy. Actinopharynx tan to deep purple, longitudinally furrowed; protruded in most specimens, nearly same length as column. Each of two long symmetrical siphonoglyphs attached to pair of directive mesenteries.</p> <p>Mesenteries thick and muscular, hexamerously arrayed in three cycles; typically more numerous at limbus than at margin (e.g. 56 vs. 48). Rare quaternary mesenteries occur in pairs between mesenteries of second and third cycles (i.e. 11 44 3344224433 44 11: bolded 4s represent position of quaternary mesenteries absent in most specimens examined). First to third cycle complete; youngest complete mesenteries reach actinopharynx only at distal end. Incomplete mesenteries lack filaments. Oral stomata large, marginal stomata small. Directives and some members of youngest cycle sterile; all other mesenteries fertile. Sexes separate; ova to about 1.5 mm diameter.</p> <p>Retractor muscles strong and diffuse (Figure 6a); in some specimens may be lobed. Parietobasilar muscles with no pennons or short detached ones.</p> <p>Diffuse endodermal marginal sphincter muscle poorly developed; lamellae short to moderately long (Figure</p> <p>6b).</p> <p>Cnidae. Basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores; presumably spirocysts are present in tentacles, but all specimens examined lacked tentacles. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 1; cnidae illustrated in Figure 7.</p> <p>Type specimens. Holotype: KUIZ 003252, collected 6-Apr-2003 from 49.35– 49.33° N 127.55– 127.52° W, 1,804–1,827 m. Column length 25 mm, oral disc diameter 40 mm, and pedal disc 22 mm. Third cycle of mesenteries developed, fourth cycle partially developed with same number of tentacle pores.</p> <p>Paratypes: CAS 184529, 4 specimens collected 5-Jun-1996 from 34.67° N 123.18° W, 4,100 m; USNM 1149361, 1 specimen collected 14-Nov-1995 from 34.70° N 123.03° W, 4,100 m; KUIZ 001522, 1 specimen collected 29-Jan-1996 from 34.72° N 123.22° W, 4,100 m; SBMNH 149659, 1 specimen collected 17-Oct-1992 from 34.77° N 123.13° W, 4,100 m; RBCM 010-00573 - 001, 1 specimen collected 15-Apr-2003 from 49.71– 49.71° N 127.95– 127.96° W, 2,003 –2,091 m.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of Kenneth L. Smith, Jr., who collected specimens of this species, as well as many other deep-sea anemones, from Station M off the coast of California.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 4.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. The only other species of Bolocera known from the northeastern Pacific is B. pannosa McMurrich, 1893, which has a large, convex oral disc covered by about 400 tentacles, and an oral disc that conceals the short column, is easily separated from B. kensmithi n. sp. Bolocera kensmithi n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by its combination of: concave pedal disc; column that tapers from the widest part distally to the narrowest part proximally; about 48 tentacles arrayed in four cycles; 24 pairs of mesenteries arrayed in three cycles (plus occasionally a few pairs of a fourth cycle); directive mesenteries sterile; marginal stomata.</p> <p>Dichotomous key to species of Bolocera (except Bolocera maxima, described by Carlgren [1921] from off Greenland based solely on tentacles, and therefore distinguished by its nematocysts, for which we lack comparable data for B. kensmithi n. sp.).</p> <p>1 Column so short margin almost touches limbus, oral disc broad and convex....................................... 2</p> <p>- Column not short, either cylindrical or wider at distal than at proximal end, margin not near limbus.................... 3</p> <p>2 About 400 flaccid slender tentacles to 37 mm long arrayed in seven cycles. Pedal disc oval (70 x 25 mm diameter in average specimen) and thin; mesenterial insertions visible. Northeastern Pacific Ocean.............. B. pannosa McMurrich, 1893</p> <p>- About 150 blunt digitiform tentacles to 20 mm long scattered over oral disc. To five cycles of mesenteries; oral and marginal stomata present. Pedal disc circular, slightly larger diameter than proximal end of column. Two size classes of basitrichs in actinopharynx. Southern Ocean..................................................... B. paucicornis Dunn, 1983</p> <p>3 Marginal sphincter muscle well developed................................................................. 4</p> <p>- Marginal sphincter muscle poorly developed............................................................... 5</p> <p>4 Column approximately twice as long as diameter of oral and pedal disc in preserved specimens; tentacles arrayed in four cycles. Off East Africa................................................................ B. africana Pax, 1909</p> <p>- Column thin, same length as diameter of oral disc in preservation. About 200 long, conical, and longitudinally furrowed tentacles arrayed in five or six cycles. Northern Atlantic Ocean............................ B. tuediae (Johnston, 1832)</p> <p>5 All mesenteries fertile except for directives and some of youngest cycle......................................... 6</p> <p>- Mesenteries of first cycle, and some of second cycle sterile; 96 pairs of mesenteries total, 48 pairs complete. About 180 tentacles. Off East Africa....................................................... B. somaliensis Carlgren, 1928a</p> <p>6 Mesenteries lack oral and marginal stomata. To five cycles of thin mesenteries equally developed along column; parietobasilar muscles with large detached pennons. Tentacles (to about 100) arrayed in as many as seven cycles. Basitrichs of mesenterial filaments to 64 µm long, one size class of basitrichs in column. South of 30° S............... B. kerguelensis Studer, 1879</p> <p>- Mesenteries possess oral and marginal stomata. 24 pairs of thick mesenteries arrayed in three cycles (plus rarely a few pairs of a fourth cycle), develop from proximal end; parietobasilar muscles with small detached pennons or without pennons. About 48 tentacle pores (correspond to number of tentacles in life) arrayed in four cycles near margin. Pedal disc circular. Basitrichs of mesenterial filaments to 73 µm long; two size classes of basitrichs in column. Northeastern Pacific Ocean...................................................................................................... B. kensmithi n. sp.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFC1372B2998F95B9685FC10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFC637342998FB5293F3FC6B.text	E75C8796FFC637342998FB5293F3FC6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinoscyphia groendyki Fautin 2012	<div><p>Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp.</p> <p>(Figures 9–12, Table 2, Appendix 5)</p> <p>Body form and size. Exposed mesoglea of specimens light grey to tan; some with dingy grey ectoderm sloughing off. Mesoglea thick throughout column, to 8 mm at proximal end of specimen 33 mm long. Column smooth and stiff; tapers from distal end. Margin contracted so column covers most tentacles. Oral disc in nearly all specimens examined folded in half perpendicular to long axis, giving animals Venus flytrap posture (Figure 9). Pedal disc elongate; long axis in same direction as long axis of oral disc.</p> <p>Column 9–42 mm long; long axis of pedal disc approximately same length as long axis of oral disc, typically longer than column.</p> <p>Pedal disc. Pedal disc tan or light brown; most specimens with metallic brown chitinous material, inferred to be secreted by animal, closely associated with pedal disc. Most elongate, from 4 to 134 mm; in large specimens pedal disc wrapped around or appears to have been wrapped around cylindrical object such as worm tube or group of sponge spicules (Figure 9). In small specimens (about 10 mm column length) pedal disc small, concave, holds bolus of mud.</p> <p>Oral disc and tentacles. Oral disc tan or salmon, oval, radially furrowed along mesenterial insertion; folds in half, hiding tentacles.</p> <p>Mouth circular, approximately 1/4 oral disc diameter; with raised lips. Slightly darker than oral disc, or deep purple; tan or light brown radial stripe typically at oral end of each siphonoglyph.</p> <p>Tentacles slightly lighter in color than oral disc, smooth; tapered (1–4 mm at widest part of base to 0.1–1 mm at tip), 1–12 mm long, all thickened aborally with mesoglea. Most specimens with 120–149 tentacles (one small</p> <p>Internal anatomy. Actinopharynx deep purple, very long, longitudinally sulcate. Each of two symmetrical siphonoglyphs attached to pair of directive mesenteries; directive plane perpendicular to long axis of oral and pedal discs.</p> <p>Mesenteries thin, typically arrayed in five cycles (specimens about 10 mm column length possess only four cycles); develop distally. All mesenteries with filaments; those of only first cycle complete, stomata absent. Mesenteries of first cycle sterile; mesenteries of second cycle rarely fertile; all younger mesenteries may be fertile. Mesenteries of youngest cycle regularly arrayed; all pairs do not develop simultaneously: one pair flanking a pair of preceding cycle develops on side nearer older pair of mesenteries (i.e. 115544 55 33 55 445522, bolded 5s represent where late-developing pairs will presumably appear, although absent in specimens examined) (Figure 10a). Pattern holds for fourth cycle mesenteries; in one specimen both pairs flanked those of third cycle in some places, and only one pair had developed in others. Retractor muscles very weak and short; parietobasilar muscles weak.</p> <p>Mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle weak, moderately long (to approximately 1/3 column length), with many alveoli, slightly striated transversely in some specimens (Figure 10b), or distinctively striated only near proximal end. Situated in middle of mesoglea distally where broadest, occupies approximately half mesoglea width; tapers and approaches endoderm proximally. Alveoli pigmented, giving sphincter muscle tan color. Distal alveoli small and may be spaced apart or clumped; proximal alveoli larger.</p> <p>Longitudinal muscles of tentacles mostly ectodermal with little mesogleal involvement, circular muscles endodermal (Figure 10c).</p> <p>Cnidae. Gracile and robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 2; cnidae illustrated in Figure 11.</p> <p>Type specimens. Holotype: SBMNH 149661, collected 19-Feb-1971 from 44.99° N 126.66° W, 2,770 m. Column length 34 mm, oral disc folded 30 x 45 mm, and elongate pedal disc 40 mm. Fourth cycle of mesenteries developed, fifth cycle partially developed; 149 tentacles.</p> <p>Paratypes: SBMNH 149662, 1 specimen, collected 19-Feb-1971 from 44.99° N 126.66° W, 2,770 m; KUIZ 003350, 1 specimen, collected 19-Feb-1971 from 44.99° N 126.66° W, 2,770 m; KUIZ 003351, 1 specimen, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.29° N 126.47° W, 2,710 m; USNM 1149362, 1 specimen, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.29° N 126.47° W, 2,710 m; CAS 184531, 1 specimen, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.29° N 126.47° W, 2,710 m; RBCM 010-00571 - 001, 1 specimen, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.29° N 126.47° W, 2,710 m.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of Eash-Loucks’ late grandfather, James Groendyk.</p> <p>Distribution. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. occurs in both the Southern and northeastern Pacific oceans and has been collected from depths of at least 636 to 3,819 m (Figure 12).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. We re-examined some of the 18 specimens from the Southern Ocean that Fautin (1984) had identified as Actinoscyphia plebeia (McMurrich, 1893). Features of specimens from the northeastern Pacific conform to what she reported except that 1) the microbasic p -mastigophores of the actinopharynx and the large basitrichs of the mesenterial filaments are smaller, and 2) mesenteries of the first cycle are always sterile whereas Fautin reported that only the directives and some mesenteries of the youngest cycle are sterile.</p> <p>In the actinopharynx of specimens Fautin (1984) examined, we found small microbasic p -mastigophores (the smallest was 26.1 x 4.0 µm), which fall within the same size range as those of specimens of A. groendyki n. sp. Therefore, the only difference we found between specimens from the northeastern Pacific and Southern oceans was the size of large basitrichs in the mesenterial filaments, whose lengths overlaps by 1 µm. However, these nematocysts were not found in all specimens from the Southern Ocean, so they may be contaminants from the actinopharynx. We conclude that the specimens from the northeastern Pacific, as well as those examined by Fautin (1984), constitute a single species. In specimens from both localities, all mesenteries of the first cycle were sterile,</p> <p>as were those of the second cycle in most specimens. Thus these specimens clearly fall within the original diagnosis of Actinoscyphia by Stephenson (1920), which includes the first cycle of mesenteries being complete and sterile.</p> <p>Some features of the specimens we examined from the northeastern Pacific and those identified by Fautin (1984) as A. plebeia differ from those of Actinoscyphia plebeia as originally described by McMurrich (1893); therefore, we also examined the holotype of A. plebeia (USNM 17789).</p> <p>USNM 17789 has 235 tentacles (a small portion of the margin, about 1/15, including tentacles was removed). However, McMurrich (1893) described the species as having only 96 tentacles. The number of tentacles we observed corresponds to the number of mesenteries in the specimen, because the fifth cycle was fully developed and some members of the sixth cycle of mesenteries were observed.</p> <p>The number of tentacles and mesenteries of the holotype of A. plebeia distinguish that species from the northeastern Pacific specimens of Actinoscyphia and those reported by Fautin (1984). Additionally, the new species is distinguished from A. plebeia by the length and shape of the sphincter muscle (short and distinctly transversely striated throughout its entire length in A. plebeia), thickness of the mesoglea (much thinner in A. plebeia), oral stomata in A. plebeia, and cnidae (most notably the lack of holotrichs in the tentacles of A. plebeia, although this may be due to the condition of the specimen) (Table 2) (see Dichotomous key of Actinoscyphia).</p> <p>Because Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. occurs in both the Southern and northeastern Pacific Oceans, we consider it likely that Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. occurs in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean as well. This also means that the analysis of Rodríguez et al. (2007) for A. plebeia must be reconsidered.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 5.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by its combination of: elongate pedal disc; oval oral disc; to about 150 tentacles that are thickened aborally; five cycles of mesenteries (to 144 mesenteries at limbus), of which six pairs are complete and the first and typically the second cycle are sterile; absence of stomata; moderately long mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle with pigmented alveoli.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFC637342998FB5293F3FC6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFDC37312998FDDF9168FBED.text	E75C8796FFDC37312998FDDF9168FBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthosactis nomados White, Wakefield Pagels, and Fautin 1999	<div><p>Anthosactis nomados White, Wakefield Pagels, and Fautin, 1999</p> <p>(Figures 13–14, Appendix 6)</p> <p>No synonyms</p> <p>Diagnosis. Column light tan to white, very flat; to 65 mm diameter. Individuals typically attached to shells of scaphopod Fissidentalium actiniophorum Shimek, 1997 (Figure 13). Animals not attached to shells show evidence of once having been. Margin contracted so oral disc not visible. To 48 tentacles that taper to approximately 5 mm. Three cycles of mesenteries, first two complete; lack acontia. For a detailed description of A. nomados, see White et al. (1999).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, microbasic b -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Anthosactis nomados was originally described from the northeastern Pacific off California and Oregon at 3,700 –4,100 m (White et al. 1999). We examined additional specimens collected off California and Oregon from 530 to 4,325 m (Figure 14).</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 6.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFDC37312998FDDF9168FBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFDD37322998F95F9168F858.text	E75C8796FFDD37322998F95F9168F858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinostola faeculenta (McMurrich 1893)	<div><p>Actinostola faeculenta (McMurrich, 1893)</p> <p>(Figures 15–17, Table 3, Appendix 7)</p> <p>Synonyms</p> <p>Cymbactis faeculenta: McMurrich (1893)</p> <p>Paractinostola faeculenta: Carlgren (1949) persist in crevices between thickenings. In smaller specimens thickenings more or less circular, in larger ones thickenings toward distal end elongated and tapered, resembling drips of viscous fluid; those near margin of contracted individual may be digitiform. Oral and pedal discs concave; pedal disc may be leathery. Column varies from about 15 mm wide and long to more than 200 mm wide and 150 mm long. Three to five cycles of mesenteries at mid-column; to three cycles of mesenteries complete (third cycle complete only distally). Mesenteries of first two cycles sterile, those of third to fifth cycle may be fertile. Additional small, thin mesenteries at only extreme proximal end, so numerous could not be counted. Number of mesenteries inferred to be equal to number of tentacles, which may exceed 200. Oral disc and tentacles typically solid tan (color of ectoderm remaining in crevices of column). Marginal tentacles very short, tightly packed; discal tentacles longer, pointed, may have shallow longitudinal furrows, and dispersed over marginal half of oral disc. For detailed information on A. faeculenta, see McMurrich (1893) and Carlgren (1934b).</p> <p>Cnidae. Gracile and robust spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, and microbasic b - mastigophores. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 3; cnidae illustrated in Figure 16.</p> <p>Distribution. Actinostola faeculenta was described from six specimens collected north of the Channel Islands, California, USA at 757 m (McMurrich 1893). We examined additional specimens from southern California, north to British Columbia, and west to Japan from depths of 82 to 2,265 m (Figure 17).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. This is among the largest and most massive, as well as one of the most distinctive, sea anemones in the deep northeastern Pacific.</p> <p>Specimens of A. faeculenta we examined agreed with both McMurrich (1893) and Carlgren (1934b). The large specimens have more than 200 tentacles. The type specimens have about 150, which is similar to the number in smaller specimens we examined; therefore, it appears that number of tentacles (and, by inference, mesenteries) increases with size.</p> <p>Despite how conspicuous the species is, cnidae size and distribution in specimens of Actinostola faeculenta had not previously been reported so we report them here (Table 3).</p> <p>McMurrich (1893) could not find gametogenic tissue in the type specimens of Cymbactis faeculenta, so fertility pattern was not part of the generic definition. Although Carlgren (1934b) was also unable to detect gametogenic tissue in the type specimens, he moved the species from Cymbactis to Paractinostola (Carlgren, 1928a), a genus he had established (Carlgren 1928a) for P. bulbosa (Carlgren, 1928a) and P. capensis (Carlgren, 1928a), based on a more or less strongly lobed oral disc and fewer mesenteries at the base than tentacles. In his catalog to sea anemones of the world, Carlgren (1949) questionably also placed Cymbactis faeculenta in Paractinostola. Should the three species belong in a single genus, it would be termed Cymbactis, the older name</p> <p>[no other species have been attributed to Paractinostola; the combination Paractinostola ingolfi, found in Fautin and Barber (1999), is a lapsus for Parasicyonis ingolfi Carlgren, 1942: Fautin 2011].</p> <p>Riemann-Zürneck (1971) questioned the basis of differentiating Actinostola from Paractinostola. She subsequently (Riemann-Zürneck 1978) placed P. bulbosa and P. capensis in Actinostola, finding the features Carlgren (1928a) used to define Paractinostola insufficient to distinguish it from Actinostola; however, she did not mention P. faeculenta.</p> <p>The key distinction between Cymbactis, as described by McMurrich (1893), and Actinostola, as described by Carlgren (1949), is the lobed margin of members of Cymbactis. Riemann-Zürneck (1978) noted that the margin of some specimens belonging to species of Actinostola can be lobed. Additionally, C. faeculenta, the type species of Cymbactis, has more tentacles than mesenteries at the base, a character not true for Actinostola according to Carlgren (1949). Häussermann (2005 [correction to Häussermann 2004]), who analyzed the variability of characters in Actinostola chilensis McMurrich, 1904, found that some individuals of the species had more tentacles than mesenteries at the base and some had fewer. Thus these features do not distinguish Cymbactis from Actinostola. In examining fertile specimens of C. faeculenta, we found the first two cycles of mesenteries to be sterile; this state characterizes Actinostola. Therefore, Cymbactis conforms to the genus description of Actinostola, so Cymbactis is a junior synonym of Actinostola.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 7.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFDD37322998F95F9168F858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFD137392998FF3592C1F966.text	E75C8796FFD137392998FF3592C1F966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sicyonis careyi Fautin 2012	<div><p>Sicyonis careyi n. sp.</p> <p>(Figures 18–21, Table 4, Appendix 8)</p> <p>Body form and size. Column of specimens white to light grey (color of exposed mesoglea). Stiff due to thick mesoglea (to 6 mm mid-column in specimen 39 mm long); smooth except for few shallow irregular furrows; mesenterial insertions rarely visible. Cylindrical column of preserved specimens may be slightly compressed laterally (likely due to compression in collecting net), tentacles partially hidden in all specimens examined. Oral and pedal disc approximately same diameter, or column may taper slightly from oral to pedal disc (Figure 18). Column of most specimens examined 33–56 mm long, shortest 10 mm long.</p> <p>Pedal disc. Pinkish brown; smooth but rare furrows may mark insertions of mesenteries toward periphery. Typically 24–42 mm diameter (7 mm diameter in smallest specimen); concave, concavity reaching 16 mm long; typically grasping bolus of mud.</p> <p>Oral disc and tentacles. Tan or brown, radially furrowed where mesenteries insert; hidden by tentacles and contracted column in all specimens examined. Diameter 34–48 mm (13 mm in smallest), roughly same diameter as column length. Mouth about 1/3 diameter of oral disc, same color as oral disc; two large white siphonoglyphs apparent.</p> <p>Tentacles tan, circumferentially furrowed, slightly thickened aborally at base (Figure 19a); arrayed in 3 cycles, about 80 in number (58 in smallest specimen). Inner tentacles endocoelic and larger than outer (exocoelic); short, pointed, 2–8 mm long, taper from 2–4 mm at base to 0.5–1 mm at tip. Small pore at tip (Figure 19b) more apparent in endocoelic than exocoelic tentacles.</p> <p>Internal anatomy. Actinopharynx tan, brown, or grey, long, longitudinally sulcate. Each of two deep, white siphonoglyphs attached to pair of directive mesenteries.</p> <p>Mesenteries thin and numerous (about 80 pairs), irregularly arrayed; incomplete ones loosely follow Actinostola rule. Mesenteries of youngest cycle very thin and weak, exist only at extreme proximal end; lack filaments and musculature, possess gametogenic tissue (Figure 19c). All other mesenteries muscular with filaments and large mesogleal thickenings distally (Figure 19d). Mesenteries of second youngest cycle (typically 20 pairs) extend from pedal to oral disc but very small compared to those of older cycles; rarely possess gametogenic tissue. Oldest mesenteries (typically 20 pairs) sterile and long; most complete, although only one member or rarely both members of pair incomplete; contain oral but no marginal stomata.</p> <p>Muscular mesenteries possess long, diffuse retractor muscles. Parietobasilar muscles weak, pennons lacking.</p> <p>Mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle weak and moderately long; lies against endoderm (Figure 19e), may be longitudinally striated distally. Occupies less than half column width distally, where alveoli large and loosely arrayed; tapers proximally, where more reticular toward endoderm, alveolar toward ectoderm.</p> <p>Longitudinal musculature of tentacles mesogleal and well developed (Figure 19a).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 4; cnidae illustrated in Figure 20.</p> <p>Type specimens. Holotype: SBMNH 422541, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.31° N 126.53° W, 2,750 m. Column length 39 mm, diameter of contracted distal end 46 mm, diameter of contracted proximal end 33 mm. 72 mesenteries span entire length of column and equal number gametogenic mesenteries exist only at proximal end; 72 tentacles.</p> <p>Paratypes: KUIZ 003349, 3 specimens, collected 18-Feb-1971 from 45.31° N 126.53° W, 2,750 m; CAS 184530, 1 specimen, collected 16-Mar-1970 from 44.63° N 125.67° W, 2,816 m; RBCM 010-00572 - 001, 1 specimen, collected 16-Mar-1970 from 44.63° N 125.67° W, 2,816 m; USNM 1149363, 1 specimen, collected 16- Mar-1970 from 44.63° N 125.67° W, 2,816 m; SBMNH 149660, 2 specimens, collected 16-Mar-1970 from 44.63° N 125.67° W, 2,816 m.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in honor of Andrew G. Carey, Jr. who collected specimens of this species, as well as many other deep-sea anemones, off the coast of Oregon.</p> <p>Distribution. Sicyonis careyi n. sp. appears endemic to the northeastern Pacific, where it occurs from 550 to 3,700 m (Figure 21). No other member of the genus is known from the northeastern Pacific.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. The genera Parasicyonis Carlgren, 1921, and Synsicyonis Carlgren, 1921, are so similar</p> <p>In both Synsicyonis and Sicyonis, mesenteries of the last cycle are fertile and lack filaments; the last cycle occurs only at the extreme distal end of the column in members of Synsicyonis and at the extreme proximal end of the column in members of Sicyonis. The only species of Synsicyonis, S. elongata (Hertwig, 1888), is known from the middle of the North Pacific at 5,304 m; mesenteries of its youngest cycle are muscular.</p> <p>Mesenteries of the youngest cycle are fertile in members of Parasicyonis and Sicyonis; however, those of Parasicyonis possess mesenterial filaments, and those of Sicyonis lack mesenterial filaments. No species of Parasicyonis have been recorded from the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p>In describing the North Atlantic Sicyonis biotrans Riemann-Zürneck, 1991, which possesses small filaments on mesenteries of the youngest cycle, Riemann-Zürneck (1991) argued that this character is not stable in Sicyonis. However, she did not provide evidence for that assertion, and the character appears consistent, to judge by specimens of Sicyonis we examined and descriptions of other species in the genus we read. Because the presence or absence of filaments on mesenteries of the youngest cycle is the only feature distinguishing the genera, and we are aware of no evidence that this character is unstable, the species is properly Parasicyonis biotrans (Riemann- Zürneck, 1991).</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 8.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Sicyonis careyi n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by its combination of: smooth mesoglea; smooth and thin pedal disc; weak alveolar marginal sphincter muscle; oral stomata; about 80 aborally thickened tentacles; about 80 pairs of mesenteries, of which those of the youngest and rarely the penultimate cycle are fertile.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFD137392998FF3592C1F966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFD637042998F9C49168FE00.text	E75C8796FFD637042998F9C49168FE00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyphellia australis Dunn 1982	<div><p>Bathyphellia australis Dunn, 1982</p> <p>(Figures 22–23, Appendix 9)</p> <p>Synonym</p> <p>Daontesia australis: Riemann-Zürneck (1994)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Elongate column (to about 30 mm) tapered distally. Scapus rough, dark, covered in tenaculi holding multistratified cuticle and typically debris; where tenaculi sloughed, scapus tan, smooth. Scapus short, smooth, orangish. Margin of most specimens contracted, oral disc hidden. Pedal disc typically attached to manganese nodule (Figure 22). Mesenteries in three cycles, all with somewhat restricted diffuse retractor muscles; six pairs of macrocnemes. Acontia small, difficult to locate (as is common in members of family Bathyphelliidae [Carlgren</p> <p>Distribution. Bathyphellia australis was described from five specimens collected in the South Pacific Ocean at 3,200 –4,575 m (Dunn 1983). The hundreds of specimens we have examined from California to Oregon extend the species’ range geographically and to as shallow as 2,709 m (Figure 23). We infer that members of B. australis occur all along the eastern rim of the Pacific Ocean at appropriate depths.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. Being congeners, Bathyphellia australis and B. margaritacea (Danielssen, 1890) resemble one another in some respects. They differ in geographic distribution and microhabitat, the latter recorded only from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans (Danielssen 1890; Carlgren 1942; Doumenc 1975; Riemann- Zürneck 1997; Sanamyan et al. 2009), embedded in soft sediment. Although similar, their cnidae differ. The tall cylindrical form of B. australis is virtually invariant because its dense tenaculi prevent it from shortening, whereas that of B. margaritacea is “trumpet-shaped” and variable in length:width ratio (Sanamyan et al. 2009: 1246). We found small acontia in all specimens of B. australis but, according to Sanamyan et al. (2009) they may be absent in some specimens of B. margaritacea.</p> <p>Riemann-Zürneck (1997) moved Bathyphellia australis to Daontesia Carlgren, 1942 in light of her revised definition of the genus, giving primacy to the character of a multistratified cuticle, a feature shared with the type species of the genus, Daontesia praelonga (Carlgren, 1928b), as noted by Dunn (1982). Two characters separate Daontesia and Bathyphellia in the key of Carlgren (1949), the number of macrocnemes (12 in the former, six in the latter) and the number of tentacles (same as the number of mesenteries in the former, fewer in the latter). Riemann- Zürneck (1997: 367) did not mention the number of tentacles in her revised definition of Daontesia but stated the number of macrocnemes as “six or 12 pairs,” despite both D. praelonga and D. porcupina Riemann-Zürneck, 1997, having only six pairs, and added to the definition “Tentacle ectoderm with a peculiar b -mastigophore.” Cinclides may occur in Daontesia. Bathyphellia australis has 12 macrocnemes and lacks cinclides; we have not found in the tentacles the distinctive type of nematocyst characterizing Daontesia. We therefore retain B. australis in the genus Bathyphellia.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 9.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFD637042998F9C49168FE00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFE937072998FD469166FED3.text	E75C8796FFE937072998FD469166FED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinauge verrillii McMurrich 1893	<div><p>Actinauge verrillii McMurrich, 1893</p> <p>(Figures 24–25, Appendix 10)</p> <p>Synonyms: see below</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shape depends on substratum: most specimens attached to gastropod shell, cylindrical object such as worm tube or sponge spicules, or bolus of mud. Column to 46 mm long. Scapus covered in tubercles; tubercles small toward base, more pronounced toward margin; brown cuticle typically remains only in furrows between tubercles (Figure 24). In specimens examined, column contracted, hiding oral disc; tentacles rarely visible. Same number of tentacles as mesenteries (about 96: four cycles); tentacles tapered, thickened aborally. For detailed information on A. verrillii, see McMurrich (1893) and Dunn (1983).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution and taxonomic remarks. Actinauge verrillii was originally described from 15 specimens collected from off the Galapagos Islands, Chile, and the Channel Islands of California from 717, 1,238, and 757 m, respectively (McMurrich 1893). Specimens have also been trawled in the Southern Ocean (Dunn 1983).</p> <p>Additionally, the species has been reported from the Atlantic Ocean in trawls as shallow as 0–450 m but those records are incorrect (see Carlgren 1949; Riemann-Zürneck 1986). Riemann-Zürneck (1986) described the species Actinauge cristata Riemann-Zürneck, 1986, from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean for specimens that had been identified as A. verrillii.</p> <p>Thus, A. verrillii appears to be restricted to the Southern and Pacific Oceans. Specimens we examined extended the species’ previously known range to the Aleutian Islands and to depths of at least 119 m to 4,250 m (see Appendix 10) (Figure 25). Material examined. See Appendix 10.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFE937072998FD469166FED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFEA37062998FA109167FEF0.text	E75C8796FFEA37062998FA109167FEF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monactis vestita (Gravier 1918)	<div><p>Monactis vestita (Gravier, 1918)</p> <p>(Figures 26–27, Appendix 11)</p> <p>Synonym</p> <p>Paractis vestita: Gravier, 1918</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body form (Figure 26) presumably depends on object attached to (gastropod, rock, cylindrical object); body tall, flat, or elongate. Diameter of pedal disc to approximately 40 mm; length of column to 18 mm. Column tan, smooth; margin typically contracted so oral disc hidden. About 32 tentacles; may be hidden by contracted margin. Mesenteries arrayed in four cycles; those of only first cycle complete and with acontia. Acontia difficult to distinguish from filaments. For detailed information on M. vestita, see Gravier (1918), Riemann-Zürneck (1986), Zamponi and Acũna (1992), and White et al. (1999).</p> <p>Distribution. Monactis vestita, the only species in its genus, was originally described from specimens collected from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean at 2,286 to 5,005 m (Gravier 1918). Animals of this species have been found off the coasts of Venezuela (Riemann-Zürneck 1986) and Oregon (White et al. 1999); we did not find additional specimens. The species is known in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans from 59 to 5,320 m (Figure 27).</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 11.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFEA37062998FA109167FEF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFEC37012998FB629166F8BE.text	E75C8796FFEC37012998FB629166F8BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphelliactis pabista Dunn 1982	<div><p>Paraphelliactis pabista Dunn, 1982</p> <p>(Figures 28–29, Appendix 12)</p> <p>No synonyms</p> <p>Diagnosis. Column light tan to brown, 10 to 80 mm long; pointed tubercles arrayed in longitudinal rows along endocoels. Pedal disc often attached to cylindrical object such as worm tube (Figure 28) or holds small stone or bolus of mud. Aborally thickened tentacles more numerous than mesenteries at mid-column (to more than 150 tentacles vs. 96 mesenteries). For a detailed description of P. pabista, see Dunn (1982); Sanamyan and Sanamyan (2007) added information.</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Paraphelliactis pabista was described from off the coast of British Columbia (Dunn 1982). Sanamyan and Sanamyan (2007) reported the species in the Gulf of California, Mexico. We examined additional specimens from California to British Columbia and extend the depth range of the species to 1,426 to 4,100 m (Figure 29).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. The other species of Paraphelliactis, P. spinosa Carlgren, 1928b (the type species) and P. michaelsarsi Carlgren, 1934a, were moved to Phelliactis Simon, 1892, by Riemann-Zürneck (1973). However, Riemann-Zürneck (1973) did not report the ratio of mesenteries to tentacles in specimens of the two species, key to distinguishing the genera. Thus, as Sanamyan and Sanamyan (2007) contended, the type species of Paraphelliactis (P. spinosa) should be regarded as valid and Paraphelliactis pabista should remain the valid name of the species we examined from the northeastern Pacific.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 12.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFEC37012998FB629166F8BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFEF370D2998FECA9166FED3.text	E75C8796FFEF370D2998FECA9166FED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liponema brevicorne (McMurrich 1893)	<div><p>Liponema brevicorne (McMurrich, 1893)</p> <p>(Figures 30–31, Appendix 13)</p> <p>Synonym</p> <p>Bolocera brevicornis: McMurrich, 1893</p> <p>Diagnosis. Oral disc of preserved specimens tan to pink; diameter to approximately 100 mm, expanded so completely hides short column; covered in short tentacles (Figure 30), one tentacle per endocoel, more than one per exocoel. Tentacles deciduous (as typical for members of Liponema); sphincter muscle at base of each. Bottoms of jars with preserved specimens often filled with detached tentacles. For a detailed description of L. brevicorne, see McMurrich (1893); Dunn and Bakus (1977) redescribed the species.</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Liponema brevicorne was originally described from north of the Channel Islands, at 757 m (McMurrich 1893). Additional specimens, including some examined by us, have been collected throughout the North Pacific to the Aleutian Islands and Japan, extending the depth range of the species to 102 to 4,134 m (Figure</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. Bolocera, the genus in which this species was described, is feminine, so the species name was rendered brevicornis; the proper first Latin declension adjective form for the neuter genus, Liponema, is brevicorne.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 13.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFEF370D2998FECA9166FED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFE0370C2998FA939166FE63.text	E75C8796FFE0370C2998FA939166FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metridium farcimen (Brandt 1835)	<div><p>Metridium farcimen (Brandt, 1835)</p> <p>(Figures 32–33, Appendix 14)</p> <p>Synonyms: see Fautin and Hand (2000)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Specimens to 1 m long in life (Fautin et al. 1989); preserved specimens greatly contracted (100 mm or less in length). Column smooth, white to pale salmon or brown. Margin typically contracted, partially or completely hiding oral disc (Figure 32). Oral disc with lobes thickened with mesoglea. Oral disc covered in hundreds of tentacles; marginal tentacles shorter than discal tentacles. Pedal disc typically attached to rock or shell. For a detailed description of M. farcimen, see Fautin et al. (1989).</p> <p>Cnidae. Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, microbasic amastigophores.</p> <p>Distribution. Metridium farcimen was described by Brandt (1835) from Kamchatka, Russia. Specimens have since been collected throughout the North Pacific Ocean and we extend the range of the species from subtidal waters to 2,740 m, north to the Bering Sea and within the North Pacific from Mexico to Russia (Figure 33).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. Fautin et al. (1989) described as a new species Metridium giganteum Fautin, Bucklin, and Hand, 1989, distinguishing it from the two other species found along the northeastern Pacific coast, M. senile</p> <p>(Linnaeus, 1761) and M. exile Hand, 1956. However, Fautin and Hand (2000) found several names that had previously been applied to this species: its valid name is M. farcimen (Brandt, 1835).</p> <p>Its great size and lobed oral disc make large specimens of Metridium farcimen among the most distinctive species of sea anemone in the North Pacific. However, small specimens of M. farcimen have been confused with and misidentified as M. senile in publication, and because of their similarities, it is not possible to determine which were the subject of some publications (Fautin &amp; Hand 2000). Specimens of M. farcimen can grow much larger than specimens of M. senile, which reach a maximum length of only 100 mm (Fautin et al. 1989). The oral disc of M. farcimen is divided into distinct stiffened lobes whereas the oral disc of M. senile is flaccid and the lobes are less distinct.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 14.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFE0370C2998FA939166FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
E75C8796FFE2370A2998FA85970FFB98.text	E75C8796FFE2370A2998FA85970FFB98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sagartiogeton californicus (Carlgren 1940)	<div><p>Sagartiogeton californicus (Carlgren, 1940)</p> <p>(Figures 34 –37, Table 5, Appendix 15)</p> <p>Synonyms: see below</p> <p>Body form and size. Column ectoderm tan or rose; in most specimens ectoderm sloughed off (likely caused by collection process), exposing mesoglea. Mesoglea of scapulus white, thick (about 1 mm), and cartilaginous; that of scapus thin, and mesenterial insertions and purple endoderm of mesenteries (white in two specimens) apparent. Gametogenic tissue white, and filaments tan to purple. Purple endoderm and white gametogenic tissue make column appear purple and white spotted when ectoderm sloughed off (Figure 34). Sparse cinclides in distal part of scapus and near limbus.</p> <p>Specimens short (about 3 mm long near mouth, 0.1 mm long at limbus) to approximately as tall as wide (to about 20 mm long), depending on contraction. Pedal disc typically wide; oral disc small and typically hidden along with bases of tentacles below contracted margin of column. Pedal disc circular or slightly oval, to diameter of 47 mm. Oral disc (to about 14 mm diameter) much smaller than pedal disc.</p> <p>Pedal disc. Pedal disc off-white to tan; in most specimens slightly transparent with mesenterial insertions visible. Wide, concave in most specimens, shape depending on substrate; attached to shells, rocks, or crab</p> <p>Oral disc and tentacles. Oral disc tan and smooth, mesenterial insertions may be visible. Approximately same shape as pedal disc (circular or slightly oval). In most specimens margin contracted so oral disc and bases of inner tentacles not visible.</p> <p>Mouth approximately half oral disc diameter. Lips purple, slightly raised, radially furrowed. Position of two symmetrical siphonoglyphs evident externally by smaller lips and slightly lighter pigmentation.</p> <p>About 200 dark purple to white tentacles; ectoderm of outer tentacles typically sloughed away, dark purple endoderm visible through transparent mesoglea. Conical; 1–8 mm long, taper from 0.3–1 mm at base to less than 0.1 mm at tip. Tentacles arrayed in six cycles near margin (fewer tentacles in small specimens). Exocoelic tentacles outermost; shorter than inner (endocoelic) tentacles.</p> <p>Internal anatomy. Actinopharynx dark purple; long in tall specimens, short in flat specimens. Each of two off-white siphonoglyphs attached to pair of directive mesenteries.</p> <p>Mesenteries typically with purple endoderm (pink to white in some specimens). Arrayed in five cycles; smaller specimens with fewer cycles (three cycles in flat specimen with pedal disc diameter 8 mm). All mesenteries, except some of youngest cycle, with filaments and gametogenic tissue. Mesenteries of first three cycles complete, with central stomata (see Arellano &amp; Fautin 2001). Mesenteries develop from proximal and distal end. Acontia salmon or off-white with small purple spots. Retractor muscles diffuse, may be lobed; poorly developed in young mesenteries, well developed in old mesenteries (Figure 35a). Parietobasilar muscles not apparent.</p> <p>Mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle reticular, well developed, occupies most of mesoglea; separated from endoderm by thin strip of mesoglea (Figure 35b). Longitudinal musculature of tentacles ectodermal; circular muscles inferred to be endodermal (Figure 35c).</p> <p>Cnidae. Gracile and robust spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p -mastigophores, microbasic amastigophores. Large macrobasic mastigophores (likely macrobasic p -mastigophores) were found in clusters in the mesenterial filaments of only one specimen of S. californicus; because discharged nematocysts were not observed, we are unable to determine for certain if they are macrobasic amastigophores or p -mastigophores. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 5; cnidae illustrated in Figure 36.</p> <p>Distribution. Sagartiogeton californicus occur from the northeastern Pacific from Mexico to British Columbia from depths of 73 m to at least 1,463 m (Figure 37).</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks. The original description of Actinothoë californica Carlgren, 1940, lacks an illustration of the whole animal and many anatomical details. We were unable to locate specimens upon which Carlgren (1942) based his description in any of the natural history museums that (to our knowledge) have material Carlgren studied; therefore, we designate specimen KUIZ 001451, collected 26-Oct-1997 at 34.89– 34.91° N, 122.50– 122.49° W, 687 m, as the name-bearing neotype of S. californicus. Article 75 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) stipulates that a neotype is to be designated only if “a name-bearing type is necessary to define the nominal taxon objectively … not as an end in itself, or as a matter of curatorial routine.”</p> <p>The misidentification of specimen USNM 53337 by Cutress as Sagartiogeton californicus (below) illustrates the need to designate a neotype to anchor the species concept. The specimen that we designate as the neotype of Sagartiogeton californicus, KUIZ 001451, was collected nearest the type locality (27° 04’ N, 111° 54’ W, 40 fm) of those animals we examined.</p> <p>Specimen USNM 53337 differs from the specimens we examined in having a very long, lumpy scapulus with deep longitudinal furrows. It is larger (24 mm long, pedal disc 44 mm wide), and the older mesenteries are less muscular and more lobed than in the specimens Carlgren (1940) described and those we examined. The specimen lacks small basitrichs in the tentacles and possesses two sizes of microbasic amastigophores in the acontia, the smallest approximately 27 µm long. This specimen is clearly a member of family Sagartiidae, but not Sagartiogeton californicus.</p> <p>Carlgren (1949) and Kostina (1988) included both Actinothoe californica and Sagartiogeton californica in their inventories, seemingly considering them as separate species; both cited Carlgren (1940) as the author of both species, but Carlgren (1940) described only one species belonging to family Sagartiidae.</p> <p>All of the specimens we examined that are cited in Appendix 15 agree well with published details except that Carlgren (1940) did not find small basitrichs in all tissues. These small nematocysts were sparse and easy to miss in specimens we examined. In addition, Carlgren (1940) reported much smaller microbasic amastigophores and basitrichs of the acontia than we found; however, size of these cnidae in acontia of members of Sagartiogeton, the genus into which Carlgren (1949) placed the species, vary greatly from specimen to specimen (Carlgren 1942). Due to similarities in location, depth, and morphology, we have identified as S. californicus the specimens that we examined. Although the external anatomy of this species varies, cnidae and internal anatomy of specimens are consistent.</p> <p>The only other species of Sagartiogeton recorded from the Pacific Ocean, Sagartiogeton erythraios Zelnio, Rodriguez, and Daly, 2009, occurs in the southwestern Pacific to depths of 2,620 m. It can be distinguished from S. californicus by cnidae differences, in having fewer mesenteries and tentacles (3 cycles of mesenteries and 48 tentacles), no cinclides, and a column with a cuticle and papillae. The combination of a reticular marginal sphincter muscle nearly as wide as the mesoglea, retractor muscles that are often lobed, and central stomata differentiate S. californicus from S. erythraios, and its other congeners, all of which occur in the northern Atlantic Ocean.</p> <p>Material examined. See Appendix 15.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Sagartiogeton californicus can be distinguished from its congeners by its combination of: column with no cuticle or papillae; about 200 tentacles; five cycles of mesenteries; central stomata; cinclides; wide reticular marginal sphincter muscle; retractor muscles that are often lobed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E75C8796FFE2370A2998FA85970FFB98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fautin, D. G.	Fautin, D. G. (2012): Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3375: 1-80
