identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DA4187F5FFE12615FEC3FAB50F5DE52E.text	DA4187F5FFE12615FEC3FAB50F5DE52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon Loew 1859	<div><p>Stilpon Loew, 1859</p> <p>Agatachys Meigen, 1830. Nomen nudum. Cited as a MS name of Winthem in specific synonymy under Tachydromia celeripes Meigen (= graminum Fallén, 1915).</p> <p>Stilpon Loew, 1859. Subgenus of Drapetis Meigen. Type species: Tachydromia graminum Fallén, 1815 (des. by Loew, 1864).</p> <p>Tetraneurella Dahl, 1909. Type species: Tetraneurella beckeri Dahl, 1909 (mon.) (= graminum Fallén, 1915).</p> <p>Pseudostilpon Séguy, 1950. Type species: Tachydromia paludosa Perris, 1852 (orig. des.).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Very small flies, 1.0- 2.5 mm long. Male. Head dark brown to black in ground-colour. Eyes with ommatrichia, contiguous in facial part. Ommatidia slightly enlarged below antennae. Frons linear to sublinear, narrow to fairly wide, entirely or partially tomentose. Face strongly convex. Gena barely extended below eye. Ocellar tubercle with 2 pairs of bristles. One pair of prominent inclinate vertical bristles. Antennae placed below or near middle of head; scape small; pedicel large and globose, with long ventral preapical bristle; postpedicel small, ovate, with well prominent dorsoapical extension; stylus dorsoapical, long. Palpus elongate-ovate, with distinct apical seta. Proboscis slightly recurved.</p> <p>Thorax black brown to yellow in ground-colour. Scutum not shiny and entirely tomentose or partly or entirely shiny and lacking tomentum. Postpronotal lobe undifferentiated. Postalar callus partially differentiated. Thoracic bristles mostly hardly prominent; acrostichals arranged in 2 complete or incomplete rows posteriorly or absent; dorsocentrals in 2 or more rows, often undifferentiated from intra-alar setulae, complete or incomplete posteriorly. Mesopleuron largely shiny, tomentose along dorsal margin. Metaepimeron large. Halter with knob yellow to black, rarely absent.</p> <p>Wing normally developed or sometimes shortened, broad or narrow; hyaline, more or less infuscate or with distinct pattern. Microtrichia uniform or lengthened in some parts of wing. Costal setae short or long. Rs originating halfway along R1. R2+3 complete or incomplete. Cell br short, distinctly less than length of cell bm. Crossvein bm-cu nearly transverse. A1 and crossvein CuA2 absent.</p> <p>Legs short, often with distinct colour pattern. Fore femur thickened. Mid femur slender to barely thickened, usually armed with bristles and spinules or spines arranged in specific patterns. Hind femur evenly thickened or constricted near middle, with well prominent anterodorsal bristles. Fore tibia more or less spindle-like, usually lacking prominent bristles; Mid tibia often armed with ventral spinules; hind tibia slender, lacking prominent bristles, rarely with modified posterior apical comb. Tarsi unmodified, except slightly to moderately expanded basitarsus.</p> <p>Abdomen with segments 1-7 lightly sclerotized, subequal in length or some segments shortened, rarely segments 1-2 modified; segment 8 always short, partially concealed by segment 7; squamiform lateral setae absent. Gland-like intersegmental structures present or absent.</p> <p>Hypopygium asymmetrical, rotated 90 to the right. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small and fused to hypandrium, with long or greatly reduced to absent bristles in apical part. Left surstylus divided into 3 (or 4) lobes; upper lobe with or without surstylar comb. Right epandrial lamella usually large, positioned ventrally. Right surstylus large to moderately large, undivided, sometimes with apical spines. Cerci, including subepandrial sclerite, fused together basally, rarely fused completely into one large lobe, sometimes greatly reduced. Left cercus usually large, with or without apical spines. Right cercus undivided or divided, sometimes with apical spines. Phallus elongate, well sclerotized, hair-like or, rarely, straight or very short and rather weakly sclerotized; single rod-shaped ejaculatory apodeme present.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male except ordinary setation on mid legs, unmodified hind femur, wing microtrichia and abdominal segments 1-2. Abdomen without gland-like structures. Terminalia short to elongate. Tergite 8 not fused laterally with sternite 8. Sternite 8 entire, or with apex hinged and partly or completely separated from base. Tergite 9 absent. Sternite 9 reduced to small internal sclerite. Tergite 10 absent. Sternite 10 plate-like or desclerotized medially, positioned below proctiger. Cercus elongate-ovate or broad-ovate. Spermatheca membranous, sac-like.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE12615FEC3FAB50F5DE52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE22615FF31FEB40BE3EC01.text	DA4187F5FFE22615FF31FEB40BE3EC01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon Loew 1859	<div><p>Key to Stilpon species from the Oriental region</p> <p>1. Male........................................................................................ 2</p> <p>– Female (unknown in S. crassinervis, S. khorngkeun, S. malayensis, S. monospinatus and S. yai)...................... 18</p> <p>2. Thorax wholly black to brown.............................................. 3</p> <p>– Thorax at least with yellow pleurae.................................... 12</p> <p>3. Hind femur constricted and bent near middle. Hind tibia (Fig. 71) with long spur-like posterior apical comb. Abdominal tergite 1 (Fig. 84) produced laterally into small corner-like projection bearing 3 black spine-like bristles. Cerci (Fig. 73) completely fused into one large elongate oval lobe.......................................................................... S. paradoxus</p> <p>– Hind femur evenly thickened toward middle. Hind tibia with ordinary posterior apical comb. Abdominal tergite 1 unmodified. Cerci more or less separated, except base.... 4</p> <p>4. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 1.5 times shorter than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3. R4+5 strongly curved at apex (Fig. 41). Hind tarsomere 1 brown...................................... S. khorngkeun</p> <p>– Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3. R4+5 evenly arcuate or straight. Hind tarsomere 1 yellow................. 5</p> <p>5. R4+5 and M parallel and straight in apical part. Mid femur (Fig. 76) with 3 black antero- and 2 longer posteroventral spines in basal half............................................................... S. yai</p> <p>– R4+5 and M more or less divergent and arcuate in apical part. Mid femur with less numerous black spines.................. 6</p> <p>6. Fore tibia with 1 erect ventral bristle in apical part. Wing brown before and beyond vein M.............................................. 7</p> <p>– Fore tibia clothed in ordinary setulae. Wing lacking prominent pattern, more or less infuscate, usually somewhat deeper along veins....................................................................... 8</p> <p>7. Mid femur (Fig. 5) with 1 black short ventral spine just beyond middle, 3 long yellowish bristles in basal part and row of anteroventral brownish spinules before middle. Abdomen with gland-like structures between tergites 3-2 and 2-1. Left surstylus with markedly developed surstylar comb (Fig. 8). Left cercus (Fig. 9) divided, with 3 apical spines....................................................................... S. spinicercus</p> <p>– Mid femur (Fig. 1) lacking black spines, only with 3-4 yellow long ventral bristles in basal part. Abdomen without glandlike structures. Left surstylus (Fig. 3) with hardly prominent surstylar comb. Left cercus (Fig. 2) undivided, with 1 apical spine......................................................... S. monospinatus</p> <p>8. Fore tibia brownish to brownish yellow. Mid femur brownish at least in apical third...................................................... 9</p> <p>– Fore tibia and mid femur yellow......................................... 11</p> <p>9. Mid femur (Fig. 60) with swelling in basal part, bearing 1 long black anteroventral spine near middle. Hind femur brownish in apical third................................................ S. nhamdam</p> <p>– Mid femur slender, with different armature. Hind femur largely brownish …….………….…………………………… 10</p> <p>10. Mid femur (Fig. 64) bearing 2 black spines beyond middle. Hind femur almost wholly brown, yellowish brown in extreme base................................................................ S. trilobatus</p> <p>– Mid femur with 3 posteroventral bristles in basal half. Hind femur blackish in apical 3/4. Nepal..... S. divergens Smith</p> <p>11. Hind femur yellowish brown to brownish in apical 2/3. Halter with contrastingly black knob and pale yellow stem. Abdomen (Fig. 80) with gland-like structures between tergites 4-3 and 3-2.................................................. S. lek</p> <p>– Hind femur entirely yellow. Halter pale, knob with slight brownish tinge. Abdomen (Fig. 81) with gland-like structures between tergites 5-4, 4-3 and 3-2...... S. lekkwar</p> <p>12. Scutum black, pleurae yellow. Mid femur (Fig. 54) with 2 short dark posteroventral spines in basal 1/3 and 1 similar anteroventral spine in apical 1/3. Abdomen (Fig. 83) with gland-like structures between tergites 2-3 and 3-4. Upper lobe of left surstylus (Fig. 57) with markedly developed surstylar comb.............................................. S. malayensis</p> <p>– Scutum entirely yellow or with indistinct brownish spots near postalar calli. Mid femur with pale basal bristles only. Abdomen without gland-like structures. Upper lobe of left surstylus lacking surstylar comb................................... 13</p> <p>13. Fore tibia and tarsomere 1 brown........................................ 14</p> <p>– Fore tibia and tarsomere 1 yellow....................................... 15</p> <p>14. Postpronotal bristle long. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles minute on prescutellar depression. Left cercus (Fig. 16) long, right cercus undivided, short, broad, subrectangular......................................................................... S. isaanensis</p> <p>– Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles quite long and distinct on prescutellar depression. Left cercus (Fig. 22) very short, right cercus consisting of two lobes....................................... S. laawae</p> <p>15. Vein R2+3 flattened at apex. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 3.0 times longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3...... S. crassinervis</p> <p>– Vein R2+3 ordinary. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 at most 2.0 times longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3........................................ 16</p> <p>16. Hind trochanter (Fig. 31) with 2 black ventral spines. Hind femur with 3-4 fairly long anteroventral bristles in apical part. Abdominal segment 8 with ordinary bristles. Left cercus (Fig. 33) long, slender...................................... S. seeluang</p> <p>– Hind trochanter lacking black spines. Hind femur with 5-6 fairly long anteroventral bristles in apical part. Abdominal segment 8 with 2 very long bristles. Left cercus short.............. 17</p> <p>17. Wing brownish before and beyond vein M. Left cercus (Figs. 26, 28) with 3 very long spines................... S. nhamyaaw</p> <p>– Wing with indistinct pattern, more or less evenly infuscate. Left cercus (Fig. 37) with ordinary bristles................. S. taksin</p> <p>18. Thorax black to brown......................................................... 19</p> <p>– Thorax yellow...................................................................... 24</p> <p>19. Fore tibia brownish to brownish yellow............................. 20</p> <p>– Fore tibia and mid femur yellow......................................... 22</p> <p>20. Hind femur brownish in apical 1/3........................ S. nhamdam</p> <p>– Hind femur largely brown to blackish................................. 21</p> <p>21. Hind femur blackish in apical 3/4............ S. divergens Smith</p> <p>– Hind femur almost wholly brown, yellowish brown in extreme base................................................................. S. trilobatus</p> <p>22. Wing brown before and beyond vein M............ S. spinicercus</p> <p>– Wing lacking prominent pattern, more or less infuscate....... 23</p> <p>23. Hind femur yellowish brown to brownish in apical 2/3............................................................... S. lek / S. paradoxus</p> <p>– Hind femur entirely yellow....................................... S. lekkwar</p> <p>24. Postpronotal bristle long. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles minute on prescutellar depression................... S. isaanensis</p> <p>- Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles quite long and distinct and reaching base of scutellum................................................ S. laawae</p> <p>25. Hind femur with 3-4 fairly long anteroventral bristles in apical part...................................................................... S. seeluang</p> <p>– Hind femur with 5-6 fairly long anteroventral bristles in apical part.................................................................................. 26</p> <p>26. Wing brownish before and beyond vein M........... S. nhamyaaw</p> <p>– Wing with indistinct pattern, more or less evenly infuscate................................................................................... S. taksin</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE22615FF31FEB40BE3EC01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE32614FF7CFF340F75E66E.text	DA4187F5FFE32614FF7CFF340F75E66E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tachydromia graminum Fallen 1915	<div><p>The S. graminum species group</p> <p>The group is mainly accepted here following Cumming &amp; Cooper (1992). Members of this group are characterised by an entirely black thorax and tomentose scutum, complete rows of acrostichal setulae, lack of gland-like structures on male abdomen (except S. spinicercus), at least 1 spine on the left cercus of the male terminalia, and shortened female terminalia. Two species found now from the Oriental region belong to the S. graminum group. The group is most diverse in the Palaearctic region (about 9 species), though at least 2 species of this group are known from the Nearctic and Afrotropical regions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE32614FF7CFF340F75E66E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE32613FF69FD550DA6E70E.text	DA4187F5FFE32613FF69FD550DA6E70E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon monospinatus Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon monospinatus, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 1-4)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Phang-Nga province, Khao Sok, river banks in rain forest, sample n 96035, 6 Apr.1996, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, Phang-Nga, Khao Lak, Nangtong, beach forest, sample n 96046, 7 Apr.1996, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax. Male: mid femur with</p> <p>3-4 yellow ventral bristles in basal 1/3, abdominal gland-like structures lacking, left surstylus without surstylar comb, left cercus with 1 short apical spine.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and moderately long inner verticals. Antenna brownish yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale.</p> <p>Thorax black to dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs yellow with colour pattern: fore tibia and fore tarsomere 1 entirely brownish yellow, hind femur brownish yellow in apical 1/2, mid femur with brownish tinge in apical part. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 1) slender, with 3-4 yellow long bristles in basal 1/3. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thickened, with row of short (shorter than femur is wide) anterodorsal bristles and row of prominent short dorsal bristles. Fore tibia with 1 dark erect bristle in apical part. Mid tibia with pale ventral spinules. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; with pattern consisting of 2 brownish, large, elongate oval spots separated more or less distinctly by pale basal half of vein M; remainder parts finely infuscate. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 2.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 1.5 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M slightly divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with elongate, contrastingly black knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely dirty yellow, lacking gland-like structures, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) subequal in length, tergites 1-2 unmodified.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 2) brown. Hypandrium with 4 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 1 short bristle in apical part. Left surstylus (Fig. 3) with upper lobe divided; lower part rather small, subrectangular, with surstylar comb greatly reduced, upper part elongate, slender, with short apical spine. Right surstylus (Fig. 4) large, with excision on upper margin, bearing numerous marginal bristles, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, narrow, elongate, somewhat broadened in apical part, with 1 short spine at apex, lacking long bristles in basal part. Right cercus unbranched, nearly as long as but almost 2 times broader than left cercus in middle part, more or less rounded at apex, lacking spines, with some short bristles on right margin. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.1 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name of this species refers to the single spine on the male left cercus.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. monospinatus are unclear beyond inclusion within the S. graminum species group, primarily due to the presence of an apical spine on the male left cercus.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from two localities of Phang-Nga Province. All records are from April. Collected on river banks in rain forest and in beach forest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE32613FF69FD550DA6E70E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE42612FC48FC750DD6E14E.text	DA4187F5FFE42612FC48FC750DD6E14E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon spinicercus Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon spinicercus, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 5-10)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Chantaburi</p> <p>Province, Lachamunkorn, in secondary rain forest, sample n 22003, 27 Mar.2002, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – Loei province, Na Haeo FIRS, Malaise trap: 1 male, 13-20 Mar.2000; 2 males, 15-21 Apr.2001; 2 males, 2 females, 29 Apr.2001; 1 male, 17-24 Jun.2001; 1 male, 24 Sep.-1 Oct.2001; 1 female, 2-4 Dec.2001; 2 males, 1 female, Na Haeo, 4 Feb.2001, coll. Verapong Kiatsoonthorn &amp; P. Grootaert (in coll. SWU, ZRC &amp; RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax, most similar to S. monospinatus. Male: mid femur with black ventral spine just beyond middle, abdomen with gland-like structures between tergites 3-2 and 2-1, left cercus with 3 apical spines.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and long, cruciate inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus yellow.</p> <p>Thorax dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur brownish yellow in apical 2/3, fore tarsomere 5 brown, mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish yellow; otherwise legs yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 5) with 3 yellowish long bristles in extreme base, row of anteroventral brownish spinules before middle and 1 short black spine just beyond middle. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with row of 8 fairly long anteroventral bristles in apical part and some prominent dorsal bristles in basal half. Fore tibia with 1 erect bristle in apical part. Mid tibia with hardly prominent spinules in apical part. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 6) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; with pattern consisting of 2 brownish, large, elongate oval spots separated more or less distinctly by pale basal half of vein M; remainder parts finely infuscate, apex almost hyaline. Vein R2+3 about 2.0 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 subequal to distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black elongate knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely yellowish brown, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) of subequal in length, tergites 1-2 unmodified. Narrow gland-like structures present between tergites 3-2 and 2-1.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 7) brown. Hypandrium with 2 strong bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 8) divided; lower part broadened, with markedly developed surstylar comb and 2 short apical spines, upper part elongate, slender. Right surstylus (Fig. 10) large, subtriangular, divided into 2 lobes in apical part, bearing numerous strong marginal bristles; right lobe with 1 and left lobe with 2 spines, respectively. Left cercus (Fig. 9) branched in apical part, lacking long marginal bristles in basal part, with right lobe bearing 3 long apical spines. Right cercus unbranched, short, subrectangular, lacking spines, bearing several short marginal bristles. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Mid femur with row of yellowish bristles. Abdomen lacking gland-like structures. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.6-1.9 mm, wing length 1.4- 1.7 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name of this species refers to the 3 spines on the male left cercus.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. spinicercus are unclear beyond inclusion within the S. graminum species group. The structure of the female terminalia and the upper lobe of the left surstylus may suggest closer relationships with the S. graminum (Fàllen) and its allies, though the structure of the right surstylus resembles that in S. nubilus Collin. S. spinicercus is the only species of this group which has the gland-like structures on the male abdomen.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from two areas: Loei and Chantaburi provinces. Records are almost from the whole year, except July, August, and most part of September.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE42612FC48FC750DD6E14E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE52612FC47FA340D9EE30E.text	DA4187F5FFE52612FC47FA340D9EE30E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon seeluang Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>The S. seeluang species group</p> <p>This is hitherto unknown group of Stilpon. Members of this group are characterised by yellow thorax, tomentose scutum, complete rows of acrostichal setulae, lack of gland-like structures on male abdomen, small male terminalia with the left cercus lacking apical spines, minute or absent bristles in apical part of the left epandrial lamella, shortened female terminalia. The entire group is presently known only from the Oriental region and includes 6 species. S. leleupi Smith described from South Africa (Smith, 1969) may also belong to this group.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE52612FC47FA340D9EE30E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE52610FC32F8750CCDE64E.text	DA4187F5FFE52610FC32F8750CCDE64E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon crassinervis Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon crassinervis, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 11-14)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Phang-Nga province, Khao Sok, sample n 96035, 6 Apr.1996, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – Pethburi province, Pa Dang, 1 male, 25 Mar.2001 (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax. Can be readily distinguished from all other species of this group by vein R2+3 flattened at apex.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and short inner verticals. Postpedicel pale yellow, paler than scape and pedicel, nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus yellow.</p> <p>Thorax almost wholly yellow. Scutum entirely tomentose, scutal spots almost invisible, postalar calli dark. Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur brownish yellow in apical 2/3; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 11) slender, with 1 long anterior subapical bristle and row of 4 yellow, rather long, ventral bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with 1 row of anteroventral bristles becoming longer toward apex of femur (3 subapical bristles longest) and some hardly prominent dorsal bristles in basal part. Mid tibia straight, slender, lacking prominent ventral spinules. Hind tibia slightly arcuate, with more distinctly prominent ventral setulae and unmodified posterior apical comb.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia, finely infuscate, somewhat deeper along longitudinal veins. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 flattened at apex, about 1.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 3.0 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black, elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely brownish yellow, lacking gland-like structures, with segments 1-2 unmodified, bearing mostly scattered short setulae; tergites 1-2 yellowish, segment 8 with 2 very long and several shorter bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 12) brown, small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 1 minute bristle in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 13) divided; lower part small, slender, lacking surstylar comb, upper part moderately large, subglobular, lacking bristles. Right surstylus (Fig. 14) large, elongate, covered with spinules in apical part. Cerci almost completely fused into one lobe, lacking spines, with several bristles of different length in basal part; left cercus hardly prominent, short, rectangular; right cercus pointed at apex. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.5-1.7 mm, wing length 1.1- 1.3 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name of this species refers to the widening of the tip of vein R4+5.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. crassinervis are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group. However, the presence of 2 very long bristles on the segment 8 of the male abdomen, the general structure of the male terminalia and, especially, the greatly reduced cerci suggest this species is allied with S. laawae, S. nhamyaaw, and S. taksin.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from two provinces rather south: Phang-Nga and Petchaburi. Records from the end of March to the beginning of April.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE52610FC32F8750CCDE64E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE7261FFE85FD350A8CE52E.text	DA4187F5FFE7261FFE85FD350A8CE52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon isaanensis Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon isaanensis, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 15-19)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, riverbanks in gallery forest at FIRS, sample n 2017, 23 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – Na Haeo, malaise trap at FIRS: 1 male, 22- 29.Oct.1999; 1 male, 42, 7-18.Dec.1999; 1 male, 12-28 Jun.2000; 1 female, 29.Apr-6 May.2001; 1 male, 12/61, 29- 5.Aug.2001, coll. Verapong Kiatsoonthorn &amp; P. Grootaert (in coll. SWU, RBINS, ZRC). 1 male, 4 females, Khring Nam Tok, sample n 23041, 20 May.2003, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, 1 female, Malaise trap in bamboo wood at FIRS, 24 May.2003 (leg. P. Grootaert). (in coll. SWU, RBINS and ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax. Fore tibia and tarsomere 1 brownish, postpronotal bristle long, scutal pattern indistinct, rows of acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles very short posteriorly.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with inconspicuous ocellars and moderately long inner verticals. Antenna with pedicel yellow, postpedicel brown. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale yellow.</p> <p>Thorax almost wholly yellow. Scutum entirely tomentose, with 2 pale brownish, indistinct, posterolateral spots, including postalar calli which are deeper darkened; scutellum and postnotum with brownish posterior margin; pleural sutures (especially in darker specimens) brownish in varying extent. Postpronotal bristle long, brown, inclinate. Dorsocentral and acrostichal setulae very short on prescutellar depression.</p> <p>Legs yellow with colour pattern: hind femur in apical 2/3, fore tibia (except extreme base), fore tarsomere 1, fore and mid tarsomeres 5 brownish (in darker specimens also mid femur somewhat brownish in apex); otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter with 2 brown spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 15) slender, with 1 long anterior subapical bristle and row of 4 yellow, rather long, ventral bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with 1 row of anteroventral bristles becoming longer toward apex of femur (3 subapical bristles longest) and some hardly prominent dorsal bristles in basal part. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles. Mid tibia straight, slender, with hardly prominent ventral spinules. Hind tibia slightly arcuate, with ventral setulae more distinctly prominent.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; almost uniformly infuscate, somewhat deeper along longitudinal veins. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 2 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 2 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M almost parallel and slightly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen yellowish, lacking gland-like structures, with segments 1-2 unmodified, bearing mostly scattered short setulae, segment 8 with moderately long bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 16) dark brown, rather small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles just beyond its middle. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, lacking bristles in apical part. Left surstylus (Fig. 17, 18) with upper lobe divided; lower part lacking surstylar comb, upper part large, subglobular, with 1 short bristle. Right surstylus (Fig. 19) large, hemispherical. Left cercus unbranched, digitiform, lacking spines, with 2 long and 1 shorter bristles in apical part. Right cercus undivided, short, subrectangular, lacking spines, with several short bristles. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Palpus brownish yellow. Hind trochanter lacking black spines. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 hinged and partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name refers to the Isaan region where the species was found.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality in the Loei province. Quite common with</p> <p>records from the end of April to the beginning of August, October and December. Collected in bamboo wood and also from riverbanks in gallery forest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE7261FFE85FD350A8CE52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE8261EFC61FE950A3DE60E.text	DA4187F5FFE8261EFC61FE950A3DE60E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon laawae Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon laawae, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 20-24)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Nakhon Nayok, Chulachomkla, along brook in shade, sample n 97163, 12 Nov.1997, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, same locality as holotype. Loei province, Na Haeo FIRS in Malaise trap, 3-10 Sep.1999, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 female, coll. Verapong Kiatsoonthorn &amp; P. Grootaert; 1 male, Na Haeo, Chang Tok waterfall, sample n 23035, 17 May.2003, coll. P. Grootaert (in coll. SWU &amp; RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax, most similar to S. isaanensis differing from it in having quite long acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles throughout, hardly prominent postpronotal bristle and very short left cercus male terminalia.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and inner verticals. Postpedicel pale yellow, paler than scape and pedicel, nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus yellow.</p> <p>Thorax almost wholly yellow. Scutum entirely tomentose, scutal spots almost invisible, postpronotal calli dark. Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows. Acrostichals 2-serial.</p> <p>Legs yellow, with colour pattern: fore tibia (except base) and fore tarsomere 1 brown; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 20) slender, with 4 long yellowish bristles in basal part. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with 1 row of anteroventral bristles becoming longer toward apex of femur (3 subapical bristles longest) and some hardly prominent dorsal bristles in basal part. Fore tibia greatly incrassate, lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia lacking prominent ventral spinules. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 21) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia, finely infuscate. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 about 2.0 times longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M slightly divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black, elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely brownish yellow, lacking gland-like structures, with segments 1-2 unmodified, bearing mostly scattered short setulae; tergites 1-2 yellowish, segment 8 with 2 very long and several shorter bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 22) pale brown, small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 1 minute bristle in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 23) divided; lower part elongate, lacking surstylar comb, upper part moderately large, subglobular, with 1 short bristle. Right surstylus (Fig. 24) large, rather elongate oval, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, short, slender, lacking spines, with 1 long bristle in apical part. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe short, broad, with several bristles basally; right lobe hardly prominent, rounded. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Palpus brownish yellow. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 hinged and partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – This species is dedicated to Dr. La-aw Ampornpan from Srinakharinwirot University who stimulated our studies of the Thai fauna.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group. However, the presence of 2 very long bristles on the segment 8 of the male abdomen, the general structure of the male terminalia and, especially, the greatly reduced cerci suggest this species is allied with S. crassinervis, S. nhamyaaw, and S. taksin.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from two localities, respectively in Central and Northeast Thailand. Records from the beginning of September to the beginning of October.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE8261EFC61FE950A3DE60E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFE9261CFC3DFD750FCCE76E.text	DA4187F5FFE9261CFC3DFD750FCCE76E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon nhamyaaw Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon nhamyaaw, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 25-29)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Ranong province, Ranong, rain forest, along stream, sample n 96028, 6 Apr.1996, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – 5 males, 2 females, same data as in holotype (RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax, resembles S. laawae differing from its by yellow fore tibia and tarsomere 1, wing</p> <p>pattern consisting of two distinct brownish spots. Male: abdominal segment 8 with 2 very long bristles, left cercus with 3 very long spines in middle part.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and hardly prominent inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale.</p> <p>Thorax almost entirely yellow. Scutum with 2 indistinct brownish spots near postalar calli, entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur brownish yellow in apical 3/4, otherwise legs yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 25) slender, with 4 long yellow bristles in basal 1/2. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thickened, with row of anterodorsal bristles (5-6 subapical longer) and some prominent anterior and dorsal bristles in apical part. Fore tibia with ordinary setulae. Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules. Hind tibia with some longer ventral setulae, posterior apical comb unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; with pattern consisting of 2 brownish, large, elongate oval spots separated more or less distinctly by pale basal half of vein M; remainder parts finely infuscate. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 1.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 about 1.5 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M almost parallel and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with elongate, contrast black knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen lacking gland-like structures. Segments 1-2 largely pale yellow, remainder segments yellowish brown and stronger sclerotized. Segment 8 with 2 very long and several shorter bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 26) brown, small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 minute bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 27) divided; lower part elongate, lacking surstylar comb, upper part subglobular, with 1 short bristle. Right surstylus (Fig. 29) fairly large, somewhat broadened toward apex, with more or less rounded upper margin. Left cercus (Fig. 28) unbranched, hardly prominent, with 3 very long spines. Right cercus unbranched, hardly prominent, with several marginal bristles of different length. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 hinged and partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name “nham” (spine in Thai) “yaaw” (long in Thai) refers to the long spines on the male left cercus.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group. However, the presence of 2 very long bristles on the segment 8 of the male abdomen, the general structure of the male terminalia and, especially, the greatly reduced cerci suggest this species is allied with S. laawae, S. crassinervis, and S. nhamyaaw.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality in South Thailand. Recorded from the beginning of April in a rain forest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFE9261CFC3DFD750FCCE76E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFEB261BFE8DFC550B6CE5AE.text	DA4187F5FFEB261BFE8DFC550B6CE5AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon seeluang Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon seeluang, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 30-35)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male. THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, FIRS, near waterfall, sample n 20013, 23 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – 2 males, 7 females, same data as in holotype. Na Haeo, FIRS, Malaise trap along a dry deciduous forest, coll. Verapong Kiatsoonthorn &amp; P. Grootaert: 1 male, 3-10 Sep.1999; 1 female, 10-17 Sep.1999; 1 male, 1 female, 8- 15.Oct.1999; 1 female, 4-27.Aug.2000; 1 male, 3-10 Mar.2001; 1 male, 18-25 Mar.2001; 1 female, 25 Mar.2001 - 1 Apr.2001; 1 female, 29 Apr.-6 May.2001; 1 female, 20-29 May.2001; 2 females, 29 May.-4 Jun.2001; 1 male, 17-24 Jun.2001; 1 female, 29-5.Aug.2001; 1 male, Na Haeo, Chang Tok Waterfall, river bed, sample n 23035, 17 Jun.2003, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. SWU, RBINS &amp; ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax. Hind femur in apical 2/3 and tarsomere 5 of all legs (usually more distinctly on fore leg) brownish yellow; otherwise legs yellow. Male: mid femur with 4 yellowish ventral bristles in basal part, hind trochanter with 2 black spinules.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and short inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale yellow, small.</p> <p>Thorax almost wholly yellow. Scutum entirely tomentose; with 2 brownish, more or less rounded, distinctly bordered, posterolateral spots including postalar calli; scutellar margins and postnotum brownish; pleural sutures (especially in darker specimens) brownish in varying extent. Postpronotal bristle short, hardly prominent. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur in apical 2/3 and tarsomere 5 of all legs (usually more distinctly on fore leg) brownish yellow; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter (Fig. 31) with 2 black spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 30) slender, with 1 long anterior subapical bristle, bearing 4 yellow to brownish yellow, rather long, ventral bristles in basal half. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with 1 row of short (3-4 subapical bristles longer) anteroventral bristles and some short dorsal bristles in basal part. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles. Mid tibia straight, rather slender, lacking prominent ventral spinules. Hind tibia slightly arcuate, with ventral setulae more distinctly prominent, posterior apical comb unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 32) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; almost uniformly infuscate, somewhat deeper along longitudinal veins. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 3 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 1.2-1.3 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M slightly divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black, elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely yellow, becoming darker toward hypopygium, with segments (except segment 8) weakly sclerotized and subequal in length, covered mostly with scattered ordinary pale setulae, lacking gland-like structures. Segments 1-2 unmodified. Segment 8 short, bearing moderately long bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 33) dark brown, rather small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 minute bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 34) divided; lower part small, lacking surstylar comb, upper part elongate oval, with 1 short bristle. Right surstylus (Fig. 35) with deep excision, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, digitiform, lacking apical spines and long bristles in basal part. Right cercus consisting of two short lobes, lacking spines. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Palpus brownish yellow. Hind trochanter lacking black spines. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 straight, without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 hinged and partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.0 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “See” (colour in Thai) “luang” (yellow in Thai), refers to the yellow colour of the thorax.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Only known from Northeast Thailand, Loei province. Quite common and recorded from March till October.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFEB261BFE8DFC550B6CE5AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFEC261AFC6BFE150BA0E52E.text	DA4187F5FFEC261AFC6BFE150BA0E52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon taksin Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon taksin, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 36-39)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Songkhla province, Ban Di Luang, beach forest, sample n 97148, 30.Oct.1997, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, 1 female, same data as in holotype (RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with yellow thorax, most similar to S. nhamyaaw. Differs primarily from its by indistinct pattern of wing and setose left cercus of male terminalia.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and hardly prominent inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale.</p> <p>Thorax almost wholly yellow. Scutum with 2 indistinct brownish spots near postalar calli, entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur with brownish tinge in apical 3/4, otherwise legs yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 36) slender, with 4 long yellow bristles in basal 1/2. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thickened, with row of anterodorsal bristles (5-6 subapical longer) and some prominent anterior and dorsal bristles in apical part. Fore tibia with ordinary setulae. Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules. Hind tibia with some longer ventral setulae, posterior apical comb unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; with indistinct pattern, more or less evenly infuscate. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 1.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 about 2 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M almost parallel and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with elongate, black knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen lacking gland-like structures. Segments 1-2 largely pale yellow, remainder segments yellowish brown and stronger sclerotized. Segment 8 with 2 very long and several shorter bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 37) brown, rather small. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, lacking bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 38) divided; lower part slender, lacking surstylar comb, upper part subglobular, with 1 short bristle. Right surstylus (Fig. 39) fairly large, rather elongate oval, with rounded apex, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, slender, short, lacking spines, with several bristles of different length in basal part. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; right lobe hardly prominent, with several marginal bristles of different length; left lobe short, broad, rounded at apex. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 hinged and partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “Taksin” (south in Thai) refers to south of Thailand where this species was found.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. taksin are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. seeluang species group. However, the presence of 2 very long bristles on the segment 8 of the male abdomen, the general structure of the male terminalia and, especially, the greatly reduced cerci suggest this species is allied with S. laawae, S. crassinervis, and S. nhamyaaw.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Only known from one locality in South Thailand. The record is from October (end of rainy season in South Thailand).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFEC261AFC6BFE150BA0E52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFED261AFC3BFE940A4EE74E.text	DA4187F5FFED261AFC3BFE940A4EE74E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon divergens Smith 1965	<div><p>The S. divergens species group</p> <p>Cumming &amp; Cooper (1992) have recognised this group to include a single species known just from the Oriental region only. Additionally, they noted also some undescribed species from Africa and Japan. We have added to this group another 6 species described below. Members of the S. divergens species group are characterised by an entirely black thorax (except S. malayensis) and tomentose scutum, complete rows of acrostichal setulae, presence of gland-like structures on the male abdomen (unclear in S. divergens), undivided upper lobe of left surstylus, markedly developed surstylar comb, bilobed right cercus, a long ventral bristle on left cercus, setose left cercus, long bristles in apical part of left epandrial lamella, elongate hair-like phallus, elongate female terminalia and sternite 8 of the female terminalia with upper apex not partially separated from base.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFED261AFC3BFE940A4EE74E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFED2618FC34FC350F74E00E.text	DA4187F5FFED2618FC34FC350F74E00E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon khorngkeun Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon khorngkeun, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 40-44)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, FIRS, Malaise trap in bamboo forest at Na Haeo FIRS, 1 male, 7-14 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – Same data as in holotype: 1 male, 17-24 Sep.1999; 1 male, 24-30 Apr.2000; 1 male, 13-20 May.2001; 1 male, 29 May.-4 Jun.2001; 1 male, 7-14 Jul.2001, coll. Verapong</p> <p>Kiatsoonthorn &amp; P. Grootaert; 2 males, Na Haeo FIRS, Malaise trap n 1 in bamboo wood, 25 May.2003 (leg. P. Grootaert); 3 males, Na Haeo FIRS, base of waterfall, sample n 23029, 16 May.2003 (leg. P. Grootaert). (in coll. SWU, RBINS &amp; ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax, differing from other species from the Oriental region by R4+5 strongly curved in apical part and by brown hind tarsomere 1.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior ocellars, short (half as long as inner verticals) posterior ocellars and long inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus brownish yellow.</p> <p>Thorax brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur brownish yellow in apical 2/3, tarsomere 5 of all legs and hind tarsomere 1 brown; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 40) slender, with long pale ventral bristles in extreme base and 2 ventral yellowish spines nearer to middle. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with short anterodorsal bristles (3 subapicals longer), lacking prominent dorsal bristles near base but with prominent dorsal bristles in apical part. Fore tibia with short, hardly prominent, brownish, posterodorsal bristle at apex, lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia considerably shorter than mid femur, with rows of ventral spinules and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 41) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia, finely infuscate. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Veins R2+3 and R4+5 thickened, darker than other veins (especially R4+5). Vein R2+3 about 3 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 1.5 times shorter than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 strongly curved at apex. R4+5 and M divergent in apical part. Vein CuA1 not quite reaching wing margin. Halter with brown elongate knob (one specimen had a very dark knob) and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely yellowish brown, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) of subequal in length, tergites 1-2 unmodified. Narrow gland-like structures present between tergites 4-3 and 3-2.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 42) brown. Hypandrium with 2 strong bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 moderately long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 43) undivided, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 44) moderately large, sublinear, more or less rounded at apex, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, digitiform, fairly long, lacking spines, with 1 strong ventral bristle in middle part and 1 thinner marginal bristle basally. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe elongate, somewhat broadened toward apex; right lobe short, tapered toward apex. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “Khorng” (curved) “keun” (upwards) refers to the fact that the vein r4+5 is strongly curved upward.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group. Presumably the sister species to S. lekkwar based on the presence of apical spines on the middle part of the male left surstylus.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Only known from one locality in Northeast Thailand in the Loei province. Records are from April till June and one more record in September.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFED2618FC34FC350F74E00E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFEF2607FC61FF350AD1E68E.text	DA4187F5FFEF2607FC61FF350AD1E68E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon lek Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon lek, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 45-49)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, near waterfall at FIRS, sample n 20013, 23 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, same locality as in holotype, sample n 98064, 23. V.1998, coll. P. Grootaert; 2 females, same data as in holotype; 2 males, 1 female, Na Haeo, near stream at FIRS, sample n 2026, 27 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, Na Haeo, near stream on mud banks at FIRS, sample n 21035, 6 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, 2 females, Na Haeo, FIRS Malaise trap, 18-25 Dec.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, 1 female, same locality as in holotype, sample n 21033, 6 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert. (SWU, RBINS, ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax, fore tibia yellow. Male: mid femur with 1 short black anteroventral spine just beyond middle, abdomen with gland-like structures between tergites 4-3 and 3-2. Halter contrastingly black.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior ocellars, somewhat longer posterior ocellars and long, cruciate inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus brownish yellow, small, subtriangular.</p> <p>Thorax wholly dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, black, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur in apical 2/3 yellowish brown to brownish, fore tarsomere 5 dark brown, mid and hind tarsomere 5 pale brown; in darker specimens mid and hind coxae, mid and hind tibiae and mid femur at apex with brownish tinge. Hind trochanter lacking spines. Mid femur (Fig. 45) with 4 yellowish ventral bristles in basal half and 1 short black anteroventral spine just beyond middle. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle; with row of 5 long anteroventral bristles in apical part and some prominent dorsal bristles. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles. Mid tibia with rows of ventral spinules in apical half and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 46) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; almost uniformly infuscate, somewhat paler along posterior margin. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 3 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 about 1.3 times longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black, elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely pale brown, with segments (except segment 8) weakly sclerotized, segment 8 wholly brown. Segments 1-2 unmodified. Narrow gland-like structures present between tergites 4-3 and 3-2 (Fig. 80). Tergites 3 and 4 shortened. Almost all tergites with scattered minute brownish setulae, tergites 7 and 8 with moderately long bristles. Sternites with similar setation but sternites 3 and 4 bearing 1 pair of inclinate bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 47) dark brown. Hypandrium with 2 strong bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, bearing 2 short bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 48) undivided, broadened toward apex, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 49) rather small, rounded apically, sublinear, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, elongate, digitiform, lacking spines, with 1 long ventral bristle in middle part and several shorter marginal bristles basally. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe elongate, digitiform, somewhat broadened toward apex; right lobe small, rounded, with 2 long apical bristles. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Fore tarsomere 5 pale brown, mid and hind tarsomere 5 pale yellow. Mid femur with yellowish ventral bristles only. Mid tibia lacking spinules. Halter with pale brownish knob. Abdomen lacking gland-like structures. Terminalia elongate. Segment 8 stronger sclerotized than preabdomen. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 not partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.5-1.9 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “Lek” means small in Thai and it refers to the small size of the species</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality in Northeast Thailand. Records mainly in May, but one record also in December.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFEF2607FC61FF350AD1E68E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF02606FC66FCF50B8CE707.text	DA4187F5FFF02606FC66FCF50B8CE707.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon lekkwar Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon lekkwar, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 50-53)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, near waterfall at FIRS, sample n 20013, 23 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, 17-24 Jun.2001; 2 males, 17-24.IX.99; 1 female, 29 Apr.2001 - 6 May.2000; 1 female, 8-15 Apr.2001; 1 male, 30 Apr.-7 May.2000; 1 male, 1 female, 7-14 May.2000, same locality as in holotype, coll. P. Grootaert. 2 males, Khring Nam Tok, sample n 23041, 20 May.2003, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, Na Haeo FIRS, Malaise trap n 2 in bamboo wood, 24 Apr.2003 (leg. P. Grootaert). (SWU, RBINS, ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax, very similar to S. lek but somewhat smaller, hind femur entirely yellow, male abdomen with gland-like structures between tergites 5-4, 4- 3 and 3-2. Halter pale brown.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior ocellars, somewhat longer posterior ocellars and long, cruciate inner verticals. Antenna yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus brownish yellow.</p> <p>Thorax wholly dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, black, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with fore tarsomere 5 blackish brown, mid and hind tarsomere 5 pale brown; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 50) with row of 4 brownish yellow bristles in basal 1/3, bearing 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral short spines just beyond middle. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle; with 6- 7 long anteroventral and some prominent dorsal bristles. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles. Mid tibia with rows of ventral spinules in apical half and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; almost uniformly infuscate, somewhat paler along posterior margin. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Distance between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5 about 1.5 times longer than distance between apices of veins R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter pale, knob with slight brownish tinge.</p> <p>Abdomen with tergites 1-2 unmodified. Narrow gland-like structures present between tergites 5-4, 4-3, and 3-2 (Fig. 81). Tergites 3 and 4 shortened. Segment 8 with short bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 51) dark brown. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, bearing 2 long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 52) undivided, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 53) rather small, rounded apically, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, elongate, digitiform, lacking spines, with 1 long, spine-like, ventral bristle in middle part and 3 thinner marginal bristles basally. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe slender, digitiform; right lobe small, rounded. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Mid femur with yellowish bristles in basal part, lacking black spines. Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules. Abdomen lacking gland-like structures. Terminalia elongate. Segment 8 stronger sclerotized than preabdomen. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 not partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.2-1.4 mm, wing length 0.8- 0.9 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “Lek” (small) “kwar” (more) refers to the fact that this species is even smaller than its sibling S. lek.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality in Northeast Thailand only. Records from April, May and June, but one record also from September.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF02606FC66FCF50B8CE707	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF12604FC3DFC8E0EC4E64E.text	DA4187F5FFF12604FC3DFC8E0EC4E64E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon malayensis, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 54-59)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, SINGAPORE: Nee Soon, swamp, sample n 22054, 4 Dec.2002, coll. P. Grootaert (ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with brown mesoscutum and yellow pleurae, otherwise similar to S. lek differing from it by armature of male mid femur and details of male terminalia. Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and long inner verticals. Antenna and palpus brownish yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel.</p> <p>Thorax with brown prothoracic sclerites and mesoscutum, otherwise yellow. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: mid femur in apical 1/3, hind femur in apical 3/4, mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish, fore tarsomere 5 black, fore tibia and fore tarsomere 1 brownish yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 54) slender, with 2 short dark posteroventral spines in basal 1/3, 1 similar anteroventral spine in apical 1/3 and yellow bristle in extreme base. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thickened, with row of anterodorsal bristles becoming longer toward apex and row of prominent dorsal bristles. Fore tibia lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia with rows of ventral spinules and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 55) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; more or less uniformly, rather deep infuscate. Costal vein with long setulae along anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 2.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 1.2 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M slightly divergent and arcuate in apical part. Halter with elongate, contrast black knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely dirty yellow, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) subequal in length, tergites 1-2 unmodified. Gland-like structures present between tergites 4-3 and 3-2 (Fig. 83); posterior space consisting of three parts, with lateral parts subglobular.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 56) brown. Hypandrium with 2 strong bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 fairly long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 57) undivided, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 59) moderately large, sublinear, with excision on upper margin. Left cercus (Fig. 58) mostly long, slender, divided into two lobes in apical part, lacking spines, with 1 long ventral and 2 similar left marginal bristles in basal part. Right cercus divided into lobes, lacking spines; left lobe long, broad; right lobe hardly prominent, rounded at apex. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.5 mm, wing length 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name refers to the region where it was first found.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Singapore. Found in one locality only, in December during the rainy season in Singapore.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF12604FC3DFC8E0EC4E64E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF32603FE84FD350EF6EC0E.text	DA4187F5FFF32603FE84FD350EF6EC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon nhamdam Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon nhamdam, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 60-63)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, river banks in gallery forest at Na Haeo FIRS, sample n 20026, 27 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 female, same data as in holotype; 1 male, Na Haeo, base waterfall at FIRS, sample n 21033, 6 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, 1 female, Na Haeo, in gallery forest along stream at FIRS, sample n 21035, 6 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 7 males, 8 females, Dan Sai, along pond in village (between school and market), sample n 21038, 8 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, Na Haeo, gallery forest along stream at FIRS, sample n 21044, 8 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 4 males, 7 females, Khring Nam Tok, river bed, sample n 21046, 9 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert; 2 males, Khring Nam Tok, sample n 23041, 20 May.2003, coll. P. Grootaert; 2 males, 2 females, Chang Nam Tok, river bed, sample n 21047, 9 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert). (in coll. SWU, RBINS, ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax and mostly yellow hind femur. Male: mid femur with basal swelling and long black anteroventral spine.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute ocellars and long, cruciate inner verticals. Antenna and palpus brownish yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel.</p> <p>Thorax dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur in apical 2/3, mid femur in apical 1/3, fore tibia entirely (paler at base), fore tarsomere 1 (becoming paler toward apex), mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish, fore tarsomere 5 contrast brown; tarsomeres 2-4 pale yellow; otherwise legs yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 60) with swelling in basal part, bearing long black anteroventral spine near middle, 2 shorter brownish posteroventral spines and 1 long brownish yellow bristle in extreme base. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with row of 7 anterodorsal subapical bristles which scarcely longer than femur is deep and row of well prominent dorsal bristles in basal half. Fore tibia lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia shortened, with hardly prominent ventral spinules in apical part and 1 longer spinule at apex. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia, more or less uniformly infuscate. Vein R2+3 about 3.0 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 subequal to distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M strongly divergent in apical part. Halter with contrast black elongate knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely yellowish brown, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) of subequal in length, tergites 1-2 unmodified. Narrow gland-like structures present between tergites 4-3 and 3-2.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 61) brown. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 62) undivided, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 63) moderately large, elongate, sublinear, more or less rounded at apex, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, digitiform, fairly long, lacking spines, with 1 strong ventral bristle and 2 thinner long marginal bristles basally. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe digitiform, fairly long, somewhat broadened in apical part; right lobe short, broad, rounded at apex. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Mid femur with row of yellowish bristles. Abdomen paler. Terminalia elongate. Segment 8 strongly sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 not partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – “Nham” (spine), “dam” (black) refers to ventral black spine on the mid femur.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Only know from Loei province in Northeast Thailand, but there known from various sites. Quite common in May. Not found in the Malaise trap, although it was common along the nearby stream.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF32603FE84FD350EF6EC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF42602FC5FFF350A79E64E.text	DA4187F5FFF42602FC5FFF350A79E64E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon trilobatus Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon trilobatus, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 64-68)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Dan Sai, along pond in village (between school and market), sample n 21038, 8 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – 1 male, Krabi, Huai waterfall, river banks, sample n 97113, 24.Oct.1997, coll. P. Grootaert; 1 male, Songkhla province, Ban Khlong Kua, in old rubber plantation, sample n 97142, 29.Oct.1997, coll. P. Grootaert); 2 males, 5 females, same data as in holotype; 1 female, Na Haeo, in gallery forest along stream at FIRS, sample n 21035, 6 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert. (in coll. SWU, RBINS &amp; ZRC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black thorax and almost wholly brown hind femur. Male: mid femur slender, with a row of almost equally long ventral bristles, 1 or 2 black spines in apical third.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior ocellars, somewhat longer posterior ocellars and long inner verticals. Antenna and palpus light brown to brownish yellow. Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel.</p> <p>Thorax dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: mid femur in apical 1/2, hind femur (except extreme base) and tarsomere 5 of all legs brownish; fore tibia, fore tarsomeres 1-4, hind coxa and hind tarsomere 1 brownish yellow; otherwise legs yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 64) slender, with 2 anteroventral subapical bristles, 1 long yellowish bristle in extreme base, row of 7- 8 yellowish to brownish yellow long spine-like bristles before middle and 1 or 2 similar black spine-like bristles beyond middle of femur. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened toward middle, with row of anterodorsal bristles becoming longer toward apex (4-5 subapical bristles scarcely longer than femur is deep) and row of prominent dorsal bristles. Fore tibia lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia with rows of ventral spinules and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; more or less uniformly and rather deep infuscate. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 3.0 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 1.2-1.3 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and evenly arcuate in apical part. Halter with elongate, contrast knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely yellowish brown, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, tergites 1-2 unmodified, tergite 3 narrowed. Gland-like structures</p> <p>present between tergites 4-3 and 3-2 (Fig. 82), with posterior space broader, consisting of three parts.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 65) brown, large. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 66) undivided, with markedly developed surstylar comb. Right surstylus (Fig. 68) moderately large, broadened in basal part, more or less rounded at apex, lacking spines. Left cercus (Fig. 67) unbranched, slender, somewhat broadened at apex, very long, lacking spines, with 1 long ventral and 2 similar marginal bristles basally. Right cercus consisting of two lobes, lacking spines; left lobe slender, very long; right lobe slender, nearly 2 times shorter than left one. Phallus long, hair-like, curved.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Mid femur with row of yellowish bristles. Hind femur slender. Postabdomen elongate, strongly sclerotized, concolorous with thorax, tergite 8 distinctly separated from sternite 8. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 not partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.4-1.7 mm, wing length 0.9- 1.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – The name of this species refers to the trilobed posterior abdominal gland.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of this species are unresolved beyond inclusion within the S. divergens group.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. A species with a wide distribution: Northeast to South Thailand (Loei, Krabi and Songkhla provinces). Records in the North from May, October in the South.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF42602FC5FFF350A79E64E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF6260FFE9FFDF50DA6E599.text	DA4187F5FFF6260FFE9FFDF50DA6E599.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon paradoxus Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon paradoxus, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 69-75)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei province, Na Haeo, riverbanks in gallery forest at FIRS, sample n 2020, 24 May.2000, coll. P. Grootaert (SWU).</p> <p>Paratypes – 6 males, 6 females, same data as in holotype; 2 males, 5 females, Na Haeo, sample n 99016, 10 Feb.1999, coll. P. Grootaert. (SWU, ZRC, RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Species with black brown thorax, differing from all other species from Oriental region by a set of unique characters of male, including constriction in middle hind femur, spur-like posterior apical comb on hind tibia, modified abdominal tergites 1-2, completely fused cerci; female habitually very similar to S. lek but with shortened terminalia.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior and posterior ocellars and long cruciate inner verticals. Antenna brownish yellow (in darker specimens postpedicel and style darker). Postpedicel nearly 2.0 times</p> <p>longer than wide. Style about 5 times longer than postpedicel. Palpus pale.</p> <p>Thorax wholly black brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, black, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind coxa in extreme base; mid femur in apical 1/3, hind femur in apical 2/3 and tarsomere 5 of all legs brownish; fore tibia and fore tarsomere 1 with brownish tinge; otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 69, 70) slender, with 1 long anterior subapical bristle, 1 long yellow basal bristle, 8 black spinules in basal 1/3 and 2 posteroventral spinules in middle. Hind femur (viewed laterally) constricted and bent near middle, broader in apical half; with row of 8 fairly long (scarcely longer than femur is deep) anteroventral bristles in apical part, row of 5-6 dorsal bristles in basal part and 3-4 dorsal spinules just beyond midpoint of femur. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles. Mid tibia straight, rather slender, with rows of ventral spinules and 1 longer subapical spinule. Hind tibia (Fig. 71) with posterior apical comb greatly modified, long, spur-like.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 72) normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; almost uniformly infuscate, somewhat deeper along longitudinal veins. Costal vein with ordinary short setulae on anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 3 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 nearly 1.3 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M divergent and slightly arcuate in apical part. Halter with contrast black, elongate knob and pale yellow stem.</p> <p>Abdomen with hardly prominent gland-like structures at least between tergites 3-4 and 4-5. Tergite 1 (Fig. 84) produced laterally into projection bearing 3 spine-like black bristles of different length and resting into a shallow sclerotized excavation on tergite 2; tergite 3 with posteromarginal spinules; tergites 4-6 with minute posteromarginal setulae; tergite 7 with short ordinary bristles, segment 8 with short bristles. Sternites bearing ordinary bristles becoming more numerous and stronger toward hypopygium.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 73, 74) dark brown, large. Hypandrium with 2 strong bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, bearing 2 long bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe largely divided; lower part with markedly developed narrow surstylar comb, upper part long, slender, fused with lower part basally. Right surstylus large, elongate oval, lacking spines. Cerci completely fused into one large lobe, which is subequal in size and similar in shape to right surstylus, lacking spines, ventral and marginal bristles. Phallus (Fig. 75) elongate, straight, strongly sclerotized.</p> <p>Female. In most respects identical to male. Mid femur with 1 row of yellow ventral bristles becoming longer toward base of femur, longest bristle longer than femur is broad. Hind femur slender, with ordinary setation. Mid tibia lacking spinules. Hind tibia with short posterior apical comb. Halter with brownish knob. Abdomen lacking gland-like structures and with unmodified tergites 1-2. Terminalia shortened. Segment 8 normally sclerotized. Proximal margin of sternite 8 without 2 anteriorly directed rods. Apex of sternite 8 partially separated from base. Sternite 10 uniformly sclerotized, not fused with ventroapical margin of tergite 8. Cercus elongate oval, brownish yellow, clothed in setulae of different length.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 1.5-1.8 mm, wing length 1.2.- 1.3 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – In reference to a unique set of characters which this species possesses.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. paradoxus are unresolved. In this species the female terminalia are shortened and, thus, it appears to be more closely related to the S. graminum and S. seeluang groups. In S. paradoxus the upper lobe of the left surstylus is almost completely divided that could also support this conclusion. However, the phylogenetic value of such condition is not quite clear at present. It should be noted that within a S. graminum + S. seeluang clade most of the known species have a completely divided upper lobe of the left surstylus (S. spinicercus, S. monospinatus, the S. graminum species complex and the entire S. seeluang species group). Although, the upper lobe of the left surstylus is undivided in the S. nubilus species complex. S. paradoxus has the surstylar comb and the gland-like structures on the male abdomen. However, the first character is very homoplastic within the genus, whereas the second one is likely to be plesiomorphous. In the shape of the male hind femur (constricted and bent near middle) this species resembles some North American species, e.g. S. curvipes Melander or S. varipes Loew (Cumming &amp; Cooper, 1992). However, this appears to be due to the homoplastic nature of this character rather than an evidence of some direct relationships. Besides of the characters noted, S. paradoxus possesses a set of unique features, which place them aside of all other Stilpon species. In this species the male abdominal segments 1-2 are greatly modified. Together they appear to form a special device of uncertain functional value. The male terminalia are also very peculiar. The cerci are completely fused into a large lobe, which is strictly similar in size and shape to the right surstylus. The right epandrial lamella is small and it is distinctly smaller than the left epandrial lamella (in Tachydromiinae normally vise versa). The phallus is elongate, straight, thick and strongly sclerotized (elongate, hair-like and curved in the S. divergens species group, very short and rather weakly sclerotized in the S. graminum and S. seeluang groups). Unfortunately, at the present state of our knowledge of the genus, almost all these characters are usefulness for the discussion some relationships of this species. Some of them are insufficiently studied in the Drapetini on the whole (e.g., aedeagal complex). The phylogenetic value of others may be clarified when new undescribed species are discovered.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality only. Records are from the first decade of February to late May. Collected on riverbanks in gallery forest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF6260FFE9FFDF50DA6E599	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
DA4187F5FFF8260DFC7AFE030FF5E0E1.text	DA4187F5FFF8260DFC7AFE030FF5E0E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilpon yai Shamshev & Grootaert 2004	<div><p>Stilpon yai, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 76-79)</p> <p>Material examined. – Holotype - male, THAILAND: Loei Province, Na Haeo, Chang Tok, riverbed, sample n 21047, 9 May.2001, coll. P. Grootaert (coll. RBINS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. – Readily distinguished from other species known from Oriental region by its large size, veins R4+5 and M parallel and straight in apical part, male mid femur with 3 black antero- and 2 longer posteroventral spines in basal half.</p> <p>Description. – Male. Head black in ground-colour, with minute anterior ocellars, somewhat longer posterior ocellars and long inner verticals. Antenna and palpus brownish yellow. Postpedicel nearly 1.5 times longer than wide. Style nearly 8 times longer than postpedicel.</p> <p>Thorax dark brown. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentrals in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichals 2-serial, complete posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs with colour pattern: hind femur brownish in apical 1/ 2; fore tibia, fore and mid tarsi, mid femur at apex, mid and hind coxae brownish yellow. Mid coxa with 2 brown bristles on outer side. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur (Fig. 76) slender, with 3 short black antero- and 2 longer posteroventral spines in basal 1/2, bearing 2 long yellow bristles in extreme base. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thickened, with row of anterodorsal bristles becoming longer toward apex and row of prominent dorsal bristles. Fore tibia lacking prominent ventral bristles. Mid tibia with ordinary setation, lacking ventral spinules. Hind tibia unmodified.</p> <p>Wing normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; more or less uniformly, rather deep infuscate. Costal vein with long setulae along anterior margin. Vein R2+3 about 2.5 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R2+3 and R4+5 1.5 times longer than distance between apices of R1 and R2+3. R4+5 and M parallel and straight in apical part. Halter with elongate, contrast black knob and pale stem.</p> <p>Abdomen largely dirty yellow, bearing mostly scattered dark setulae which are longer on pregenital segments, with all tergites (except segment 8) of subequal in length, tergites 1- 2 unmodified. Hardly prominent gland-like structures present between tergites 6-5, 5-4, 4-3 and 3-2. Segment 8 with moderately long bristles.</p> <p>Hypopygium (Fig. 77) brown, large. Hypandrium with 2 short bristles in apical part. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with 2 short bristles in apical part. Left surstylus with upper lobe (Fig. 78) largely divided; lower part with greatly developed surstylar comb, upper part digitiform, fused with lower part basally. Right surstylus (Fig. 79) moderately large, sublinear, more or less rounded at apex, bearing numerous bristles of different length, lacking spines. Left cercus unbranched, short, fairly broad, rounded at apex, lacking spines and ventral bristle, with 2 very long left marginal bristles in basal part. Right cercus unbranched, short, rectangular, lacking spines. Phallus short.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements. – Body length 2.5 mm, wing length 2.2 mm.</p> <p>Etymology. – In reference to the largest size of this species</p> <p>among all others found until now from the Oriental region, “yai” means big in Thai.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships. – The relationships of S. yai are unresolved. The main problem originates because of unknown female of this species. The presence of 2 long marginal bristles in basal part of cercus may indicate S. yai is closer related to some species of the S. divergens species group. However, it has no a long ventral bristle on the left cercus, whereas the presence of this bristle appears to support a monophyly of this group. The structure of the phallus resembles that in the S. graminum and S. seeluang species groups. However, this character is insufficiently studied in many other Stilpon species. S. yai has setose left cercus and 2 distinct bristles in apical part of the left epandrial lamella. So, it cannot be included in the S. graminum or S. seeluang species groups, respectively. S. yai shares the same condition of the left surstylus as in S. paradoxus (upper part largely separated). Additionally, in S. yai the right surstylus appears to be enlarged and cerci might exhibit some tendency to be completely fused (presumably, the conditions toward those found in S. paradoxus). However, the last two arguments are hypotheses only. Whereas the condition of the left surstylus noted is a too weak argumentation to discuss some relationships between these two species at present. Like some North American species, S. yai has the elongate costal setulae. But, again, this is probably a quite homoplastic character because the lack of the scutal tomentum supports well the monophyly of these Nearctic species.</p> <p>Distribution and seasonal occurrence. – Thailand. Known from one locality. The only record is from the beginning of May. Collected from riverbed.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA4187F5FFF8260DFC7AFE030FF5E0E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shamshev, Igor V.;Grootaert, Patrick	Shamshev, Igor V., Grootaert, Patrick (2004): A Review Of The Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859 (Empidoidea: Hybotidae) From The Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 315-346, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10081452
