identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8.text	DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothemis imitans subsp. imitans Karsch 1890	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890</p>
            <p>(Figures 1–10, 39)</p>
            <p>Material. BRAZIL, Minas Gerais State: Juiz de Fora municipality, Barrio Floresta [21o45’14.39’’S, 43o16’57.85’’W; 632 m a.s.l.], 06.II.1987, A. L. Carvalho leg., 2 ̩ F-0, adult emergences 15.II.1987 (87021-Bd), 25.II.1987 (87021- Bl) and 3 Ƥ F-0, adult emergences 09.II.1987 (87021-Ba), 13.II.1987 (87021-Bb), 14.II.1987 (87021-Bc); Rio de Janeiro State: [Comendador Levy Gasparian municipality], Mont serrat [village of Montserrat], Rio Paraibuna [22o01’08.87’’S, 43o18’37.48’’W; 365 m a.s.l.], 18–19.XI.2000, N. Ferreira-Jr. leg., ̩ F-0, emergence date unknown. All in DZRJ.</p>
            <p>Typical libellulid larva. General color ochre. Integument covered by short filiform setae equally distributed, longer and concentrated on sides of head, thorax and legs; posterior area of head and thorax without differentiated setae.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs. 1–6). General shape trapezoidal (Fig. 1), about twice as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital margin moderately concave, with occipital lobes little pronounced, covered with short and long filiform setae. Labrum with setae turned forward in its distal fourth. Clypeus glabrous. Frons with a group of filiform and spiniform setae turned forward between antennae. Vertex covered with short spiniform and long filiform pale setae, concentrated in a pair of prominent lateral regions. Occiput as wide as maximum width of head (including compound eyes) in dorsal view, bearing long filiform setae; posterior angles rounded; dorsal region with defined glabrous areas: a central and one anterior pair, rounded, and four lateral pairs, elongated, corresponding to muscular impressions. Lateral portion of eyes moderately pronounced upward and forward. Antenna 7-jointed; relative length of antennomeres: 74, 74, 100, 56, 67, 74, 81. Mandibular formula L 1234 0 ab / R 1234 y abd (Figs. 2–3); left mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex, size b&gt;a, size 4&gt;3&gt;1&gt;2, prominence 4&gt;1&gt;3&gt;2; right mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex (incisor 2 less acute), size d&gt;b&gt;a, size 1=4&gt;2=3, prominence 4&gt;3&gt;2&gt;1, y with acute apex, size similar to other teeth. Labium when folded reaching median level of mesocoxae. Prementum concave (Fig. 4), approximately as long as wide, enlarging from base to apex in ventral view; ventral surface with small round dark spots usually coincident with setal insertions; ligula projected 0.3, forming an angle of about 115º; anterior margin of ligula weakly serrate, bearing a submarginal row of about 50 robust setae with acute apex on dorsal surface, a dozen distinctly longer; premental setae 8–10, disposed in arch, unequal in length, the most internal smaller, growing up to the third or fourth of row, and other (laterals) distinctly longer; external margins of prementum bearing a row of approximately 20 short filiform setae. Labial palps triangular (Fig. 5), with 6–7 palpal setae slightly longer than movable hook; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness 2x as thick as the precedent palpal seta; proximal portion of palp near articulation with setella and group of 5–7 short spiniform setae; proximal half of outer margin with a row of about 10 short and robust setae; distal margin with 8–9 crenations with serrated tip, semicircular (Fig. 6); notches between crenations decrease in depth from limits with outer (dorsal) to inner (ventral) margins; central crenations with 4–5 setae, 1–4 in those closest to outer margin; setae of crenations acute, positioned submarginally on dorsal surface, organized in relation to length in each crenation, the bigger inserted more ventrally; inner margin with a row of about 20 setae; ventral surface with small dark spots, rounded, coincident with base of setae, as in prementum.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Pronotum with spiniform setae and a pair of robust and long setae, turned upward located medially; central area without nipple-like processes; posterolateral margins rounded, with spiniform setae directed up- and backwards, especially concentrated laterally; inverted “V” spot not distinct in exuviae and poorly evident in larvae. Prothoracic pleural processes obtuse with a concentration of long and thin setae. Fore- and hindwing sheaths reaching mid length of S5 and S6, respectively. Legs with numerous long and spiniform thin setae; metathoracic legs when fully extended surpassing level of apex of caudal appendages; femora slightly flattened laterally, with row of long, thin setae concentrated on anterior surface, directed downward; metathoracic femora when directed posteriorly reach level of mid length of S6; metathoracic tibiae when fully folded reach distally base of trochanter; third segment of metathoracic tarsi similar in length to first and second segments combined; all tarsi and tibiae with 2 parallel rows of differentiated setae ventrally, one near anterior margin (anterior row) and other near posterior margin (posterior row); prothoracic pair with anterior row composed by tridentate setae distributed between distal half of tibia and second segment of tarsus and simple setae on third; meso- and metathoracic legs with anterior row composed of simple setae distributed between base of tibiae and third segment of tarsi; posterior margin of all legs with row of simple setae, almost reaching base of tibia in prothoracic legs and restricted to distal third in meso- and metathoracic legs.</p>
            <p>Abdomen (Figs. 7–10). General shape elliptical, lateral margins convex in dorsal view; cross section approximately semicircular (Figs. 7–8); about 1.5x longer than its maximum width (S6); dorsal hooks on S3–9, large, apex acute, gradually curved along segments, directed upward on S3 and backward on S9; hooks of S7–9 surpassing distally level of posterior edge of corresponding segment (Figs. 7–8). Tergites regularly covered with short setae; spiniform setae of lateral margins increasing in size and stiffness gradually towards apex of abdomen; posterior border of S1–5 tergites bearing short and filiform setae sparsely distributed, and spiniform setae laterally on S4–5; posterior border of S6–10 tergites with spiniform setae; lateral spines on S8–9, as long as 0.5 and 0.8 median dorsal length of its respective segment; posterior limit of tergites S3–9 with a row of spiniform setae, increasing in thickness posteriorly; posterior border of S9 sternum convex, with a row of spiniform setae and a pair of lateral tufts of long, filiform setae directed posteriorly and curved inward (as in Fig. 18). Caudal appendages acute (Figs. 9–10); paraprocts pyramidal, as long as epiproct in lateral view and of S9–10 together in dorsal view; cerci conical ca. 0.66 of epiproct length in lateral view; apex of paraprocts straight; apex of epiproct and cerci obliquely curved downward in lateral view; paraprocts with some setae long and robust laterally.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm; n=5). Total length 13.50–17.34; head mediodorsal length 1.65–2.82; head maximum width 3.80–5.52; antenna total length 1.35–1.44; antennomeres length 0.19–0.20, 0.19–0.21, 0.26–0.28, 0.14–0.16, 0.17–0.18, 0.17–0.19, 0.21–0.22; prementum length 2.69–4.39; prementum maximum width 2.88–3.87; hind wing sheath length 3.36–4.45; metafemur length 2.70–4.13; metatibia length 3.36–4.41; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 6.12–8.80; abdomen maximum width (S6) 4.15–5.56; epiproct length, lateral view 0.74–0.96; paraproct maximum length, lateral view 0.60–0.87; cercus length, lateral view 0.50–0.70.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The F-0 larva of  M. imitans imitans can be correctly identified as  Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1–2). This species, along with  M. pseudimitans , presents the more generalized morphology among the species of the genus. The following combination of characters separates these species from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5–7 longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 110o (Fig. 15); premental setae 8–10, not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with “normal” crenations (semicircular, notches deep) (Figs. 13–14); palpal setae 6–7; distal margin of labial palps with cylindrical setae; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness scarcely 2x or less as thick as the preceding palpal seta; dorsal hooks on S3–9 (Figs. 7–8); dorsal hook of S5 not reduced, similar or larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S9 shorter and less pronounced distally than correspondent lateral spines in dorsal view; lateral spines of S9 straight, apex reaching at maximum the level of 0.66 of epiproct in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages moderately embedded in S9). The larva of  Macrothemis imitans imitans can be separate from that of  M. pseudimitans by only two characters, both with some level of superposition of conditions (  M. pseudimitans alternative in parentheses): row of premental setae with an internal group of 3–4 (2, exceptionally 3) smaller setae; labial palps with 8–9 (7, exceptionally 8) crenations. Based on adults, Daigle (2007) considered  M. imitans imitans (referred only as  M. imitans ) the closest relative of  M. meurgeyi . However, comparing the F-0 larva of  M. imitans imitans with that of  M. meurgeyi (Meurgey 2009) , it is easily detectable that these species are very dissimilar, as shown by the characters used in the key presented below. Mainly due to the absence of dorsal hooks on S6–9, an exceptional feature in  Macrothemis , it was not possible to identify  M. meurgeyi even to genus level in all the keys inspected (Tables 1–2). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas;Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago;Pinto, Ângelo Parise	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E377AFFFBA1CFF9C029D9F802.text	DF7A8C5E377AFFFBA1CFF9C029D9F802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothemis declivata Calvert 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Macrothemis declivata Calvert, 1909</p>
            <p>(Figures 11–20, 40)</p>
            <p>Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Magé municipality, Citrolândia, RPPN Campo Escoteiro Geraldo Hugo Nunes [22º34’21.26’’S, 43º02’01.33’’W; 20 m a.s.l.], 26.VII.1987, A. L. Carvalho leg., Ƥ F-0, adult emergence 24.VIII.1987 (87071-E); Mato Grosso State: Chapada dos Guimarães municipality, Parque Nacional [da Chapada dos Guimarães], Cachoeira dos Namorados (pool margins, ravine and gravel) [15º24’26.64’’S, 55º49’22.92’’W; 600 m a.l.s.], 16.II.2000, A. L. Carvalho leg., ̩ F-0, emergence date unknown. All in DZRJ.</p>
            <p> Larva very similar to  M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: </p>
            <p>Integument covered by short filiform setae, especially longer and concentrated on sides of head, thorax and legs.</p>
            <p>Carvalho et al. Costa et al. Heckman Needham et al. Novelo-Gutiérrez Rodríguez</p>
            <p>(2002) (2004) (2006) (2000) (1997) Capítulo (1992) References</p>
            <p> Brazil (in part) Brazil South America North America Mexico Argentina  Macrothemis 9/0/4/1/0 0/5/9/1/0 1/8/1/4/0 8/1/5/0/0 8/1/1/4/0 0/1/2/3/8 (n = 14) </p>
            <p> Ramírez &amp; Novelo-  M. aurimaculata Macrothemis Brechmorhoga **  Macrothemis *  Macrothemis Macrothemis Macrothemis * Gutiérrez (1999) </p>
            <p> Ramírez &amp;  M. celeno Macrothemis Macrothemis *  Macrothemis Macrothemis Macrothemis Error Novelo- </p>
            <p> Gutiérrez (1999)  M. declivata Macrothemis Brechmorhoga **  Macrothemis *  Macrothemis Macrothemis Error Thispaper ......to be continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued.) </p>
            <p>Carvalho et al. Costa et al. Heckman Needham et al. Novelo-Gutiérrez Rodríguez</p>
            <p>(2002) (2004) (2006) (2000) (1997) Capítulo (1992) References</p>
            <p>Brazil (in part) Brazil South America North America Mexico Argentina</p>
            <p> Meurgey  B. archboldi Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * (2008) </p>
            <p> Needham &amp;  B. mendax Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Fisher (1936) </p>
            <p> Von  B. nubecula Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Dythemis *** Ellenrieder (2007) </p>
            <p> Brechmorhoga or </p>
            <p> B. nubecula ?  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Santos (1969) </p>
            <p> Scapanea * </p>
            <p> Brechmorhoga or Novelo </p>
            <p> B. pertinax Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * </p>
            <p> Macrothemis * Gutiérrez (1995) </p>
            <p> Novelo-  B. praecox Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga *  Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga Brechmorhoga * Gutierrez (1995)  S. frontalis - - -  Scapanea - - Klots(1932) ” Possibility of correct identification with one or two doubtful characters; “**” Incorrect identification; “***” Possibility of incorrect identification with one or two doubtful characters; “Error” - no possible correct identification (three or more doubtful or not applicable characters); “-” Genus not included. </p>
            <p>Head (Figs. 11–15). Occipital margin concave, with occipital lobes covered with short and long robust setae. Frons with a row of reddish brown filiform setae between antennae. Vertex with reddish brown filiform setae, not especially concentrated. Relative length of antennomeres: 65, 76, 100, 66, 81, 100, 78; third and sixth antennomeres similar in length, longer than others. Mandibular formula L 1234 0 ab (or ad) / R 1234 y abc-d (Figs. 11–12); left mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apexes, size b (or d)&gt;a, size 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2, prominence 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2; right mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apexes, a and b nipple like, d very broad, size d&gt;b&gt;a&gt;c-, size 1&gt;3&gt;2&gt;4, prominence 4&gt;3&gt;1&gt;2, cleft between 3 and 4 shallow, y apex poorly distinguished. Prementum longer than wide in ventral view (only in the Rio de Janeiro specimen) (Fig. 13); ventral surface pale, lacking dark spots; ligula projected 0.37, forming an angle of about 120º; premental setae 10, unequal in length, the most internal smaller, growing up to the fourth or fifth of row, and other distinctly larger, about 1.5x as long as the centrals. Labial palps with 6 palpal setae (Fig. 14); proximal portion with setella and a group of 10 short spiniform setae; proximal 0.66 of outer margin with a row of about 10 short and robust setae; distal margin with 10–11 crenations (Fig. 15); crenations closest to outer margin with 1–3 setae; inner margin of palps with a row of about 25 setae; ventral surface without spots.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Pronotum only with short setae, lateral margins with stout spiniform setae; inverted “V”spot illdefined in both exuviae and larvae.</p>
            <p>Abdomen (Figs. 16–20). Dorsal hooks on S2–9, that of S2 barely distinct and like a tubercle (Figs. 16–17). Tergites with spiniform setae on lateral margins, increasing in number gradually toward apex of abdomen; posterior border of S4 tergite with short and filiform setae along its entire length; lateral spines on S8–9, as long as 0.58 and 1.1 mediodorsal length of respective segment. Cerci conical, ca. 0.75 of epiproct length in lateral view (Figs. 19–20).</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm; n=2). Total length 17.82–18.45; head mediodorsal length 2.15–2.28; head max. width 4.83–4.89; antenna total length 1.52–1.62; length of antennomeres 0.17–0.18, 0.19–0.22, 0.27–0.31, 0.17–0.20, 0.21–0.22, 0.26–0.27, 0.21–0.22; prementum length 4.42–4.48; prementum max. width 3.76–3.96; hindwing sheath length 4.80–4.97; metafemur length 4.31–5.18; metatibia length 4.35–4.50; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.78–8.41; abdomen max. width (S6) 5.34–5.54; epiproct length in lateral view 0.95–0.98; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.74–0.80; cercus length in lateral view 0.75–0.76.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The F-0 larva can be correctly identified as  Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Costa et al. (2004) and Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1–2). The following combination of characters separates it from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5–7 distinctly longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 120o (Fig. 15); 10 premental setae, not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with crenations semicircular, deep notches (regular type) (Figs. 13–14); 6 palpal setae; setae of distal margin cylindrical; dorsal hooks on S2–9; dorsal hook of S2 small, shorter than the mediodorsal length of segment, tubercle-like (Figs. 16–17); dorsal hooks of S5–9 not reduced, with acute apex, similar to those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S9 shorter, less pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spines; lateral spines of S9 straight; apex of lateral spines of S9 reaching the level of 0.66 epiproct in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages distinctly embedded on S9); total length longer than 15.5 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E377AFFFBA1CFF9C029D9F802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas;Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago;Pinto, Ângelo Parise	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E3777FFFAA1CFFF092DFEF970.text	DF7A8C5E3777FFFAA1CFFF092DFEF970.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothemis hemichlora (Burmeister 1839) Burmeister 1839	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Macrothemis hemichlora (Burmeister, 1839)</p>
            <p>(Figures 21–29)</p>
            <p>Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Maricá municipality, Rio Ubatiba [22º52’17.22’’S, 42º47’ 00.84’’W; 36 m a.s.l.], 24.V.2000, Equipe Entomologia UFRJ leg., ̩ F-0, adult emergence 04.VI.2000. Deposited in DZRJ.</p>
            <p> Larva very similar to  M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: </p>
            <p>Posterior areas of head and thorax with short setae flattened apically.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs. 21–25). About 2.5x as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital lobes covered with short flattened and long filiform setae. Vertex with short filiform setae, not especially concentrated. Occiput bearing short robust setae flattened distally. Lateral portion of eyes rather pronounced forward and laterally. Proportional length of antennomeres: 60, 87, 100, 65, 90, 86, 70. Mandibular formula L 12’234 abb’ / R 1234 y- abd (Figs. 21–22); left mandible: molars and incisors 1 and 4 with obtuse apex, 2’2 and 3 with acute apex, size bb’&gt;a, size 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2, prominence 3&gt;4&gt;2&gt;1; right mandible: molars a and d and incisors 1–3 with acute apex, b and 4 obtuse, size b&gt;d&gt;a, size 4&gt;1&gt;3&gt;2, prominence 4&gt;3&gt;2&gt;1, y- acute. Labium when folded reaching level between pro- and mesocoxae; prementum longer than width in ventral view; ligula projected 0.25, forming an angle of about 100º (Fig. 23); margin of ligula bearing a submarginal row of about 30 setae, with about 10 of these distinctly larger; premental setae 7–8; external margins of prementum bearing a row of about 10 short and robust setae. Labial palps with 5 palpal setae (Fig. 24); proximal portion with setella and a group of 6–8 short spiniform setae; proximal 0.66 of outer margin with a row of about 11–12 short and robust setae; distal margin with 9 crenations (Fig. 25); central crenations with 3–5 setae, 1–3 in those closest to outer margin; inner margin with a row of about 12–17 setae; ventral surface of palps with small dark spots not coincident with setae insertion.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Pronotum with short setae; posterolateral margins with short robust setae distally flattened; inverted “V” spot barely visible in the only examined exuvia.</p>
            <p>Abdomen (Figs. 26–29). Tergites with spiniform setae of lateral margins equally distributed along abdomen (Figs. 26–27); lateral spines on S8–9, as long as 0.7 and 0.8 mediodorsal length of respective segment. Cerci ca. 0.8 of epiproct length in lateral view (Figs. 28–29); apex of cerci straight.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm; n=1). Total length 14.22; head mediodorsal length 1.85; head max. width 4.35; antenna total length 1.40; length of antennomeres 0.15, 0.22, 0.25, 0.16, 0.23, 0.22, 0.17; prementum length 3.37; prementum maximum width 3.05; hind wing sheath length 4.73; metafemur length 3.06; metatibia length 4.00; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.12; abdomen max. width (S6) 5.20; epiproct length in lateral view 0.81; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.76; cercus length in lateral view 0.65.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The F-0 larva of  M. hemichlora can be correctly identified as  Macrothemis in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Rodríguez Capítulo (1992) (Tables 1–2). The following combination of characters separates it from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 5–7 distinctly longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 100o (Fig. 15); premental setae 7–8; rows of premental setae not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with semicircular crenations, notches deep (regular type) (Figs. 13–14); 5 palpal setae; setae of distal margin of labial palps cylindrical; dorsal hooks on S3–9 (Figs. 7–8); dorsal hook on S5 not reduced, larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S9 shorter and less pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spines in dorsal view; lateral spines of S9 straight. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E3777FFFAA1CFFF092DFEF970	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas;Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago;Pinto, Ângelo Parise	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E3777FFFFA1CFF9462F3AF90A.text	DF7A8C5E3777FFFFA1CFF9462F3AF90A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothemis tenuis Hagen 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Macrothemis tenuis Hagen, 1868</p>
            <p>(Figures 30–38, 41)</p>
            <p>Material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro State: Itatiaia municipality, [district of] Maringá, Rio Preto (roots and litter) [22o19’37.73’’S, 44o34’41.36’’W; 1,107 m a.s.l.], 17.IX.1996, Equipe Entomologia UFRJ leg., 2 ̩ F-0 and 2 Ƥ F- 0, emergence dates unknown. All in DZRJ.</p>
            <p> Larva similar to  M. imitans imitans described above, differing by the following features: Integument without setae especially long or concentrated. </p>
            <p>Head (Figs. 30–34). About 1.5x as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital lobes covered with short spiniform and robust long filiform setae. Frons with a group of short spiniform setae between antennae. Occiput bearing short robust setae. Proportional length of antennomeres: 30, 60, 100, 40, 35, 35, 35. Mandibular formula L 1234 y- abb’ R 1234 y abd or abdd’ (Figs. 30–31); left mandible: molars and incisors with obtuse apex, size b+d&gt;a or dd’&gt;a, size 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2, prominence 3&gt;4&gt;1&gt;2, y- poorly developed obtuse; right mandible: a and b with acute apex, d or dd’ and incisors with obtuse apex, size d&gt;b&gt;a or dd’&gt;b&gt;a, size 4&gt;1&gt;3&gt;2, prominence 4&gt;1&gt;3&gt;2, y with obtuse apex. Labium when folded reaching the level between pro- and mesocoxae; Prementum longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 32); ligula projected 0.4, forming an angle of about 85º; margin of ligula bearing setae with truncate apex, 10 of these distinctly larger. Labial palp with 6 palpal setae (Fig. 33); proximal portion with setella and a group of 6–10 short spiniform setae; proximal half of outer margin with a row of about 6–8 short and robust setae; distal margin with 11 obsolete crenations (almost straight) (Fig. 34); central crenations with 5–7 setae, 3–4 in those closest to outer margin; setae of crenations truncate; inner margin with a row of about 25 setae.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Pronotum with short setae; central area with a pair of nipple-like processes with rounded base; posterolateral margins with expansions with concentrations of short claviform setae; inverted “V” spot distinct both in exuviae and larvae. Prothoracic pleural processes with acute apex directed forward with a group of long and short spiniform setae. Legs with few robust setae; femora with row of short and robust setae concentrated in anterior surface; metathoracic femora when directed posteriorly reach posterior limit of S5 tergite; metatibiae when flexed on femora reaching distally the level of proximal half of trochanter; tibiae and tarsi of 3 pairs with 2 parallels rows of simple setae ventrally, extended to the distal middle of tibiae to the third segment of tarsi.</p>
            <p>Abdomen (Figs. 35–38). About 2x longer than maximum width (S6); dorsal hooks on S2–9 large and with obtuse apex, S2 tubercle-like (Figs. 35–36); tergites with concentrations of spiniform setae on lateral margins decreasing in size gradually toward apex of abdomen; posterior borders of tergites of S1–5 bearing filiform short setae regularly distributed, those of S5 short and robust with obtuse apex in their 0.17 of lateral extension; posterior borders of tergites of S6–9 with short and robust setae with obtuse apex and S10 with few spiniform setae; lateral spines on S8–9, as long as 0.27 and 0.45 median dorsal length of respective segment; posterior border of sternum of S9 without a row of filiform long setae. Paraprocts with long, thin setae laterally.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm; n=4). Total length 17.73–19.09; head mediodorsal length 2.17–3.34; head max. width 4.67–4.96; antenna total length 1.22–1.55; length of antennomeres 0.13–0.22, 0.20–0.29, 0.33–0.43, 0.15–0.19, 0.15–0.17, 0.13–0.19, 0.15–0.22; prementum length 3.91–4.44; prementum max. width 3.21–4.00; hind wing sheath length 4.75–5.42; metafemur length 4.67–5.50; metatibia length 5.30–5.96; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 7.57–8.75; abdomen max. width (S6) 4.90–5.69; epiproct length in lateral view 0.87–1.02; paraproct max. length in lateral view 0.65–0.80; cercus length in lateral view 0.61–0.71.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The F-0 larva of  M. tenuis cannot be correctly identified as  Macrothemis in all the keys examined (Tables 1–2), being wrongly identified as  Dythemis in the majority of them, but also as  Brechmorhoga (Costa et al. 2004) and  Gynothemis (Carvalho et al. 2002) . The main feature that approximates this species, as well as  M. hahneli , to those of  Dythemis is the distal border of the labial palps with distinctly obsolete crenulations, a character not exclusive of this genus. However, it can be easily distinguished from all  Dythemis larvae by the shape of its dorsal hooks (  Dythemis features in brackets): present on S2, tubercle-like [absent]; large and with obtuse apex [large or short but with acute apex] on S3–9 (Figs. 35–36). The following combination of characters will separate it from the other described  Macrothemis larvae: antennomeres 5–7 distinctly shorter than half of 3; left mandible with tooth y reduced; ligula very prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 85o (Fig. 34); rows of premental setae not clearly divided in two groups; crenations of distal margin of labial palps obsolete; setae of distal margin of labial palps cylindrical; lateral spines of S9 straight; dorsal hooks on S2–9 large and with obtuse apex, S2 tubercle-like (Figs. 35–36). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E3777FFFFA1CFF9462F3AF90A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas;Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago;Pinto, Ângelo Parise	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
DF7A8C5E3770FFFCA1CFFC292890FBFB.text	DF7A8C5E3770FFFCA1CFFC292890FBFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothemis Hagen 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the fourteen known ultimate stadium larvae of  Macrothemis Hagen, 1868</p>
            <p> Keys to  Macrothemis larvae were published in Ramírez &amp; Novelo-Gutiérrez (1999), Heckman (2006) and Costa et al. (2010). The latter includes the 10 larvae described so far, but unfortunately does not allow correct identification of those species: observation errors were detected (couplet 5); equivocal steps (couplet 6, where the outputs to steps 7 and 8 are certainly changed); characters considering structures difficult to visualize and define (couplets 1 and 7); and characters variable individually and ill-defined (couplets 3, 4, 8 and 9). Moreover, with the adoption of only one character in most of the couplets, larvae not keyed from undescribed species of the genus or relatives can be easily wrongly identified without the chance to raise any suspicion. Therefore, we tried to avoid the problems listed above in the present key, using at least two characters in each step. Nevertheless, taking into account the problems inherent in the definition of the genus and the low number of larvae known (14 of 42 species), it must be used with extreme caution since there is no key that allows unambiguously identifying any given larva to  Macrothemis . Attempting to minimize this problem, the first couplets were constructed to separate the known larvae of  Macrothemis from those of allied genera. </p>
            <p>1. Cuticle of abdominal terga mostly setose (covered with hair-like setae); cercus generally longer than half of epiproct... 2</p>
            <p> 1’. Cuticle of abdominal terga mostly granulose (covered with peg-like setae); cercus generally shorter than half of epiproct...........................................................................  Brechmorhoga and  Scapanea</p>
            <p> 2 (1). Row of premental setae arranged in one group; palpal setella generally distinct; distal margin of labial palp with cylindrical setae; lateral spine of S9 straight................................................ 5 (  Macrothemis type larvae) </p>
            <p> 2’. Row of premental setae divided in two groups, the external with two setae; palpal setella indistinct; distal margin of labial palp with flattened setae; lateral spine of S9 curved inward............................ 3 (  Gynothemis type larvae) </p>
            <p>3 (2’). Head width distinctly greater than 1/3 of total length of larva; premental setae 8................................. 4</p>
            <p> 3’. Head width approximately 1/3 of total length of larva; premental setae generally 6 or 7, if 8 the outer margin of palpus has only 3 short flat setae......................................................................  Gynothemis</p>
            <p> 4 (3). Labial palp with five palpal setae; epiproct longer than paraproct in lateral view.....................  M. heteronycha</p>
            <p> 4’. Labial palp with four palpal setae; epiproct shorter than paraproct.....................................  M. musiva</p>
            <p>5 (2). Ligula moderately prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle&gt;90o (Fig. 15); antennomeres 5–7 each distinctly lon- ger than half of 3................................................................................... 6</p>
            <p> 5’. Ligula very prominent, with lateral margins forming an angle &lt;90o (Fig. 34); antennomeres 5–7 each distinctly shorter than half of 3...................................................................................  M. tenuis</p>
            <p>6 (5). Labial palp with crenations semicircular, notches deep (typical crenations) (Figs. 13–14); dorsal hook of S9 shorter and less or equally pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spine in dorsal view............................... 7</p>
            <p> 6’. Labial palp with obsolete crenations (Figs. 32–33); dorsal hook of S9 distinctly longer and more pronounced distally than corresponding lateral spine in dorsal view.......................................................  M. hahneli</p>
            <p>7 (6). Dorsal hook of S5 not reduced, similar to or larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hooks present on S6–9.... 8</p>
            <p> 7’. Dorsal hook of S5 reduced, distinctly smaller than those of preceding segments; dorsal hooks absent on S6– 9  M. meurgeyi</p>
            <p>8 (7). Dorsal hook on S2, sometimes very small, tubercle-like (Figs. 16–17); 10–12 premental setae...................... 9</p>
            <p>8’. Dorsal hook absent on S2 (Figs. 7–8); 7–10 premental setae................................................ 12</p>
            <p>9 (8). Labial palp with 6 palpal setae; total length&gt; 15.5 mm .................................................... 10</p>
            <p> 9’. Labial palp with 7 palpal setae; total length ca 13 mm ..........................................  M. inequiunguis</p>
            <p>10 (9). Dorsal hooks of S7–9 similar to those of preceding segments and with acute apex; apex of lateral spine of S9 distally reaching 0.66 of epiproct length in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages distinctly embedded in S9)............. 11</p>
            <p> 10’. Dorsal hooks of S7–9 distinctly smaller than those of preceding segments and with blunt apex; apex of lateral spine of S9 reaching distal border of S 10 in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages weakly embedded in S9).....  M. aurimaculata</p>
            <p> 11 (10). Dorsal hook of S2 shorter than the mediodorsal length of the segment; dorsal hooks of S6–7 similar to those of other segments, hook-like..........................................................................  M. declivata</p>
            <p> 11’. Dorsal hook of S2 subequal to or larger than the mediodorsal length of segment; dorsal hooks of S6–7 less pronounced than those of other segments, spine-like …  M. ultima</p>
            <p>12 (8’). Labial palp with 6–7 palpal setae; ligula with lateral margins forming an angle of 110–130o....................... 13</p>
            <p> 12’. Labial palp with 5 palpal setae; ligula with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 100o...............  M. hemichlora</p>
            <p>13 (12). Movable hook of labial palp stout, its midlength thickness at least 3x thicker than the preceding palpal seta; apex of lateral spine of S9 distally reaching the level of apex of paraproct in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages very embedded in S9)............................................................................................. 14</p>
            <p>13’. Movable hook of labial palp slender, its midlength thickness ≤ 2x as thick as the preceding palpal seta; apex of lateral spine of S9 distally reaching at maximum 0.66 of epiproct length in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages moderately embedded in S9)....................................................................................... 15</p>
            <p> 14 (13). Lateral margins of ligula forming an angle of ca. 110o; dorsal hooks of S8–9 notably smaller than those of S5–7.................................................................................................  M. celeno</p>
            <p> 14’. Lateral margins of ligula forming an angle of ca. 125o; dorsal hooks of S8–9 similar to those of S5–7........  M. inacuta</p>
            <p> 15 (13’). Row of premental setae with an internal group of 3–4 smaller setae; labial palp with 8–9 crenations...  M. imitans imitans</p>
            <p> 15’. Row of premental setae with an internal group of 2, exceptionally 3, smaller setae; labial palp with 7, exceptionally 8, crenations...............................................................................  M. pseudimitans</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E3770FFFCA1CFFC292890FBFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas;Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago;Pinto, Ângelo Parise	Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas, Carvalho, Alcimar Do Lago, Pinto, Ângelo Parise (2013): Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species. Zootaxa 3599 (3): 229-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.2
