taxonID	type	description	language	source
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 5 EC 216 B- 6 E 64 - 4 A 39 - A 77 E- 47 EA 338 DDF 53 Fig. 1, Table 1	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, with a stolonal system branching at variable angles. Stolons thick, showing concentric lines. One or two zooids per internode, elongated elliptical, with the frontal surface convex and showing concentric lines. Orifice circular or oval, with one or two lateral cystid appendages.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Waiinu Beach, the type locality.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype NEW ZEALAND: Nukumaru Limestone, Waiinu Beach (R 22 / f 0270), Nukumaruan, Pleistocene (GNS BZ 335).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	description	Description Colony entirely encrusting, consisting of a somewhat variable ramifying stolonal system with sidebranches given off stolonal axis dichotomously, at 45 ° or at 90 °, forming square or rectangular sectors (Fig. 1 A – B). Stolons apparently fused at contact point with one another, thick, 50 – 65 μm in diameter. Stolonal walls shallow, ornamented with very thin, closely spaced, concentric lines. Zooids sparsely distributed (Fig. 1 A – B), irregularly positioned, usually one or two per stolonal internode, oriented with long axis parallel or perpendicular to stolonal axis, depending on overgrowth direction, elliptical, elongated and narrow (mean L / W = 2.72). Frontal surface evenly curved and slightly convex, ornamentation similar to that of stolons but with thicker concentric lines (Fig. 1 C – D). Orifice circular or transversely oval (Fig. 1 C – D). One or two cystid appendages visible laterally to orifice (Fig. 1 C – D), 58 – 68 μm long.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Four fossil species of Buskia have been described, all preserved by bioimmuration and from European localities. In order of stratigraphic age these are: B. nigribovis Todd, 1994 from the Jurassic of France, B. inexpectata Voigt, 1979 from the Maastrichtian of the Netherlands, B. fowleri Todd, 1996 from the Eocene of England and B. hachti Voigt, 1979 from the Pliocene of France. At the present day, Buskia is represented in New Zealand by two non-indigenous species that are considered as established, viz B. nitens Alder, 1856 and B. socialis Hincks, 1887 (Gordon & Mawatari 1992; Gordon et al. 2009). Buskia waiinuensis sp. nov. differs from B. nigribovis in being regularly ramifying, with much thicker stolons (50 – 65 μm vs 14 – 24 μm) and a limited number of cystid appendages. The latter character also distinguishes the new species from B. fowleri, which in addition has densely populated stolons, as does B. inexpectata. Buskia hachti has a stolon width similar to that of the new species (ca 50 μm), but more elongated zooids (400 – 650 μm vs 308 – 438 μm) and no cystid appendages. Of the two Recent species present in New Zealand, B. socialis differs in being erect, while B. nitens has narrower stolons (ca 25 μm).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8335F466B34FDD1FD73FE1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution The single known bioimmured colony is preserved as a mould bioimmuration on the underside of an erect cyclostome bryozoan which overgrew the soft-bodied ctenostome. It was collected from the Nukumaru Limestone (2.29 – 2.08 Ma, Nukumaruan, Pleistocene) at Waiinu Beach and represents the first fossil record of the genus outside Europe.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 3 D 59208 - F 73 C- 4 A 9 A- 960 A- 12 A 042 FCB 8 EE Figs 2 – 3, Tables 2 – 3	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting. Autozooids polygonal. Frontal shield partially umbonuloid, smooth and imperforate centrally, with a continuous row of marginal areolar pores. Orifice broadly cleithridiate (keyhole shaped), with condyles delimiting the arched anter from a broad sinus. Distal oral spines present. A columnar structure bearing an adventitious suboral avicularium with a complete crossbar constantly present. Ooecium lepralielliform; ectooecium calcified, smooth, with pseudopores; secondary calcification of the frontal shield of the distal zooid covering the distal half of the ooecium and bearing an avicularium similar to the suboral one.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the Latin columnaris, - e, pillar-like, referring to the columnar peristome bearing the suboral avicularium.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype NEW ZEALAND: Recent,? Cook Strait (NIWA 97418). Paratypes NEW ZEALAND: Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, Castlecliff Beach, Castlecliffian, Pleistocene (NHMUK PI BZ 7832, NHMUK PI BZ 7833).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	description	Description Colony encrusting, small in fossil colonies, up to 33 mm in diameter in Recent holotype colony. Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed. Autozooids arranged in parallel rows (Figs 2 A, 3 A), varying in shape, commonly rectangular, sometimes hexagonal or irregularly polygonal, longer than broad (mean L / W = 1.29). Frontal shield partially umbonuloid, convex centrally, flat proximally, smooth and imperforate apart from a continuous row of numerous large (20 – 35 μm), evenly distributed areolar pores, usually 7 − 9 along lateral and distal margins, oval to circular, funnel-shaped or sloping outward. Sometimes, one or two additional areolar pores form a second row in distolateral corners of zooids. Orifice broadly cleithridiate (Figs 2 B, 3 B). Two small, pointed, downward-directed condyles placed at two thirds of orifice length, separating an arched anter from a broad, shallow, bowl-shaped sinus. Two, three or four oral spine bases (10 – 22 μm in diameter) placed on distal orificial margin, hidden in ovicellate zooids. Peristome developed as two lateral wings, rising proximally, forming a somewhat columnar structure, rising 150 – 160 μm from surface of frontal shield in lateral view, always bearing a suboral avicularium (Fig. 2 C). Peristome hiding primary orifice in frontal view. Adventitious avicularium suboral, small, oval, upward-directed, sloping distally, rostrum rounded and with a complete crossbar (Figs 2 B, 3 B – C). Ooecia of lepralielliform type, prominent and globular (Figs 2 A, 3 C). Ectooecium calcified, smooth, centrally perforated, pseudopores bordered by a raised margin, varying in size (10 – 30 μm) and form from circular to bean-shaped. Secondary calcification from frontal shield of distal zooid covers distal half of ooecium, forming a raised crest bearing an avicularium similar in size and shape to suboral avicularium. The two avicularia aligned, but oppositely directed.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	discussion	Remarks Parkermavella was introduced by Gordon & d’Hondt (1997) for Schizomavella - like species with frontal shields imperforate apart from marginal areolar pores. In the diagnosis of the genus (Gordon & d’Hondt 1997: 17), the zooids are defined as lepralioid; however, new observations have revealed, for at least some of the species, the presence of an umbonuloid area of variable size. For instance, in P. curvata (Uttley & Bullivant, 1972) the umbonuloid area is large, occupying most of the frontal shield, while in P. punctigera (MacGillivray, 1883) and P. virago (Gordon, 1989) it is more reduced, slightly smaller than the orifice in the former species and about the size of the orifice in the latter species (D. P. G., personal observation). In P. columnaris sp. nov. the umbonuloid area is small (Figs 2 D, 3 D), 120 μm long by 95 μm wide, and possibly coincides with the overlying avicularian cystid. This genus is moderately diverse in New Zealand waters at the present day, with seven species formally described from the region and several others awaiting description (D. P. G., unpublished data). The new species is easily distinguishable from all other known species of Parkermavella by its unique suite of morphological characters, specifically the smooth frontal shield (nodular-tubercular in many other species), the broadly keyhole-shaped orifice with a large and concave sinus (narrow and / or straight in the others), and the unique columnar structure bearing the suboral avicularium. P. virago (Gordon, 1989) has a similar smooth frontal shield and development of the secondary calcification of the distal zooid covering the ooecia, but differs in the more numerous, smaller avicularia suborally and in the secondary calcification. The sole Recent colony of P. columnaris sp. nov. differs from the fossil ones in having slightly larger zooids, orifices and ooecia, although the L / W ratio is identical (Tables 2 – 3).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8355F4A6B0FFD6CFB7AFCF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution The oldest geological record of this species dates back to the Nukumaruan (2.29 – 2.08 Ma, Pleistocene) of the Wanganui Basin. A small number of colonies were found encrusting bivalve shells from the Nukumaru Limestone, and on bivalve shells of the Castlecliffian Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed (0.68 – 0.62 Ma, Pleistocene). The Recent colony of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. housed in the NIWA collection (i. e., the holotype) unfortunately lacks collection data. It encrusts a 75 mm-long valve of the pholadid bivalve Barnea similis (Gray, 1835), along with the bryozoans Antarctothoa bathamae (Ryland & Gordon, 1977), A. tongima (Ryland & Gordon, 1977), Caberea rostrata Busk, 1884, Chaperiopsis lanceola Hayward & Thorpe, 1988, Cornuticella taurina (Busk, 1852), Opaeophora lepida (Hincks, 1881), Orthoscuticella fissurata (Levinsen, 1909) and Tricellaria aculeata (d’Orbigny, 1842). The known distributions of these species (Gordon 1986, 1989) overlap or coincide only in greater Cook Strait, a provenance correlated with the presence there of rocks bored by pholadids; hence we conclude that the holotype specimen came from a locality in the greater Cook Strait area.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 95 F 31 C 54 - CEAA- 41 A 4 - 964 B- 9848063 DE 6 D 6 Fig. 4, Table 4	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony large, encrusting. Autozooids hexagonal, with coarsely granular and perforated frontal shield. Marginal areolar pores conspicuous. Orifice semielliptical. Oral spines absent. Ascopore crescentic and finely toothed, with a proximal saucer-shaped rim. Avicularia rare, usually single, directed distally or distolaterally, proximal edge level with or proximal to the ascopore. Ovicell unknown.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Dr Seabourne Rust for his important contributions to the knowledge of fossil bryozoans from the Wanganui Basin.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype NEW ZEALAND: Nukumaru Limestone, Waiinu Beach, Nukumaruan, Pleistocene (GNS BZ 336). Paratypes NEW ZEALAND: same collection data as for holotype (NHMUK PI BZ 7834, NHMUK PI BZ 7835).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	description	Description Colony encrusting, large, unilaminar (Fig. 4 A). Ancestrula similar to later autozooids but smaller, about 230 μm long by 180 μm wide, budding one distal and two distolateral autozooids, surrounded by six autozooids (Fig. 4 D). Later autozooids arranged quincuncially, hexagonal, longer than broad (mean L / W = 1.22), with shallow interzooidal furrows, varying in size, some very narrow (ZW = 250 – 300 μm), others broad, almost as wide as long (ZW = 550 – 570 μm), usually located at colony bifurcations, their width equivalent to the two or three distal zooids succeeding them (Fig. 4 E). Frontal shield convex, coarsely granular, with small (about 5 – 10 μm), sparse, circular pseudopores varying in number, numerous in some zooids (approximately 50 – 60) but fewer seen in others, perhaps because of concealment by diagenetic cement or sediment particles. Marginal areolar pores conspicuous, about 40 – 55 μm long, slit-like, at least six per zooid, located at each corner, sometimes with an additional one along distal and lateral zooidal margins. Orifice distally placed, semielliptical or transversely D-shaped, surrounded by a slightly raised and thick margin, wider than long (Fig. 4 B). Oral spines absent. Ascopore located in distal part of an ascopore field below orifice, small, crescentic, finely toothed (Fig. 4 B). Ascopore field surrounded by a smooth rim, higher and wider proximally, forming a saucer-shaped structure often levelled off (Fig. 4 E – F). Avicularia rare, usually single, only once observed paired (Fig. 4 F), small, located on distolateral zooidal margin, roughly at same level as ascopore or slightly distal or proximal, triangular, with pointed rostrum directed distally or distolaterally and complete crossbar. Ovicells not observed in any of more than one hundred colonies studied, presumed absent at least in the fossil populations studied.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	discussion	Remarks Microporella is one of the most species-rich cheilostome genera, with an increasing number of new species having been recognized since the availability of SEM, which has allowed subtle differences in skeletal morphology to be observed (Taylor & Mawatari 2005). Six species, Recent and fossil, have their type occurrence in New Zealand (based on http: // www. bryozoa. net, accessed 16 May 2016) and many others have a wider distribution that includes New Zealand. Among Cenozoic species reported previously from the area, M. ordo Brown, 1952 and nominal M. hyadesi (Jullien, 1888) lack oral spines. Microporella ordo (Fig. 5) was described from the Wanganui Basin at Castlecliff (about 0.55 Ma, Castlecliffian, Late Pleistocene) and differs from the new species in having more numerous marginal areolar pores, a frontal shield with a coarser granulation and more-numerous and larger pseudopores, larger and constant avicularia, the proximal orificial margin with a coarse denticulation, a reticulate ascopore, and zooids arranged in well defined longitudinal rows. Microporella hyadesi (Fig. 6), first described from Recent material from Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands, was reported by Brown (1952: 257) from several New Zealand localities of Middle Oligocene to Pliocene age. It is likely that M. hyadesi sensu Brown (1952) is a closely related species but distinct from the nominal species (Rust 2009). It differs from M. rusti in having ovicells, often paired smaller avicularia, a smaller orifice, a reticulate ascopore and no obvious marginal pores at the zooidal corners.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
D27F87CEB8395F496B3CFBE7FADAFE39.taxon	distribution	Distribution Common in the Nukumaru Limestone (2.29 – 2.08 Ma, Nukumaruan, Pleistocene) and the Nukumaru Brown Sand (2.03 – 1.97 Ma, Nukumaruan, Pleistocene) encrusting bivalve shells, often associated with Anomia trignopsis Hutton, 1877 (Rust 2009). Rare in Castlecliffian (0.58 – 0.52 Ma, Pleistocene) strata.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D., Gordon, Dennis P., Liow, Lee Hsiang (2017): New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 345: 1-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.345
