taxonID	type	description	language	source
DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material. BRAZIL, Minas Gerais State: Juiz de Fora municipality, Barrio Floresta [21 o 45 ’ 14.39 ’’ S, 43 o 16 ’ 57.85 ’’ W; 632 m a. s. l.], 06. II. 1987, A. L. Carvalho leg., 2 ̩ F- 0, adult emergences 15. II. 1987 (87021 - Bd), 25. II. 1987 (87021 - Bl) and 3 Ƥ F- 0, adult emergences 09. II. 1987 (87021 - Ba), 13. II. 1987 (87021 - Bb), 14. II. 1987 (87021 - Bc); Rio de Janeiro State: [Comendador Levy Gasparian municipality], Mont serrat [village of Montserrat], Rio Paraibuna [22 o 01 ’ 08.87 ’’ S, 43 o 18 ’ 37.48 ’’ W; 365 m a. s. l.], 18 – 19. XI. 2000, N. Ferreira-Jr. leg., ̩ F- 0, emergence date unknown. All in DZRJ. Typical libellulid larva. General color ochre. Integument covered by short filiform setae equally distributed, longer and concentrated on sides of head, thorax and legs; posterior area of head and thorax without differentiated setae. Head (Figs. 1 – 6). General shape trapezoidal (Fig. 1), about twice as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital margin moderately concave, with occipital lobes little pronounced, covered with short and long filiform setae. Labrum with setae turned forward in its distal fourth. Clypeus glabrous. Frons with a group of filiform and spiniform setae turned forward between antennae. Vertex covered with short spiniform and long filiform pale setae, concentrated in a pair of prominent lateral regions. Occiput as wide as maximum width of head (including compound eyes) in dorsal view, bearing long filiform setae; posterior angles rounded; dorsal region with defined glabrous areas: a central and one anterior pair, rounded, and four lateral pairs, elongated, corresponding to muscular impressions. Lateral portion of eyes moderately pronounced upward and forward. Antenna 7 - jointed; relative length of antennomeres: 74, 74, 100, 56, 67, 74, 81. Mandibular formula L 1234 0 ab / R 1234 y abd (Figs. 2 – 3); left mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex, size b> a, size 4> 3> 1> 2, prominence 4> 1> 3> 2; right mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex (incisor 2 less acute), size d> b> a, size 1 = 4> 2 = 3, prominence 4> 3> 2> 1, y with acute apex, size similar to other teeth. Labium when folded reaching median level of mesocoxae. Prementum concave (Fig. 4), approximately as long as wide, enlarging from base to apex in ventral view; ventral surface with small round dark spots usually coincident with setal insertions; ligula projected 0.3, forming an angle of about 115 º; anterior margin of ligula weakly serrate, bearing a submarginal row of about 50 robust setae with acute apex on dorsal surface, a dozen distinctly longer; premental setae 8 – 10, disposed in arch, unequal in length, the most internal smaller, growing up to the third or fourth of row, and other (laterals) distinctly longer; external margins of prementum bearing a row of approximately 20 short filiform setae. Labial palps triangular (Fig. 5), with 6 – 7 palpal setae slightly longer than movable hook; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness 2 x as thick as the precedent palpal seta; proximal portion of palp near articulation with setella and group of 5 – 7 short spiniform setae; proximal half of outer margin with a row of about 10 short and robust setae; distal margin with 8 – 9 crenations with serrated tip, semicircular (Fig. 6); notches between crenations decrease in depth from limits with outer (dorsal) to inner (ventral) margins; central crenations with 4 – 5 setae, 1 – 4 in those closest to outer margin; setae of crenations acute, positioned submarginally on dorsal surface, organized in relation to length in each crenation, the bigger inserted more ventrally; inner margin with a row of about 20 setae; ventral surface with small dark spots, rounded, coincident with base of setae, as in prementum. Thorax. Pronotum with spiniform setae and a pair of robust and long setae, turned upward located medially; central area without nipple-like processes; posterolateral margins rounded, with spiniform setae directed up- and backwards, especially concentrated laterally; inverted “ V ” spot not distinct in exuviae and poorly evident in larvae. Prothoracic pleural processes obtuse with a concentration of long and thin setae. Fore- and hindwing sheaths reaching mid length of S 5 and S 6, respectively. Legs with numerous long and spiniform thin setae; metathoracic legs when fully extended surpassing level of apex of caudal appendages; femora slightly flattened laterally, with row of long, thin setae concentrated on anterior surface, directed downward; metathoracic femora when directed posteriorly reach level of mid length of S 6; metathoracic tibiae when fully folded reach distally base of trochanter; third segment of metathoracic tarsi similar in length to first and second segments combined; all tarsi and tibiae with 2 parallel rows of differentiated setae ventrally, one near anterior margin (anterior row) and other near posterior margin (posterior row); prothoracic pair with anterior row composed by tridentate setae distributed between distal half of tibia and second segment of tarsus and simple setae on third; meso- and metathoracic legs with anterior row composed of simple setae distributed between base of tibiae and third segment of tarsi; posterior margin of all legs with row of simple setae, almost reaching base of tibia in prothoracic legs and restricted to distal third in meso- and metathoracic legs. Abdomen (Figs. 7 – 10). General shape elliptical, lateral margins convex in dorsal view; cross section approximately semicircular (Figs. 7 – 8); about 1.5 x longer than its maximum width (S 6); dorsal hooks on S 3 – 9, large, apex acute, gradually curved along segments, directed upward on S 3 and backward on S 9; hooks of S 7 – 9 surpassing distally level of posterior edge of corresponding segment (Figs. 7 – 8). Tergites regularly covered with short setae; spiniform setae of lateral margins increasing in size and stiffness gradually towards apex of abdomen; posterior border of S 1 – 5 tergites bearing short and filiform setae sparsely distributed, and spiniform setae laterally on S 4 – 5; posterior border of S 6 – 10 tergites with spiniform setae; lateral spines on S 8 – 9, as long as 0.5 and 0.8 median dorsal length of its respective segment; posterior limit of tergites S 3 – 9 with a row of spiniform setae, increasing in thickness posteriorly; posterior border of S 9 sternum convex, with a row of spiniform setae and a pair of lateral tufts of long, filiform setae directed posteriorly and curved inward (as in Fig. 18). Caudal appendages acute (Figs. 9 – 10); paraprocts pyramidal, as long as epiproct in lateral view and of S 9 – 10 together in dorsal view; cerci conical ca. 0.66 of epiproct length in lateral view; apex of paraprocts straight; apex of epiproct and cerci obliquely curved downward in lateral view; paraprocts with some setae long and robust laterally. Measurements (in mm; n = 5). Total length 13.50 – 17.34; head mediodorsal length 1.65 – 2.82; head maximum width 3.80 – 5.52; antenna total length 1.35 – 1.44; antennomeres length 0.19 – 0.20, 0.19 – 0.21, 0.26 – 0.28, 0.14 – 0.16, 0.17 – 0.18, 0.17 – 0.19, 0.21 – 0.22; prementum length 2.69 – 4.39; prementum maximum width 2.88 – 3.87; hind wing sheath length 3.36 – 4.45; metafemur length 2.70 – 4.13; metatibia length 3.36 – 4.41; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 6.12 – 8.80; abdomen maximum width (S 6) 4.15 – 5.56; epiproct length, lateral view 0.74 – 0.96; paraproct maximum length, lateral view 0.60 – 0.87; cercus length, lateral view 0.50 – 0.70. Diagnosis. The F- 0 larva of M. imitans imitans can be correctly identified as Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1 – 2). This species, along with M. pseudimitans, presents the more generalized morphology among the species of the genus. The following combination of characters separates these species from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5 – 7 longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 110 o (Fig. 15); premental setae 8 – 10, not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with “ normal ” crenations (semicircular, notches deep) (Figs. 13 – 14); palpal setae 6 – 7; distal margin of labial palps with cylindrical setae; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness scarcely 2 x or less as thick as the preceding palpal seta; dorsal hooks on S 3 – 9 (Figs. 7 – 8); dorsal hook of S 5 not reduced, similar or larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S 9 shorter and less pronounced distally than correspondent lateral spines in dorsal view; lateral spines of S 9 straight, apex reaching at maximum the level of 0.66 of epiproct in dorsal view (S 10 and caudal appendages moderately embedded in S 9). The larva of Macrothemis imitans imitans can be separate from that of M. pseudimitans by only two characters, both with some level of superposition of conditions (M. pseudimitans alternative in parentheses): row of premental setae with an internal group of 3 – 4 (2, exceptionally 3) smaller setae; labial palps with 8 – 9 (7, exceptionally 8) crenations. Based on adults, Daigle (2007) considered M. imitans imitans (referred only as M. imitans) the closest relative of M. meurgeyi. However, comparing the F- 0 larva of M. imitans imitans with that of M. meurgeyi (Meurgey 2009), it is easily detectable that these species are very dissimilar, as shown by the characters used in the key presented below. Mainly due to the absence of dorsal hooks on S 6 – 9, an exceptional feature in Macrothemis, it was not possible to identify M. meurgeyi even to genus level in all the keys inspected (Tables 1 – 2).	en	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E377AFFFBA1CFF9C029D9F802.taxon	materials_examined	Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Magé municipality, Citrolândia, RPPN Campo Escoteiro Geraldo Hugo Nunes [22 º 34 ’ 21.26 ’’ S, 43 º 02 ’ 01.33 ’’ W; 20 m a. s. l.], 26. VII. 1987, A. L. Carvalho leg., Ƥ F- 0, adult emergence 24. VIII. 1987 (87071 - E); Mato Grosso State: Chapada dos Guimarães municipality, Parque Nacional [da Chapada dos Guimarães], Cachoeira dos Namorados (pool margins, ravine and gravel) [15 º 24 ’ 26.64 ’’ S, 55 º 49 ’ 22.92 ’’ W; 600 m a. l. s.], 16. II. 2000, A. L. Carvalho leg., ̩ F- 0, emergence date unknown. All in DZRJ. Larva very similar to M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: Integument covered by short filiform setae, especially longer and concentrated on sides of head, thorax and legs. Carvalho et al. Costa et al. Heckman Needham et al. Novelo-Gutiérrez Rodríguez (2002) (2004) (2006) (2000) (1997) Capítulo (1992) References Brazil (in part) Brazil South America North America Mexico Argentina Macrothemis 9 / 0 / 4 / 1 / 0 0 / 5 / 9 / 1 / 0 1 / 8 / 1 / 4 / 0 8 / 1 / 5 / 0 / 0 8 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 0 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 8 (n = 14) Ramírez & Novelo- M. aurimaculata Macrothemis Brechmorhoga ** Macrothemis * Macrothemis Macrothemis Macrothemis * Gutiérrez (1999) Ramírez & M. celeno Macrothemis Macrothemis * Macrothemis Macrothemis Macrothemis Error Novelo- Gutiérrez (1999) M. declivata Macrothemis Brechmorhoga ** Macrothemis * Macrothemis Macrothemis Error Thispaper ...... to be continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued.) Carvalho et al. Costa et al. Heckman Needham et al. Novelo-Gutiérrez Rodríguez (2002) (2004) (2006) (2000) (1997) Capítulo (1992) References Brazil (in part) Brazil South America North America Mexico Argentina Meurgey B. archboldi Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * (2008) Needham & B. mendax Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Fisher (1936) Von B. nubecula Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Dythemis *** Ellenrieder (2007) Brechmorhoga or B. nubecula? Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Santos (1969) Scapanea * Brechmorhoga or Novelo B. pertinax Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Macrothemis * Gutiérrez (1995) Novelo- B. praecox Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Gutierrez (1995) S. frontalis - - - Scapanea - - Klots (1932) ” Possibility of correct identification with one or two doubtful characters; “ ** ” Incorrect identification; “ *** ” Possibility of incorrect identification with one or two doubtful characters; “ Error ” - no possible correct identification (three or more doubtful or not applicable characters); “ - ” Genus not included. Head (Figs. 11 – 15). Occipital margin concave, with occipital lobes covered with short and long robust setae. Frons with a row of reddish brown filiform setae between antennae. Vertex with reddish brown filiform setae, not especially concentrated. Relative length of antennomeres: 65, 76, 100, 66, 81, 100, 78; third and sixth antennomeres similar in length, longer than others. Mandibular formula L 1234 0 ab (or ad) / R 1234 y abc-d (Figs. 11 – 12); left mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apexes, size b (or d)> a, size 3> 4> 1> 2, prominence 3> 4> 1> 2; right mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apexes, a and b nipple like, d very broad, size d> b> a> c-, size 1> 3> 2> 4, prominence 4> 3> 1> 2, cleft between 3 and 4 shallow, y apex poorly distinguished. Prementum longer than wide in ventral view (only in the Rio de Janeiro specimen) (Fig. 13); ventral surface pale, lacking dark spots; ligula projected 0.37, forming an angle of about 120 º; premental setae 10, unequal in length, the most internal smaller, growing up to the fourth or fifth of row, and other distinctly larger, about 1.5 x as long as the centrals. Labial palps with 6 palpal setae (Fig. 14); proximal portion with setella and a group of 10 short spiniform setae; proximal 0.66 of outer margin with a row of about 10 short and robust setae; distal margin with 10 – 11 crenations (Fig. 15); crenations closest to outer margin with 1 – 3 setae; inner margin of palps with a row of about 25 setae; ventral surface without spots. Thorax. Pronotum only with short setae, lateral margins with stout spiniform setae; inverted “ V ” spot illdefined in both exuviae and larvae. Abdomen (Figs. 16 – 20). Dorsal hooks on S 2 – 9, that of S 2 barely distinct and like a tubercle (Figs. 16 – 17). Tergites with spiniform setae on lateral margins, increasing in number gradually toward apex of abdomen; posterior border of S 4 tergite with short and filiform setae along its entire length; lateral spines on S 8 – 9, as long as 0.58 and 1.1 mediodorsal length of respective segment. Cerci conical, ca. 0.75 of epiproct length in lateral view (Figs. 19 – 20). Measurements (in mm; n = 2). Total length 17.82 – 18.45; head mediodorsal length 2.15 – 2.28; head max. width 4.83 – 4.89; antenna total length 1.52 – 1.62; length of antennomeres 0.17 – 0.18, 0.19 – 0.22, 0.27 – 0.31, 0.17 – 0.20, 0.21 – 0.22, 0.26 – 0.27, 0.21 – 0.22; prementum length 4.42 – 4.48; prementum max. width 3.76 – 3.96; hindwing sheath length 4.80 – 4.97; metafemur length 4.31 – 5.18; metatibia length 4.35 – 4.50; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.78 – 8.41; abdomen max. width (S 6) 5.34 – 5.54; epiproct length in lateral view 0.95 – 0.98; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.74 – 0.80; cercus length in lateral view 0.75 – 0.76. Diagnosis. The F- 0 larva can be correctly identified as Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Costa et al. (2004) and Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1 – 2). The following combination of characters separates it from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5 – 7 distinctly longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 120 o (Fig. 15); 10 premental setae, not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with crenations semicircular, deep notches (regular type) (Figs. 13 – 14); 6 palpal setae; setae of distal margin cylindrical; dorsal hooks on S 2 – 9; dorsal hook of S 2 small, shorter than the mediodorsal length of segment, tubercle-like (Figs. 16 – 17); dorsal hooks of S 5 – 9 not reduced, with acute apex, similar to those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S 9 shorter, less pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spines; lateral spines of S 9 straight; apex of lateral spines of S 9 reaching the level of 0.66 epiproct in dorsal view (S 10 and caudal appendages distinctly embedded on S 9); total length longer than 15.5 mm.	en	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E3777FFFAA1CFFF092DFEF970.taxon	materials_examined	Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Maricá municipality, Rio Ubatiba [22 º 52 ’ 17.22 ’’ S, 42 º 47 ’ 00.84 ’’ W; 36 m a. s. l.], 24. V. 2000, Equipe Entomologia UFRJ leg., ̩ F- 0, adult emergence 04. VI. 2000. Deposited in DZRJ. Larva very similar to M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: Posterior areas of head and thorax with short setae flattened apically. Head (Figs. 21 – 25). About 2.5 x as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital lobes covered with short flattened and long filiform setae. Vertex with short filiform setae, not especially concentrated. Occiput bearing short robust setae flattened distally. Lateral portion of eyes rather pronounced forward and laterally. Proportional length of antennomeres: 60, 87, 100, 65, 90, 86, 70. Mandibular formula L 12 ’ 234 abb’ / R 1234 y- abd (Figs. 21 – 22); left mandible: molars and incisors 1 and 4 with obtuse apex, 2 ’ 2 and 3 with acute apex, size bb’> a, size 3> 4> 1> 2, prominence 3> 4> 2> 1; right mandible: molars a and d and incisors 1 – 3 with acute apex, b and 4 obtuse, size b> d> a, size 4> 1> 3> 2, prominence 4> 3> 2> 1, y- acute. Labium when folded reaching level between pro- and mesocoxae; prementum longer than width in ventral view; ligula projected 0.25, forming an angle of about 100 º (Fig. 23); margin of ligula bearing a submarginal row of about 30 setae, with about 10 of these distinctly larger; premental setae 7 – 8; external margins of prementum bearing a row of about 10 short and robust setae. Labial palps with 5 palpal setae (Fig. 24); proximal portion with setella and a group of 6 – 8 short spiniform setae; proximal 0.66 of outer margin with a row of about 11 – 12 short and robust setae; distal margin with 9 crenations (Fig. 25); central crenations with 3 – 5 setae, 1 – 3 in those closest to outer margin; inner margin with a row of about 12 – 17 setae; ventral surface of palps with small dark spots not coincident with setae insertion. Thorax. Pronotum with short setae; posterolateral margins with short robust setae distally flattened; inverted “ V ” spot barely visible in the only examined exuvia. Abdomen (Figs. 26 – 29). Tergites with spiniform setae of lateral margins equally distributed along abdomen (Figs. 26 – 27); lateral spines on S 8 – 9, as long as 0.7 and 0.8 mediodorsal length of respective segment. Cerci ca. 0.8 of epiproct length in lateral view (Figs. 28 – 29); apex of cerci straight. Measurements (in mm; n = 1). Total length 14.22; head mediodorsal length 1.85; head max. width 4.35; antenna total length 1.40; length of antennomeres 0.15, 0.22, 0.25, 0.16, 0.23, 0.22, 0.17; prementum length 3.37; prementum maximum width 3.05; hind wing sheath length 4.73; metafemur length 3.06; metatibia length 4.00; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.12; abdomen max. width (S 6) 5.20; epiproct length in lateral view 0.81; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.76; cercus length in lateral view 0.65. Diagnosis. The F- 0 larva of M. hemichlora can be correctly identified as Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1 – 2). The following combination of characters separates it from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5 – 7 distinctly longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 100 o (Fig. 15); premental setae 7 – 8; rows of premental setae not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with semicircular crenations, notches deep (regular type) (Figs. 13 – 14); 5 palpal setae; setae of distal margin of labial palps cylindrical; dorsal hooks on S 3 – 9 (Figs. 7 – 8); dorsal hook on S 5 not reduced, larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S 9 shorter and less pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spines in dorsal view; lateral spines of S 9 straight.	en	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E3777FFFFA1CFF9462F3AF90A.taxon	materials_examined	Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Itatiaia municipality, [district of] Maringá, Rio Preto (roots and litter) [22 o 19 ’ 37.73 ’’ S, 44 o 34 ’ 41.36 ’’ W; 1,107 m a. s. l.], 17. IX. 1996, Equipe Entomologia UFRJ leg., 2 ̩ F- 0 and 2 Ƥ F- 0, emergence dates unknown. All in DZRJ. Larva similar to M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: Integument without setae especially long or concentrated. Head (Figs. 30 – 34). About 1.5 x as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital lobes covered with short spiniform and robust long filiform setae. Frons with a group of short spiniform setae between antennae. Occiput bearing short robust setae. Proportional length of antennomeres: 30, 60, 100, 40, 35, 35, 35. Mandibular formula L 1234 y- abb’ R 1234 y abd or abdd’ (Figs. 30 – 31); left mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apex, size b + d> a or dd’> a, size 3> 4> 1> 2, prominence 3> 4> 1> 2, y- poorly developed obtuse; right mandible: a and b with acute apex, d or dd’ and incisors with obtuse apex, size d> b> a or dd’> b> a, size 4> 1> 3> 2, prominence 4> 1> 3> 2, y with obtuse apex. Labium when folded reaching the level between pro- and mesocoxae; Prementum longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 32); ligula projected 0.4, forming an angle of about 85 º; margin of ligula bearing setae with truncate apex, 10 of these distinctly larger. Labial palp with 6 palpal setae (Fig. 33); proximal portion with setella and a group of 6 – 10 short spiniform setae; proximal half of outer margin with a row of about 6 – 8 short and robust setae; distal margin with 11 obsolete crenations (almost straight) (Fig. 34); central crenations with 5 – 7 setae, 3 – 4 in those closest to outer margin; setae of crenations truncate; inner margin with a row of about 25 setae. Thorax. Pronotum with short setae; central area with a pair of nipple-like processes with rounded base; posterolateral margins with expansions with concentrations of short claviform setae; inverted “ V ” spot distinct both in exuviae and larvae. Prothoracic pleural processes with acute apex directed forward with a group of long and short spiniform setae. Legs with few robust setae; femora with row of short and robust setae concentrated in anterior surface; metathoracic femora when directed posteriorly reach posterior limit of S 5 tergite; metatibiae when flexed on femora reaching distally the level of proximal half of trochanter; tibiae and tarsi of 3 pairs with 2 parallels rows of simple setae ventrally, extended to the distal middle of tibiae to the third segment of tarsi. Abdomen (Figs. 35 – 38). About 2 x longer than maximum width (S 6); dorsal hooks on S 2 – 9 large and with obtuse apex, S 2 tubercle-like (Figs. 35 – 36); tergites with concentrations of spiniform setae on lateral margins decreasing in size gradually toward apex of abdomen; posterior borders of tergites of S 1 – 5 bearing filiform short setae regularly distributed, those of S 5 short and robust with obtuse apex in their 0.17 of lateral extension; posterior borders of tergites of S 6 – 9 with short and robust setae with obtuse apex and S 10 with few spiniform setae; lateral spines on S 8 – 9, as long as 0.27 and 0.45 median dorsal length of respective segment; posterior border of sternum of S 9 without a row of filiform long setae. Paraprocts with long, thin setae laterally. Measurements (in mm; n = 4). Total length 17.73 – 19.09; head mediodorsal length 2.17 – 3.34; head max. width 4.67 – 4.96; antenna total length 1.22 – 1.55; length of antennomeres 0.13 – 0.22, 0.20 – 0.29, 0.33 – 0.43, 0.15 – 0.19, 0.15 – 0.17, 0.13 – 0.19, 0.15 – 0.22; prementum length 3.91 – 4.44; prementum max. width 3.21 – 4.00; hind wing sheath length 4.75 – 5.42; metafemur length 4.67 – 5.50; metatibia length 5.30 – 5.96; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.57 – 8.75; abdomen max. width (S 6) 4.90 – 5.69; epiproct length in lateral view 0.87 – 1.02; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.65 – 0.80; cercus length in lateral view 0.61 – 0.71. Diagnosis. The F- 0 larva of M. tenuis cannot be correctly identified as Macrothemis in all the keys examined (Tables 1 – 2), being wrongly identified as Dythemis in the majority of them, but also as Brechmorhoga (Costa et al. 2004) and Gynothemis (Carvalho et al. 2002). The main feature that approximates this species, as well as M. hahneli, to those of Dythemis is the distal border of the labial palps with distinctly obsolete crenulations, a character not exclusive of this genus. However, it can be easily distinguished from all Dythemis larvae by the shape of its dorsal hooks (Dythemis features in brackets): present on S 2, tubercle-like [absent]; large and with obtuse apex [large or short but with acute apex] on S 3 – 9 (Figs. 35 – 36). The following combination of characters will separate it from the other described Macrothemis larvae: antennomeres 5 – 7 distinctly shorter than half of 3; left mandible with tooth y reduced; ligula very prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 85 o (Fig. 34); rows of premental setae not clearly divided in two groups; crenations of distal margin of labial palps obsolete; setae of distal margin of labial palps cylindrical; lateral spines of S 9 straight; dorsal hooks on S 2 – 9 large and with obtuse apex, S 2 tubercle-like (Figs. 35 – 36).	en	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
