identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DA2C87A6FFA5FFADFF6995974077FD4B.text	DA2C87A6FFA5FFADFF6995974077FD4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon binotatus (Poey) Poey	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon binotatus (Poey)</p>
            <p> Identification. Eleven adult specimens of  A. binotatus provided the basis for genetic identification of larvae and juveniles (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 2). Adult  A. binotatus can be distinguished from other  Apogon by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, and body with two distinct dark markings posteriorly — a bar below the second dorsal fin and another on the posterior part of the caudal peduncle, both bars narrow, much deeper than wide (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). </p>
            <p> Table 1. Average Kimura 2-parameter distance summary for  Apogon species. Intraspecific averages in bold font. na = not applicable (one specimen). </p>
            <p> aurolineatus 0.01 </p>
            <p>= 12)</p>
            <p> maculatus 0.20 0.01 </p>
            <p>N = 18)</p>
            <p> phenax 0.19 0.13 0.00 </p>
            <p>= 32)</p>
            <p> binotatus 0.21 0.14 0.10 0.00 = 28) </p>
            <p> townsendi 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.00 = 27) </p>
            <p> pseudomaculatus 0.22 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.00 = 3) </p>
            <p> pillionatus 0.23 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.01 = 5) </p>
            <p> lachneri 0.23 0.16 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.00 = 11) </p>
            <p> planifrons 0.22 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.00 = 6) </p>
            <p> mosavi 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.244 0.00 = 36) </p>
            <p> robbyi 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.05 0.00 = 3) </p>
            <p> quadrisquamatus 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.09 0.10 0.00 </p>
            <p>Lineage A</p>
            <p>= 1)</p>
            <p> Apogon sp 0.23 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.23 0.20 0.23 na = 1) </p>
            <p> affinis 0.24 0.14 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.16 0.00 = 2) </p>
            <p> robinsi 0.21 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.20 na = 1) </p>
            <p> Apogon sp. 2 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.23 0.20 0.21 0.00 = 5) </p>
            <p> quadrisquamatus 0.23 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.09 0.00 </p>
            <p>Lineage B</p>
            <p>= 5)</p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 3). Juveniles identified genetically range from 13.5 to 18.0 mm SL. The body is pale. The upper part of the head and the gut are pink. The fins are mostly clear, but there are melanophores on the tips of the anterior rays of the second dorsal and anal fins and on the outer rays of the caudal fin. There are numerous melanophores on top of the head and over the gut. There is a slender bar beneath the end of second dorsal-fin base and a wider bar on the caudal peduncle. There are 12–13 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch, counts consistent with values for adults (Table 2).</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Although adult  A. binotatus are easily distinguished from other  Apogon species by having both body bars slender (much deeper than wide), the posterior bar in juvenile  A. binotatus is broader than the anterior bar. It is still narrow relative to the broad posterior bar in  A. townsendi ,  A. phenax , and  A. pillionatus . Juvenile  A. binotatus is most similar to juvenile  A. phenax , but it can be separated from that species by having the anterior bar slender (vs. at least slightly wedge-shaped in  A. phenax ) and positioned entirely beneath the second dorsal fin (vs. half or more of the bar behind the fin in  A. phenax ). The configuration of the two bars in juveniles of  A. binotatus is sufficient to separate them from known juveniles of other  Apogon . </p>
            <p> Apogon 14.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ J. Mounts C. </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 4).  Apogon binotatus larvae analyzed genetically range from 8.5 to 11.0 mm SL. The body is orange to pale orange, and there may be clear (or paler orange) areas on the snout just anterior to the eye, on the caudal peduncle, and near the middle of the trunk. In one 9.0–mm SL specimen there is a wide pale area posterior to the second dorsal fin and anterior to the caudal-fin base. The fins are clear except for a few orange spots along the posterior base of the anal fin and a few spots in the center of the caudal-fin base. There is a line of bright orange pigment on ventral side of the body from the anal fin to the caudal peduncle. There are melanophores on top of the head, in the temporal region, and over the swimbladder. Some specimens have a few melanophores on the lateral surface of the gut. The caudal-peduncle length ranges from 33–37% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. Fresh specimens of  A. binotatus larvae are extremely similar to  A. phenax larvae, but they can often be separated by snout pigment (no or pale orange spot anteriorly in  A. binotatus vs. usually a prominent orange spot on snout in  A. phenax ). From  A. planifrons , larval  A. binotatus differs in lacking yellow pigment on the anterior portion of the body; from  A. maculatus in lacking prominent orange pigment on the first dorsal fin; from  A. aurolineatus larvae in lacking orange/yellow dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins; and from  A. mosavi larvae in lacking a distinctive pattern of chromatophores on the median fins. We were not able to reliably separate  Apogon binotatus larvae from those of  A. townsendi and  Apogon sp. 1, although our  A. binotatus larvae have more orange color on the body than  A. townsendi larvae. However, the extent of orange coloration on the body of some  Apogon larvae, and whether or not it is disrupted by pale areas, may change ontogenetically (see “  Apogon phenax ,” below). </p>
            <p> Preserved larval specimens of  A. binotatus have more melanophores on top of the head than larval  A. aurolineatus and a longer caudal peduncle (caudal-peduncle length 33–37% SL in  A. binotatus vs. 27–29% SL in  A. aurolineatus ). Caudal-peduncle length also is sometimes useful in separating preserved  A. binotatus from preserved  A. planifrons (caudal-peduncle length 33–37% SL in  A. binotatus , 35–40% SL in  A. planifrons ), and it may be useful in separating larval  A. binotatus from  A. maculatus (caudal-peduncle length 30% SL in the single larval specimen of  A. maculatus in our study material). We have identified no other features to separate preserved  A. binotatus larvae from other known  Apogon larvae. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFA5FFADFF6995974077FD4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFA0FFA2FF69906741ABFAEA.text	DA2C87A6FFA0FFA2FF69906741ABFAEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon pillionatus Bohlke and Randall	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon pillionatus Böhlke and Randall</p>
            <p> Identification. Adult  Apogon pillionatus (Fig. 5) is diagnosed by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, the body and lateral-line scales of similar size, a dark bar just behind the second dorsal fin that does not reach the ventral midline, and a very broad bar on the posterior part of the caudal peduncle (also does not reach the ventral midline). The distance between the two body bars is considerably less than the width of the posterior bar (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993; Gon 2002). No adult specimens of  A. pillionatus were collected in this study, and no COl sequences for the species were found in GenBank. The specimen featured in Figure 5 was collected on Saba Bank Atoll prior to our study and is not a DNA voucher specimen. Juveniles identified in this study as  A. pillionatus (Appendix 1) have a relatively narrower bar of dark pigment on the posterior part of caudal peduncle than adult  A. pillionatus (see “Juveniles,” below), and the anterior dark bar is situated behind the posterior base of the second dorsal fin. The identification of those juveniles as  A. pillionatus was accomplished by process of elimination and comparative morphological examination. Six western Atlantic  Apogon species,  Apogon planifrons ,  A. phenax ,  A. robinsi ,  A. townsendi ,  A. gouldi , and  A. pillionatus , have two dark bars on the posterior part of the body: one in the area of the posterior portion of the second dorsal fin and the other on the caudal peduncle (Böhlke &amp; Randall, 1993). In  A. townsendi ,  A. planifrons , and  A. gouldi the anterior bar is situated entirely beneath the second dorsal-fin base.  Apogon phenax has a wedge-shaped bar situated below and just behind the second dorsal-fin base. Only two  Apogon species have the anterior bar well behind the end of the second dorsal fin:  A. robinsi and  A. pillionatus .  Apogon robinsi is easily recognized by the lateral extensions of the premaxillary tooth patches (see “Identification” under “  A. robinsi ”), such that a portion of the dentition lies outside the confines of the mouth (Böhlke &amp; Randall, 1968; Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993; Gon 2002). Furthermore, the anterior body bar in  A. robinsi extends to the ventral midline, whereas in  A. pillionatus it falls short of the ventral midline. The juveniles identified herein as  A. pillionatus (Fig. 1) have the anterior bar well behind the second dorsal-fin base, that bar terminating well short of the ventral midline, and no dentition outside of the mouth. </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 6). Five juveniles identified as described above range from 15.0 to 17.0 mm SL. The body is pale orange with darker orange coloration on the head and anterior rays of the first dorsal fin. There are melanophores on top of head, behind the eye on the cheek and temporal regions, and on the gut. There are melanophores on the posterior part of the second dorsal- and anal-fin bases, as well as on the distal tips of the middle rays of the first dorsal and anal fins. There are numerous melanophores on the outer rays of the caudal fin. The anterior bar of the body is entirely behind the posterior end of the second dorsal-fin base and does not reach the ventral midline of the body. The bar on the caudal peduncle is broad. As noted above, this bar is narrower in juveniles than in adults, and the space between the anterior and posterior body bars in juveniles is equal to or greater than the width of the posterior bar (this space smaller in adults).</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Characters used to separate juvenile  A. pillionatus from other  Apogon species having two body bars are discussed above (see “Identification”). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFA0FFA2FF69906741ABFAEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFAEFFA3FF6993E74022FB3C.text	DA2C87A6FFAEFFA3FF6993E74022FB3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon sp. 1 </p>
            <p> Identification. No adults match the single larval specimen of this lineage in our genetic analysis. This unidentified species could be  A. evermanni ,  A. leptocaulus , or  A. gouldi , and specimens of those species are needed for comparative genetic analysis. Alternatively, the unidentified larval specimen may represent an undescribed species. </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 7).  Apogon sp. 1 is represented by one 10.0 mm SL specimen. The body is mostly orange with some transparent areas. The snout is mostly transparent, but there is a small, pale orange spot at the anterior tip. The jaws are pale orange. The rest of the head and anterior portion of the trunk are orange, the area immediately behind the eye the most intense orange. The posterior region of the body is mostly transparent, with one band of pale orange pigment below the second dorsal fin and one spot of bright orange pigment on caudal peduncle. There is a line of bright orange pigment on the ventral midline of the body from the anal fin to the caudal peduncle. All fins are clear except the proximal portions of the anal-fin rays have pale orange coloration. There are melanophores on top of the head, behind the eye on the temporal region, over the swimbladder, and on the lateral surface of the gut. The caudal-peduncle length is 35% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. Larval  Apogon sp. 1 most closely resemble  A. binotatus ,  A. phenax ,  A. planifrons , and  A. townsendi larvae in having orange pigmentation concentrated mainly on the head and anterior portion of the trunk and transparent areas on the snout and usually also on posterior portions of the trunk.  Apogon sp. 1 differs from  A. planifrons in lacking yellow pigment on the anterior portion of the body and from larval  A. phenax in lacking a prominent orange spot on the snout. From  A. maculatus , larval  Apogon sp. 1 differs in lacking orange pigment on the first dorsal fin and in having a longer caudal peduncle (35% SL in  Apogon sp. 1, 30% SL in  A. maculatus ). From  A. aurolineatus , larval  Apogon sp. 1 differs in lacking orange/yellow pigment on the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins; in having transparent areas on the trunk (vs. trunk completely orange in  A. aurolineatus ); and in having a longer caudal peduncle (35% SL in  Apogon sp. 1 vs. 27–29% SL in  A. aurolineatus ).  Apogon sp. 1 lacks the distinctive pattern of chromatophores on the median fins typical of  A. mosavi and the single specimen examined has a longer caudal peduncle (35% SL in  Apogon sp. 1 vs. 31–34% SL in  A. mosavi ). Additional larval specimens of  Apogon sp. 1 are needed to confirm the differences noted above and to determine if it can be separated from larval  A. binotatus and  A. townsendi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFAEFFA3FF6993E74022FB3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFADFFA0FF6993E74151F892.text	DA2C87A6FFADFFA0FF6993E74151F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon planifrons Longley and Hildebrand	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon planifrons Longley and Hildebrand</p>
            <p> Identification. One adult specimen of  A. planifrons (Fig. 8) provided the basis for genetic identification of five larva (Appendix 1). No juveniles are present in our material. Adult  A. planifrons has eight segmented anal-fin rays, the body and lateral-line scales of similar size, the anterior dark bar positioned entirely below the posterior end of the second dorsal fin and distinctly narrower than the dark bar on the caudal peduncle, 15 or 16 circum-caudalpeduncle scales, and usually 15 (14–16) gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Böhlke &amp; Randall 1968, Gon 2002).  Apogon planifrons most closely resembles  A. townsendi and  A. gouldi in having the anterior bar entirely beneath the second dorsal-fin base. It can be separated from those species by lowerlimb rakers (Table 2) and circum-caudal-peduncle scales (15–16 in  A. planifrons vs. 12 in  A. townsendi and  A. gouldi ).  Apogon planifrons can be further distinguished from  A. townsendi in lacking black lateral margins on the caudal-peduncular bar (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Smith-Vaniz 1977, Gon 2002). </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 9).  Apogon planifrons larvae genetically analyzed in this study range from 9.0 to 10.0 mm SL. The snout is mostly transparent, and there is pale orange coloration on the jaws. The central and posterior portions of the head and the belly have prominent yellow pigmentation. The posterior region of the body is mostly pale orange to orange in 9.0 and 9.5mm SL specimens, with some pale areas on the caudal peduncle. In 10–mm SL specimens, much of the posterior portion of the body is pale, usually with an orange bar beneath the posterior end of the second dorsal fin and an orange blotch on the posterior end of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fins are clear. There are orange chromatophores at the bases of the pelvic and anal fins, as well as on the proximal portion of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin. There is a line of orange chromatophores along the anal-fin base that extends onto the ventral midline of the caudal peduncle. There are melanophores on top of the head, behind eye in the temporal region, over the swimbladder, and on the lateral surface of the gut. The caudal peduncle is long, 35–40% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae.  Apogon planifrons larvae are easily distinguished from other known  Apogon larvae by the bright yellow chromatophores on most of the head and abdominal region and usually by a long caudal peduncle (35–40% SL in  A. planifrons vs. 27–37% SL in other  Apogon species). Caudal-peduncle length alone is useful for separating preserved larval specimens of  A. planifrons from larvae of some  Apogon species, but  A. phenax ,  A. binotatus , and  A. townsendi also have a long caudal peduncle (32–37% SL). We know of no features that distinguish preserved larvae of  A. planifrons from those species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFADFFA0FF6993E74151F892	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFACFFA4FF6990434169F813.text	DA2C87A6FFACFFA4FF6990434169F813.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon phenax Bohlke and Randall	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon phenax Böhlke and Randall</p>
            <p> Identification. Sixteen adult specimens of  A. phenax provided the basis for genetic identification of larvae and juveniles (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 10). Adult  A. phenax can be distinguished from other  Apogon by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, body with two distinct dark markings (one wedge-shaped bar below and just behind second dorsal fin and a bar on the posterior part of caudal peduncle—the distance between the two bars larger than the width of the posterior bar), and 11 to 14 (usually 13–14) gill rakers (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 11). Eight juveniles, 16.0–22.0 mm SL, are present in our material. The body is pale orange. The head, abdomen, first dorsal fin, bases of second dorsal and anal fins, and posterior portion of the caudal peduncle are darker pink/orange. There are melanophores on the head, gut, outer rays of the caudal fin and on the distal portions of the second dorsal and anal fins. Two dark bars are present on the trunk in all juveniles. The anterior bar is somewhat wedge shaped (slightly broader dorsally than ventrally) and extends ventrally to a point slightly below mid body or slightly above the anal-fin base. This bar is confluent with a stripe of melanophores along the second dorsal-fin base and separated by a gap from a similar stripe along the anal-fin base. The bar on the caudal peduncle extends from the dorsal to the ventral margins of the body. As in adults, the distance between the two bars is greater than the width of the posterior bar. There are 13–14 lower-limb gill rakers on the first arch in the juveniles, which is consistent with values for adults (Table 2).</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juvenile  A. phenax can be distinguished from other juvenile  Apogon by the same characters that separate adults. </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 12).  Apogon phenax larvae genetically analyzed in this study range from 9.5 to 11.0 mm SL. The smaller specimens are bright orange in life, and the fins are clear (Fig. 12 a). Much of the snout is transparent, but there is a conspicuous orange spot above the upper lip. The upper and lower jaws have scattered orange chromatophores. A nearly solid line of orange pigment extends along the base of the anal fin and ventral midline of the caudal peduncle. A 10.0–mm SL specimen (Fig. 12 b) is paler orange in general, has more pale areas on the snout and jaws, and has a large pale area on the dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle. There are a few orange chromatophores at the bases of the central and ventral rays of the caudal fin. In one 11.0 mm SL specimen (Fig. 12 c), the dark bars characteristic of juveniles and adults are beginning to form posteriorly, and the area between the bars is pale. In all larvae there are melanophores on top of the head, in the temporal region, and over the swim bladder and gut. The caudal-peduncle length ranges from 32–36% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. The smallest larvae of  A. phenax resemble larvae of  A. aurolineatus and  A. maculatus in usually having a bright orange body color, but they differ in lacking orange/yellow (  A. aurolineatus ) or orange (  A. maculatus ) pigment on the first dorsal fin;  A. aurolineatus also has orange second dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins, which are clear in  A. phenax larvae. Additionally, larvae of  A. phenax have more melanophores on top of the head than  A. aurolineatus and a longer caudal peduncle than that species and  A. maculatus (caudal-peduncle length 32% SL or larger in  A. phenax , 27–29% SL in  A. aurolineatus , 30% in  A. maculatus ). Larger  Apogon phenax larvae are very similar to those of  A. binotatus , and somewhat similar to those of  A. townsendi , but they differ from both in having a conspicuous orange spot above the upper lip (vs. small and pale, if present). Larval  A. phenax can be separated from larval  A. planifrons by the absence of bright yellow pigment on the head and from larval  A. mosavi by the absence of a distinctive pattern of chromatophores on the median fins. We have identified no morphological features to separate preserved  A. phenax ,  A. binotatus ,  A. townsendi , and  A. planifrons larvae. </p>
            <p> Apogon lachneri Böhlke</p>
            <p> Identification. Four adult specimens of  A.lachneri provided the basis for genetic identification of seven juveniles (Appendix 1; one adult is shown in Fig. 13). The combination of characters that distinguishes  A. lachneri adults from other  Apogon species is eight segmented anal-fin rays; 16–17 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch; lateral-line and body scales of similar size; a small dark saddle behind the second dorsal fin, followed by a white spot (white spot may not be apparent in preserved specimens); a large dark area on the first dorsal fin posterior to the second spine; and anterior portions of the second dorsal and anal fins dark to dusky distally (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 14). Juveniles examined range from 18.0–22.0 mm SL. In all specimens, the body is pale orange, and the dark pattern of pigment on the dorsal and anal fins typical of adults is conspicuous. The caudal-fin rays are densely covered with melanophores. There are scattered melanophores on the head in the smallest juveniles. The posterior margins of the scales on the dorsal portion of the trunk and caudal peduncle are covered with melanophores, forming roughly diamond-shaped patterns of pigment on the body. The dark saddle behind the second dorsal fin characteristic of adults is beginning to develop or fully present in all specimens. There are 16 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juvenile  A. lachneri can be distinguished from all  Apogon juveniles by the conspicuous dark pigment on the dorsal and anal fins. It resembles  A. aurolineatus in lacking dark markings on the caudal peduncle, but it is easily separated from that species by the dark saddle behind the second dorsal fin (vs. no distinguishing marks on the body in juvenile  A. aurolineatus ).  Apogon lachneri juveniles most closely resemble those of  A. maculatus and  A. pseudomaculatus in having a dark spot of pigment associated with the base of the second dorsal fin, but the position of the spot distinguishes them (behind the last ray of the second dorsal fin in  A. lachneri ; on the posterior base of that fin in  A. maculatus , and well below the posterior base of the second dorsal fin in  A. pseudomaculatus ). Juvenile  A. lachneri can further be distinguished from  A.maculatus and  A. pseudomaculatus by lacking a dark blotch of pigment on the caudal peduncle. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFACFFA4FF6990434169F813	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFA8FFBAFF6993E7467EF89E.text	DA2C87A6FFA8FFBAFF6993E7467EF89E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon townsendi (Breder) Breder	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon townsendi (Breder)</p>
            <p> Identification. Twelve adult specimens of  A. townsendi provided the basis for genetic identification of larvae and juveniles (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 15). Adult  A. townsendi can be distinguished from other  Apogon by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, the anterior body bar narrow and entirely beneath the second dorsal fin, the posterior body bar with black lateral margins, 12 circumcaudal-peduncle scales, and 17 gill rakers on the lower limb of first gill arch (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). </p>
            <p> Juveniles (Fig. 16). Thirteen juveniles of  A. townsendi (12.0 to 21.0 mm SL) were identified in our material (Appendix 1). The body is pale orange with more intense orange and some yellow coloration on the head. There is a line of distinctive orange pigment extending along the ventral portion of the body from the base of the pelvic fin posteriorly to the base of the caudal fin. Orange chromatophores are mixed with melanophores in the bar of pigment beneath the second dorsal fin and in the blotch of pigment on the caudal peduncle. The fins are mostly clear, but there are usually a few chromatophores at the bases of the anterior rays of the first dorsal fin and on the bases of the pelvic and anal fins. There are two roughly vertical lines of orange at the base of the caudal fin, one on the upper lobe and one on the lower. There are melanophores on top of the head and internally above the swimbladder and gut. Both body bars typical of adults are present, but the peduncular bar lacks the diagnostic dark lateral margins. The juveniles have 16–18 gill rakers on the lower limb of first gill arch. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. The absence of dark lateral margins on the dark bar on the caudal peduncle in juvenile  A. townsendi could result in confusing this species with juveniles of  A. pillionatus ,  A. phenax , and, presumably,  A. robinsi and  A. planifrons (juveniles of the last two species not present in our material). It can be separated from juvenile  A. pillionatus and  A. phenax in having at least some yellow coloration on the head (vs. pale orange in  A. pillionatus and  A. phenax ). It can also be separated from those species, and presumably  A. robinsi , by having the anterior bar entirely beneath the second dorsal fin (vs. behind the second-dorsal fin in  A. pillionatus and  A. robinsi ; beneath and just behind the second-dorsal fin in  A. phenax ). Additionally, there are no teeth on the lateral surface of the premaxilla in  A. townsendi as there are in  A. robinsi . It seems likely that juvenile  A. planifrons will exhibit some yellow coloration on the head and may be difficult to distinguish from juvenile  A. townsendi . Both species have the anterior dorsal bar entirely beneath the second dorsal fin. In the absence of the diagnostic dark lateral margins on the peduncular bar in juvenile  A. townsendi , gill rakers are the best way to separate juveniles of the two species: there are usually 17 (16–18) lower-limb rakers in  A. townsendi , and usually 15 (14–16) in  A. planifrons (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002; Table 2). </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 17). The two  Apogon townsendi larvae genetically analyzed in this study are 11.0 mm SL. In both specimens much of the snout is transparent, but the anterior portion of the snout and the jaws are pale orange. The rest of the head is darker orange, and there appear to be some yellow chromatophores mixed in. Posterior to the head there are extensive pales areas on the body, an orange bar beneath the posterior end of the second dorsal fin, and a darker orange blotch on the posterior end of the caudal peduncle. There is a line of orange pigment on the ventral portion of the body from the base of the pelvic fin to the base of the caudal fin. The fins are mostly clear, but there are a few orange chromatophores on the bases of the pelvic and anal fins. There are two roughly vertical lines of orange on the caudal-fin base, one on the upper lobe and one on the lower. There are melanophores on top of the head and internally over the swimbladder and gut. The caudal peduncle length is 34–35% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae.  Apogon townsendi larvae are similar to those of  A. planifrons ,  A. binotatus ,  A. phenax , and  Apogon sp. 1 in the pattern of chromatophores on the body. They are most easily distinguished from  A. planifrons in having primarily orange vs. yellow chromatophores on the head. Larval  A. townsendi differs from  A. phenax in lacking a prominent orange spot on the snout. From  A. binotatus and  Apogon sp. 1, larval  A. townsendi may differ in having more prominent orange pigment on the caudal-fin base—in two roughly vertical lines, but there is considerable variation in pigment in this region among larval  Apogon . From  A. maculatus and  A. aurolineatus , larval  A. townsendi differs in lacking orange or yellow pigment on the first dorsal fin and in having a longer caudal peduncle (peduncle length 34–35% SL in  A. townsendi , 30% in  A. maculatus , 27–29% in  A. aurolineatus ). Caudal-peduncle length also is useful in separating preserved specimens of those species, and preserved larval  A. townsendi also have more melanophores on the top of the head than  A. aurolineatus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFA8FFBAFF6993E7467EF89E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB6FFBBFF6993E7461AF849.text	DA2C87A6FFB6FFBBFF6993E7461AF849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley</p>
            <p> Identification. One wild-caught adult specimen of  A. pseudomaculatus from Florida provided the basis for genetic identification of one juvenile reared from a wild-caught larva from Belize and one juvenile specimen from Curaçao (Appendix 1). An adult collected off Curaçao but not yet analyzed genetically is shown in Figure 18. The combination of characters that distinguishes  A. pseudomaculatus adults from other  Apogon species is the presence of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, dark pupil-size spot below posterior end of second dorsal fin, 14–16 circum-caudal-peduncle scales, and a dark pupil-size spot on the caudal peduncle (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993; Gon 2002). A color image of FWRI 20646, the genetically analyzed adult (quality of specimen and image too poor to reproduce here), shows the dark spot beneath the second dorsal fin and another on the caudal peduncle. The spot beneath the second dorsal fin is well below the base of the fin, a diagnostic feature of  A. pseudomaculatus . However, there is black pigment on the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins on the FWRI specimen that is not present in the adult specimen from Curaçao (Fig. 18). Further comparative study, including genetic analysis of the Curaçao specimen, is needed. </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 19). The two juveniles are pale to bright orange. Most fins have some orange coloration, and the first dorsal is predominantly orange. There are melanophores on the anterior rays of the first dorsal, second dorsal, and anal fins, as well as on the anterior base of the second dorsal fin. The outer rays of the caudal fin are densely pigmented. There is a dark spot behind the eye on the opercle and two white stripes in the eye, one above and one below the pupil. There are two dark spots on the body, one on the trunk well below the posterior base of the second dorsal fin and one on the caudal peduncle. The latter is mostly situated above the lateral line and tapers ventrally. There are 13–14 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juveniles of  A. pseudomaculatus most closely resemble juvenile  A. maculatus and  A. lachneri in having a spot or blotch of pigment beneath the second dorsal fin (vs. bars of pigment in juveniles of  A. binotatus ,  A. pillionatus ,  A. phenax and  A. townsendi , and no pigment beneath the second dorsal fin in  A. aurolineatus ). Juvenile  A. pseudomaculatus differs from juvenile  A. lachneri in having the trunk blotch positioned well below the second dorsal-fin base (vs. just behind the second dorsal-fin base) and in having a dark blotch on the caudal peduncle (lacking in  A. lachneri ).  Apogon pseudomaculatus juveniles can be distinguished from  A. maculatus juveniles by the position of the spot beneath the second dorsal fin (well below it in  A. pseudomaculatus , on the fin base in  A. maculatus ), and by the shape of the caudal-peduncle mark (mostly concentrated above the lateral line in  A. pseudomaculatus , extending well below the lateral midline in  A. maculatus ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB6FFBBFF6993E7461AF849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB5FFB8FF6991B54162FC00.text	DA2C87A6FFB5FFB8FF6991B54162FC00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon affinis (Poey) Poey	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon affinis (Poey)</p>
            <p> Identification. Adult  A. affinis can be distinguished from other Apogo n species by the combination of cycloid to weakly ctenoid scales, median predorsal scales present, pectoral-fin soft rays 11 or 12 (rarely 13), nine segmented anal-fin rays, and both jaws with a single series of small conical teeth interspersed with several enlarged caniniform teeth (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). Two adult specimens identified as  A. affinis based on those features were analyzed genetically (Appendix 1). The specimens were taken in trawls and are not in good shape, and we selected a photograph of an adult not analyzed genetically in this study to illustrate the species (Fig. 20). No larvae or juveniles analyzed in this study genetically match  A. affinis . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB5FFB8FF6991B54162FC00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB5FFBEFF6994544754FB99.text	DA2C87A6FFB5FFBEFF6994544754FB99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon maculatus (Poey) Poey	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon maculatus (Poey)</p>
            <p> Identification. Fifteen adult specimens of  A. maculatus provided the basis for genetic identification of one larva and three juveniles (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 21). The combination of characters that distinguishes  A. maculatus adults from other  Apogon species is eight segmented anal-fin rays, lateral-line and body scales of similar size, a dark pupil-size spot present below the posterior end of the second dorsal fin, 17–20 circum-caudal-peduncle scales, and a large, dark caudal blotch that extends ventrally well below the lateral midline (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993; Gon 2002). One adult specimen from Belize, BLZ 5023, is more divergent in COl from other specimens of  A maculatus than is typical within the genus (Fig. 1), but the specimen does not appear remarkably different morphologically. In the combined data set (see summary data in Table 1), average intraspecific variation in  A. maculatus is 1%, whereas in most other  Apogon species it is 0%.  Apogon pillionatus and  A. aurolineatus also are characterized by 1% average intraspecific variation. </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 22). The three juveniles are 16.0–22.0 mm SL. All have the adult pattern of pigmentation except that the caudal-peduncle blotch is not fully developed in all specimens. The juveniles have 13–14 gill rakers on the lower limb of first gill arch.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juvenile  A. maculatus can be separated from  A. pseudomaculatus and juveniles of other  Apogon by characters listed above (see “Comparisons” under  Apogon pseudomaculatus ). </p>
            <p>Larva (Fig. 23). The single larval specimen, 12.0 mm SL, is largely orange. The fins are mostly clear, but there are orange chromatophores on several rays of the first dorsal fin. There are numerous melanophores on top of the head and behind the eye on the cheek. The dark spot below the posterior portion of the second dorsal-fin base characteristic of juveniles and adults is beginning to develop, and several large, dark melanophores of the incipient caudal-peduncle blotch are present just anterior to the caudal-fin base.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. The larval specimen of  A. maculatus most closely resembles larval  A. aurolineatus and small  A. phenax larvae in having a bright orange body color, but it differs from those species and all  Apogon larvae studied herein in having orange pigment on the first dorsal fin (vs. yellow in  A. aurolineatus , none in the other species). Additionally, larvae of  A. maculatus have more melanophores on top of the head than  A. aurolineatus . Larval  A. maculatus lacks the conspicuous orange spot above the upper lip of  A. phenax , the bright yellow pigment on the head of larval  A. planifrons , and the distinctive pattern of chromatophores on the fins of larval  A. mosavi . Caudal-peduncle length may be useful in separating preserved larval  A. maculatus from some other  Apogon larvae: peduncle length 30% SL in  A. maculatus vs. 32–40% SL in larval  A.binotatus ,  A. phenax ,  A. planifrons ,  A. townsendi , and  Apogon sp. 1. Additionally, the presence of the incipient dark trunk blotches typical of juvenile and adults may indicate precocious development that, in combination with the bright orange body color, could be useful in distinguishing  A. maculatus larvae from other known  Apogon species. Among our other  Apogon larvae, only an 11.0-mm SL specimen of  A. phenax (Fig. 12 c) has the incipient dark bars of juveniles and adults, but the body is considerably paler than in larval  A. maculatus , especially posteriorly. More larval material is needed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB5FFBEFF6994544754FB99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB3FFBCFF6997C4409BFD31.text	DA2C87A6FFB3FFBCFF6997C4409BFD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon aurolineatus (Mowbray) Mowbray	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon aurolineatus (Mowbray)</p>
            <p> Identification. Four adult specimens of  A. aurolineatus provided the basis for genetic identification of seven larvae and one juvenile (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 24). Adult  A. aurolineatus can be distinguished from other  Apogon by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, 10–11 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch, 16–18 circum-caudal-peduncle scales, no dark markings or saddles on the posterior portion of the body, and two to four short dark lines radiating from the eye (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993; Gon 2002). </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 25). The single juvenile, a reared specimen of 12 mm SL, has a pale salmon body color, and the opercular and abdominal regions are silvery. In preservative, there are no distinctive markings except a few melanophores on top of the head. There are 11 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Of the  Apogon species for which juveniles are known,  A. aurolineatus most closely resembles  A. quadrisquamatus in lacking dark blotches or markings on the body. The reared juvenile of  A. aurolineatus can be separated from juvenile  A. quadrisquamatus in having a pale body color (vs. orange in  A. quadrisquamatus ), in lacking yellow on the dorsal and caudal fins, and in lacking an orange spot on the center of the caudal peduncle. Preserved juveniles of the two species are very similar, but eye diameter may be useful in separating the species (diameter of bony orbit approximately 13% SL in the 12.0-mm SL juvenile of  A. aurolineatus vs. 15% SL in 14.0–16.0-mm SL juveniles of  A. quadrisquamatus ). Preserved juveniles of  A. aurolineatus also are similar to those of  A. robbyi and  A. mosavi in having a pale body, but  A. aurolineatus lacks the blotch of melanophores on the caudal peduncle present in those species. </p>
            <p> Larvae (Fig. 26).  Apogon aurolineatus larvae genetically analyzed in this study are all approximately 8 mm SL. They are bright orange in life and have orange pelvic, anal, and second dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is orange at the base, but most of the fin is bright yellow. The pectoral and caudal fins are clear. There are some pale areas on the head—below the anterior portion of the eye and above the tip of the snout. The top of the head has yellow pigment in some specimens. There are no dark markings on the body except sometimes a few melanophores on the top of the head. There are barely observable melanophores scattered on the jaws. The caudal-peduncle length ranges from 27 to 29% SL. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. Fresh specimens of  A. aurolineatus larvae are easily distinguished from other known  Apogon larvae by the combination of bright orange body coloration and yellow pigment on the first dorsal fin. Preserved specimens usually have fewer melanophores on top of the head than larvae of other  Apogon (zero to several vs. many) and a shorter caudal peduncle (27–29 % SL vs. 30–40 % SL in other species). </p>
            <p> Apogon robinsi Böhlke and Randall</p>
            <p> Identification. One adult specimen of  A. robinsi was collected and analyzed genetically (Appendix 1). Because the photograph of that specimen is not of good quality, we selected a photograph of a specimen not included in the genetic analysis to represent the species (Fig. 27). Adult  A. robinsi can be distinguished from other Apogo n species by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, body with two distinct dark markings (one bar below and just behind second-dorsal fin and a bar on the posterior part of caudal peduncle—the distance between the two bars larger than the width of the posterior bar), and premaxillary dentition extending outside the mouth laterally on the bone (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Gon 2002). No larvae or juveniles analyzed in this study genetically match  A. robinsi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB3FFBCFF6997C4409BFD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB1FFBCFF69962946C5F84C.text	DA2C87A6FFB1FFBCFF69962946C5F84C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley</p>
            <p>Lineage A</p>
            <p> Identification. A single adult specimen from Belize (Fig. 28) constitutes the genetic lineage herein referred to as  Apogon quadrisquamatus Lineage A. Adult  A. quadrisquamatus can be distinguished from other  Apogon by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays; lateral-line and body scales of similar size; no dark marking or bar beneath the second dorsal fin; caudal-peduncle spot small, circular, of varying intensity, and usually restricted to middle of caudal peduncle; and 12–14, modally 13, gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch, (Böhlke &amp; Chaplin 1993, Dale 1977, Gon 2002). The adult specimen in this lineage keys to  Apogon quadrisquamatus and is distinct from  A. mosavi and  Apogon sp. 2 in having a circular blotch of melanophores in the center of the peduncle vs. a rectangular bar (  A. mosavi ) or very diffuse oval (  Apogon sp. 2) of melanophores.  Apogon robbyi has a similar circular, basicaudal blotch, but that species is distinctive in having dusky stripes on the trunk.  Apogon quadrisquamatus Lineage A is further distinguished from  A. mosavi in having 12 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch (possibly a rudiment is forming), vs. 14–15 in  A. mosavi . The body is mostly orange, and the median fins are yellow. Additional material and further study are needed to determine if this lineage and  A. quadrisquamatus Lineage B (see next section) are morphologically distinct, and, if so, which one represents  A. quadrisquamatus Longley 1934 . No larvae or juveniles match the single adult specimen of this lineage in our genetic analysis. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB1FFBCFF69962946C5F84C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFB0FFB2FF6991874645FE7B.text	DA2C87A6FFB0FFB2FF6991874645FE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley</p>
            <p>Lineage B</p>
            <p> Identification. Two additional adult specimens from Belize also were identified as  A.quadrisquamatus (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 29). As noted above, further study of the two  A. quadrisquamatus lineages is needed. The adult specimens in  A. quadrisquamatus lineage B provided the basis for genetic identification of three juveniles. All references to  A. quadrisquamatus juveniles in this paper refer to these three specimens. </p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 30). Body color in the juveniles (14.0–16.0 mm SL) is mostly orange, and there is a concentration of darker orange pigment in a bar beneath the posterior end of the second dorsal fin and another concentration in a blotch on the caudal peduncle. The entire head, including the snout and jaws, is orange. The dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins have distinctive blotches of yellow and orange pigment. There is a large yellow/orange blotch covering the entire first dorsal fin. There are two yellow/orange blotches on the anterior portion of the second dorsal fin, one distally and one just above the base of the fin. There are six yellow/orange blotches on the caudal fin: four on the outer caudal-fin rays, two dorsally and two ventrally; and two on the caudal-fin base. There are two yellow/orange blotches on the anterior portion of the anal fin, one distally and one just above the base of the fin. There is one orange blotch on the pelvic fin. There is symmetry in the position of the orange fin blotches such that those on the dorsal fins and dorsal lobe of the caudal fin mirror those on the pelvic fin, anal fin, and ventral lobe of the caudal fin. There are melanophores on top of the head and internally above the swimbladder and gut. There are 12 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juveniles of  A. quadrisquamatus most closely resemble young  A. mosavi . They can be separated by the color of the fin markings—yellow and orange in  A. quadrisquamatus vs. entirely orange in  A. mosavi . Gill rakers on the lower limb of first gill arch are useful in separating preserved juvenilesusually 13 in  A. quadrisquamatus , 14–15 in  A. mosavi .  Apogon quadrisquamatus juveniles also resemble  A. robbyi juveniles in fin pigmentation, but in the latter this pigment is entirely yellow.  Apogon quadrisquamatus lacks the orange body stripes characteristic of juvenile  A. robbyi . Juvenile  A. quadrisquamatus differs from other  Apogon species in having the distinctive mirrored pattern of chromatophores on the median fins. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFB0FFB2FF6991874645FE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFBFFFB2FF69973246BCFA47.text	DA2C87A6FFBFFFB2FF69973246BCFA47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon sp. 2 </p>
            <p> Identification. No larvae or juveniles match the five unidentified adult specimens of this lineage in our genetic analysis (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 31). The lineage clusters phenetically with  A. quadrisquamatus ,  A. mosavi , and  A. robbyi (Fig. 1), and all of those species lack dark markings on the body. There is a concentration of pigment on the central area of the caudal peduncle that is primarily orange and contains few if any melanophores. In preserved specimens this may appear as a diffuse oval blotch of melanophores or no marking at all. In the other species, there is a distinct basicaudal bar (  A. mosavi ) or circular spot (  A. quadrisquamatus and  A. robbyi ) of melanophores that is retained in preserved specimens. Specimens in this lineage usually have 13 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch vs. usually 14 or 15 in  A. mosavi , but additional material is needed to determine if there are modal differences in any counts. This lineage likely represents an undescribed species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFBFFFB2FF69973246BCFA47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFBEFFB3FF6993E74068F80C.text	DA2C87A6FFBEFFB3FF6993E74068F80C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon robbyi Gilbert and Tyler	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon robbyi Gilbert and Tyler</p>
            <p>Identification. One adult specimen (Fig. 32), identified based on the presence of seven dusky stripes on the body (Gilbert &amp;Tyler, 1997; Gon 2002), served as the basis for genetic identification of two juveniles (Appendix 1).</p>
            <p>Juveniles (Fig. 33). The juveniles (17.0 and 22.0 mm SL) have the distinctive body stripes of adults, but the stripes are orange and paler than the dusky stripes in adults and not apparent in preserved specimens. There is yellow pigment on the first and second dorsal fins and upper lobe of the caudal fin that roughly mirrors that on the pelvic, anal, and lower lobe of the caudal fin, respectively. There is a round basicaudal spot of melanophores and orange chromatophores that persists in preserved specimens as a well-defined, medially situated, dark blotch. The larger juvenile has 12 gill rakers on the lower limb.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Juvenile  A. robbyi can be separated from other known  Apogon juveniles by the seven orange-colored stripes on body. It resembles young  A. quadrisquamatus and  A. mosavi in having chromatophores on the vertical and pelvic fins, but in  A. robbyi this pigment is yellow vs. yellow and orange or all orange. As in  A. quadrisquamatus and  A. mosavi , the pigment on the dorsal fins and upper caudal lobe appears to mirror that on the pelvic and anal fins and lower lobe of the caudal fin. Modal numbers of gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch are useful in separating juvenile  A. robbyi (12–13) from  A. mosavi (14–15) but not from  A. quadrisquamatus and  Apogon sp. 2 (13). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFBEFFB3FF6993E74068F80C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
DA2C87A6FFBDFFB1FF6993E743D2FE74.text	DA2C87A6FFBDFFB1FF6993E743D2FE74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apogon mosavi Dale	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apogon mosavi Dale</p>
            <p> Identification. Seventeen adult specimens of  A. mosavi provided the basis for genetic identification of larvae and juveniles (Appendix 1, one adult is shown in Fig. 34). Adult  A. mosavi can be distinguished from other Apogo n species by the combination of eight segmented anal-fin rays, body and lateral-line scales of similar size, no dark marking or bar beneath the second dorsal fin, a rectangular to oval bar present on the caudal peduncle that nearly reaches the dorsal and ventral body margins, and 14–15 (rarely 13 or 16) gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch, (Dale 1977, Gon 2002). Our samples include 20 young specimens of  A. mosavi , seven of them (14.0–17.0 mm SL) collected in the plankton net and 13 (14.0–20.0 mm SL) with fish anesthetics and dip nets (Appendix 1). As noted in the “Methods” section, we describe those collected in the plankton net as larvae and the others as juveniles. However, until melanophores appear on the caudal peduncle in large juveniles, there are no clear morphological differences between the two stages. </p>
            <p> Juveniles (Fig. 35). In the 15.0 to 20.0 mm SL juvenile specimens of  A. mosavi (Fig.35 a) the body is pale orange and there are no distinctive symmetrical markings on the fins. There is a large blotch of pigment on the caudal peduncle comprising orange chromatophores with sometimes a few melanophores mixed in. There are 14 or 15 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch. Fresh specimens of small juveniles (14.0–17.0 mm SL, Fig. 35 b) are mostly pale orange, with paler areas on the snout and jaws, beneath the anterior portion of the second dorsal fin, and on the anterior portion of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins have distinctive blotches of orange pigment. There is a large orange blotch covering the entire first dorsal fin except the bases of the rays. Three orange blotches are present on the second dorsal fin — two on the anterior portion of the fin and the third on the posterior base of the fin. There are six orange blotches on the caudal fin: four on the outer caudal-fin rays, two dorsally and two ventrally, and two on the caudal-fin base. Three orange are present blotches on the anal fin — two on the anterior portion of the fin and the third on the posterior base of the fin. There is one orange blotch on the pelvic fin. There is symmetry in the position of the orange fin blotches such that those on the dorsal fins and dorsal lobe of the caudal fin mirror those on the pelvic fin, anal fin, and ventral lobe of the caudal fin. There are melanophores on top of the head and internally above the gut. </p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Juveniles. Young juveniles of  A. mosavi most closely resemble those of  A. quadrisquamatus and  A. robbyi in having distinctive patterns of chromatophores on the fins. See “Comparisons” under  A. quadrisquamatus and  A. robbyi juveniles for characters that distinguish them. </p>
            <p>Larvae (Fig. 36). The seven larvae (14.0–17.0 mm SL) collected in the plankton have the same patterns of chromatophores and melanophores as those described above for small juveniles. The caudal-peduncle length ranges from 31–34% SL.</p>
            <p> Comparisons Among Larvae. Adult  A. mosavi are most similar to  A. quadrisquamatus and  Apogon sp. 2. Larvae of  A. quadrisquamatus are unknown, but juvenile  A. quadrisquamatus and larval and juvenile  A. mosavi have a similar pattern of fin pigment, suggesting that the larvae of  A. quadrisquamatus may as well. Assuming the color of fin pigment of larval  A. quadrisquamatus is the same as it is in juveniles, as is the case in  A. mosavi , larval  A. mosavi will differ from larval  A. quadrisquamatus in having orange pigment on the fins (vs. orange and yellow). Likewise, larvae of  A. robbyi are unknown, but they should differ from  A. mosavi larvae in having yellow vs. orange fin pigment. The pattern of fin pigment in larval  A. mosavi is sufficient to separate that species from larvae of other known  Apogon . We know of no morphological features of preserved  A. mosavi larvae that separate them from other  Apogon larvae except the numerous melanophores on top of the head and long caudal peduncle (31– 34% SL) will distinguish them from larval  A. aurolineatus (few or no melanlophores on top of the head and caudalpeduncle length 27–29% SL). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA2C87A6FFBDFFB1FF6993E743D2FE74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baldwin, Carole C.;Brito, Balam J.;Smith, David G.;Weigt, Lee A.;Escobar-Briones, Elva	Baldwin, Carole C., Brito, Balam J., Smith, David G., Weigt, Lee A., Escobar-Briones, Elva (2011): Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding. Zootaxa 3133: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279426
