taxonID	type	description	language	source
D45487D0FFB7FFE1FF2DFAD8FC4CFEC1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: KU 291633, adult male, 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E (airline) Oxapampa, 2600 m, 10 ° 32 ' 38 " S, 75 ° 21 ' 10 " W, Departamento Pasco, Peru, obtained on 2 July 1987 by S. Blair Hedges. Paratype: KU 291634, female, from the same locality, obtained on 3 July 1987 by S. Blair Hedges.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB7FFE1FF2DFAD8FC4CFEC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Phrynopus characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum smooth with low longitudinal ridges on body; that on venter smooth; dorsolateral folds low, narrow; discoidal fold not evident; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view and in profile; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, narrower than IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers present; (6) vocal slits present; nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; tips of digits rounded, barely expanded; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles low, diffuse; (10) heel lacking tubercles; inner tarsal fold absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle low, round, about 2 x round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles absent; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; tips of digits rounded; (13) dorsum brown; belly creamy white; (24) SVL in one male 13.4 mm, in one female 14.5 mm. The presence of a differentiated tympanic membrane readily distinguishes Phrynopus auriculatus from all congeners except P. peruanus. In P. ayacucho the tympanic annulus is visible below the skin, and in P. montium, the ventral part of the tympanic annulus is visible externally, but in neither of these species is the tympanic membrane differentiated. Phrynopus auriculatus differs from P. peruanus in being smaller and in having Toe V slightly longer than Toe III, in contrast to Toes III and V being equal in length in P. peruanus. Furthermore, the two species differ in the texture of the skin on the dorsum, which is somewhat uniformly tuberculate in P. peruanus but smooth with three longitudinal ridges in P. auriculatus. Also there are distinct differences in color pattern with black and white ventral mottling and many irregular dark brown marks on the dorsum of the body in P. peruanus, in contrast to nearly uniform reddish brown dorsum and cream venter in P. auriculatus (Figs. 1 A & 1 C). Moreover, females of P. peruanus have a conspicuous orange blotch in the groin (Lehr, 2007). See Table 1 for comparisons with all other species of Phrynopus.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB7FFE1FF2DFAD8FC4CFEC1.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult male; body moderately robust; head about as wide as body, longer than wide; head width 38.8 % SVL; head length 44.8 % SVL; snout bluntly rounded in dorsal view and in profile; canthus slightly curved, rounded in profile; loreal region nearly flat; lips rounded; nostrils barely protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region barely depressed; top of head flat; width of upper eyelid less (81.2 %) than IOD; eye large, its diameter much greater than its distance from nostril; tympanum vertically ovoid with distinct membrane and annulus, separated from eye by distance 1.5 x length of tympanum; supratympanic fold weak, angling posteroventrally from point above tympanum, obscuring posterodorsal edge of tympanum. Tongue nearly as broad as long, deeply notched posteriorly, free behind for about one third of its length; choanae small, round, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary; dentigerous processes of vomers low, transverse behind level of choanae, each bearing two teeth; vocal slits present, short, longitudinal, lateral to base of tongue. Forelimb slender; ulnar tubercles low, diffuse; palmar tubercle low, round, about same size as thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles large, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; fingers slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; tips of fingers barely expanded, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves; nuptial pads absent. Hind limb moderately slender; tibia length 51.5 % SVL; foot length 50.8 % SVL; heel and tarsus lacking tubercles; inner tarsal fold present on distal third of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle low, round, about 2 x round outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles small, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; toes slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of toes I <II <III <V <IV; tips of toes narrow, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves. Skin on dorsum smooth with narrow, low, dorsolateral and middorsal folds, and low, tubercular, interrupted, transverse interorbital fold; upper eyelids lacking tubercles; skin on venter smooth; discoidal fold not evident; skin ventral and ventrolateral to cloaca granular. Coloration of holotype in preservative: Dorsum and flanks pale brown with dark brown markings consisting of canthal stripe, face mask, blotch on medial surface of forearm, small middorsal spot on body, and small, irregular marks on posterior part of body and dorsal surfaces of hind limbs; cloacal area dark brown; venter cream with minute brown flecks. Coloration of holotype in life: Dorsum of head, body, and limbs pale grayish brown with pinkish tinge on snout and flanks and with golden orange-tan dorsolateral and middorsal ridges on body and interorbital ridge on head (Fig. 1 A); dark brown to black markings consist of broad canthal stripe, face mask including tympanic area, large spot on medial surface of each forearm, middorsal spot on back, and irregular small marks on posterior part of body and dorsal surfaces of hind limbs; posterior surfaces of thighs lacking flash marks; iris greenish gold with fine black reticulations. Measurements of holotype and paratype in mm: Data are for male holotype followed by female paratype. SVL 13.4, 14.5; tibia length 6.9, 7.3; foot length 6.8, 7.0; head length 6.0, 6.2; head width 5.2, 5.6; interorbital distance 2.0, 2.2; width of eyelid 1.3. 1.3; internarial distance 1.6, 1.8; eye-nostril distance 1.4, 1.4; diameter of eye 2.1, 2.1; diameter of tympanum 1.3, 1.3.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB7FFE1FF2DFAD8FC4CFEC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. This species is known only from the type locality in humid montane forest, where both individuals were found on the ground after rains.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB7FFE1FF2DFAD8FC4CFEC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is Latin meaning having an ear. The name is applied to this species because of the presence of a differentiated tympanic membrane.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: KU 291630, adult male, from 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E (airline) Oxapampa, 2600 m, 10 ° 32 ' 38 " S, 75 ° 21 ' 10 " W, Departamento Pasco, Peru, obtained on 3 July 1987 by S. Blair Hedges.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Phrynopus characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum finely shagreen with scattered small tubercles; that on venter smooth; dorsolateral folds absent; discoidal fold absent; (2) tympanic membrane not differentiated; tympanic annulus absent; (3) snout moderately short, bluntly rounded in dorsal view, rounded and inclined anteroventrally in profile; (4) upper eyelid bearing small tubercles, narrower than IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; tips of fingers rounded, barely expanded; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles absent; (10) heel bearing one subconical tubercle, outer edge of tarsus with row of subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about equal in size to rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles absent; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toes III and V equal in length; tips of toes rounded; (13) dorsum green with brown markings; (24) SVL in one male 15.2 mm. The presence of a single subconical tubercle on the heel and a row of subconical tubercles on the outer edge of the tarsus distinguishes Phrynopus tribulosus from most other species in the genus. Phrynopus barthlenae Lehr & Aguilar, P. k o t o s h Lehr, and P. oblivius Lehr have several small tubercles on the heel, and the last two species also have small tubercles on the outer edge of the tarsus; of these species, P. barthlenae and P. oblivius differ from P. tribulosus in having Toe V slightly longer than Toe III (instead of equal in length) and in color pattern — gray and black dorsally and ventrally in P. barthlenae, mottled tan and brown dorsally and ventrally in P. k o t o s h, and white spots on a brown dorsum and red venter in P. oblivius. The tubercles in P. bracki and P. dagmarae are larger and much like those in P. tribulosus; P. bracki differs from P. tribulosus in having Toe V slightly longer than Toe III (instead of equal in length), vomerine teeth present (absent in P. tribulosus) and in coloration — predominately brown dorsally and ventrally. Phrynopus tribulosus is most like P. dagmarae, which differs by being larger with a more robust body and in lacking vocal slits. Also, P. dagmarae has a red blotch in the groin; some individuals are brown and others are green (Fig. 1 D). See Table 1 for comparisons with all other species of Phrynopus.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult male with white testes; body moderately slender; head as wide as body, slightly longer than wide; head width 33.6 % SVL; head length 34.9 % SVL; snout bluntly rounded, nearly truncate in dorsal view, rounded and slightly inclined anteroventrally in profile; canthus slightly curved, rounded in profile; loreal region distinctly concave; lips not flared; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region not depressed; top of head slightly convex; width of upper eyelid much less (64.7 %) than IOD; eye large, its diameter much greater than its distance from nostril; tympanum and supratympanic fold absent. Tongue longer than broad, shallowly notched posteriorly, free behind for about one fourth of its length; choanae small, ovoid, partially concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary; dentigerous processes of vomers not visible; vocal slits absent. Forelimb slender; ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, slightly bifurcate distally, barely larger than elliptical thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles large, rounded to subconical; supernumerary tubercles absent; fingers slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of fingers I <II <IV <III; tips of fingers barely expanded, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves; nuptial pads absent. Hind limb short, moderately slender; tibia length 44.1 % SVL; foot length 44.7 % SVL; heel bearing small, subconical tubercle; outer edge of tarsus having three broad subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold absent; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about same size as round outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles small, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; toes slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of toes I <II <III = V <IV; tips of toes narrow, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves. Skin on dorsum smooth with scattered, small, round tubercles most prominent on flanks and hind limbs; tubercles on upper eyelids small; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on venter smooth; discoidal fold not evident; skin around cloaca and ventrolateral to cloaca granular. Coloration of holotype in preservative: Dorsum pale tan with brown markings consisting of canthal stripe, labial bars, postorbital stripe, interorbital bar, blotch on medial surface of forearm, and middorsal rectangular mark on body; cloacal area dark brown continuous with dark brown longitudinal stripe on posterior surface of thigh; flanks pale brown; faint brown bars on hind limbs; venter cream with brown blotches. Coloration of holotype in life: Dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull green with dark brown markings consisting of canthal stripe, three labial bars on each upper lip, short postorbital stripe, broad interorbital bar, irregularly bordered diagonal mark from behind orbit to X-shaped mark on midbody, blotch on medial surfaces of forearms, and diagonal bars on hind limbs (Fig. 1 B); flanks tannish green with brown smudge anteriorly and dark brown blotch in upper groin; posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown; Fingers I and II and Toes I – III dull greenish yellow; other digits brown; venter; posterior surfaces of thighs lacking flash marks; iris dark brown with gold flecks. Measurements of holotype in mm: SVL 15.2; tibia length 6.7; foot length 6.8; head length 5.3; head width 5.1; interorbital distance 1.7; width of eyelid 1.1; internarial distance 1.7; eye-nostril distance 1.3; diameter of eye 2.0.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. The species is known only from the type locality in humid montane forest, where it was found deep within a mossy bank by day.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is Latin meaning thorny. The name refers to the short, thorn-like tubercles on the heel and outer edge of the tarsus.	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Species of Phrynopus have restricted distributions at elevations of 2200 – 4400 m in the Andes in central Peru. Most frequently they are the only anurans found at the higher elevations, and there are few cases of sympatric pairs of species — P. dagmarae and P. tautzorum, P. heimorum and P. hortspauli, and P. kotosh and P. m o n t i u m all at elevations above 2900 m in Departamento Huánuco; P. juninensis and P. m o n t i u m as well as P. oblivius and P. peruanus at elevations in excess of 3000 m in Departamento Junín; P. juninensis and P. paucari at an elevation of 3600 m in Departamento Pasco (Lehr 2007 b; Lehr et al. 2002, 2005 b). The type locality of the two new species at an elevation of 2600 m harbors three species of Phrynopus, the two species described herein plus P. bracki (Hedges, 1990). In the Andes in central Peru species of Phrynopus generally occur at higher elevations than do Pristimantis. The localities in the vicinity of Oxapampa are the lowest for species of Phrynopus. At the type locality at 2600 m, the three species of Phrynopus occur sympatrically with Pristimantis bromeliaceus and P. rhabdocnemus, and at San Alberto at 2200 m, Phrynopus bracki occurs sympatrically with these same two species of Pristimantis, plus Pristimantis sagittulus (Duellman and Hedges 2005; Lehr et al. 2004).	en	Duellman, William E., Hedges, Blair (2008): Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru. Zootaxa 1675: 59-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274057
