taxonID	type	description	language	source
D3278796277E693BFF75C650FBC69F8B.taxon	description	Figs. 1 ̄ 52	en	Kamanli, Seyit A., Morritt, David, Ball, Alexander D., Goral, Tomasz, Clark, Paul F. (2018): Re-description of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Varunidae) zoeal development using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Zootaxa 4507 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4507.1.1
D3278796277E693BFF75C650FBC69F8B.taxon	description	Zoea I (Figs. 1 A, 2 − 9) Carapace (Fig. 1 A, 2): Globose; dorsal spine present, gently curved, longer than rostral and lateral spines; rostral spine present and shorter than dorsal spine and with small spinules; lateral spines present with small spines on surface; anterodorsal setae absent; one pair of posterodorsal setae present; ventral margin with 8 ¯ 9 serrations, setae absent; dorsoposterior margin without setae; eyes sessile. Antennule (Fig. 3 A): Primary flagellum with 4 terminal aesthetascs (2 broad, 2 slender) and 1 small seta; accessory flagellum absent. Antenna (Fig. 3 B): Uniramous; protopod distally bilaterally spinulate; endopod absent; exopod short, ca. 30 % of protopod, with 2 unequal (1 short, 1 minute) medial spines. Mandible (Fig. 4 A, B): Palp absent, incisor teeth distinct. Maxillule (Fig. 4 C): Uniramous; epipod seta absent; coxa with 5 sparsely plumose setae, basial endite with 5 armed processes (four plumodenticulate, one sparsely plumose setae); endopod comprising 2 articles, proximal article with 1 seta, distal article with 5 (1 subterminal + 4 terminal) plumose setae; exopod absent. Maxilla (Fig. 5): Biramous; coxal endite bilobed with 4 + 3 plumose setae; basial endite bilobed with 5 + 4 sparsely plumose setae; endopod without articulation and bilobed with 2 + 2 plumose setae; exopod (scaphognathite) margin with 4 plumose + 1 long distal stout process. First maxilliped (Fig. 6): Biramous; coxa without seta; basis with 10 (2 + 2 + 3 + 3) setae; endopod comprising 5 articles with 2,2,1,2,5 (1 subterminal (dorsal) + 4 terminal) setae; exopod comprising 2 articles, distal article with 4 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Second maxilliped (Fig. 7): Biramous; coxa without seta; basis with 4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) sparsely plumose setae; endopod comprising 3 articles with 0,1,6 (3 subterminal (1 dorsal, 2 ventral) + 3 terminal) sparsely plumose setae; exopod comprising 2 articles, distal article with 4 terminal plumose natatory setae. Third maxilliped: Absent. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Fig. 8): Five pleomeres, pleomere 2 with 1 pair of dorsolateral processes directed anteriorly; pleomeres 3 and 4 each with a small pair of dorsolateral processes directed ventrally, pleomere 1 with rounded posterolateral process; pleomeres 2 ¯ 4 with dorsolateral processes; pleomere 1 without medial setae; pleomeres 2 ¯ 5 with a pair of posterodorsal setae; pleopods absent. Telson (Fig. 9): Bifurcated; each fork long curved distally with an inner row of paired spinules; lateral and dorsomedial spines absent; posterior margin with 3 pairs of stout spinulate setae, inner pair with 2 long spinules medially on inner margin; anal operculum ventral. Zoea II (Figs. 1 B, 10 − 15) Carapace (Fig. 1 B, 10): Two pairs of anterodorsal (one pair on orbital margin) setae; lateral spines now smooth; ventral margin with 2 anterior plumose setae and 2 posterior setae with additional serrations; eyes stalked. Otherwise unchanged. Antennule (Fig. 11 A): Primary flagellum with 4 broad aesthetascs and 2 equal short setae. Otherwise unchanged. Antenna (Fig. 11 B): Exopod more developed, ca. 35 % of protopod length. Otherwise unchanged. Mandible: Unchanged. Maxillule (Fig. 11 C): Biramous; basial endite with 7 armed processes; exopod, plumose seta present. Otherwise unchanged. Maxilla (Fig. 12): Exopod (scaphognathite) margin with 5 + 3 plumose setae; long distal stout process reduced in size. Otherwise unchanged. First maxilliped (Fig. 13): Exopod, distal article with 6 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Second maxilliped (Fig. 14): Exopod, distal article with 6 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Third maxilliped: Absent. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Fig. 15 A – C): Pleomere 1 with 1 small dorsal medial seta. Otherwise unchanged. Telson (Fig. 15 D): Unchanged. Zoea III (Figs. 1 C, 16 ̄ 22) Carapace (Fig. 1 C, 16): Now with four pairs of anterodorsal setae; dorsal spine with 1 pair of setae; lateral spine slightly decreasing in length; ventral margin 2 anterior plumose setae and 4 posterior setae and with additional serrations. Otherwise unchanged. Antennule (Fig. 17 A): Unchanged. Antenna (Figs. 17 B, C): Biramous; endopod present as small bud (ca. 20 % of whole appendage); exopod more developed, ca. 40 % of protopod. Otherwise unchanged. Mandible (Fig. 18 A): Unchanged. Maxillule (Fig. 18 B): Epipod seta present; Otherwise unchanged. Maxilla (Fig. 19): Coxal endite with 5 + 3 plumose setae; basial endite with 6 + 5 sparsely plumose setae; exopod (scaphognathite) margin with 9 + 6 plumose setae. Otherwise unchanged. First maxilliped (Fig. 20): Endopod with 2,2,2 (now with a dorsal seta), 2,5 (1 subterminal + 4 terminal) setae; exopod, distal article with 8 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Second maxilliped (Fig. 21): Exopod, distal article with 8 terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Third maxilliped: Absent. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Fig. 22 A-C): Pleomere 1 with 1 or 2 medial setae. Pleomere 6 now differentiated. Otherwise unchanged. Telson (Fig. 22 A, D): Posterior margin with 4 pairs of setae (4 + 4), additional inner pair of inner sometimes represented by a single seta (4 + 3). Otherwise unchanged. Zoea IV (Figs. 1 D, 23 − 32) Carapace (Figs. 1 D, 23 − 24): Dorsal spine with 2 pairs of setae; now with 5 pairs of anterodorsal setae; lateral spine shorter in length than previous stage; 4 anterior plumose setae and 7 ¯ 8 posterior setae on ventral margin with additional serrations on each side; 3 pairs of setae on dorsoposterior margin. Otherwise unchanged. Antennule (Fig. 25 A): Primary flagellum with 1 proximal and 1 distal subterminal aesthetasc and 3 long terminal aesthetascs and 1 short terminal seta. Otherwise unchanged. Antenna (Fig. 25 B): Endopod now more developed (ca. 30 % of whole appendage); exopod now more developed, ca. 40 ̄ 50 %. Otherwise unchanged. Mandible (Fig. 26): Well developed, molar now present. Maxillule (Fig. 27): Coxa with 7 highly plumose and 1 simple setae, basial endite with 11 armed processes (marginal), 1 plumose and 1 short simple setae on inner margin of basal endite. Otherwise unchanged. Maxilla (Fig. 28): Coxal endite bilobed with 7 + 3 plumose setae and 1 distal simple seta; basial endite with 8 + 8 sparsely unequal plumose setae; exopod (scaphognathite) margin with 18 + 7 highly plumose setae of various length. Otherwise unchanged. First maxilliped (Fig. 29): Coxa with 1 seta; endopod with 2,3 (1 dorsal, 2 ventral setae), 2,2,6 (2 subterminal (1 dorsal + 1 ventral) + 4 terminal) setae, variation of article 2 with occasionally only 2 (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) setae; exopod, distal article with 10 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Second maxilliped (Fig. 30): Exopod, distal article with 10 terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Third maxilliped (Fig. 31 A): Present; biramous; epipod present; endopod longer than exopod. Pereiopods (Fig. 31 B): Present; bilobed cheliped; walking legs with some articulation. Pleon (Fig. 32 A-D): Pleomere 1 with 5 medial setae; pleopods present on pleomeres 2 ¯ 6, uniramous, endopods absent. Otherwise unchanged. Telson (Fig. 32 E): Posterior margin with 5 pairs setae; no variation recorded. Otherwise unchanged. Zoea V (Figs. 1 E, 33 − 42) Carapace (Figs. 1 E, 33 − 34): Dorsal spine with 3 pairs of setae; lateral spine shorter than previous stage; now with 7 pairs of anterodorsal setae; 16 ¯ 17 plumose posterior setae on ventral margin with additional spines on each side. Otherwise unchanged. Antennule (Fig. 35 A, B): Basal region shaped as convex with 2 simple setae; primary flagellum with 4 proximal subterminal long aesthetascs; 5 distal subterminal aesthetascs and 5 terminal aesthetascs + 1 simple seta; accessory flagellum present as small bud. Otherwise unchanged. Antenna (Fig. 35 C, D): Protopod distally bilaterally spinulate; endopod now clearly discrete (ca. 60 % of whole appendage), exopod more developed and occasionally with only 1 seta instead of 2. Otherwise unchanged. Mandible (Fig. 36): Palp present, with additional incisor teeth. Otherwise unchanged Maxillule (Fig. 37): 2 epipod setae; coxa with 3 tiers, 9 armed processes (marginal) setae + 4 plumose setae + 3 simple setae respectively; basial endite now with 16 armed processes (marginal) and 4 simple setae on inner margin. Otherwise unchanged. Maxilla (Fig. 38): Coxal endite with 11 + 4 plumose setae; basial endite with 10 + 11 sparsely unequal plumose setae; exopod (scaphognathite) margin now with 32 ¯ 33 highly plumose setae of various length + 1 lateral seta. Otherwise unchanged. First maxilliped (Fig. 39): Coxa with epipod lobe with either 3 setae or 3 setae and 1 small seta; basis with 10 – 12 (2 + 2 + 3 + 3 or 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 respectively) setae; endopod normally 2,3 (1 dorsal + 2 ventral setae), 2,2,6 (2 subterminal (1 dorsal + 1 ventral) + 4 terminal) setae, variation in article 1 with occasionally 1 seta; exopod, distal article with 12 – 13 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Second maxilliped (Fig. 40): Endopod with either 0,1,6 (2 subterminal (1 dorsal + 1 ventral) + 4 terminal) or 0,1,7 (3 subterminal (1 dorsal + 2 ventral) + 4 terminal) sparsely plumose setae; exopod with 12 – 13 terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Third maxilliped (Fig. 41 A): Endopod with articulation; 2 gills present (podobranch and arthrobranch). Pereiopods (Fig. 41 B): Cheliped more distinct; some articulation; 3 developed gill buds (podobranchs or arthrobranchs?). Pleon (Figs. 41 C, 42 A, C): Pleomere 1 with 7 medial setae of variable lengths; pleopods on pleomeres 2 ¯ 5 much more developed, biramous with endopod buds, pleopod (uropod) on somite 6 much smaller than on somites 2 ̄ 5 and endopod bud absent. Otherwise unchanged. Telson (Fig. 42): Now with 5 pairs (4 long, 1 small) setae on posterior margin and 1 pair of dorsal medial setae; with 1 pair of medial setae. Otherwise unchanged. Zoea VI (Figs. 1 F, 43 − 52) Carapace (Figs. 1 F, 43): Dorsal spine with 4 pairs of setae; with 9 pairs of anterodorsal setae; 4 ¯ 5 pairs of setae on dorsoposterior margin. Otherwise unchanged. Antennule (Fig. 44): 5 proximal subterminal aesthetascs; 5 distal subterminal aesthetascs and 6 terminal aesthetascs; accessory flagellum now more developed but without setae. Otherwise unchanged. Antenna (Fig. 45): Endopod now with signs of articulation and clearly discrete (ca. 75 % of whole appendage) with protuberances distally, endopod almost equal with protopod; exopod slightly longer than previous stage, ca. 60 % of protopod with 1 distinct seta. Otherwise unchanged. Mandible (Fig. 46): Palp more developed. Otherwise unchanged. Maxillule (Fig. 47): 3 epipod setae; coxa with 3 tiers, 10 armed processes (marginal) setae + 4 plumose setae + 3 simple setae respectively. Otherwise unchanged. Maxilla (Fig. 48): Coxal endite with 12 + 6 plumose setae; basial endite with 10 + 11 sparsely unequal plumose setae; exopod (scaphognathite) margin with 44 highly plumose setae of various length. Otherwise unchanged. First maxilliped (Fig. 49): Coxa with 3 long setae 1 simple setae on developing epipodal bud, 1 epipod with podobranch gill; basis with 12 (2 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 3) setae; endopod article 2 with only 2 (1 dorsal + 1 ventral) setae and no variation; exopod, distal article with 14 long terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Second maxilliped (Fig. 50): Coxa developing epipodal bud present; exopod with 13 terminal plumose natatory setae. Otherwise unchanged. Third maxilliped (Fig. 51 A): Endopod and exopod more developed. Otherwise unchanged. Pereiopods (Fig. 51 B): More developed than previous stage and with four gill buds. Otherwise unchanged. Pleon (Fig. 51 C, 52 A – C): Pleopods now more developed. Otherwise unchanged.	en	Kamanli, Seyit A., Morritt, David, Ball, Alexander D., Goral, Tomasz, Clark, Paul F. (2018): Re-description of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Varunidae) zoeal development using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Zootaxa 4507 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4507.1.1
