identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E360A301905CF069FF32FC843CCEFD5E.text	E360A301905CF069FF32FC843CCEFD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphorbia beckii V. W. Steinm. 2013	<div><p>Euphorbia beckii V.W. Steinm., sp. nov. (Fig. 1)</p> <p>Similar to Euphorbia viridis but differing by alternate lower leaves and seeds possessing a prominent, persistent caruncle and lacking tubercules.</p> <p>Type:— BOLIVIA. La Paz: Prov. Bautista Saavedra, A. N. M. I. Apolobamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.80334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.215555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.80334/lat -15.215555)">Río Charazani</a>, orilla sur, 1750 m, 15°12'56"S, 68°48'12"W, 18 April 2005 (fl, fr), A. Fuentes, R. Cuevas, E. Cuevas &amp; H. Pariamo 6928 (holotype MO!).</p> <p>Perennial herb from a thickened, elongated tuber. Stems erect to ascending, few arising from the base, little branched, with a few bifurcations towards the tips, to 50 cm tall, stems glabrous or sparsely villous, hairs irregularly bent and 0.5–0.8 mm long, terete, faintly longitudinally striate (at least upon drying), with prominent protuberances when the leaves fall, internodes 0.9–3.8 cm long. Leaves alternate below, opposite in the inflorescences; stipules at the bases of the petiole, inconspicuous, glanduliform, conical to deltoid, 0.2–0.3 mm, glabrous; petiole slender, 1.1–2.4 cm long, villous; blade ovate to rarely elliptic, 2.2–3.6 × 1.3–2.4 cm, membranaceous, margin entire, apex obtuse, base rounded to broadly cuneate, pinnate with 7–9 pairs of lateral veins, both surfaces sericeous, but the lower more densely so. Cyathia in weakly defined terminal cymes, 7–9 mm long, subtended by opposite cyathophylls similar to the stem leaves; peduncle 3.3–4.2 mm long, glabrous. Involucre campanulate, 1.7–1.9 × 2.2–2.6 mm, outer surface sericeous or villous towards the rim, inner surface puberulent towards the rim; glands 4(–5) per involucre, transversely elliptic-oblong, 0.5– 0.7 × 0.8–1.6 mm, slightly plicate; appendages present, equal, transversely oblong-elliptic, 0.9–1.3 × 1.8–2.1 mm, margin irregularly crenulate, surface sericeous or villous, greenish; lobes oblong to nearly rectangular, 0.4–0.5 mm long, pilose, apex fimbriate. Staminate flowers 25–30; bracteoles numerous, filiform, densely pilose. Ovary globose, sericeous or villous; styles 3, free to the base, bifid 1/4 to 1/2 their length, 0.9–1.4 mm long, glabrous, terete, slightly flattened at the apex. Capsule on a glabrous, exserted gynophore 2.7–4.3 mm long, not seen at maturity (all of the cocci present on the specimen have already dehisced), approximately 3.8– 4.0 mm long, sericeous or villous; columella 3.5–3.8 mm long. Seeds obloid, rounded in cross-section, 2.7– 2.8 × 2.0– 2.2 mm, base and apex rounded, foveolate with small, shallow, circular depressions, brown, and with transverse ridges that pass through the dorsal keel, tan, caruncule present, hood-like, 0.6 × 0.9–1.0 mm, cream-yellow.</p> <p>Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Euphorbia beckii is known from a single specimen gathered at an elevation of 1750 m in the Área Natural de Manejo Integrado of Apolobamba, province of Bautista Saavedra, department of La Paz, where it grows among rocks in tropical deciduous forest. Flowering and fruiting occur simultaneously and have been recorded in April, but likely also occur in other months.</p> <p>Etymology:—The specific epithet is in reverence to Dr. Stephan G. Beck, renowned ecologist, botanist, and director of the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), whose decades of research on Bolivian plants have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the flora of this biologically diverse country.</p> <p>Discussion:—Based on the possession of prominent involucral appendages together with leaves having long, slender petioles and inconspicuous, glandular stipules, Euphorbia beckii belongs to Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum Baillon (1858: 284). This assemblage was previously treated as part of the paraphyletic Euphorbia subg. Agaloma (Rafinesque 1836 [1838]: 116) House (1924: 471), e.g., by Wheeler (1943). The new species resembles most closely Euphorbia viridis (Klotzsch &amp; Garcke in Klotzsch 1860: 39) Boissier (1862: 62), a frequent component of tropical forests distributed from Ecuador to Bolivia, and the cyathia of the two species are nearly identical. However, E. beckii differs by having alternate (vs. opposite or verticillate) leaves. Furthermore, the seeds of the new taxon lack tubercules and possess a prominent (0.9–1.0 mm wide), persistent caruncle. In contrast, the seeds of E. viridis are tuberculate and either ecarunculate or with a minute (&lt;0.4 mm wide), caducous caruncle.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E360A301905CF069FF32FC843CCEFD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Steinmann, Victor W.	Steinmann, Victor W. (2013): Three new species of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) from Bolivia. Phytotaxa 114 (1): 23-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2
E360A301905EF06FFF32FD7F3D9BFC9F.text	E360A301905EF06FFF32FD7F3D9BFC9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphorbia fuentesii V. W. Steinm. 2013	<div><p>Euphorbia fuentesii V.W. Steinm., sp. nov. (Fig. 2)</p> <p>Similar to Euphorbia catamarcensis but differs by possessing seeds that are rugulose or with irregular transverse ridges.</p> <p>Type:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, Prov. Cordillera, Parque Nacional Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco, Palmar de las <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.54&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.432222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.54/lat -19.432222)">Islas</a>, 270 m, 19°25'56"S, 60°32'24"W, 11 February 1998 (fl, fr), A. Fuentes &amp; G. Navarro 2243 (holotype NY!, isotype USZ).</p> <p>Annual or perhaps short-lived perennial herb from a slender to slightly thickened taproot. Stems erect to ascending, few arising from the base, dichotomously branched above, 10–15 cm tall, glabrous or with a sparse puberulent pubescence of trichomes 0.1 mm long or less restricted to the base of the plant and uniformly distributed around the circumference, terete, smooth, internodes 0.6–1.8 cm long. Leaves opposite; stipules interpetiolar, 0.4–1.0 mm long, united at the base and divided distally into 3–5 subulate-filiform segments, glabrous; petiole 0.2–0.7 mm long; blade ovate, narrowly ovate, oblong or narrowly oblong, 0.8–1.7 × 0.3–1.0 cm, membranaceous, margin entire with the exception of 3–5 inconspicuous teeth at the apex, apex rounded but with a fine apiculate tip, base inequilateral-oblique, one side hemicordate the other side rounded, usually only the mid-vein conspicuous but sometimes visible 2 or 4 faint secondary veins diverging from the base, glabrous. Cyathia solitary in the upper nodes of the stems; peduncle 0.8–1.2 mm long. Involucre obconical, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–0.7 mm; glands 4 per involucre, transversely oblong, 0.1 × 0.2–0.3 mm, concave; appendages present, equal, represented by a semilunate, linear to shortly flabellate rim, 0.1–0.2 × 0.25–0.6 mm, entire to shallowly and irregularly lobed, whitish, lobes subulate, 0.2 mm, pilose-ciliate, sinus shallow, less than 1/4 the length of the involucre. Staminate flowers 8–10, bracteoles few, filiform, pilose. Ovary ovoid, 3-lobed, glabrous; styles 3, free to the base, bifid 1/4–1/2 their length, 0.4–0.6 mm long, glabrous, terete, not dilated at the apex. Capsule on an exserted gynophore 1.0– 1.3 mm long, broadly ovoid, strongly 3-lobed, 2.0–2.5 × 2.0– 2.4 mm, distally with a shallow depression between the carpels; columella 1.8–2.2 mm. Seeds narrowly ovoid, quadrangular in cross-section, 1.6–1.9 × 0.9–1.1 mm, base truncate, apex bluntly pointed, dorsal keel well developed, rugulose and with irregular transverse ridges that pass through the dorsal keel, tan, ecarunculate.</p> <p>Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Euphorbia fuentesii is known from a single collection made at an elevation of 270 m in the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park, Cordillera province, department of Santa Cruz. Due to the close proximity of this locality to the international border (less than 2 km), the species likely also occurs in adjacent northern Paraguay. It was encountered along roadsides, and the vegetation is described as "bosque chaqueño seco," an extensive area of tropical deciduous forest and thornscrub frequent in southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, southwestern Brazil and northern Argentina. Associate genera include Browningia Britton &amp; Rose (Cactaceae) and Aspidosperma Mart. &amp; Zucc. (Apocynaceae). Reproductive plants have been encountered in February, but flowering and fruiting broadly overlap and likely occur throughout the summer rainy season.</p> <p>Etymology:—This species is dedicated to the biologist Alfredo F. Fuentes, prolific plant collector and researcher at the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. He extensively studied the habitat of this species (Fuentes &amp; Navarro 2000) and together with Dr. Gonzalo Navarro made the only known collection in 1998.</p> <p>Discussion:—The morphological characters exhibited by Euphorbia fuentesii agree with those of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum Roeper (in Duby 1828: 412), as circumscribed by Yang et al. (2012): sympodial growth; interpetiolar stipules; opposite, inequilateral leaves; involucres with four glands; and ecarunculate seeds. This section corresponds to Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sensu Wheeler (1943) and Johnston (1975) or the segregate genus Chamaesyce Gray (1821: 260) sensu Radcliffe-Smith (2001) and Webster (1994). The novelty is a rather ordinary member of the section and no single feature is outstanding. It is distinguished by the combination of the following traits: essentially glabrous herbage, leaves entire with the exception of a few inconspicuous teeth at the apex, solitary cyathia, involucre appendages present and equal, divided styles, and relatively large seeds. Of these characteristics, seed size is the most distinctive, and the seeds are bigger than in any other Bolivian representative of the section. Although its affinities are not certain, Euphorbia fuentesii resembles the Argentinian endemic E. catamarcensis (Croizat 1943: 187) Subils (1977: 150), with which it shares nearly all of its distinctive features, including the large size of the seeds. However, seed sculpturing of these two species is strikingly distinct, and whereas the seeds of Euphorbia fuentesii are rugulose or with irregular transverse ridges, those of E. catamarcensis possess well-defined transverse sulci separated by sharp, horizontal costae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E360A301905EF06FFF32FD7F3D9BFC9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Steinmann, Victor W.	Steinmann, Victor W. (2013): Three new species of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) from Bolivia. Phytotaxa 114 (1): 23-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2
E360A3019058F06DFF32FC263D35FA4F.text	E360A3019058F06DFF32FC263D35FA4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphorbia riinae V. W. Steinm. 2013	<div><p>Euphorbia riinae V.W. Steinm., sp. nov. (Fig. 3)</p> <p>Similar to Euphorbia gymnoclada but differs by possessing wider involucral glands that are not concealed by the appendages and longer styles that exceed the ovary in length.</p> <p>Type:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.76139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.558333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.76139/lat -14.558333)">Serrania de Caparuch</a>, senda de GEOBOL, encima de la meseta, aprox. 15 km al SE de Los Fierros, 700 m, 14°33'30"S, 60°45'41"W, 23 November 1994 (fl, fr), T. J. Killeen &amp; O. Peña 7176 (holotype MO!, isotypes DAV!, USZ).</p> <p>Perennial herb from a thickened, rhizomatous rootstock. Stems erect to ascending, numerous and congested, dried bases of stems from previous season also present at the apex of the rootstock, unbranched or up to 2× dichotomously branched, 14–40 cm tall, green and photosynthetic, wiry, glabrous, longitudinally striate (at least upon drying), terete, internodes 3–11 cm long. Leaves opposite, caducous; stipules at the base of the blade, inconspicuous, glanduliform, conical, 0.1–0.2 mm, glabrous; petiole lacking; blade linear to narrowly elliptic when young, becoming elliptic to obovate, 2.8–3.9 × 0.8–1.9 mm, margin entire or slightly undulate, hyaline, apex acute, base attenuate, only the mid-vein conspicuous, glabrous or the adaxial side puberulent at the base with hairs 0.1–0.3 mm long. Cyathia solitary in the upper nodes or terminating the stems; peduncle 0.8–4.1 mm long, glabrous. Involucre broadly obconical, 2.7–3.1 × 2.1–3.4 mm; glands 5 per involucre, transversly oblong to slightly reniform, 0.4–0.5 × 1.1–1.4 mm; appendages present, equal, divided into 3 or 4(–5) subulate to triangular divisions, 0.9–1.6 × 1.6–2.8 mm, not concealing the glands, white to yellowish; lobes ovate to transversely oblong, 0.6–0.9 × 0.9–1.1 mm, erose with very short hairs. Staminate flowers 20– 25, bracteoles few, filiform, pilose. Ovary globose, 3-lobed, glabrous; styles 3, filiform, longer than the ovary, united in the lower 1/2, undivided, 2.2–3.5 mm long, glabrous, terete, tapering at the apex. Capsule on an exserted gynophore 2.5–4.0 mm long, oblate, strongly 3-lobed, 3.2–3.9 × 3.8–4.5 mm; columella 2.9–3.8 mm. Seeds ovoid, rounded in cross-section but with a prominent dorsal keel, 3.2–3.6 × 2.2–2.3 mm, base rounded, apex pointed, foveolate with shallow, irregular, spreading depressions, mottled light-dark brown, ecarunculate.</p> <p>Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Euphorbia riinae is known from the Huanchaca Plateau, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, in the province of Velasco, department of Santa Cruz. A detailed description of this area and its biota can be found in Killen &amp; Schulenberg (1998). The new species occurs in sandy soils of tropical savannas at elevations of approximately 700 m, and it prospers in response to periodic fires that occur at the end of the dry season. Flowering individuals have been found in October and November, with mature fruits present at the end of November.</p> <p>Etymology:—It is a pleasure to name this species in honor of Dr. Ricarda Riina. She is a primary participant in the Euphorbia Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Project, a global initiative to document, describe and investigate all known species of Euphorbia, and has made significant advances to our understanding of the genus Euphorbia, and in particular Euphorbia sect. Crossadenia Boissier (1862: 64).</p> <p>Additional specimens (paratypes) examined:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Los Fierros (Serranía Caparuch), 30 October 1994 (fl), B. Mostacedo et al. 2431 (NY!, USZ); Prov. Velasco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.7495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.503834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.7495/lat -14.503834)">Meseta de Caparuch</a>, en el camino a la Meseta desde los Fierros, 14°30.23'S, 60°44.97'W, 710 m, 14 November 2003 (fl), J. R.I. Wood, D. Goyder, W. Biggs &amp; M. Mercado 19951 (K!); Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.4458&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.3014" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.4458/lat -14.3014)">Serranía de Huanchaca</a>, cerca del campamento Huanchaca 2, zona de la piscina, 14.3014°S, 60.4458°W, 707 m, 03 November 2003 (fl), J. R.I. Wood, D. Villaroel, D. Soto &amp; P. Pozo 25214 (K!, USZ).</p> <p>Discussion:—The new species belongs to Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Crossadenia, a small taxon of ten perennial herbs otherwise restricted to eastern-central Brazil (Carneiro-Torres et al. 2012). This assemblage was previously treated within subg. Agaloma (e.g., by Wheeler 1943), but phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that subg. Agaloma is polyphyletic. Although difficult to characterize on the basis of morphological features, sect. Crossadenia forms a strongly supported monophyletic group in recent phylogenetic studies (e.g., Steinmann &amp; Porter 2002, Yang et al. 2012). The possession of digitately divided involucral appendages warrant placement of E. riinae in subsect. Ephedropeplus (Müller 1874: 668) Pax (1891: 106) 1, where it is most-similar and without doubt closely related to Euphorbia gymnoclada Boissier (1860: 20). The two species share many traits including an herbaceous, nearly leafless habit; green photosynthetic stems; diminutive, caducous opposite leaves that are sometime puberulent towards the adaxial base and subtended by minute glanduliform stipules; 5 involucral glands; 3–5-parted involucral appendages; and entire styles that are united into a column proximally. Photos of E. gymnoclada were provided by Carneiro-Torres et al. (2012: figs. 2F–H). It is worth noting that the Huanchaca Plateau is composed of sandstone, and both E. gymnoclada and E. riinae also share a preference for sandy soils. In addition to their widely separated distributions, the two species differ as follows:</p> <p>1. Glands 0.3–0.9 mm wide, concealed by the arching involucral appendages; styles 1.2–1.4 mm long, shorter than the ovary........................................................................................................................................ Euphorbia gymnoclada</p> <p>- Glands 1.1–1.4 mm wide, exposed; styles 2.2–3.1 mm long, longer than the ovary........................ Euphorbia riinae</p> <p>1 Riina recently proposed subsect. Sarcodes Riina (in Yang et al. 2012: 780) for a clade that contains six Brazilian species, including E. gymnoclada. However, subsect. Ephedropeplus, the type of which is E. gymnoclada, is the oldest available name for the group at this rank and has more than a century priority over subsect. Sarcodes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E360A3019058F06DFF32FC263D35FA4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Steinmann, Victor W.	Steinmann, Victor W. (2013): Three new species of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) from Bolivia. Phytotaxa 114 (1): 23-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.114.1.2
