identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D417CA60F57CFF996785E3329061FF6E.text	D417CA60F57CFF996785E3329061FF6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thryonomys FITZINGER 1867	<div><p>GENUS THRYONOMYS FITZINGER, 1867</p> <p>Type species: Thryonomys swinderianus (Temninck, 1827)</p> <p>Synonym: Aulacodus Temninck, 1827; Triaulacodus Lydekker, 1896; Choeromys Thomas, 1922</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57CFF996785E3329061FF6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57CFF986430E15F9706FEA0.text	D417CA60F57CFF986430E15F9706FEA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thryonomys gregorianus (Thomas 1894)	<div><p>THRYONOMYS GREGORIANUS (THOMAS, 1894)</p> <p>Misonne (1971: 7) and Woods (1993: 775) have provided a short revision of extant species of thryonomyids. They concluded that only two species exist at present: T. swinderianus (Fig. 2) and T. gregorianus. This is widely acknowledged by mammalogists so we shall not reconsider the synonymies of the species listed by Misonne (1971: 7) and Woods (1993: 775), which appear very reasonable and are beyond the scope of this paper.</p> <p>Thryonomys swinderianus (greater cane rat) is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, exclusive of the arid horn of the continent and much of its south-western part. Thryonomys swinderianus is a semiaquatic dweller of marshy areas and reedbeds. Thryonomys gregorianus (lesser cane rat) occurs approximately from Cameroon to western Ethiopia and south to Zimbabwe. It inhabits drier ground in moist savannahs (see, e.g. Nowak, 1999; Jenkins, 2001).</p> <p>Remains of T. swinderianus and T. gregorianus have been found in a number of Pleistocene to recent sites across Africa (see, e.g., Dietrich, 1948; Monod, 1970; Wesselman, 1984:174, and Peters, 1990).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57CFF986430E15F9706FEA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57DFF9864ECE1C49003FD82.text	D417CA60F57DFF9864ECE1C49003FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys ANDREWS 1914	<div><p>GENUS PARAPHIOMYS ANDREWS, 1914</p> <p>Type species: Paraphiomys pigotti Andrews, 1914</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57DFF9864ECE1C49003FD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57DFF9864E3E25B9169FA7C.text	D417CA60F57DFF9864E3E25B9169FA7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys pigotti Andrews 1914	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS PIGOTTI ANDREWS, 1914</p> <p>This species (Fig. 3C) was described and illustrated by Andrews (1914: 177–178) based on a fragmentary left mandible with p4-m2 from the Lower Miocene Bed 24 at Kachuku, Karungu area, Kenya (Andrews, 1914: 177) currently housed in the Natural History Museum (London). This taxon has also been recorded from the Lower Miocene of Rusinga (Lavocat, 1973) Gumba (Pickford, 1981), and Moruorot (Madden, 1972; Pickford, 1981), Kenya. It is known besides from the Lower Miocene of Uganda in the Napak area (Pickford, 1981; Winkler &amp; Downs, 2002) and Bukwa (Pickford, 1981). Its presence is mentioned not only in the Middle Miocene of Kenya at Fort Ternan (Shipman et al., 1981: 67), but also at the (?) early Middle Miocene site of Kirimon (Pickford, 1981).</p> <p>Paraphiomys pigotti is clearly distinct from all other Thryonomyidae. It has the metalophulid II on the lower molars, contrary to the condition in Gaudeamus aegyptius, Neosciuromys africanus, Apodecter stromeri, Kochalia geespei, Paraulacodus johanesi, Paraulacodus indicus, Paraphiomys orangeus, P. renelavocati sp. nov., P. roessneri, P. australis, P. shipmani and P. afarensis. Furthermore, P. pigotti differs from P. occidentalis in having a metaloph on the upper molars and from P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, and Epiphiomys coryndoni, in being much larger. Paraphiomys pigotti differs from Sacaresia moyaeponsi in having a mesoloph in the upper molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57DFF9864E3E25B9169FA7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57DFF986660E3D29751F90F.text	D417CA60F57DFF986660E3D29751F90F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thryonomys arkelli	<div><p>THRYONOMYS ARKELLI BATE, 1947</p> <p>Thryonomys arkelli is a species coined by Bate (1947) for poor material from a Mesolithic site in Khartoum (Sudan). Monod (1970) discussed the assumed differences between T. arkelli and T. swinderianus according to Bate (1947). He established that these distinctions are of problematical interpretation, difficult to use, of doubtful diagnostic value and even contestable. It is, for example, impossible to assure that the more lengthened muzzle of T. arkelli, in comparison with that of T. swinderianus, is a character that would remain diagnostic if more material were to become available. Despite these inconveniences, Monod (1970: 548) concluded that it is more prudent to consider, at least provisionally, T. arkelli a valid species. We disagree with that conclusion based on pertinent observations because (1) T. swinderianus is a species showing high morphological variability and (2) T. arkelli is recorded so far on the basis of poor material of subadult condition. We judge that the latter species does not deserve recognition as a taxon distinct from the former until further material provides incontrovertible evidence to the contrary.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57DFF986660E3D29751F90F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57DFF9867DFE1799754FC0D.text	D417CA60F57DFF9867DFE1799754FC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thryonomys logani	<div><p>THRYONOMYS LOGANI ROMER ET NESBITT, 1930</p> <p>Romer &amp; Nesbitt (1930) used a nearly complete skull and skeleton of an adult individual, and an incomplete skull and palate of a young individual, both from a Neolithic site in central Sahara (Algeria), to coin the species Thryonomys logani. Unfortunately, these authors could only compare this material with a skull and a skeleton of T. swinderianus (Romer &amp; Nesbitt, 1930: 688). Subsequent studies and more exhaustive comparisons of the specimens of T. logani with T. swinderianus have revealed that the former is a junior synonym of the latter (Monod, 1970: 547). This synonymy has been accepted by Misonne (1971) and by the present authors. The differences between T. logani and T. swinderianus found by Romer &amp; Nesbitt (1930) are definitely a consequence of the paucity of comparative material available to them.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57DFF9867DFE1799754FC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F57DFF9D6402E615958AFF6F.text	D417CA60F57DFF9D6402E615958AFF6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys occidentalis	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS OCCIDENTALIS LAVOCAT, 1961</p> <p>This species (Fig. 4N) has been reported from two Middle Miocene sites of Morocco: Beni-Mellal (Lavocat, 1961: 45; Jaeger, 1977: 121) and Azdal (Benammi et al., 1995). Limited material of P. occidentalis is known to date. The type (UM Ben. Mel. 340) is a right fragmentary maxilla with P4-M1 (Lavocat, 1961: pl. 4, fig. 1) from Beni-Mellal and the cotype (UM Ben. Mel. 667) consists of a right m2. The Moroccan site of Azdal has yielded a single right mandibular ramus of P. occidentalis (Benammi et al., 1995). Lavocat (1961:</p> <p>H</p> <p>B</p> <p>D</p> <p>E</p> <p>G</p> <p>I</p> <p>J K</p> <p>45–46) distinguished this taxon from P. pigotti by the presence in the former of a vestigial mesolophid (metalophulid II). According to Wood (1968), the metalophulid II is very short and vestigial in both forms and therefore this taxon should be considered a junior synonym of P. pigotti. However, according to Lavocat (1973: 39, 45) the upper teeth are very different from those of P. pigotti because of the absence of a metaloph. We agree with Lavocat (1973) in considering P. occidentalis a valid taxon.</p> <p>Paraphiomys occidentalis is much larger than nearly all thryonomyids, except for Neosciuromys africanus, P. simonsi and P. pigotti. Paraphiomys occidentalis is distinct from Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi in having a metalophulid II on the lower molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F57DFF9D6402E615958AFF6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F578FF9D67B3E4C49686FE81.text	D417CA60F578FF9D67B3E4C49686FE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys hopwoodi	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS HOPWOODI LAVOCAT, 1973</p> <p>As explained below, this taxon was originally established at the subspecies rank. Its morphological characteristics suggest that it is better considered as a distinct species.</p> <p>The holotype of P. hopwoodi (Lavocat, 1973: 44) is a left mandibular fragment (KNM SO 627) with d4-m2 and an erupting m3 from the Lower Miocene of Songhor. There are many differences between P. hopwoodi and Gaudeamus aegyptius, Neosciuromys africanus, Apodecter stromeri, Kochalia geespei, Paraulacodus johanesi, Paraulacodus indicus, Paraphiomys renelavocati sp. nov., P. orangeus, P. simonsi, P. roessneri, P. australis, P. shipmani and P. afarensis. One of these is the presence of the metalophulid II on the lower molars of the former. Paraphiomys hopwoodi differs from Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia in being larger, having the upper molars less antero-posteriorly compressed and in showing a less labially displaced hypocone. Paraphiomys hopwoodi is distinct from P. occidentalis and P. pigotti in being much smaller. It differs from Epiphiomys coryndoni, e.g. in having the metalophid II much less developed, and from Sacaresia moyaeponsi in having an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F578FF9D67B3E4C49686FE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F578FF9C6440E58F9442FD30.text	D417CA60F578FF9C6440E58F9442FD30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys roessneri	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS ROESSNERI MEIN, PICKFORD ET SENUT,</p> <p>2000</p> <p>In a preliminary study of the late Miocene micromammals from the Harasib deposits of Namibia, Senut et al. (1992: 730) mentioned cf. Apodecter. A subsequent detailed study of the material, which consists of 399 complete isolated teeth, has shown that it represents a new species that Mein, Pickford &amp; Senut (2000) named P. roessneri (Fig. 3D, E). The holotype is an upper left molar (GSW Ari 2). Paraphiomys roessneri differs most importantly from Kochalia geespei in the absence of dental replacement, in lacking a welldeveloped anteroconid, and in having a, generally complete, metaloph. Paraphiomys roessneri is different from P. shipmani in being larger and in lacking the prominent labial cuspid on the lower molars. Paraphiomys roessneri mainly differs from Apodecter stromeri in having the m3 less reduced and the cheek teeth appreciably longer than wide (whereas in Apodecter stromeri they are relatively broad). Paraphiomys roessneri is distinct from P. renelavocati sp. nov. in having the anterolabial cingulum of the p4 less developed than in the latter, in having higher crowned teeth, and in the absence of a mesoloph in the P4 and M1. Paraphiomys roessneri differs from P. orangeus in lacking mesoloph in the P4 and M1. Paraphiomys roessneri is distinct from P. hopwoodi and from Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia mainly in lacking metalophulid II on the lower molars. One difference of P. roessneri from Neosciuromys africanus, P. occidentalis, P. pigotti and P. simonsi is its much smaller size.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F578FF9C6440E58F9442FD30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F578FF9D645BE15E912AFADF.text	D417CA60F578FF9D645BE15E912AFADF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys shipmani	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS SHIPMANI DENYS ET JAEGER, 1992</p> <p>This species (Fig. 3I) was described and illustrated by Denys &amp; Jaeger (1992: 77) based on five mandibular rami from the Middle Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya. The holotype (KNM FT 3305) is a right mandible with d4-m3. Unfortunately, no upper tooth of this taxon has been found to date. Paraphiomys shipmani mainly differs from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in the absence of metalophulid II in the lower molars. It is distinct from Kochalia geespei in its larger m3 without metaconid hook and with a very small hypoconulid (Denys &amp; Jaeger, 1992). Paraphiomys shipmani is clearly smaller and less hypsodont than Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi. Despite the fact that it is morphologically very close to P. renelavocati sp. nov. and to Apodecter stromeri, it differs from these in size. One of the differences between P. shipmani and P. orangeus is the absence of anteroconid on the p4 of the former. Paraphiomys shipmani is smaller than P. roessneri and P. australis, and it shows on the lower molars a prominent labial anteroconid, missing in the latter species. The basic morphology of the lower molars of P. shipmani is similar to that of the lower molars of P. afarensis. However, the former is smaller and it shows the hypolophid more posteriorly directed. Paraphiomys shipmani differs from the two species of Paraulacodus primarily in being smaller and having the hypolophid posteriorly directed. Additionally, it is distinct from Paraulacodus johanesi in having a very low antero-external cingular cusp that is not connected to the protoconid.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F578FF9D645BE15E912AFADF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F578FF9D6794E13B958AFB02.text	D417CA60F578FF9D6794E13B958AFB02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys simonsi	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS SIMONSI WOOD, 1968</p> <p>Synonymy: Neosciuromys simonsi (Wood, 1968).</p> <p>The holotype and single published specimen of this species (CGM 26908, Fig. 4E) is a badly damaged lower jaw with d4-m3 and the incisor. It comes from the Oligocene Jebel el Qatrani Formation at ‘Yale Quarry I’, Fayum Province, Egypt (Wood, 1968). The casts of three unpublished specimens, a fragment of maxilla with P4-M2 (CGM 80-17) and two mandibular fragments, one of them with d4-m2 (CGM 40428) and the other with m1-m2 (CGM 40478) are available in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris). CGM 80-17 shows that the upper molars of this species have a three-lophed morphology. According to Patterson &amp; Wood (1982: 520), this species should be included in the genus Neosciuromys because of the high hypsodonty, the simplification of the occlusal pattern, and the large size of the m2 and m3. However, according to the cladistic analysis conducted below, the high hypsodonty of Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi is homoplastic. Paraphiomys simonsi is much bigger than all other extinct species of thryonomyids, except Neosciuromys africanus, P. occidentalis and P. pigotti. It differs from P. occidentalis and P. pigotti in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars and from Neosciuromys africanus in the absence of the mesoloph in the upper molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F578FF9D6794E13B958AFB02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F579FF9C67B9E6FD90F2FAF1.text	D417CA60F579FF9C67B9E6FD90F2FAF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys afarensis	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS AFARENSIS GERAADS, 2001</p> <p>Geraads (1998: 210) based the new species P. choronensis on two upper molars, two fragmentary upper molars, five fragmentary mandibles, some isolated lower molars, and some incisors, all from the early Upper Miocene Ethiopian locality of Ch’orora (Geraads, Zeresenay &amp; Hervé, 2002). The holotype of this species is an upper molar (unnumbered) housed in the National Museum of Addis Ababa (Geraads, 1998: pl. 2, fig. 6). According to Geraads (1998), P. chororensis corresponds to Paraphiomys sp. 2 of Jaeger, Michaux &amp; Sabatier (1980: 371, fig. 3a, b). New material collected at Ch’orora has revealed that the holotype of P. chororensis is actually a P4 of Paraulacodus johanesi. Geraads (2001: 103) has coined the name P. afarensis to accommodate the remaining specimens of the hypodigme of P. chororensis (Fig. 4G, F). This species has been recently recorded from the Upper Miocene of the lower member of the Nawata Formation, Lothagam, Kenya (Winkler, 2003).</p> <p>The morphology of the lower teeth of P. afarensis is close to that of P. shipmani. However, P. shipmani is smaller and its hypolophid is slightly more posteriorly directed. Extrinsic differences such as geographical distribution and age substantiate their distinctiveness, which remains unquestioned to date. One of the differences between P. afarensis and the two species of Paraulacodus rests in the ungrooved upper incisor of the former. The three-lophed lower molars of P. afarensis clearly differ from the four-lophed lower cheek teeth of P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi. According to Geraads (1998: 210), P. afarensis retains the mesoloph in the upper molars, whereas this structure is absent in the Harasib species P. roessneri and P. australis. Paraphiomys afarensis mainly differs from Apodecter stromeri and P. renelavocati sp. nov. in having the m1 smaller than the m2 and in being more lophodont. It is distinct from Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi in being smaller and less hypsodont. Paraphiomys afarensis is larger than the Arrisdrift species P. orangeus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F579FF9C67B9E6FD90F2FAF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F579FF9C67FDE2E994ADF92C.text	D417CA60F579FF9C67FDE2E994ADF92C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys australis	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS AUSTRALIS MEIN, PICKFORD ET SENUT,</p> <p>2000</p> <p>In their preliminary study of the micromammals from the Upper Miocene Harasib deposits of Namibia, Senut et al. (1992) reported Ch’orora sp.2., which Mein et al. (2000) named P. australis on the basis of 317 isolated teeth and two maxillae (Fig. 3F, G). The holotype of this species (GSW Ari 13) is a right p4 (Mein et al., 2000: fig. 1, no. 13). This species differs from P. roessneri in being larger, in having a better developed anterolabial cingulum on the p4, and in having often accessory crest in the upper molars (Mein et al., 2000). This species clearly differs from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi, notably in the absence of metalophulid II on the lower molars. Paraphiomys australis is distinct from Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi in being much smaller and lower-crowned. Paraphiomys australis is larger than P. orangeus, P. renelavocati sp. nov., P. shipmani Apodecter stromeri and Kochalia geespei, and lacks the anterior cusp on the lower molars (present in the five latter taxa). One of the differences between P. australis and the two species of Paraulacodus is its lack of the anterolabial cusp on lower molars.</p> <p>According to Mein et al. (2000: 379), P. chororensis (renamed as P. afarensis) and P. australis are quite close. However, the taxa show some small differences, e.g. P. australis has the m2 smaller than the m1, the m3 shorter than the m2 and it lacks the anterolabial cusp on the lower molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F579FF9C67FDE2E994ADF92C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F579FF93645BE5AE979EFE04.text	D417CA60F579FF93645BE5AE979EFE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys orangeus Mein et Pickford	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS ORANGEUS MEIN ET PICKFORD, 2003</p> <p>This species has been reported from the Early Miocene (17.5–17 Myr old) Orange river deposit of Arrisdrift, Namibia (Mein &amp; Pickford, 2003: 153). The holotype, AD 408 ¢ 97, is a left mandible with i, p4-m3 (Mein &amp; Pickford, 2003: fig. 7). Paraphiomys orangeus differs from P. shipmani in having a tiny anteroconid on the p4. It is distinct from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi mainly in the absence of metalophulid II on the lower molars. Paraphiomys orangeus differs from Kochalia geespei in having the anterolabial cuspid of the lower molars less strong and the posterior part of the m3 much less reduced. It is distinct from P. renelavocati sp. nov. in having a transverse hypolophid on the p4. It is larger than Apodecter stromeri and P. shipmani, and smaller than Neosciuromys africanus, P. simonsi, P. pigotti, P. occidentalis, P. afarensis and the two species of Paraulacodus. One of the differences between P. orangeus and P. roessneri and P. australis is the presence of mesoloph on the P4 and M1 of the former.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F579FF93645BE5AE979EFE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F576FF936413E5B19189F9B9.text	D417CA60F576FF936413E5B19189F9B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neosciuromys STROMER 1922	<div><p>GENUS NEOSCIUROMYS STROMER, 1922</p> <p>Type species: Neosciuromys africanus Stromer, 1922</p> <p>Synonymy: Phthinylla Hopwood, 1929</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F576FF936413E5B19189F9B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F576FF9367DAE1C49447F8E4.text	D417CA60F576FF9367DAE1C49447F8E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys Antoñanzas & Sen & Mein 2004	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS SP. NOV. FROM SAUDI ARABIA</p> <p>(LÓPEZ- ANTOÑANZAS &amp; SEN, IN PRESS)</p> <p>The material of this species, which is currently housed in the MNHN, comes from the Early Miocene locality of As-Sarrar, Dam Formation, Saudi Arabia. Thomas et al. (1982: 129) provisionally assigned it to Paraphiomys sp. They briefly described this taxon as pentalophodont with well-developed mesolophs and mesolophids. Flynn, Jacobs &amp; Sen (1983) described and illustrated the right lower molar AS 8-1100, announcing on the basis of this the presence of a plesiomorphic thryonomyid in the As-Sarrar fauna. Later, Winkler (1992: 244) considered this taxon to be possibly new, at the species or even genus level. Finally, a detailed study of this thryonomyid material (López-Antoñanzas &amp; Sen, in press) has proved this species to be a new representative of the genus Paraphiomys. It will be referred to in the present work as Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia (Fig. 3J, K). Its holotype, AS 8-1100, is a right m1-m2 (López-Antoñanzas &amp; Sen, in press). The Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia has been also possibly recorded in the coeval Nari Formation in Pakistan (as ‘ Kochalia sp. ’ by de Bruijn &amp; Hussain, 1985). In addition, the Early Miocene thryonomyid material from Jebel Zelten (Libya) described by Wessels et al. (2003) is very close in morphology and size to Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia and therefore could belong to this species.</p> <p>Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, differs from Gaudeamus aegyptius, Neosciuromys africanus, Apodecter stromeri, P. orangeus, P. renelavocati sp. nov., P. simonsi, P. shipmani, P. afarensis, P. roessneri, P. australis, Kochalia geespei, Paraulacodus indicus, Paraulacodus johanesi and the two living species of Thryonomys notably in having metalophulid II on the lower molars. It is distinct from P. pigotti and P. occidentalis in being much smaller than these and from Epiphiomys coryndoni in having a much shorter metalophulid II. Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia differs from P. hopwoodi in being smaller, having the upper molars more antero-posteriorly compressed and in showing a more labially displaced hypocone. Finally, this species is distinct from Sacaresia moyaeponsi in having the teeth semibunodont whereas the latter species is hyperlophodont with slender lophs.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F576FF9367DAE1C49447F8E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F576FF936417E0C891B6FA18.text	D417CA60F576FF936417E0C891B6FA18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys renelavocati Antoñanzas & Sen & Mein 2004	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS RENELAVOCATI SP. NOV.</p> <p>As explained below, the material from Rusinga (Kenya) designated as P. stromeri stromeri by Lavocat (1973) represents a species distinct from both Apodecter stromeri and P. hopwoodi. This species differs from Apodecter stromeri in being bigger and less hypsodont, and from P. hopwoodi in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars.</p> <p>We name this species P. renelavocati sp. nov. to honour the extensive work of René Lavocat on rodent systematics. The mandible with d4-m3 from the Lower Miocene deposits of Rusinga depicted by Lavocat (1973: pl. 26, fig. 9) is chosen as holotype (Fig. 3H). It is housed in the National Museums of Kenya (Nairobi), where it is available for study under the reference number KNM RU 2208.</p> <p>Paraphiomys renelavocati is diagnosed as a Paraphiomys species of middle size with upper molars with mesoloph and lower molars lacking the metalophulid II. Paraphiomys renelavocati is bigger and less high crowned than Apodecter stromeri. It is distinct from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in the absence of metalophulid II on the lower molars. Paraphiomys renelavocati is much smaller and less hypsodont than Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi. It differs from Gaudeamus aegyptius, among many characters, in having an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars and in having the hypolophid much less obliquely directed. Paraphiomys renelavocati shows the hypolophid on the d4 anteriorly directed whereas in P. orangeus it is transverse. Paraphiomys renelavocati is distinct from P. roessneri in having a mesoloph on the P4 and M1 (Mein et al., 2000: 378) and from P. australis and both species of Paraulacodus in being much smaller. Paraphiomys renelavocati differs from P. afarensis mostly in having the m1 and the m2 nearly equal in length and an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars, and the hypolophid nearly transverse.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F576FF936417E0C891B6FA18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F576FF926438E66F9050FDDC.text	D417CA60F576FF926438E66F9050FDDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neosciuromys africanus Stromer 1922	<div><p>NEOSCIUROMYS AFRICANUS STROMER, 1922</p> <p>Synonym: Phthinylla fracta Hopwood, 1929</p> <p>This species (Fig. 4D) has been described on the basis of material from the Lower Miocene of Langental and Plant 4 borehole, south of Lüderitz Bay (Namibia). Stromer (1922,1924: 263; 1926: 135–136) described and illustrated as N. africanus two mandibular fragments with p4-m2 and a fragmentary left maxilla. Interestingly enough, the latter specimen is actually a right mandibular fragment with m2-m3 of the bathyergoidid Bathyergoides neotertiarius and the abnormally narrow M1 figured by Stromer (1926: pl. 42, fig. 24) as cf. Phiomys andrewsi belongs in fact to N. africanus.</p> <p>Neosciuromys africanus has been synonymized with Paraphiomys pigotti by Lavocat (1973). Hendey (1978: 32) mentioned the discovery of two incomplete mandibles (AD 629 and AD 1049) in the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift (Namibia). According to him ‘they are indistinguishable from that described by Stromer (1922, 1926) as Neosciuromys africanus ’, but he attributed them to P. pigotti, following Lavocat (1973). However, Patterson &amp; Wood (1982: 520) considered N. africanus to be a taxon distinct from P. pigotti, given that Neosciuromys has higher crowned teeth and has lower cheek teeth with three transverse crests without a trace of the metalophulid II. Like Flynn et al. (1983), Winkler (1992), Flynn &amp; Winkler (1994), and Mein et al. (2000), we follow Patterson &amp; Wood (1982) in accepting N. africanus as a valid species. Neosciuromys africanus mainly differs from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars. Neosciuromys africanus is distinct from Gaudeamus aegyptius, among other characters, in being larger and higher-crowned and in having the hypolophid much less obliquely directed. Neosciuromys africanus differs from Apodecter stromeri and P. renelavocati sp. nov. in being much larger and higher-crowned and in having the m2 much larger than the m1. Neosciuromys africanus differs from Paraulacodus johanesi, Paraulacodus indicus, P. orangeus, P. roessneri and P. australis mainly in its larger size and greater hypsodonty. Neosciuromys africanus differs from P. shipmani and from P. afarensis in being larger, in having greater hypsodonty, and in its hypolophid being anteriorly directed.</p> <p>The holotype and unique specimen of Phthinylla fracta (AMNH 22539) is a maxilla briefly described and poorly illustrated by Hopwood (1929: 4, fig. 3). It comes from an unspecified locality situated south of Lüderitz Bay (Namibia), (see map of Namibian Miocene fossil sites in Hendey, 1978: Fig. 1). According to M. Pickford (pers. comm.), the only fossils in the AMNH are from Langental on the basis of preservation. It is regarded as Early Miocene in age (Hendey, 1978).</p> <p>Lavocat (1973: 39) considered Phthinylla fracta as a junior synonym of P. pigotti, which was acknowledged by Hendey (1978). Flynn &amp; Winkler (1994: 230) and Winkler (1994: 181) suggest that Phthinylla fracta represents the upper dentition of Neosciuromys. In effect, the type maxilla of Phthinylla fracta and the type mandible of N. africanus match: they are com- mensurate and show an equally strong hypsodonty (R. López Antoñanzas, S. Sen &amp; P. Mein, pers. observ.). These two taxa have close (if not identical) stratigraphic and geographical origins and, interestingly enough, new excavations at Elisabethfeld carried out by one of us (P.M.) have resulted in the discovery of Phthinylla –like maxillary teeth along with Neosciuromys -like mandibles. The recurrence of this association in addition to the intrinsic correspondence between Phthinylla fracta and N. africanus strongly suggest that the former taxon is a junior synonym of the latter. They should definitely be considered as such until evidence to the contrary comes to light.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F576FF926438E66F9050FDDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F577FF9264F2E27C9036FD2A.text	D417CA60F577FF9264F2E27C9036FD2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apodecter HOPWOOD 1929	<div><p>GENUS APODECTER HOPWOOD, 1929</p> <p>Type species: Apodecter stromeri Hopwood, 1929</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F577FF9264F2E27C9036FD2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F577FF9164E4E2E39409FC2F.text	D417CA60F577FF9164E4E2E39409FC2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apodecter stromeri Hopwood 1929	<div><p>APODECTER STROMERI HOPWOOD, 1929</p> <p>Synonymy: Neosciuromys stromeri (Hopwood, 1929)</p> <p>The holotype of A. stromeri (AMNH 22538; Fig. 4H) is a right mandibular ramus with m1-m3 from an uncertain Lower Miocene locality of the Namib desert, south of Lüderitz Bay (Hopwood, 1929).</p> <p>Lavocat (1973: 42) reallocated this species to the genus Paraphiomys. Lavocat (1973): 44) noted several differences between the specimens of Paraphiomys stromeri found at Rusinga (Kenya, Lower Miocene) and those from Songhor (Kenya, Lower Miocene): the former are smaller and lack the metalophulid II, whereas the lower molars from Songhor frequently show it. Somewhat unusually, Lavocat (1973) considered these differences insufficient to justify a specific distinction, but nonetheless reliable indications for recognizing two subspecies of P. stromeri. Therefore, he coined P. stromeri stromeri to accommodate both the material from Rusinga and the holotype specimen of Apodecter stromeri, and P. stromeri hopwoodi for the sample from Songhor.</p> <p>We concur with Winkler (1992: 244) in considering that the morphological differences between these two ‘subspecies’ are perfectly adequate to elevate them to the species rank. However, there is no reason to reallocate A. stromeri to Paraphiomys, as Lavocat (1973) did. The Namibian holotype of A. stromeri, which may be 2 Myr older (from rocks deposited 19 Mya), is smaller and more hypsodont than the material from Rusinga (Mein et al., 2000: 377) assigned by Lavocat (1973) to P. stromeri stromeri. In conclusion, it is not justifiable to consider the holotype of A. stromeri and the remaining specimens of P. stromeri stromeri as representatives of the same species. Therefore, (1) the genus Apodecter is here resurrected, as envisaged by Flynn et al. (1983), (2) a new specific name is given to the material from Rusinga (P. renelavocati sp. nov.), and (3) the correct name for the material from Songhor is P. hopwoodi.</p> <p>Incidentally, de Bruijn (1986: 129) reallocated A. stromeri to Neosciuromys. Unfortunately, he did not indicate why, and we judge this combination unjustifiable.</p> <p>Apodecter stromeri differs from P. pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars. Apodecter stromeri is much smaller and less hypsodont than N. africanus and P. simonsi. Among other features, it differs from Gaudeamus aegyptius in having an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars and the hypolophid much less obliquely directed. Apodecter stromeri has the m3 more reduced posteriorly than that of P. orangeus. It is distinct from P. roessneri in having a mesoloph on the P4 and M1 (Mein et al., 2000: 378). Apodecter stromeri is much smaller than P. australis, Paraulacodus indicus and Paraulacodus johanesi. Finally, A. stromeri mainly differs from P. afarensis in having the m1 and the m2 nearly equal in length, in having an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars, and in having the hypolophid nearly transverse.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F577FF9164E4E2E39409FC2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F574FF916780E40B97AAFBD1.text	D417CA60F574FF916780E40B97AAFBD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraulacodus HINTON 1933	<div><p>GENUS PARAULACODUS HINTON, 1933</p> <p>Type species: Paraulacodus indicus Hinton, 1933</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F574FF916780E40B97AAFBD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F574FF906787E499979CFD75.text	D417CA60F574FF906787E499979CFD75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraulacodus indicus Hinton 1933	<div><p>PARAULACODUS INDICUS HINTON, 1933</p> <p>Hinton (1933: 621–622) established the taxon Paraulacodus indicus (Fig. 4K–M) on the basis of three specimens (G.S.I. D281–D283) from the Siwalik series in Pakistan (then part of northern India). Only a short diagnosis without illustrations was given, but Black (1972) provided a thorough systematic revision of this species including the first drawings of the three specimens available to Hinton (1933). The holotype (G.S.I. D283) is an incomplete right maxilla with P4-M2 (Black, 1972: fig. 2a–c) from an unknown locality. G.S.I. D282 is a fragment of right mandible (Black, 1972: fig. 2d–e) with m2 from near Chinji, and G.S.I. D281 is a left upper incisor (Black, 1972: fig. 2f–h) from ‘below Kookar Dhok’ (Black, 1972: 244).</p> <p>There is definitely no reason to assume that these specimens where found associated and, furthermore, it is uncertain that they are from the same horizon. Interestingly enough, all three are believed to originate from the ‘Upper Chinji Zone’ (Black, 1972), whereas specimens recently found in the Pakistani Siwaliks are from the Middle Chinji Formation (L. Flynn, pers. comm.). Be that as it may, G.S.I. D281– D283 are almost certainly all middle Miocene in age.</p> <p>According to Jaeger et al. (1980: 369), the single lower molar G.S.I. D282 does not belong to Paraulacodus. Without justification, de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985) considered G.S.I. D282 to be possibly an m1. Since the m1 are expected to be smaller than the m2, they assumed that the lower molar would be too large to fit with the type. Consequently, they evoked the possibility that Hinton’s (1933) material comprises more than one species: G.S.I. D282 would pertain to the genus Paraulacodus, but not to the species P. indicus. This option is rejected here because (1) the identification of isolated m1 and m2 is problematical (especially if the material is limited) and (2) the size variation in P. indicus is unknown.</p> <p>An isolated upper molar of Paraulacodus aff. indicus from the Chinji Formation (Middle Miocene) in Pakistan was reported by Wessels et al. (1982: 358, pl. 2, fig. 14). According to these authors, the morphology of this tooth is identical to that of the holotype of P. indicus, but is much smaller. Flynn et al. (1983: 357) mentioned minor morphological differences such as the stronger hypsodonty and the stronger ectoloph of this specimen with respect to the upper molars of P. indicus. Owing to the great difference in size and slight morphological dissimilarities between this tooth and equivalent teeth of P. indicus, de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985) considered that it does not belong to this species and designated it as Paraulacodus sp., an opinion that we share.</p> <p>De Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1984, 1985) reported new specimens from the Sindi (Pakistan) locality H-GSP. 82.14 (top of the Lower Manchar Formation, Middle Miocene) that they finally identified as Paraulacodus cf. P. indicus.</p> <p>Recently, the Pakistani Siwaliks have yielded further specimens of this species (Flynn &amp; Winkler, 1994). This material consists of one right dentary fragment with m2-m3 and incisor (Y-GSP 31380, from locality 691), one left dentary fragment with m2-m3 (Y-GSP 31809, from locality 750), one upper incisor fragment (Y-GSP 33105, from locality 698), and six isolated teeth (Y-GSP 40066–40071, from locality 714). According to Jaeger et al. (1980), P. indicus differs from P. johanesi notably in having smaller upper incisors compared to the Ethiopian form. Yet, the size of incisors depends on the age of the individual. In addition, Flynn et al. (1983: 363) argued that, owing to the scarcity of comparative material, i.e. in the absence of a thorough knowledge of the variation, it is not possible to differentiate these species from a dimensional point of view. Finally, Jacobs et al. (1989: 167) asserted that both taxa are similar in size.</p> <p>In the Asiatic species of Paraulacodus, the size discrepancy between the M2 and the M1 is greater than in P. johanesi. The anterolabial cusp on the lower molars is stronger in most specimens of P. indicus than in P. johanesi. Another difference is the tendency of the protoloph of P. indicus to bend forwards towards the labial end of the anteroloph (nearly closing the mesoflexus). Paraulacodus indicus differs from Paraphiomys pigotti, Paraphiomys hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, Paraphiomys occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars, to cite just one among quite a few differences. Paraulacodus indicus differs from Neosciuromys africanus and Paraphiomys simonsi, for instance, in its smaller size and reduced hypsodonty. Paraulacodus indicus is much larger than Kochalia geespei, Paraphiomys shipmani, Paraphiomys orangeus and Apodecter stromeri. One of the main differences between P. indicus and Paraphiomys australis and Paraphiomys roessneri is the presence of an anterolabial cusp on the lower molars of the former.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F574FF906787E499979CFD75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F575FF906418E43E9022F8E7.text	D417CA60F575FF906418E43E9022F8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epiphiomys coryndoni Lavocat 1973	<div><p>EPIPHIOMYS CORYNDONI LAVOCAT, 1973</p> <p>The holotype of this species (KNM RU 2253) is a left mandibular fragment with m1-m2 from the Lower Miocene of Rusinga, Kenya (Lavocat, 1973: 46). According to Lavocat (1973), this species has also been found at Songhor (Kenya) and Napak (Uganda). Incidentally, the specific epithet was dedicated ‘À la famille Coryndon et à Mrs Coryndon Savage’ (Lavocat, 1973: 46). This suggests that this name should have been declined as ‘ coryndonorum ’ (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999: art. 31.1.2).</p> <p>One of the differences between E. coryndoni and Paraphiomys occidentalis and P. pigotti is the size, which is much smaller in E. coryndoni. Another dissimilarity is the more developed metalophulid II of E. coryndoni. Epiphiomys coryndoni has the metalophulid II much more developed than in P. hopwoodi or Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia. Epiphiomys coryndoni is distinct from Sacaresia moyaeponsi, for example, in being less lophodont and in having four lophed upper molars. It differs from Gaudeamus aegyptius, Neosciuromys africanus, Apodecter stromeri, Kochalia geespei, P. renelavocati sp. nov., P. roessneri, P. australis, P. shipmani, P. orangeus, P. afarensis, Paraulacodus johanesi and Paraulacodus indicus, among many other characters, in the presence of a metalophulid II on the lower molars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F575FF906418E43E9022F8E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F575FF9064FEE3BE901CFC6C.text	D417CA60F575FF9064FEE3BE901CFC6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epiphiomys LAVOCAT 1973	<div><p>GENUS EPIPHIOMYS LAVOCAT, 1973</p> <p>Type species: Epiphiomys coryndoni Lavocat, 1973</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F575FF9064FEE3BE901CFC6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F575FF90679EE6FF916FFCEB.text	D417CA60F575FF90679EE6FF916FFCEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gaudeamus aegyptius Wood 1968	<div><p>GAUDEAMUS AEGYPTIUS WOOD, 1968</p> <p>This species (Fig. 4A–C) has been recorded only from an Upper Eocene (?) horizon of the Jebel el Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt.</p> <p>Two mandibular rami (one of them toothless) from Fayum were first attributed to Phiomys andrewsi by Schlosser (1911: 90–2, pl. 5, fig. 7). Later, Stehlin &amp; Schaub (1951: 266–267) showed that the teeth were much more derived than those of Phiomys andrewsi. The taxon in question was considered new and named Gaudeamus aegyptius by Wood (1968: 68–73). The holotype (CGM 26920) is a lower jaw with d4-m2 and unerupted premolar (Wood, 1968: fig. 14C–E). The cheek tooth pattern of G. aegyptius is very similar to that of Thryonomys, but the teeth of G. aegyptius are much smaller, shows less developed crests, and were replaced. Gaudeamus aegyptius differs from Paraphiomys pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi in lacking the metalophulid II on the lower molars. It is smaller and less hypsodont than Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi. In contrast to the condition in Apodecter stromeri, P. orangeus, Paraulacodus indicus and Paraulacodus johanesi, G. aegyptius lacks an anterolabial cuspid on the lower molars and has the hypolophid much more obliquely directed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F575FF90679EE6FF916FFCEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F575FF906668E67F97D4F92A.text	D417CA60F575FF906668E67F97D4F92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gaudeamus WOOD 1968	<div><p>GENUS GAUDEAMUS WOOD, 1968</p> <p>Type species: Gaudeamus aegyptius Wood, 1968</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F575FF906668E67F97D4F92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F575FF9067ABE3DC94BCF9AA.text	D417CA60F575FF9067ABE3DC94BCF9AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphiomys Antoñanzas & Sen & Mein 2004	<div><p>PARAPHIOMYS CHORORENSIS GERAADS, 1998</p> <p>The holotype of this species (NMAA CHO 1; Fig. 4I) was described and illustrated by Jaeger et al. (1980: 367). It is an incomplete maxilla with P4-M2 (Jaeger et al., 1980: fig. 1a) from the Upper Miocene of Ch’orora, Ethiopia (Tiercelin, Michaux &amp; Bandet, 1979; Jaeger et al., 1980). Additional material was found later in the same locality (Geraads, 1998, 2001: 104) (Fig. 4J) and from the Upper Miocene of the lower member of the Nawata Formation, Lothagam, Kenya (Winkler, 2003).</p> <p>The generic attribution of this species was rejected by de Bruijn (1986: 131) who reallocated it to Neosciuromys. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Winkler (1992) and Flynn &amp; Winkler (1994) advocates that P. johanesi is the sister species of P. indicus, type species of the genus (Black, 1972), not Neosciuromys africanus.</p> <p>The differences between this species and P. indicus have been discussed above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F575FF9067ABE3DC94BCF9AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F572FF976790E0C897ACFEC0.text	D417CA60F572FF976790E0C897ACFEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kochalia DE BRUIJN 1986	<div><p>GENUS KOCHALIA DE BRUIJN, 1986</p> <p>Type species: Kochalia geespei de Bruijn et Hussain, 1985</p> <p>Synonymy: Kirtharia de Bruijn et Hussain, 1985</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F572FF976790E0C897ACFEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F572FF9767FAE193947FF8E6.text	D417CA60F572FF9767FAE193947FF8E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kochalia geespei de Bruijn et Hussain 1985	<div><p>KOCHALIA GEESPEI (DE BRUIJN ET HUSSAIN, 1985)</p> <p>Synonymy: Kirtharia geespei de Bruijn et Hussain, 1985</p> <p>This species was described, illustrated and originally coined as Kirtharia geespei by de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985). Because the name Kirtharia de Bruijn et Hussain, 1985 was incorrectly believed to be a homonym of Khirtharia Pilgrim, 1940 (an artiodactyl), de Bruijn (1986: 125) reallocated this species to a new genus name: Kochalia. This name has been used by all subsequent authors, but, as noted by Mckenna &amp; Bell (1997: 195), the act of de Bruijn, 1986) is a violation of the I.C.Z.N. rules. Pending a possible adjudication of the matter, we shall continue to use the name Kochalia in the present paper. The holotype of this species is a left d4 or p4 (p4 according to de Bruijn &amp; Hussain, 1985: pl. 1, fig. 7a, b). According to de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985), K. geespei differs from all known African thryonomyids, except for Gaudeamus aegyptius, in showing tooth replacement. However, the two teeth described by these authors as d4 and p4 show a similar morphology and the only difference between them rests in size. Therefore, further work might reveal that the two teeth correspond in fact to d4. Kochalia geespei, as well as all Neogene thryonomyids, could have retained the deciduous premolar throughout their lifespan.</p> <p>As remarked by de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985: 159), the material from the Chinji Formation described and figured by Flynn et al. (1983: fig. 2a–f), as ‘morphotype 3’ (that they considered represented a thryonomyid more derived than Paraphiomys and of a lineage distinct from Paraulacodus) seems to belong to this species.</p> <p>Kochalia geespei differs from Paraphiomys pigotti, P. hopwoodi, Paraphiomys sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, P. occidentalis, Epiphiomys coryndoni and Sacaresia moyaeponsi, amongst other characters, in lacking a metalophulid II in the lower molars. It is distinct from Neosciuromys africanus and P. simonsi in being smaller and less hypsodont. Kochalia geespei mainly differs from P. roessneri and P. australis in having a prominent anteroconid, and from P. shipmani in having a smaller m3 and a small hypoconulid. According to de Bruijn &amp; Hussain (1985: 159), this taxon differs from Paraulacodus in having a bunodont d4, in having the anteroloph of the D4 not constricted near the protocone, and in being smaller. Kochalia geespei has the posterior part of the m3 much more reduced than in P. orangeus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F572FF9767FAE193947FF8E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F572FF97645CE0C896ACFEB1.text	D417CA60F572FF97645CE0C896ACFEB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sacaresia HUGUENEY ET ADROVER 1991	<div><p>GENUS SACARESIA HUGUENEY ET ADROVER, 1991</p> <p>Type species: Sacaresia moyaeponsi Hugueney et Adrover, 1991</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F572FF97645CE0C896ACFEB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
D417CA60F573FF9667C9E29B96D9FD53.text	D417CA60F573FF9667C9E29B96D9FD53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phiomys andrewsi Osborn 1908	<div><p>andrewsi geespei pigotti stromeri africanus indicus johanesi. spp Phiomys Kochalia Paraphiomys Apodecter Neosciuromys Paraulacodus Paraulacodus Thryonomys acters are binary whereas seven are multistate. Amongst the latter, characters 5, 12, 13, 14, 19 and 22 have two derived states and character 17 has three. Owing to the lack of a priori information, the weight of all characters was chosen to be identical (1). Using the same line of thought, there is no rationale to order the multistate characters and therefore all the possible transformations of one state into another cost one step.</p> <p>PROCEDURE</p> <p>The software of phylogenetic reconstruction by parsimony analysis used was PAUP v.3.1.1 (Swofford, 1993). The relatively high number of terminal taxa and characters precluded exact tree building, so a heuristic search by stepwise addition (‘closest’ option) was performed.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D417CA60F573FF9667C9E29B96D9FD53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Antoñanzas, Raquel López;Sen, Sevket;Mein, Pierre	Antoñanzas, Raquel López, Sen, Sevket, Mein, Pierre (2004): Systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 423-444
