taxonID	type	description	language	source
6144132DA23195900E58E5A76921BB08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A tribe of the subfamily Gymnymyzinae that is distinguished by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.25 - 3.50 mm; usually invested with considerable microtomentum, especially frons and mesonotum. Head: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; pseudopostocellar setae well developed, length greater than distance between either posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus, generally with proclinate orientation and slightly divergent; ocellar seta inserted anterior to lateral alignment of anterior ocellus, sometimes only slightly so; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae present, reclinate seta inserted in front of the larger proclinate seta); proclinate fronto-orbital seta subequal to length of reclinate seta. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista with 5 - 7 dorsally branching rays evenly along aristal length. Compound eye bearing numerous, interfacetal microsetulae. Face generally smooth, not conspicuously pitted or rugose, in lateral view shallowly carinate between antennal bases and / or very shallowly conically produced, convex. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; clypeus generally microtomentose, similar to microtomentum of face. Thorax: Mesonotum generally microtomentose, usually densely so; supra-alar seta usually evident although sometimes reduced; acrostichal setulae arranged in about 8 irregular rows; prescutellar acrostichal setae approximate and inserted behind level of posteromost dorsocentral setae; scutellum usually moderately densely setulose, bearing more than 20 setulae, these evenly scattered; both anterior and posterior notopleural setae inserted at about the same level from notopleural / anepisternal suture; anepisternum with 2 equal setae along posterior margin. Wing with vein R 2 + 3 long, extended nearly to level of apex of vein R 4 + 5. Foreleg normally developed, not raptorial with greatly enlarged femur. Abdomen: Five tergites visible, usually not covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Structures symmetrical; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose, bearing sides of rectum, sometimes fused with posteroventral margin of epandrium; epandrium U-shaped, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with epandrium; posterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus, ventral margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus, sometimes fused with base of aedeagus; gonites paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; subepandrial plate reduced; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula against background of ductus ejaculatorius.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
6144132DA23195900E58E5A76921BB08.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Starting with Cresson (1925), who first described Discocerinini, and including all students of the family until Mathis and Zuyin (1989), the diagnoses, descriptions, and catalogs of this tribe included some taxa that are not closely related phylogenetically, rendering the tribe polyphyletic. Mathis and Zuyin (1989) recharacterized Discocerinini using synapomorphies and resulting in a monophyletic tribe into which Mathis and Zatwarnicki (1995) included eight genera and 143 species in their world catalog. Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) added two additional genera, Galaterina and Orasiopa, and altered the status of some subgenera in their phylogenetic study of the tribe. On a world basis, Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis for higher-level relationships within the tribe Discocerinini. They divided the included genera into three lineages: the Gymnoclasiopa, GDiclasiopa, and Discocerina groups. The Gymnoclasiopa group, which only includes the genus Gymnoclasiopa, is characterized mostly by mostly plesiomorphic characters: face flat; facial setae inserted close to margin of eye; abdominal sternites simple, rectangular; pre- and postgonite separated; postgonites rounded apically, bearing 3 - 5 dorsal setulae. A synapomorphy for this group and genus is the shape of the aedeagus, which has lateromedial appendices (the plesiomorphic condition is an aedeagus without lateromedial appendices). Key to New World genera of Discocerinini	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
58279B58F3E5D93C1112D81FCF08F8C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gymnoclasiopa is distinguished from other genera of the tribe Discocerinini by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.70 - 3.30 mm; generally mostly bare to sparsely microtomentose, shiny to subshiny species. Head: Frons lacking orbital seta. Face moderately prominent at level of dorsal facial seta; antennal grooves generally weakly defined ventrally; face lacking secondary series of setae; facial setae 2 - 3, dorsal setae not arising from shiny papilla, lacking a dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity; parafacial narrow throughout length, lacking setulae; gena generally low to moderate. Eye generally oval to nearly round, moderately conspicuously microsetulose, bearing interfacetal setulae not discernible by light stereomicroscope. Thorax: Presutural supra-alar seta well developed; postsutural supra-alar setae lacking; acrostichal setae present; notopleuron bare of setulae. Wings transparent, rarely infuscate apically; costa bearing 3 - 4 long, dorsal setae between humeral and subcostal breaks. Forefemur normally developed, lacking row of short, stout setae along posteroventral surface; hindtibia lacking a preapical, ventral, spurlike seta. Abdomen: Tergites usually unicolorous, lacking light colored areas laterally. Tergite 4 of ♂ as long or slightly than tergite 3. Male terminalia: Epandrium U-shaped in dorsal view, complete posteriorly; arms projected ventrad, posterior surface generally setulose, generally thickly formed, especially dorsal portion, arms tapered gradually toward ventral apex; cercus not fused anteriorly with epandrium, in posterior view broadly lunate, or elongate (3 x longer than wide), posterior apex more narrowly pointed; pregonite variously shaped, but generally rounded apically, bearing 2 - 5 setulae along basoposterior margin, and 1 subapical setula along ventral margin toward hypandrium, in lateral view fusiform, in dorsal view ovate with lunate fold on 2 / 3 ventral margin overlapping the sides of aedeagus; postgonite more or less regularly lobate, in lateral view rod-shaped, slightly widen dorsally, ventrally it is associated with hypandrium arm, and dorsally with posteroventral margin of post-gonite; aedeagus longer than wide, mostly tubular, in dorsal view navicular, broadly rounded or bifurcate apically, bearing lateromedial projections attached to posterior margin of pregonites, in lateral view cigar shaped or ovate, or tapered toward apex; phallapodeme separate from aedeagus, in dorsal view elongate, bifurcated basally and broadly clavate at the apex; keel in lateral view variously shaped, more or less triangular or sometimes hemispherical with posterior margin curved; hypandrium in dorsal view trapezoidal, broadly rounded along anterior margin, posterolateral arms broad, posterior incision reach to 1 / 3 hypandrial length, in lateral view flat, sometimes irregularly, but slightly curved; ejaculatory apodeme present in form of patella, in lateral view L-shaped.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
58279B58F3E5D93C1112D81FCF08F8C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Holarctic and Neotropical Region.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
D752BBD4C6582296A11D3FCFE0E3CA37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.10 - 3.25 mm; generally shiny black. Head: Frons blackish, moderately microtomentose gray; mesofrons narrowly triangular. Antenna black, basal flagellomere covered with silver microtomentum; arista with 4 - 6 dorsally branching rays. Face relatively flat with antennal grooves mostly inconspicuous, very shallow; facial microtomentum silvery white, sericeous; gena moderately high, genal height subequal to height of basal flagellomere; gena-to-eye ratio 0.12 - 0.20. Maxillary palpus black. Thorax: Generally subshiny to mostly shiny, only very sparsely microtomentose dorsally. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.34 - 0.40; M vein ratio 0.58 - 0.60; halter stem blackish brown; knob yellowish to whitish. Coxae, femora, and tibiae black, midtibia with some grayish microtomentum from some angles; male forebasitarsomere black; female forebasitarsomere at least yellowish basally, becoming darker apically; basal tarsomeres of mid- and hindtarsi yellow, contrasted distinctly with black male forebasitarsomere. Abdomen: Dorsum generally subshiny to mostly shiny, with only sparse microtomentum dorsally. Male terminalia (Figs 1 - 15): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 1) as a broadly rounded, inverted U, width of dorsal portion slightly narrower than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched, in lateral view wider ventrally; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 1) semilunate, narrower dorsally than ventrally; aedeagus in lateral view (Figs 3, 12) slipper-like, base deeply and unevenly incised, posterior arm of folded over at right angle, tapered toward apex, apex moderately narrowly rounded, in ventral view (Figs 2, 6) expanded laterally from narrow base to wider apex, apical margin bilobed, narrowly incised medially, each lateral lobe as wide as aedeagal base, with thin, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally; phallapodeme in lateral view (Figs 3, 9) more or less triangular, in ventral view (Figs 2, 8) longer than wide, bar-like with basal, sub-basal and apical crossbars, apical margin shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view (Figs 3, 11) L-shaped, in ventral view (Figs 2, 7) peanut-like; postgonite in lateral view (Figs 3, 13) acutely pointed basally, thereafter becoming wider then apex narrowed, digitiform, bearing 2 - 3 setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula along margin toward hypandrium; pregonite in lateral view (Figs 3 - 4) moderately elongate, tapered, narrowed toward hypandrium, expanded toward aedeagus, aedeagal end truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Figs 2, 14) wide, width nearly twice length, broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin with anterolateral, pointed, lateral projections, shallowly emarginate along posterior margin medially, in lateral view (Figs 3, 15) arched, posterior angle acute, thereafter anteriorly becoming wider, widest before anterior margin.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
29F84C8ABD61B0373D0DB025B2EC500E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.90 - 3.10 mm; generally shiny black. Head: Frons of male generally moderately microtomentose to anterior margin, only small, linear patch anterolaterally and at base of setae bare of microtomentum; frons of female with small bare areas anteriorly; 1 proclinate, fronto-orbital seta, inserted just behind and laterad of reclinate seta. Antenna black; apical margin of pedicel and 1 st flagellomere invested with whitish gray microtomentum; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face bearing 2 lateral, facial setae, dorsal seta inserted at level of facial prominence, ventral seta inserted toward ventral margin, distance between facial setae about equal to length of basal flagellomere; face black but mostly invested with silvery white microtomentum, only ventral portion of antennal grooves, vertical stripe immediately adjacent to parafacial, and medial stripe that curves laterally ventrally bare, shiny, black; parafacial completely microtomentose, whitish gray; gena moderately short; gena-to-eye ratio 0.10 - 0.13. Mouthparts, including maxillary palpus, black. Thorax: Mesonotum generally sparsely microtomentose, golden brown, becoming sparser to bare laterally, through supra-alar area, thereafter laterally sparsely microtomentose, male bearing a very distinctive stripe of dense, fine, brown microtomentum extended from postpronotum through most of notopleuron, female shiny black, similar to adjacent areas; prescutellar acrostichal setae weakly developed. Wing hyaline; costal ratio 0.37 - 0.44; M vein ratio 0.60 - 0.63; halter stem blackish brown; knob yellowish to whitish yellow. Legs except tarsi black, mostly shiny, femora with some surfaces very sparsely microtomentose; tarsi yellow except apical 2 brown; forefemur unadorned with short, peglike setulae along posteroventral surface. Halter white. Abdomen: Black, generally shiny, especially laterally and ventrally. Male terminalia (Figs 17 - 19): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 17) as a broadly rounded, inverted U, dorsal portion slightly narrower than lateral arms, in lateral view wider ventrally; cercus semilunate in posterior view (Fig. 17); aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 19) slipper-like, base deeply and unevenly incised, tapered toward apex, apex moderately narrowly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 18) narrowly thumb-like with basal third tapered, basal margin narrowly truncate, apical 2 / 3 nearly parallel-sided, apex moderately widely rounded, with thin, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 19) more or less triangular, in ventral view (Fig. 18) as an inverted T; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 19) L-shaped; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 19) acutely narrow basally, thereafter becoming wider than apex narrowed, digitiform, bearing 2 - 3 setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula along margin toward hypandrium; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 19) moderately elongate, tapered, narrowed toward hypandrium, expanded toward aedeagus, aedeagal end truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 18) wide, width nearly twice length, broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin with anterolateral, pointed, lateral projections, deeply incised along posterior margin medially, in lateral view (Fig. 19) arched, posterior angle acute, thereafter anteriorly becoming wider, widest before anterior margin.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
29F84C8ABD61B0373D0DB025B2EC500E.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 20). Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas), West Indies (Dominican Republic, Jamaica).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
9E6B7895E289B40220F7952879357EA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.80 - 3.35 mm; head and thorax generally microtomentose gray, abdomen subshiny to shiny black. Head: Frons densely but finely microtomentose. Antenna yellowish, sometimes basal flagellomere slightly darkened dorsally; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face relatively flat with antennal grooves inconspicuous; facial microtomentum generally sericeous, bright yellow (males) or grayish yellow (females, grayer in antennal grooves); gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.14 - 0.18. Maxillary palpus yellow to yellowish red. Thorax: Anterolateral area of mesonotum, just mediad of area from postpronotum through notopleuron, densely microtomentose, mostly dull; lateral mesonotal area from and including postpronotum and notopleuron, densely and finely microtomentose; this area of males brown, contrasted with whitish to silvery gray microtomentum of broad, medial portion; same area in female concolorous with medial coloration. Wing of hyaline, not darkened along anterior region; costal ratio 0.0.39 - 0.50; M vein ratio 0.50 - 0.59; halter stem yellowish tan, knob yellowish white to white. Forecoxa yellow ventrally; foretibia mostly yellow, sometimes slightly brownish to grayish medially; midtibia mostly yellow to mostly grayish with only apices yellow, but with brownish area around apical 1 / 3; hindtibia without ventroapical spur, mostly grayish except for apices. Abdomen: Tergites 1 - 4 sparsely and finely microtomentose medially, subshiny; lateral margins of tergites and tergite 5 shiny black with microtomentum either lacking or sparse. Male terminalia (Figs 21 - 23): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 21) as a broadly formed, inverted U with the base more narrowly formed, dorsal portion more thinly developed than lateral arms, lateral arms widespread ventrally, shallowly arched, enlarged ventrally, broadly rounded, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 21) elongate, irregularly lunate, dorsal apex very narrow, digitiform, expanded toward ventral apex, ventral apex rounded, both lateral and medial margins arched, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 23) slipper-like, base shallowly emarginate, tapered very gradually toward apex, apical half nearly parallel sided, apex bluntly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 22) elongate, expanded laterally from narrow base on basal 1 / 4, thereafter to apex almost parallel sided, apical margin rounded with tiny notch medially; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 23) more or less irregularly triangular, extension toward hypandrium more elongate than angle towards aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. 22) I-shaped, subapical crossbar shorter and basal crossbar, with tapered shoulders, basal crossbar wider, widely Y-shaped, apical margin very shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view robustly comma-shaped, in ventral view obtusely L-shaped; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 23) with basal half robust, thereafter abruptly tapered to a narrow, slightly tapered, digitiform process, posterior margin with a few setulae, extended process with a single, longer setula, in ventral view (Fig. 22) as an elongate isosceles triangle, tapered gradually toward apex, width of base about half length, angles rounded, lateral and medial margins nearly straight; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 23) moderately elongate, triangular, width at base almost twice lengths of sides, in ventral view (Fig. 22) lunate with apices pointed; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 22) robustly V to U-shaped, lateral margins slightly expanded posteriorly, anterior margin very broadly rounded, posterior margin conspicuously emarginate, widely U-shaped, in lateral view (Fig. 23) narrowly elongate, nearly straight.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
9E6B7895E289B40220F7952879357EA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 24). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming). Palearctic: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Mongolia (Bayan Oelgiy, Khovd), Sweden.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
4043FD8221A293720B27CD1EA8889996.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.00 - 2.65 mm; generally shiny black. Head: Frons of male and female similar, moderately microtomentose on posterior portion, although bare at bases of setulae and small area just laterad of posterior ocelli, anterior third of frons bare, shiny, with 2 lunate indentations, medial area with pointed extension of moderately microtomentum from posterior portion; 1 proclinate, fronto-orbital seta, inserted just behind and laterad of reclinate seta. Antenna black; apical margin of pedicel and basal flagellomere invested with whitish gray microtomentum; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face bearing 3 lateral, facial setae, dorsal seta longest, inserted at level of facial prominence, ventral setae progressively shorter, evenly spaced with distance between less than width of 1 st flagellomere; face mostly black, shiny, but with pattern of silvery white microtomentose, vertical stripes; lateral facial stripe immediately adjacent to parafacial, other vertical stripe just laterad of midfacial vertical bare area; also silvery white microtomentose on dorsal portion of antennal grooves and along ventral, facial margin; parafacial bare, shiny black; gena-to-eye ratio 0.10 - 0.12. Mouthparts, including maxillary palpus, black. Thorax: Mesonotum generally sparsely microtomentose, golden brown, becoming bare laterally through supra-alar area and continuing ventral through pleural area; prescutellar acrostichal setae well developed. Wing hyaline; costal ratio 0.40 - 0.43; M vein ratio 0.70 - 0.73; halter stem blackish brown; knob yellowish to whitish. Legs except tarsi black, mostly shiny, femora with some surfaces very sparsely microtomentose; tarsi yellow except apical 1 - 2 brown; forefemur with row of numerous, very short, peglike setulae along posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Tergites black, generally shiny, especially laterally and ventrally. Male terminalia (Figs 25 - 27): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 25) moderately broadly as an inverted, robust U, dorsal portion nearly straight, narrower than lateral arms, ventral margins of arms slightly expanded, broadly rounded, in lateral view wider ventrally; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 25) semilunate, elongate, narrow, shallowly arched, parallel sided; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 27) slipper-like, base deeply and unevenly incised, tapered toward apex, apex moderately narrowly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 26) broadly tapered on basal third, basal margin almost truncate, very shallowly arched, with thin, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally, apical margin twice as broad as basal margin, shallowly crenulate; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 27) more or less triangular, in ventral view (Fig. 26) as an inverted T; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 27) obtusely L-shaped, tapered from wider apex to narrow base; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 27) as a parallelogram, acutely narrow basally and apically, each lateral margin obtusely angulate, bearing 2 setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula along margin toward hypandrium; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 27) moderately elongate, tapered, narrowed toward hypandrium, flared toward aedeagus, aedeagal end truncate, in ventral view shallowly arched medially, thereafter laterally slightly tapered, lateral margin rounded; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 26) broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin, in lateral view (Fig. 27) arched, posterior portion digitiform, thereafter anteriorly becoming wider, dish-like.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
4043FD8221A293720B27CD1EA8889996.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 28). Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
CD1E45D674E2847A5B862C0EF8F7082E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.10 - 3.15 mm; head generally dull, thorax faintly subshiny medially, dull, microtomentose anteriorly and laterally, microtomentose gray, abdomen black with thin investment of whitish microtomentum. Head (Figs 29 - 30): Frons densely microtomentose, dull, gray to blackish gray. Antenna black; basal flagellomere covered with silvery gray microtomentum, with faint reddish orange coloration mediobasally; arista bearing 5 - 6 dorsal rays. Face somewhat flat, antennal grooves generally inconspicuous, oriented ventrolaterally to vertical; facial microtomentum generally yellow to golden yellow, slightly grayish to silvery white in antennal grooves; parafacial and gena whitish gray to white; genal height about equal to height of basal flagellomere; gena moderately short; gena-to-eye ratio 0.17 - 0.20. Maxillary palpus varying from mostly black but with some reddish to yellowish coloration at middle to entirely yellowish. Thorax: Mesonotum and pleural area generally densely microtomentose, gray to tannish gray, dull laterally and anteriorly, mesonotum medially partially subshiny with some faint oliveceous to greenish metallic luster. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.37 - 0.43; M vein ratio 0.62 - 0.74; halter stem tan to yellowish tan; knob yellow to whitish yellow. Coxae gray; femora and tibia concolorous gray to blackish gray, densely microtomentose; tarsi generally yellowish; apical 2 - 3 tarsomeres darkened, brown to blackish brown. Abdomen: Generally thinly microtomentose; basal tergites largely gray to grayish white; tergite 5 of male subshiny to shiny, less densely microtomentose than anterior tergites. Male terminalia (Figs 31 - 33): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 31) as a broadly rounded, inverted U, width of dorsal portion narrower than expanded apices of lateral arms, lateral arms nearly straight, in lateral view wider ventrally; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 31) unevenly semilunate, much narrower dorsally than ventrally, densely setulose; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 33) as a parallelogram, basal margin shallowly emarginate, tapered toward apex, apex narrowly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 32) expanded slightly laterally from narrow base to wider apex, apical margin bilobed, narrowly incised medially, each lateral lobe slightly narrower than aedeagal base, with thin, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 33) more or less triangular, in ventral view (Fig. 32) longer than wide, bar-like with basal, sub-basal and apical crossbars, apical margin shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 33) as an irregular comma with less arch; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 33) narrowly pointed basally, thereafter becoming wider then apex narrowed, tapered, apex pointed, bearing 3 - 4 tiny setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula subapically; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 33) moderately elongate, tapered, narrowed toward hypandrium, expanded toward aedeagus, aedeagal end truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 32) wide, width nearly twice length, broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin with anterolateral shallowly and moreroundedly projected, obtusely pointed, shallow projections, angulately and moderately deeply incised along posterior margin medially, in lateral view (Fig. 33) irregularly clavate, very shallowly arched, expanded anteriorly, narrow, parallel sided posteriorly.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
CD1E45D674E2847A5B862C0EF8F7082E.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 34). Nearctic: United States (Alaska).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
CD1E45D674E2847A5B862C0EF8F7082E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet, grecorum, is a plural genitive Latin patronym to honor and recognize the generous contributions of Richard Art and Karen Greco (nee Halliday) toward the improvement of mankind, their friendship, and their love of Alaska.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
21F5B94D64BC39C8E6BB963284F3978F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.05 - 3.20 mm; dorsum generally microtomentose gray, microtomentum on abdomen sparser and finer. Head (Figs 35 - 36): Frons densely microtomentose, gray to blackish gray. Antenna black; basal flagellomere covered with silvery gray microtomentum; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face somewhat flat, although antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, conspicuous; facial microtomentum distinctive, generally silvery white colored; gena relatively high, genal height greater than height of basal flagellomere; gena-to-eye ratio 0.28 - 0.33; gena silvery white, concolorous with face. Maxillary palpus black. Thorax: Thorax and abdomen generally densely microtomentose, gray to tannish gray, dull. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.38 - 0.52; M vein ratio 0.50 - 0.67; halter stem tan to yellowish tan; knob yellow to whitish yellow. Coxae, femora and tibia concolorous densely microtomentose gray to blackish dorsally, ventrally with some reddish coloration; fore- and hind tarsi mostly black; midtarsus with tarsomeres 1 and 2 somewhat yellowish to reddish, especially ventrally, apical tarsomeres black. Abdomen: Tergites largely gray, moderately densely microtomentose although less so than on mesonotum. Male terminalia (Figs 37 - 39): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 37) as a broadly rounded, inverted U, width of dorsal portion slightly narrower than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched, gradually enlarged ventrally; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 37) unevenly semilunate, much narrower dorsally, pointed, ventral margin broadly rounded; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 39) slipper-like, base shallowly emarginate, tapered gradually toward apex, apex moderately narrowly bluntly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 39) expanded laterally from narrow base on basal 1 / 4, thereafter to apex almost parallel sided, apical margin slightly truncate, not bilobed, with thin, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 39) more or less triangular, with broadly arched basal margin, in ventral view (Fig. 38) T-shaped, apical transverse bar robust, apical margin very shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view L-shaped, in ventral view narrowly ovate with a thin, digitiform process; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 39) narrowly tapered on extreme base, thereafter apically almost parallel sided to tapered apical 1 / 3, apex moderately narrowly rounded, bearing 3 - 4 tiny setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula subapically along margin toward hypandrium; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 39) moderately elongate, tapered, acutely narrowed toward hypandrium, expanded toward aedeagus, aedeagal end truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 38) wide, width twice length, broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin with shallowly extended, relatively wide, shallow, obtusely pointed lateral projections, shallowly emarginate along entire posterior margin, in lateral view (Fig. 39) angled basally, thereafter toward anterior margin irregularly parallel sided, narrow, bar-like.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
21F5B94D64BC39C8E6BB963284F3978F.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 40). Nearctic: United States (Alaska). Palearctic: Mongolia (Bayan Oelgiy, Khovd).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
21F5B94D64BC39C8E6BB963284F3978F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet, matanuska, refers to the glacier, river, and valley in southcentral Alaska where many specimens of the type series were collected along lotic aquatic systems. The name is apparently of Athabaskan origin and means a strong, gusty, northeast wind, which occasionally occurs in this region during the winter. The name is a noun in apposition.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
084A4EB696930DAB473D866D9089D021.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.60 - 2.60 mm, generally black with moderately to very sparsely gray microtomentose dorsally. Head: Frons moderately gray microtomentose on black background color; fronto-orbits gray. Scape black, pedicel mostly grayish black but with apex yellowish red; basal flagellomere blackish gray dorsoapically, yellowish to reddish basoventrally; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face somewhat flat, although antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, relatively conspicuous; facial microtomentum distinctive, generally silvery white; genal height greater than height of basal flagellomere, gena-to-eye ratio 0.13 - 0.15, silvery white, concolorous with face. Maxillary palpus black. Thorax: Mesonotum thinly microtomentose, subshiny with some metallic luster, especially medially; grayish black; pleural areas gray to brownish gray, subshiny. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.36 - 0.43; M vein ratio 0.52 - 0.61; halter stem brown to blackish brown; knob whitish yellow to yellow. Coxae, femora and tibia concolorous grayish black to black, microtomentum sparse; tarsi mostly yellow, apical tarsomeres darker, more grayish black. Abdomen: Tergites largely shiny black, very sparsely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs 41 - 43): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 41) as a moderately rounded, inverted U with the base more narrowly formed, width of dorsal portion slightly narrower than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 41) elongate, evenly oval, dorsal margin very slightly more narrowly rounded than ventral margin, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 43) slipper-like, base shallowly emarginate, tapered gradually toward apex, apex moderately broadly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 42) expanded laterally from narrow base on basal 1 / 3, thereafter to apex almost parallel sided, apical margin moderately deeply incised medially, bilobed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 43) more or less irregularly triangular, extension toward hypandrium more elongate than angle towards aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. 42) I-shaped, apical crossbar robust, wider than basal crossbar, apical margin very shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view robustly comma-shaped, in ventral view L-shaped; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 43) robustly bar-like, basal 1 / 3 angulate, narrower than extended, mostly parallel-sided apical 2 / 3, bearing 3 - 4 setulae along posterior margin and 2 setulae subapically along anterior margin, in ventral view (Fig. 42) as an elongate triangle, wide basally, tapered to narrowly rounded apex; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 43) moderately elongate, straight, clavate, wider apically than narrow base, in ventral view (Fig. 42) robustly J-shaped with pointed, curved base and expanded apex; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 42) almost quadrate, as wide as long, anterior margin shallowly curved, lateral margins curvey, posterior margin broadly and moderately deeply emarginate, forming wide pocket, in lateral view (Fig. 43) narrowly elongate, shallowly sinuous.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
084A4EB696930DAB473D866D9089D021.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 44). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Quebec, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York,? Vermont [literature record, not confirmed; Cresson 1924: 160], Washington).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
ACC28E207323DF25D7A01C6AF7E85DA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.60 - 2.45 mm; generally coloration of males and females sexually dimorphic to a degree with females generally less microtomentose. Head: Frons of male densely microtomentose, moderately intensely whitish gray to white, that of female moderately microtomentose, whitish gray microtomentose anterior, becoming less microtomentose, more blackish posteriorly; proclinate fronto-orbital seta 1. Antenna generally yellowish orange (sometimes apex of basal flagellomere and scape darkened); arista bearing 4 - 6 dorsal rays. Face relatively flat; antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, inconspicuous; face of male densely microtomentose, intensely yellow, that of female less densely microtomentose, silvery white; facial setae inserted close to parafacials, aligned vertically; gena very short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.065 - 0.072. Maxillary palpus yellowish orange. Thorax: Anterolateral area of mesonotum, just mediad of area from postpronotum through notopleuron, thinly to very thinly microtomentose, subshiny to shiny with some metallic luster; lateral mesonotal area from and including postpronotum and notopleuron in males with thin microtomentum whitish to grayish, similar to central mesonotal microtomentum, not brown; mesonotum of female more thinly microtomentose, appearing blackish with whitish gray microtomentum more sparse; pleural areas generally shiny black with some very thin microtomentum ventrally. Wing mostly hyaline; costal section II conspicuously longer than costal section III by about twice length; costal vein ratio 0.44 - 0.47; M vein ratio 0.43 - 0.54; halter stem dark brown; knob white to whitish yellow. Femora black; tibiae blackish brown except for basal and apical extremities black; tarsi mostly yellowish orange. Abdomen: Tergites shiny black. Male terminalia (Figs 45 - 48): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 45) as a broadly rounded, inverted U, width of dorsal portion slightly narrower than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched, in lateral view wider ventrally; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 45) almost evenly semilunate, robustly developed at dorsal and ventral margins; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 47) slipper-like, base wide with moderately narrow, thumb-like projection at connection with phallapodeme, tapered more or less evenly to moderately rounded apex, in ventral view (Fig. 47) with basal 1 / 3 expanded laterally from narrow base, thereafter to apex slightly tapered then parallel to bilobed apex, each lateral lobe as wide as aedeagal base, with thin, short, wing-like, narrow projections sub-basally; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 47) robustly lunate, basal margin broadly and conspicuously rounded, narrowed at each apex, in ventral view (Fig. 46) longer than wide, T-like, with long, apical crossbar, apical margin shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view L-shaped, in ventral view broadly ovate; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 47) as a parallelogram, acutely pointed basally and apically, bearing 2 - 3 setulae along basoposterior margin and 1 setula subapically along margin toward hypandrium; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 47) moderately elongate, almost parallel sided, tapered, narrowed toward aedeagus, narrowly pointed; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 46) wide, width almost twice length, broadly and shallowly rounded along anterior margin without lateral projections anterolaterally, but with posterolateral, robust projections, forming a deeply and widely incised posterior margin medially, in lateral view (Fig. 47) nearly straight, narrow, posterior with dished out emargination on posterior 1 / 3, thereafter anteriorly narrow, very slightly tapered toward anterior margin.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
ACC28E207323DF25D7A01C6AF7E85DA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 48). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Yukon Territory). United States (Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin). Palearctic: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Morocco, Romania, Russia (European Territory), Spain.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
EB1FBB105C2119809F084C56219979EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.75 - 2.95 mm, head and thorax generally moderately to densely microtomentose, gray, abdomen thinly invested with microtomentum, subshiny to shiny black. Head: Frons densely microtomentose, mostly tannish gray to gray; fronto-orbits gray. Scape black, pedicel mostly grayish black to blackish gray; basal flagellomere blackish gray dorsoapically, yellowish to reddish basoventrally; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Face somewhat flat, although antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, somewhat conspicuously impressed; facial microtomentum distinctive, generally silvery yellow, shiny; genal moderately high, height greater than height of basal flagellomere, gena-to-eye ratio 0.15 - 0.17, whitish gray, contrasted with silvery yellow face. Maxillary palpus yellow to yellowish red. Thorax: Mesonotum tannish gray to brownish gray, moderately microtomentose, some areas somewhat subshiny; pleural areas gray, more densely microtomentose than mesonotum. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.44 - 0.56; M vein ratio 0.54 - 0.57; halter stem yellowish to brown, knob yellowish white to yellow. Coxae gray; femora and tibia concolorous blackish gray to gray, apices yellowish; tarsi mostly yellow, apical tarsomeres darker, more grayish black. Abdomen: Basal tergites and medially gray to tannish gray, laterally and apical tergites shiny black, very sparsely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs 49 - 52): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 49) as a broadly formed, inverted U, somewhat rounded quadrate, with the base more narrowly formed, dorsal portion more thinly developed than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched to nearly straight, curved medially subapically, enlarged ventrally, broadly rounded, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 49) elongate, semilunate, lateral margins arched, medial margins nearly straight, nearly uniformly setulose but slightly more clustered at ventral margin; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 52) slongate, narrowly slipper-like, nearly straight, base shallowly emarginate, tapered very slightly toward apex, long margins nearly parallel sided, apex moderately broadly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 50) expanded sub-basally with narrow, laterally flaring processes, thereafter very slightly expanded to apex, essentially parallel sided, apex broadly rounded; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 51) more or less irregularly triangular, extension toward hypandrium slightly more elongate than extension towards aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. 50) T-shaped, apical crossbar moderately robust, length of each flared arm about half width of stem; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view straight, base expanded, extended process digitiform, in ventral view almost bar-like with bump near midlength; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 51) irregularly bar-like, pointed basally, widest just before midlength, thereafter slightly tapered, apex robustly digitiform, bearing 3 setulae along posterior margin and 1 setula subapically along anterior margin, in ventral view (Fig. 50) as an elongate triangle, wide basally, length of tapered sides about twice basal width, apex narrowly rounded, lateral margins shallowly emarginate, straight medially; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 51) clavate, pointed on portion toward hypandrium, rounded on opposite end, in ventral view (Fig. 50) ovate with rounded pointed; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 50) with anterior margin broadly rounded, thereafter posteriorly with lateral margin concave, posterior margin moderately deeply and widely U-shaped, in lateral view (Fig. 51) narrowly elongate, shallowly sinuous.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
EB1FBB105C2119809F084C56219979EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 52). Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Quebec, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, Oregon, Washington).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
01F62A792B7075E5A2AA51DFFEBEDA9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.95 - 2.85 mm; generally black dorsally with moderately to sparse microtomentum. Head: Frons grayish black, moderately to sparsely microtomentose, subshiny. Scape black; pedicel black basally, apicoventrally yellow; basal flagellomere slightly darkened dorsally, otherwise yellow to reddish yellow, sometimes wholly so; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays. Facial microtomentum generally yellow to slightly brownish yellow; parafacial and gena grayish microtomentose, contrasted with gold-yellow color of face; gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.13 - 0.18. Maxillary palpus yellow to red. Thorax: Mesonotum slightly grayish black to black, sparsely microtomentose, subshiny to shiny; pleural area largely like mesonotum, sometimes more grayish to tannish black. Wing hyaline; costal vein ratio 0.37 - 0.45; M vein ratio 0.55 - 0.60. Coxae, femora, and tibia grayish black to black; tarsi yellow, apical tarsomeres becoming darker, brownish yellow. Abdomen: Tergites Partially subshiny to mostly shiny black, very sparsely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs 53 - 55): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 54) as a broadly formed, inverted U with the base more narrowly formed, dorsal portion more thinly developed than lateral arms, lateral arms shallowly arched, enlarged ventrally, broadly rounded, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 53) elongate, semilunate, lateral margins arched, medial margins irregularly straight, setulae more clustered at ventral margin; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 55) slipper-like, base shallowly emarginate, tapered very gradually toward apex, apical half nearly parallel sided, apex moderately broadly rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 54) expanded laterally from narrow base on basal 1 / 3, thereafter to apex almost parallel sided, slightly tapered, apical margin shallowly incised medially, bilobed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 55) more or less irregularly triangular, extension toward hypandrium more elongate than angle towards aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. 54) I-shaped, apical crossbar robust, wider than basal crossbar, apical margin very shallowly emarginate; ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view shallowly comma-shaped, in ventral view L-shaped; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 55) bar-like, only slightly tapered from base to apex, bearing 2 - 3 setulae along posterior margin and 1 setula subapically along anterior margin, in ventral view (Fig. 54) as an elongate triangle, wide basally, tapered to narrowly rounded apex, lateral margins shallowly emarginate laterally, arched medially; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 55) moderately elongate, straight, expanded slightly aedeagal base, in ventral view (Fig. 54) lunate with apices pointed; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 54) robustly V-shaped, lateral margins shallowly curved, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin emarginate, widely V-shaped, in lateral view (Fig. 55) narrowly elongate, shallowly curved. Type material. The neotype male of Ditrichophora tacoma Cresson, here designated, is labeled " WASH [INGTON]. PierceCo. 3 mi. W. S. W. DuPont [47 ° 05.6 ' N, 122 ° 40 ' W], 9 Jun [handwritten] 1971 [,] Wayne N. Mathis / NEOTYPE ♂ Ditrichophora tacoma Cresson, designated by Mathis & Zatwarnicki 2012 - USNM [red]. " The neotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. There are also 46 specimens (24 ♂, 22 ♀; USNM) from the type locality, some with varying dates of collection (13 Apr- 9 Jun 1971). DuPont is near the original type locality (Tacoma). When Cresson (1924) described this species, he noted that the holotype was deposited in the collection of the University of Washington (Seattle). We were unsuccessful in locating this holotype at the Burke Museum, University of Washington (Rodney L. Crawford) or at other collections in the Northwest or where Cresson worked: Oregon State University (Christopher J. Marshall), Washington State University (Richard S. Zack), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Jon K. Gelhaus, Jason D. Weintraub). We are thus designating a neotype for this species, especially given the likelihood of a junior synonym (in the Old World) and the need for a primary type to stabilize the nomenclature of this species.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
01F62A792B7075E5A2AA51DFFEBEDA9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 56). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec), United States (Alaska, Colorado, Idaho,? Maine [literature record, not confirmed; Cresson 1924: 160], Michigan, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming). Palearctic: Finland, Japan (Hokkaido), Mongolia (Toev).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
C60E5D61053AA637627B1546A92BA45A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.40 - 3.60 mm; head and thorax generally microtomentose gray dorsally, abdomen subshiny to shiny black. Head: Frons moderately microtomentose, cinereous to whitish; proclinate fronto-orbital setae 2, length of anterior seta about 1 / 2 that of posterior seta, inserted far anteriad, distance between proclinate setae subequal to that between posterior seta and medial vertical seta. Antenna generally black, especially scape and pedicel; arista bearing 6 - 7 dorsal rays. Face rather flat; antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, poorly defined, not conspicuous; face slightly whitish gray dorsally, dorsal portion shallowly carinate between shallow antennal grooves, thinly, microtomentose, becoming blackish, less microtomentose ventrally; facial setae inserted close to parafacials, aligned vertically; gena short, less than height of basal flagellomere; gena-to-eye ratio 0.15 - 0.16. Maxillary palpus black. Thorax: Mesonotum moderately microtomentose, cinereous, similar to frons, not shiny; pleural areas from ventral notopleural suture ventrad black, contrasted with whitish gray mesonotum, similar to black abdominal tergites. Wing lacteous, more so in males; costal section II conspicuously longer than costal section III; costal vein ratio 0.47 - 0.51; M vein ratio 0.52 - 0.56; halter stem yellowish; knob white to whitish yellow. Femora black; tibiae black, including basal and apical extremities black; foretarsus black dorsally, yellowish ventrally; mid- and hindtarsi mostly yellowish orange. Abdomen: Tergites subshiny to shiny, black. Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view as an inverted U, narrowed dorsally, abruptly so medially with moderately deep incision, in lateral view widest subventrally with ventral margin rounded and bearing cluster of longer setulae, these becoming longer toward posteroventral angle; cercus in posterior view uniformly semilunate with dorsomedial margin more narrowly pointed; aedeagus in lateral view longer than wide, as anterior and posterior structures, anterior portion longer than posterior portion and with a long flap folded back on itself (as in Pectinifer aeneus (Cresson )), in ventral view robust, narrow ventrally; phallapodeme in lateral view with elongate, irregularly triangular keep, processes at either end about equal in length, in ventral view robustly T-shaped with thick stem, base as wide as cross bar; gonite (probably the postgonite) elongate, wide basally, narrowed to elongate, narrow, apically curved process, at midlength with a digitiform, pointed perpendicular to plane of gonite; hypandrium in lateral view bowl shaped, posterior portion slightly more extended, in ventral view with anterior margin broadly curved and deeply emarginate.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
C60E5D61053AA637627B1546A92BA45A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 57). Nearctic: United States (California, Oregon, Washington).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
94A5CCBC3B009AC67F9712B5F98AC52B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.85 - 3.25 mm; head and thorax generally microtomentose gray dorsally, abdomen subshiny to shiny black. Head: Frons moderately microtomentose, cinereous to whitish; proclinate fronto-orbital setae 2, length of anterior seta about 1 / 2 that of posterior seta, inserted far anteriad, distance between proclinate setae subequal to that between posterior seta and medial vertical seta. Antenna generally yellowish orange (sometimes apex of basal flagellomere and scape darkened); arista bearing 7 - 8 dorsal rays. Face rather flat; antennal grooves, especially ventral margins, poorly defined, not conspicuous; face slightly whitish gray dorsally, dorsal portion shallowly carinate between shallow antennal grooves, thinly, microtomentose, becoming blackish, less microtomentose ventrally; facial setae inserted close to parafacials, aligned vertically; gena short, less than height of basal flagellomere; gena-to-eye ratio 0.08 - 0.09. Maxillary palpus black. Thorax: Mesonotum moderately microtomentose, cinereous, similar to frons, not shiny; pleural areas from ventral notopleural suture ventrad black, contrasted with whitish gray mesonotum, similar to black abdominal tergites. Wing lacteous; costal section II conspicuously longer than costal section III; costal vein ratio 0.47 - 0.65; M vein ratio 0.54 - 0.57; halter stem yellowish tan to yellow, knob yellowish white to white. Femora black; tibiae black except for basal and apical extremities black; tarsi mostly yellowish orange. Abdomen: Tergites subshiny to shiny, black. Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view as an inverted U, narrowed dorsally, each lateral arm shallowly curved; cercus in posterior view semilunate with dorsomedial, narrow extension; aedeagus in lateral view longer than wide, truncate apically, in ventral view as wide as long, shallowly and angularly emarginate apically; phallapodeme in lateral view with elongate, narrow, process to base of aedeagus, and much shorter, digitiform process toward hypandrium, 1 / 3 length of longer process, in ventral view robustly T-shaped with thick stem, base as wide as cross bar; gonite (probably the postgonite) elongate, wide basally, narrowed to elongate, narrow process bearing 2 posterior setulae and 1 anterior, subapical setula; hypandrium in lateral view bowl shaped, posterior portion slightly more extended, in ventral view with anterior margin broadly curved and deeply emarginate.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
94A5CCBC3B009AC67F9712B5F98AC52B.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 58). Nearctic: Canada (Quebec), United States (Maine, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2012): A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys 248: 1-69, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106
