identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DB357E4FAB0FFF87FF1DB6EBCDD5FE43.text	DB357E4FAB0FFF87FF1DB6EBCDD5FE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coeliadinae Evans 1937	<div><p>Coeliadinae</p><p>The useful paper by Platt (1921) listing food plants of South African Lepidoptera was overlooked in Cock (2010b). This is the original source of several of the Coeliadinae food plants subsequently reported by other South African workers:</p><p>Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren): Acridocarpus natalitius</p><p>Coeliades forestan (Stoll): Combretum apiculatum, C. bracteosum, Solanum auriculatum, Millettia</p><p>sutherlandi</p><p>Coeliades pisistratus (Fabricius): Acridocarpus pruriens</p><p>Similarly, two small papers with biology information were missed. Sevastopulo (1964) reports that Coeliades sejuncta (Mabille and Vuillot) and C. anchises (Gerstaecker) are attracted to light by night (see also under Baorini below), and Van Someren (1955) reports C. forestan hilltopping, ‘basking in the sun or chasing any intruder out of its particular territory’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0FFF87FF1DB6EBCDD5FE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB1ABCD71FD0C.text	DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB1ABCD71FD0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrrhiades aeschylus (Plotz 1884)	<div><p>Pyrrhiades aeschylus (Plötz, 1884)</p><p>César et al. (2010) illustrate the caterpillar in dorsal view on Acridocarpus chevalieri (Malpighiaceae) from riverine gallery forest, Burkino Faso. Jérémy Bouyer, who took that image, shared this and additional images (Figure 1). It can be seen that the final instar caterpillar rests in a simple leaf roll shelter, with its head visible at the basal end (Figure 1.1) and the posterior segments visible at the distal end (Figure 1.2). Comparing the images with the description by Fleury (1926) (repeated in Cock 2010b), there is a close match, except that Fleury did not mention that the head is orange-red, with a row of four black spots across the upper face and another spot covering the stemmata.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB1ABCD71FD0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB6DFC9CAF818.text	DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB6DFC9CAF818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrrhiades anchises subsp. jucunda (Butler 1881)	<div><p>Pyrrhiades anchises jucunda (Butler, 1881)</p><p>Ogilvie-Grant (1903) illustrated the caterpillar and pupa, which he found on Socotra on ‘a shrubby species of Ficus ’. This was probably a misidentification for the endemic Acridocarpus socotranus (Malpighiaceae), which when not flowering might be mistaken for a species of Ficus . This is assumed to be the origin of the incorrect records of Ficus sp. as the food plant (Cock 2010b). SCC has reared this subspecies from a plant that resembled Acridocarpus orientalis, but the plant was not identified and the early stages were not documented. We assume the food plant was A. socotranus, as A. orientalis is similar, but does not seem to be found on Socotra (Thulin 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB6DFC9CAF818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB097C820FE93.text	DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB097C820FE93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrrhochalcia iphis (Drury 1773)	<div><p>Pyrrhochalcia iphis (Drury, 1773)</p><p>The food plant illustrated in Cock (2010b, Figure 1) has been identified by M. Cheek, Kew, as Heritiera utilis ( Malvaceae, formerly Sterculiaceae; MJWC-322). The unidentified vine on which MJWC found a caterpillar (Cock 2010b, p.11) has been identified as Clerodendrum umbellatum ( Lamiaceae; MJWC-319), but since the caterpillar did not feed on leaves of this plant, it should not be considered a food plant.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0DFF84FF1DB097C820FE93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB0CFF82FF1DB098CD42FD4E.text	DB357E4FAB0CFF82FF1DB098CD42FD4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coeliades chalybe subsp. chalybe	<div><p>Coeliades chalybe chalybe (Westwood, [1852])</p><p>Cock (2010b, Figures 15–17) illustrated final and penultimate instar caterpillars and the pupa of this species from Côte d’Ivoire. Rienk de Jong found a final instar caterpillar (Figure 2) at Ebogo, Cameroon on an unidentified plant about 30cm above the ground on a very shady forest track. Since the caterpillar did not feed before pupating three days later, the leaf in Figure 2 may not be the food plant. Figure 2 in dorsolateral view shows the lateral markings more clearly than Cock’s (2010b) figure, although otherwise the two caterpillars appear to be more or less identical.</p><p>The caterpillar pupated in a semi-transparent plastic container, and R. de Jong took a sequence of images from the day of pupation until the day before emergence. On the day of pupation (Figure 3.1) the caterpillar colours were retained by the pupa on the abdomen, although the thorax and head were red like the head of the caterpillar. The ventral ground colour is pale orange and the black markings are fixed on the day after pupation (Figure 3.2). The ground colour becomes slightly paler over the next 14 days (Figure 3.3–5). The day before emergence the head, thorax and wings of the pupa are white, but this appears to be due to a white waxy efflorescence on the surface of the pupa (it is abraded between the wings). There is no sign of the brightly coloured body of the adult (Figure 4) as the pupa cuticle is opaque. This sequence of changes is not unusual amongst Hesperiidae, although the brightly coloured caterpillar markings of the newly formed pupa are especially striking. For those species with a translucent pupa cuticle the changes may be more obvious, especially as the adult colouring becomes visible. Illustrating or describing a pupa based on one occasion can be misleading, when pupae of different ages are compared. We have been aware of this during the course of this sequence of papers, and so have not normally illustrated newly formed pupae or pupae about to emerge, and given the dates of pupation and emergence when recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0CFF82FF1DB098CD42FD4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB0BFF80FF1DB2D7CFFFF9A6.text	DB357E4FAB0BFF80FF1DB2D7CFFFF9A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coeliades ramanatek subsp. ramanatek (Boisduval 1883) Boisduval 1883	<div><p>Coeliades ramanatek ramanatek (Boisduval, 1883)</p><p>TCEC and SCC found early stages of this species commonly on a large-leaved Trema sp. ( Cannabaceae) at Ranomafana, east central Madagascar at the end of March 2013. Alain Gauthier (pers. comm. 2015) found it on Trema orientalis at Andasibe and La Mandraka in May 2015 and David C. Lees (pers. comm. 2017) has found it on the same food plant at Analamay (west of Mantady) and Saha, Anjozorobe Forest. Two species of Trema occur in Madagascar (Madagascar Catalogue 2013): the widespread T. orientalis and the endemic T. humbertii, which is restricted to central and south-west of Madagascar (Leroy 1952). Accordingly, the food plant at Ranomafana could be either species.</p><p>The penultimate instar caterpillar is black with white and yellow markings (Figure 5). Head black, matt, rugose. Pronotum black with a white transverse band, interrupted dorsally. Body black with narrow white subdorsal line T2– A 8; stronger yellow dorsolateral line, interrupted T2 – A 1, thicker and continuous A 2 – A 8; large yellow spot laterally in anterior half of A 3 and A 5, similar but smaller spot on A 1; a short yellow bar extending from dorsolateral line on posterior margin of A 8; 3–4 transverse rows of pale dots in posterior half of A 1 – A 6; yellow and white lateral line, thick and yellow T1–T2, thin and white T3, white with a yellow section in middle of segment, A 1 – A 8; ventrolateral white line.</p><p>The final instar is a more heavily marked version of the penultimate instar with a red-brown head (Figure 6). Head red-brown, matt, rugose; diffuse dark line each side of epicranial suture, extending indistinctly adjacent to adfrontal suture. Pronotum black, with anterior and posterior margin narrowly white; T1 laterally yellow in line with lateral yellow and white line of body. Body dark, but not black; scattered short, pale, inconspicuous setae; subdorsal white line T2– A 8; thick, yellow dorsolateral line T2 – A 8, pale yellow towards posterior margin of each segment, pale yellow A 8, diverging towards posterior margin; a short white bar extends laterally from dorsolateral line, near posterior margin of T2 – A 2 and on posterior margin A 8; three lateral rows of white dots adjacent to the posterior margin of A 1 – A 6, the most anterior of which on T3 – A 2 are in line with the white bar just mentioned; conspicuous yellow spots in anterior half of A 1, A 3 – A 5 and A 7, those of A 3 and A 5 being significantly larger; a thick yellow and pale yellow lateral line; a thick white ventrolateral line, the area between this and the lateral line speckled white; anal plate unmarked; legs brown; prolegs white-brown; spiracles brown, in lateral line.</p><p>The pupa is light brown, almost completely covered with a uniform layer of white wax, interrupted with scattered bare dots on abdomen; short, blunt, black, upturned, frontal spike; prominently protruding black T1 spiracles, and a dark dot slightly dorsal to these; other spiracles black, conspicuous; inconspicuous, erect, pale setae dorsally on thorax. The pupa is attached at the cremaster and supported by a Y-shaped silk girdle. The posterior margin of A4 and anterior margin of A5 are curiously striated dorsally; we have not noticed such a pattern before and have no evidence to suggest what function it may have.</p><p>These caterpillar descriptions and figures of C. ramanatek ramanatek are very different to those in Cock (2010b) based on blown caterpillars of C. ramanatek comorana Evans in the BMNH. So much so, that we suggest either these two subspecies are two different species with very different caterpillars, or there is additional cryptic diversity within the species, or the material in the BMNH is misidentified. If caterpillars of C. ramanatek comorana can be found and documented, this should help to clarify the position. SCC and Ivan Bampton found this subspecies on a Trema sp. at LaGrille, Grande Comoro in 1991 but it was not documented. Alain Gauthier (pers. comm. 2015) has searched on T. orientalis in the Comoros Islands and found an empty pupa, almost certainly of C. ramanatek comorana . The caterpillars of C. ramanatek ramanatek do not show any close affinities with any other species of Coeliades, suggesting that it is has no close relatives, rather than that it is the Madagascan replacement for C. libeon (Druce) below, as suggested by Chiba (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB0BFF80FF1DB2D7CFFFF9A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB09FF8EFF1DB6BCCE2BFCBD.text	DB357E4FAB09FF8EFF1DB6BCCE2BFCBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coeliades libeon (Druce 1875)	<div><p>Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875)</p><p>During a six month stay in Minziro Forest, northwest Tanzania, in 1994–1995, TCEC found and reared caterpillars of C. libeon, on Craibia sp. ( Fabaceae) in December 1994 and Flabellaria sp. ( Malpighiaceae) in February 1995. The only species of Flabellaria is F. paniculata, which is widespread in Africa and recorded from Tanzania, but only from the west (Kigoma) (Tropicos 2015). Flabellaria paniculata has also been recorded as the food plant of C. hanno (Plötz) (Vuattoux 1999, Cock 2010b). Because of a camera fault, all transparencies from this time were overexposed, and could not be printed, but now with digital manipulation of the scanned transparencies, the images have been partially restored (Figures 8–9) although the exact colours should not be considered reliable.</p><p>In the final instar (Figure 8) the head is black, with an irregular pale band across the dorsal part of the face, breaking up into spots ventrally, extending to the posterior margin laterally and along the epicranial suture to the posterior margin. Pronotum black, with a broad whitish anterior margin. Body pale with variegated dark and yellow markings; black dorsal line, narrowly interrupted between segments A 1– A 8; immediately adjacent a pale subdorsal line and a variegated darker area lateral to this; dorsolaterally a broad yellow line, more or less continuous in the upper half, but in the lower half, interrupted by a large black rectangular marking in the anterior third of each segment, separated into an anterior black rectangle, a white bar and then a dark bar posterior to this, and three irregular dark vertical lines in the posterior two-thirds; these dark markings are heavier on T2–T3, almost continuous on T2; there is a broad, black bar across the anterior margin of the anal plate, which is otherwise pale; laterally the body is pale, darkly diffused on T1–T3; a white ventrolateral line; spiracles dark, positioned in lower part of white lateral area; legs black; prolegs pale.</p><p>Cock (2010b) reported the caterpillar descriptions of Fontaine (1988) in Zaire and R. Paré from Zimbabwe (in Pringle et al. 1994, Henning et al. 1997), expressing concern at the apparent differences between the two. Now in light of Figure 8, it can be seen that Paré’s ‘lemon yellow with black chequering’ provides a reasonably succinct description, while features reported by Fontaine are also recognisable: a thin black longitudinal dorsal line edged on each side by a yellowish line; on each segment, a lateral pair of square blackish spots; thin, yellow, longitudinal spiracle line, bordered on the dorsal side with a wider, dark band; head and legs scaly black; prolegs yellowish. However, Fontaine’s reference to the upper surface covered with a very fine brownish down, and the dorsal region varies from brown-red to brown-grey are not clear. Nevertheless, we conclude that both published descriptions apply reasonably well to what we report here.</p><p>The image of the pupa (Figure 9) is less satisfactory. It is pale with dark speckling which is quite heavy in some areas; the short, blunt frontal spike, T1 spiracles and posterior margin of T3 are dark; there are paler dorsal and dorsolateral lines on the abdomen. It is not clear to what extent the pupa is covered with a layer of white wax. Fontaine (1988) reported the pupa as having black veins on the wings, but these are not visible in Figure 9.</p><p>In Cock (2010b) it was noted that apart from C. libeon, all species of Coeliades and Pyrriades for which food plants have been reported include at least one record from a species of Malpighiaceae . This record of C. libeon from Flabellaria is therefore significant. However, the generalisation is still not complete as C. ramanatek is now reported from Cannabaceae only (above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB09FF8EFF1DB6BCCE2BFCBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB3C6CCACFBBA.text	DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB3C6CCACFBBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coeliades forestan subsp. forestan	<div><p>Coeliades forestan forestan (Stoll, [1782])</p><p>Otto et al. (2013) add a record of Combretum microphyllum (Combretaceae) as a food plant from the Kruger National Park area, South Africa, and illustrate a caterpillar with a heavily marked head and its shelter (cf. Cock 2010b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB3C6CCACFBBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB504C976F8F5.text	DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB504C976F8F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tagiades insularis subsp. insularis insularis Mabille 1876	<div><p>Tagiades insularis insularis Mabille, 1876</p><p>The ABRI team reared this Madagascan subspecies from Maroantsetra (Cap Masoala) from a Discorea sp. ( Dioscoreaceae) in April 2016, and more recently TCEC reared it in December 2009 and SCC and TCEC in April 2013 from the same or a different Dioscorea sp. at Tsaranoro Valley, southern Madagascar (Figure 10). There are currently 30 endemic, three non-endemic and two introduced species of Dioscorea recognised from Madagascar (Madagascar Catalogue 2013).</p><p>The final instar caterpillar of T. i. insularis (Figure 11) is very similar to that of T. flesus (Fabricius) (Henning et al. 1997, p. 65; Cock &amp; Congdon 2011a, Figure 21). The head of the Madagascan T. i. insularis is slightly darker in colour and the apices more acutely angled, while the body appears more intensely coloured. However, without more information on individual variation, it would be premature to assume this was significant.</p><p>The pupa is very similar to that of T. flesus (Henning et al. 1997, p. 65; Cock &amp; Congdon (2011a, Figure 22), and immediately recognisable as a Tagiades sp. The pupa of T. i. insularis is darker brown, the shape of the brown wing markings differ, the distal half of the antenna is shining white in T. flesus, and light brown in T. i. insularis, and the shining white area on the ventral abdomen is much more extensive in T. flesus . However, as for the caterpillar, without examining more material, it cannot be suggested that these differences are significant.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB07FF8EFF1DB504C976F8F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB07FF8FFF1DB79ECD95FF1E.text	DB357E4FAB07FF8FFF1DB79ECD95FF1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tagiades insularis subsp. grandis Evans 1937	<div><p>Tagiades insularis grandis Evans, 1937</p><p>I. Bampton reared this subspecies from a pupa collected on Dioscorea sp., Grande Comoro Island, 10 Jan 2010.</p><p>The emerged pupa is similar to that of T. i. insularis (Figure 12), but the white markings on the wings are less developed in this individual.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB07FF8FFF1DB79ECD95FF1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB05FF8CFF1DB66FCEB5F8CC.text	DB357E4FAB05FF8CFF1DB66FCEB5F8CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucochitonea levubu Wallengren 1857	<div><p>Leucochitonea levubu Wallengren, 1857</p><p>Otto et al. (2013) reared this species from Grewia baillonii (= G. bicolor) and G. monticola (Malvaceae) in The Kruger National Park area, South Africa, and illustrate the ovum and young caterpillar. The former is covered with yellow scales in a similar way to those of Abantis spp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB05FF8CFF1DB66FCEB5F8CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB05FF8AFF1DB754C918FE3E.text	DB357E4FAB05FF8AFF1DB754C918FE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abantis bamptoni Collins & Larsen 1994	<div><p>Abantis bamptoni Collins &amp; Larsen, 1994</p><p>TCEC made additional observations on the shelters of Abantis bamptoni on Uapaca kirkiana (Phyllanthaceae) in Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, Zambia, in January 2014 (Figures 13–14). Observations were made on the first two shelters of one individual (Figure 13). The whole leaf in situ in Figure 13.1 shows the site of the first leaf shelter, and the second leaf shelter. Figure 13.2 is an enlargement of the first shelter and surrounding area, with feeding damage mostly to the leaf surface areas, seldom perforating the leaf. The hatched ovum can be seen, adjacent to the hole where the shelter lid was cut out, and it appears that the shelter covered the small patch of surface feeding to the right of the cut portion, as there is evidence of silking over that area. Since the priority of the neonate caterpillar would be to make its leaf shelter, we suggest that the first feeding thereafter was on the floor of the shelter. The flap of the shelter is missing; this suggests the flap may have been detached by the caterpillar, since normally when a the first shelter is unoccupied due to the death of the caterpillar, the flap remains attached for a long time, and it can be quite hard to open it for examination.</p><p>Figure 13.3 is an enlargement of the freshly cut second shelter, which contained a second instar caterpillar. The edges of the cut are still green, as is the chewed material round the edge of the cut. Note that the caterpillar did not eat the chewed material. During shelter construction, the caterpillar is exposed and vulnerable to predators and weather; hence speed of shelter construction is the priority, and eating and digesting the material cut to make the shelter would have delayed completion. At this stage the flap has not been secured to the leaf surface, but already a tuck can be seen near the top of the flap in the figure. To make this, the caterpillar eats from the leaf upper surface (of the flap within the shelter) to weaken the underside of the roof so that it is easy to pull together with silk. It does not actually cut through the flap. Figure 13.4 is of the same shelter a day later. The flap has been secured to the leaf surface, and the lid on each side of the notch pulled together with silk (Figure 13.5) to form the entrance, and making the underside of the lid concave to form the shelter. The surface of the cut and the chewed material are now dry and brown, as is the flap itself.</p><p>The final shelter shown in situ in Figure 14 was also documented on the same occasion. Figure 14.1 shows the shelter in details and Figure 14.2 shows the whole leaf. A more or less bell shaped flap was cut from the leaf margin, across one major vein and hinged on a second main vein. The bell-shaped flap was then swivelled underneath the distal part of the leaf held with silk. Silk threads seem to have been used to make both surfaces arched, creating a pocket between them. There is a deep notch in the flap cut across the base of cut main vein, and at the internal end of this, silk has been used to pull the sides together, contributing to the arching of the flap.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB05FF8AFF1DB754C918FE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB4A3C89BFAE4.text	DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB4A3C89BFAE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abantis tettensis Hopffer 1855	<div><p>Abantis tettensis Hopffer 1855</p><p>Cock &amp; Congdon (2011a) give several food plant records of Grewia spp. ( Malvaceae) from the literature. Otto et al. (2013) add two more from the Kruger National Park area: Grewia flavescens and G. hexamita .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB4A3C89BFAE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB58CC8B6F916.text	DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB58CC8B6F916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celaenorrhinus	<div><p>Celaenorrhinus group</p><p>Our treatment of this group as Celaenorrhinus spp. (Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b) needs to be revisited in light of the detailed work of Libert (2014) on this genus, which resulted in the recognition of four genera: Celaenorrhinus Hübner, Apallaga Strand, Scopulifera Libert and Bettonula Libert. Life histories have not been documented for any species of Scopulifera and Bettonula as yet. Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b) pointed out that the limited number of pupae known for this group can be divided into those that are brown with cephalic horns, and those that are green with only a trace of a frontal protuberance; the former correspond with Celaenorrhinus spp. and the latter with Apallaga spp. We also noted that the pupa of A. mokeezi (Wallengren) differs from other green pupae in that it is covered with white powder; A. mokeezi comprises a monophyletic clade within the genus Apallaga .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB58CC8B6F916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB73ECF99F812.text	DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB73ECF99F812.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celaenorrhinus Hubner	<div><p>Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]</p><p>Celaenorrhinus larseni Libert is the new name for the species we treated as Celaenorrhinus undescribed nr. dargei Berger (Libert 2014). However, as Libert (2014) points out Figure 3.1 in Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b) as C. undescribed nr. dargei is probably a female C. proxima proxima (Mabille) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB03FF8AFF1DB73ECF99F812	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48.text	DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apallaga Strand 1911	<div><p>Apallaga Strand, 1911</p><p>Libert (2014) re-established the genus Apallaga Strand, with type species A. mokeezi, for a monophyletic group based on barcodes that includes the species with orange markings as well some black and white species of similar biology, but proved far more complex and species-rich than previous treatments (Evans 1937, Ackery et al. 1995). Libert (2014) recognised 12 clades within Apallaga, of which we have reared representatives of the galenus clade ( A. opalinus (Butler), A. kakamegae Libert, A. biseriata (Butler)) and kimboza clade ( A. sanjeensis Kielland) only. In Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b, Figure 34) we illustrated an adult as Celaenorrhinus intermixtus evansi Berger. Based on Libert (2014) this is A. lourentis (de Jong), but we note that Libert’s A. lourentis has an identical barcode to his A. evansi (Berger) (barcodes in BOLD), suggesting that A. lourentis will prove to be a synonym or subspecies of A. evansi .</p><p>Libert (2014) illustrates four caterpillars and three pupae of the galenus clade from TCEC’s work in Tanzania (Table 1). We have associated these with their corresponding caterpillars, pupae and, where possible, adults (Figures 15–17), and clarified some identifications.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A.text	DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apallaga opalinus (Butler 1900)	<div><p>Apallaga opalinus (Butler, 1900) and A. kakamegae Libert, 2014</p><p>Apallaga opalinus was described from Kikuyu in the Central Highlands of Kenya (Butler 1900), and is found in southern Sudan, eastern Uganda, western Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and western Tanzania (Libert 2014). It is the only species of the genus to occur in the Central Highlands of Kenya, but in the western part of the country it overlaps with the very similar A. kakamegae— as well as A. lourentis (which Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b) referred to as A. intermixtus evansi) which we have not reared. Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b, pp. 23–28, Figures 20 –26) described and illustrated the life history of ‘ C. galenus opalinus ’. Based on Libert (2014), the material reared is now considered to be a mixture of A. opalinus and A. kakamegae: four males and five females of A. opalinus collected on Hypoestes aristata (Acanthaceae) from around Nairobi, a male and three females of A. opalinus from Kadera God Forest (Kisii District) on Justicia flava (Acanthaceae), and from Kakamega Forest on J. flava a pair of A. opalinus and a single male of A. kakamegae (90/68). This last individual was reared from a very small larva found on Justicia flava, and although detailed records were not kept, the final instar was photographed (Figure 19). The treatment of A. opalinus in Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b) is based on material of A. opalinus only except that Figure 24.2 shows the head of a final instar caterpillar of A. kakamegae . Here we show the final instar caterpillars of A. opalinus (Figure 18) and A. kakamegae (Figure 19); when individual variation of A. opalinus is taken into consideration, they show no distinguishing features. The early stages of both are found on J. flava in Kakamega Forest and cannot be separated on morphology, colour or markings.</p><p>Given that these two species have indistinguishable early stages and are found on the same food plants in the same area, that there are no observations regarding differences in behaviour which might lead to segregated mate location (e.g. differences in adult activity with regard to season, habitat, height above ground or time of day), and the adult differences are based primarily on the bimodal distribution of a ratio for one spot size, it is justified to ask, are these two valid species or two interbreeding forms of one species?</p><p>One source of guidance in similar situations has been to compare their barcodes (e.g. Janzen et al. 2009, 2011). Libert (2014) states that barcodes are of little use to interpret the galenus clade. Nevertheless we compared his barcodes in BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/) for these two species from Kakamega Forest: MLIB-0033, MLIB-0034, MLIB-0044, and MLIB-0046 for A. opalinus and MLIB-0039 and MLIB-0043 for A. kakamegae . We found that the two species in Kakamega Forest have identical or almost identical barcodes, which strongly suggests that they are an interbreeding population. Furthermore, specimens of A. rwandae Libert from Rwanda (MLIB-0045 and MLIB-0407) also have barcodes almost identical to those of A. opalinus and A. kakamegae from Kakamega Forest. Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) have been introduced to provide a permanent numbering system for barcode clusters which in a high percentage of cases correspond to known taxonomic species and can also help flag species complexes or clusters needing taxonomic research (Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2013, Miller et al. 2016). They provide a useful surrogate for species in ecological diversity estimates but there are many known cases of BIN sharing between apparently good morphological species and different BINs representing deep splits where no morphological differences have been found (e.g. Hausmann et al. 2013, Zahiri et al. 2017).</p><p>These specimens from Kakamega Forest and Rwanda have a single BIN: BOLD:ACE5474, and appear to represent one species based purely on their barcodes. However, barcoded individuals of all three species from other regions have barcodes that match other species, often those co-occurring in those locations. Accordingly, it might not be wise to assume that A. opalinus from east of the Rift Valley (type locality Kikuyu), for which no barcodes are available, has identical barcodes to the material barcoded from west of the Rift Valley. Libert (2014) was aware of these types of problems with the barcodes of the galenus clade and considered many uninterpretable when presenting his conclusions based on wing markings and male genitalia. The galenus glade will require further work to clarify what is going on in terms of population dynamics and speciation to reconcile with the barcode patterns. In the meantime, the situation in Kakamega Forest could be made clearer for A. opalinus and A. kakamegae, by (1) the documentation of mating pairs, (2) rearing broods from individual females to see if they breed true or can produce both species, and (3) crossing the two species and documenting the progeny.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE.text	DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apallaga biseriata subsp. maculata (Hampson 1891)	<div><p>Apallaga biseriata maculata (Hampson, 1891)</p><p>As we anticipated (Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b), A. biseriata (Butler) is a valid species rather than a subspecies of A. galenus (Fabricius) . The population from eastern Kenya which we treated as C. galenus biseriata (Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b, pp. 28–32, Figures 27–30) is now treated as A. biseriata maculata (Hampson), which was described from the Sabaki River, eastern Kenya (Hampson 1891), and occurs from southern Kenya to Zimbabwe (Libert 2014). Celaenorrhinus handmani Collins &amp; Congdon which we treated as a valid species (Cock &amp; Congdon 2011b, pp. 32–34, Figures 31–33) is considered a synonym of A. biseriata maculata (Libert 2014) . We collected both populations from Hypoestes forskaolii (Acanthaceae) and saw no diagnostic differences between the early stages. However, when the barcodes for this material are examined, it is not so clear-cut, as individuals named as A. biseriata maculata can be found within several different barcode clusters, including BINs BOLD:ABY8703, BOLD:AAQ3589, BOLD:ACE5675, BOLD:ACE3207 and BOLD:ABY8700 (BINs are hereafter referred to by the last seven characters), mostly in isolation, but in one case alongside individuals of other species with identical barcodes. We note in particular that specimens from Mufindi, Tanzania, the type locality of C. handmani are placed in a separate BIN (ACE3207) together with two specimens from Ethiopia which appear to be a different species with the same barcode. The bulk of Tanzanian specimens form a separate compact cluster (ABY8703 from Kimboza, Kihansi, Rondo Plateau, Rubeho, Rondo and the Shimba Hills, Kenya). TCEC’s observations on A. handmani and A. biseriatus maculatus indicate allopatric populations at different elevations. Apallaga biseriatus maculatus occurs at lower elevations and seems to occur no higher than at 1800m in the Chyulu Hills (Van Someren 1939). Apallaga handmani is a moderate to high elevation species, so their ranges do not overlap. Apallaga handmani was thought to occur as low as 1450m on Mt. Mabu in Mozambique (at that latitude, the elevation is equivalent to 1800m or more at the equator), but this population comes out as a different BIN (ACE5675) so there may be additional allopatric diversity here. Again, more work is needed to understand this situation and reconcile taxonomy with barcode patterns (cf. A. opalinus and A. kakamegae above). However, we think the barcode difference justifies reinstating C. handmani stat. rev. as a good species, although not all the type series of A. handmani are likely to represent this species rather than previously unrecognised, very similar but genetically distinct, allopatric species, such as the population from Mozambique mentioned above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1FFF97FF1DB4FBC8A8FEAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB1B7C892FB54.text	DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB1B7C892FB54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hesperiinae Latreille 1809	<div><p>Hesperiinae, Baorini</p><p>Fan et al. (2016) used multiple gene sequences to clarify the phylogeny of Baorini, which they confirmed to be monophyletic. Based on eight species of Borbo Evans, 1949 included in their analysis, they found Borbo to be polyphyletic and accordingly validated the genus Pseudoborbo Lee for the Asian P. bevani (Moore) and attempted to establish a new genus, Larsenia Chiba, Fan &amp; Sáfián to accommodate B. gemella (Mabille), B. perobscura (Druce) and B. holtzi (Plötz) . Unfortunately, Larsenia is an invalid homonym as the name is preoccupied by Larsenia Warén, a genus of marine gastropod molluscs, so the Baorini genus will need to be renamed. Further work will also be needed to allocate the remaining species of Borbo to their correct genera. Of the three Borbo species that we reared (Cock &amp; Congdon 2012), B. borbonica (Boisduval) and B. fatuellus (Hopffer) remain in the genus Borbo, but B. lugens (Hopffer) was not treated by Fan et al. (2016). Based on the caterpillars, we consider B. fatuellus and B. lugens to be closely related, but the caterpillar of B. borbonica (the type species of Borbo) is more similar to that of Afrogegenes letterstedti (Wallengren) (= niso Linnaeus auct.). De Jong &amp; Coutsis (2017) described Afrogegenes for three species previously placed in Gegenes: A. letterstedti, A. hottentota (Latreille) and A. ocra (Evans) . Although Fan et al. (2016) include G. nostrodamas (Fabricius) in their analysis, unfortunately they do not include any Afrogegenes spp. Based on the caterpillars, Afrogegenes may be closer to Borbo than to Gegenes . More rearing and more genetic analysis will be needed to take this further.</p><p>Cock &amp; Congdon (2012) overlooked the observation by Sevastopulo (1964) that B. borbonica can be attracted to light by night. In our experience, crepuscular species may be attracted to light at dusk or dawn. In addition, many species of Hesperiidae (and other butterfly families) are rarely attracted to lights by night, but we attribute this to individuals being disturbed and taking flight at night rather than true nocturnal behaviour.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB1B7C892FB54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB703CEFCF8A0.text	DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB703CEFCF8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hesperiinae Latreille 1809	<div><p>Hesperiinae, incertae sedis</p><p>The taxa for this group are treated alphabetically.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB703CEFCF8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB4FCCF49FA75.text	DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB4FCCF49FA75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius, 1798)</p><p>TCEC reared Pelopidas mathias from Panicum maximum (referred to as Megathyrsus maximus in Cock &amp; Congdon (2012)) (Poaceae) at Ranomafana, Madagascar, in March 2013. The caterpillar and pupa are within the range of individual variation already reported from this and other grass food plants in mainland Africa (Cock &amp; Congdon 2012) and so are not documented further here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB4FCCF49FA75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB61ECEE8F973.text	DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB61ECEE8F973.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelopidas thrax	<div><p>Pelopidas thrax (Hübner, [1821])</p><p>Cock (2010a) and Cock &amp; Congdon (2012) considered many food plant records of P. thrax to be unreliable. Otto et al.’s (2013) rearing from Panicum maximum (Poaceae) in the Kruger National Park area, South Africa, is a further reliable grass food plant record for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1EFF97FF1DB61ECEE8F973	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB097CF24FED0.text	DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB097CF24FED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parosmodes morantii subsp. morantii (Trimen 1873) Trimen 1873	<div><p>Parosmodes morantii morantii (Trimen, 1873)</p><p>Otto et al. (2013) record a further Combretum sp. ( Combretaceae) food plant: C. mossambicense in the Kruger National Park area of South Africa (cf. Cock &amp; Congdon 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB097CF24FED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB161CE3FFDDD.text	DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB161CE3FFDDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platylesches morigambia Larsen 2013	<div><p>Platylesches morigambia Larsen, 2013</p><p>The species which Cock &amp; Congdon (2013) treated as Platylesches sp. moritili group has been named as P. morigambia Larsen (2013) . The voucher adults illustrated by Cock &amp; Congdon (2013, Figure 69) are the paratypes from Côte d’Ivoire listed by Larsen (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB161CE3FFDDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB266CCADFB9E.text	DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB266CCADFB9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platylesches panga Evans 1937	<div><p>Platylesches panga Evans, 1937</p><p>In 2013, Torben Larsen identified a specimen of this species from amongst TCEC’s reared material of P. shona Evans in ABRI. It was collected as a caterpillar on Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae) in the Mutinondo Wilderness, eastern Zambia. Fortunately, TCEC took a photo of the head of the final instar caterpillar (Figure 20.1–2), but no other details were recorded. This image was included as Platylesches shona in Cock &amp; Congdon (2013, Figure 83.5), and the two species are clearly very similar. The head of P. panga seems to be shinier (which may not be significant) and the variegated markings are slightly more contrasting. Further rearing will be necessary to clarify the differences between these two species. However, although almost all reared specimens are P. shona, because the early stages of the two species are so similar and were not previously distinguished, we cannot rule out the possibility that other images in Figure 83 of Cock &amp; Congdon (2013) represent P. panga, e.g. Figures 82.3 and 82.3 were taken on the same day as the caterpillar of P. panga, and may well be the same individual. Further rearing and documentation will be needed now to clarify differences between these two species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB266CCADFB9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB6F2C8E2F84A.text	DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB6F2C8E2F84A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platylesches picanini (Holland 1894) Holland 1894	<div><p>Platylesches picanini (Holland, 1894)</p><p>TCEC observed one oviposition on Parinari excelsa (Chrysobalanaceae) growing commonly in riverine forest immediately under Mulanje Mountain, Malawi, but was unable to reach the oviposition site.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1DFF94FF1DB6F2C8E2F84A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB097CD6AFE04.text	DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB097CD6AFE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platylesches rasta Evans 1937	<div><p>Platylesches rasta Evans, 1937</p><p>SCC identified a specimen of P. rasta amongst adults of P. moritili (Wallengren) f. delta (Cock &amp; Congdon 2013) that TCEC reared from Parinari curatellifolia from ‘Mulanje Pond’, under Mlanje Mountain, Malawi, an area of rough scrub near the murram road to Mount Zion from Mulanje town. At the time it was assumed to be a lightly marked individual of Platylesches moritili f. delta and it was only by chance that this individual was photographed (Figure 20.3). The caterpillar must have been a tube maker (Cock &amp; Congdon 2013, Figure 70) and the pupa must have been plain white (Cock &amp; Congdon 2013, Figure 76.4) or they would have been noticed as different and documented.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB097CD6AFE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB22DCD52FD25.text	DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB22DCD52FD25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosopalpus styla Evans. The 1937	<div><p>Prosopalpus styla Evans, 1937</p><p>Congdon &amp; Collins (1998) and Cock &amp; Congdon (2014) report that TCEC observed P. styla oviposit on an unidentified grass. Here we present an image of the ovum (Figure 21) following manipulation of a scan of the original transparency. It appears to have about 35 well marked granular ribs, some of which stop well short of the micropyle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB1CFF95FF1DB22DCD52FD25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Collins, Steve C.	Collins, Steve C. (2017): Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 471-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4
