identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DF7A577E284A6A12FF4B1C7EC192E9BE.text	DF7A577E284A6A12FF4B1C7EC192E9BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naja Laurenti 1768	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Naja Laurenti, 1768</p>
            <p> Naia Merrem, 1820: 147 (unjustified emendation of  Naja Laurenti, 1768 ) </p>
            <p> Aspis Wagler, 1830: 173 (not Laurenti) (type species  Coluber naja Linnaeus, 1758 )  Tomyris Eichwald, 1831: 171 (type species  Tomyris oxiana Eichwald, 1831 ) Naga Nicholson, 1874: 104 (unjustified emendation of  Naja Laurenti, 1768 ) </p>
            <p> †  Palaeonaja Hoffstetter, 1939: 57 (type species †  Palaeonaja romani Hoffstetter, 1939 ) </p>
            <p> Type species:  Naja lutescens Laurenti, 1768 (=  Coluber naja Linnaeus, 1758 ), by subsequent designation (Leviton, 1968). </p>
            <p>Gender: feminine.</p>
            <p> Etymology: derived from the Sinhala  Naya , cobra. </p>
            <p>Distribution: southern and south-eastern Asia and the East Indies, from Transcaspia to the Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Islands.</p>
            <p>Content: eleven species:</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) atra Cantor, 1842: 482</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) kaouthia Lesson, 1831: 122</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) mandalayensis Slowinski &amp; Wüster, 2000: 260</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) naja (Linnaeus, 1758: 221)</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) oxiana (Eichwald, 1831: 171)</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) philippinensis Taylor, 1922: 265</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) sagittifera Wall, 1913: 247</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) samarensis Peters, 1861: 690</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) siamensis Laurenti, 1768: 91</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) sputatrix Boie, 1827: 557</p>
            <p> Naja (Naja) sumatrana Müller, 1890: 277</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Extracranial (ventral) anterior Vidian canal position, 0–1 solid maxillary teeth in all species (Wüster, 1990—only 6 out of 650 specimens examined in that study had 2 solid maxillary teeth), seven supralabials with penultimate (sixth) shield low, combination of single preocular and two (occasionally three) anterior temporals, rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than prefrontals; fang structure variable, all species except  N. naja and  N. oxiana have some degree of adaptation to spitting (Wüster &amp; Thorpe, 1992b). We tentatively include the extinct †  Naja (Naja) romani (Hofstetter, 1939) in this subgenus based on the shared derived condition of the basisphenoid morphology and the vestibular window, despite the possession of two solid maxillary teeth (Szyndlar &amp; Rage, 1990). </p>
            <p>Comments: this is a morphologically relatively conserved, but ecologically highly adaptable subgenus that appears to be the result of a single colonization event of Asia from an African origin (Slowinski &amp; Wüster, 2000; Wüster et al., 2007; Wüster, unpublished data).</p>
            <p> The issue of the type species of  Naja has a complex background. Laurenti’s (1768)  Naja was based upon six species from Seba (1734 –1735), all of which Linnaeus (1758) included in his synonymy of  Coluber naja (in addition to 1735: pl. 85, fig. 1 and 1735: pl. 94, fig. 1):  N. brasiliensis (1735: pl. 89, fig. 4) =  Naja naja ,  N. fasciata (1735: pl. 89, fig. 3) =  Naja naja ,  N. lutescens (1734: pl. 44, fig. 1) =  Naja naja ,  N. maculata (1735: pl. 90, fig. 2) =  Naja naja , N. non  Naja (1735: pl. 90, fig. 1) =  Naja kaouthia , and  N. siamensis (1735: pl. 89, figs. 1–2) =  Naja siamensis .  Naja naja (Linnaeus) has been considered the type species of  Naja by tautonymy, monotypy, and subsequent designation of Stejneger (1936: 140), M. Smith (1943: 426), Oshima (1944: 204), and others. However, David &amp; Vogel (1996: 146) suggested that those assumptions were incorrect and that the only valid type species designation was that of Williams &amp; Wallach (1989: 97), who selected  Naja lutescens . However, Leviton (1968: 547) designated  Naja lutescens Laurenti (=  Coluber naja Linnaeus ) as the type species of  Naja Laurenti and several earlier nomenclatural acts precede this action. Cantor (1847: 1038) could be considered the first revisor as he synonymized  Naja lutescens with  Coluber naja Linnaeus. Deraniyagala (1945: 108–109) then restricted the name  Naja lutescens to the race of cobras inhabiting India south of 20° N Latitude. The type locality of Seba’s (1735) pl. 44, fig. 1 was given as “ India Orientali.” Deraniyagala (1945) recognized  Naja naja lutescens as a subspecies and designated the type locality as Madras, with  N. fasciata and  N. maculata as synonyms. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A577E284A6A12FF4B1C7EC192E9BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wallach, Van;Wüster, Wolfgang;Broadley, Donald G.	Wallach, Van, Wüster, Wolfgang, Broadley, Donald G. (2009): In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190422
DF7A577E284C6A10FF4B1FC6C28FEEA5.text	DF7A577E284C6A10FF4B1FC6C28FEEA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boulengerina Dollo 1886	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Boulengerina Dollo, 1886</p>
            <p> Limnonaja Schmidt, 1923: 124 (type species  Boulengerina christyi Boulenger, 1904 ) </p>
            <p> Paranaja Loveridge, 1944: 231 (type species  Naja anomala Sternfeld =  Naia multifasciata Werner, 1902 ) </p>
            <p> Type species:  Boulengerina stormsi Dollo, 1886 (=  Naja annulata Buchholz &amp; Peters in Peters, 1876), by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Gender: feminine.</p>
            <p>Etymology: dedicated to George Albert Boulenger, famous Belgian herpetologist, and curator of reptiles at the British Museum (Natural History) in London from 1881 to 1920.</p>
            <p>Distribution: forested regions of western, central, eastern and south-eastern Africa.</p>
            <p>Content: four species:</p>
            <p> Naja (Boulengerina) annulata Buchholz &amp; Peters in Peters, 1876: 119 </p>
            <p> Naja (Boulengerina) christyi (Boulenger, 1904: 14)</p>
            <p> Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca Hallowell, 1857: 61</p>
            <p> Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata Werner, 1902: 347</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Intracranial (dorsal) anterior Vidian canal position, 2–4 solid maxillary teeth, penultimate (sixth) supralabial high, combination of one preocular and one anterior temporal (except  N. christyi , which sometimes has two anterior temporals), rostral much broader than deep, internasals shorter than prefrontals, dorsal scales highly polished, fangs not modified for spitting. </p>
            <p> Comments: This subgenus is morphologically and ecologically highly diverse, including species at both the large (  Naja melanoleuca ) and small (  Naja multifasciata ) extremes of the size spectrum of the cobra clade, and semi-fossorial, terrestrial and aquatic forms. However, they are united by their restriction to forest and forest edge habitats, and their distribution is centred on the central African forests, with only  N. melanoleuca extending significantly into West and East Africa. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A577E284C6A10FF4B1FC6C28FEEA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wallach, Van;Wüster, Wolfgang;Broadley, Donald G.	Wallach, Van, Wüster, Wolfgang, Broadley, Donald G. (2009): In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190422
DF7A577E284C6A13FF4B1BD1C42EEA7D.text	DF7A577E284C6A13FF4B1BD1C42EEA7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uraeus Wagler 1830	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Uraeus Wagler, 1830</p>
            <p> Type species:  Coluber haje Linnaeus, 1758 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Gender: masculine.</p>
            <p> Etymology: derived from the Egyptian  uraeus , a symbol of the goddess Wadjet in the shape of a cobra with a spread hood, which formed part of the head-dress of Egyptian divinities and kings. </p>
            <p>Distribution: open formations in most of Africa and southern Arabia.</p>
            <p>Content: six species:</p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) anchietae Bocage, 1879: 89</p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) annulifera Peters, 1854: 624</p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) arabica Scortecci, 1932: 47</p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) senegalensis Trape, Chirio &amp; Wüster in Trape et al, 2009: xxx </p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) haje (Linnaeus, 1758: 225)</p>
            <p> Naja (Uraeus) nivea (Linnaeus, 1758: 223)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Intracranial (dorsal) anterior Vidian canal position, almost always 2–3 solid maxillary teeth (one specimen out of 21 examined by Bogert [1943] and Szyndlar &amp; Rage [1990] had one solid maxillary tooth on each side), seven supralabials with penultimate (sixth) shield high, combination of one preocular and one anterior temporal, rostral as broad as deep, internasals as long as prefrontals, dorsal scales matt or moderately shiny, and fangs not adapted for spitting.</p>
            <p> Comments: This is a morphologically relatively conserved lineage that occupies open formations in much of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The most basal cladogenic split separates  Naja (Uraeus) nivea , a species largely restricted to southern African areas with winter rainfall, from the remaining species, which occupy primarily tropical or subtropical formations (Wüster et al., 2007). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A577E284C6A13FF4B1BD1C42EEA7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wallach, Van;Wüster, Wolfgang;Broadley, Donald G.	Wallach, Van, Wüster, Wolfgang, Broadley, Donald G. (2009): In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190422
DF7A577E284F6A10FF4B1E2FC19DE81A.text	DF7A577E284F6A10FF4B1E2FC19DE81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naja	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Naja incertae sedis</p>
            <p> Three of the four currently recognized extinct cobra species, †  Naja antiqua Rage, 1976 , †  Naja iberica Szyndlar, 1985 , and †  Naja robusta Meylan, 1987 , cannot be allocated to any subgenus with confidence, as identifying synapomorphies are lacking (Rage, 1976; Szyndlar, 1985; Meylan, 1987). They are therefore placed in  Naja incertae sedis . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A577E284F6A10FF4B1E2FC19DE81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wallach, Van;Wüster, Wolfgang;Broadley, Donald G.	Wallach, Van, Wüster, Wolfgang, Broadley, Donald G. (2009): In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190422
