identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A04B98DB169265AD3630A72F9CE5D5B0.text	A04B98DB169265AD3630A72F9CE5D5B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engraulicypris Guenther 1894	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> 
Engraulicypris 
Guenther
, 1894
</p>
            <p> Engraulicypris Günther , 1894: 626 (type species:  Engraulicypris pinguis Günther , 1894 (=  Barilius sardella Günther , 1868:  Lévêque and Daget 1984, Eschmeyer et al. 2016 )) </p>
            <p> = Mesobola Howes, 1984: 168 syn. n. (type species:  Neobola brevianalis Boulenger, 1908) </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> With the synonymisation of  Mesobola and  Engraulicypris ,  Günther’s (1894) diagnosis of  Engraulicypris must be modified to include the species assigned to  Mesobola .  Engraulicypris is a genus of moderately small African chedrin barbs (sensu Tang et al. 2010; Liao et al. 2011, 2012) identified by a lack of a scaly lobe at the base of the pelvic or pectoral fin; a large mouth reaching the anterior border of the orbit or beyond; a dorsal fin origin originating behind midpoint of standard length, more or less above the origin of the anal fin; a pectoral fin not reaching the origin of the anal fin; and body colouration lacking vertical bars or bands. Osteological characters are discussed by Liao et al. (2011, 2012) for  Mesobola and by Liao et al. (2012) for  Engraulicypris . </p>
            <p>Live colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 6). Body without vertical bars or bands.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> Engraulicypris alludes to the anchovy-like form (eggraulis, -eos [eggraulis, -eos]; Greek) of these relatives of the carp (kyprinos [kyprinos]; Greek). </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Southern and Eastern Africa.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A04B98DB169265AD3630A72F9CE5D5B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Riddin, Megan A.;Bills, I. Roger;Villet, Martin H.	Riddin, Megan A., Bills, I. Roger, Villet, Martin H. (2016): Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, Mesobolabrevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini). ZooKeys 641: 121-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434
7C1E77D218F261D24EE6F4684FED1C5B.text	7C1E77D218F261D24EE6F4684FED1C5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engraulicypris brevianalis (Boulenger 1908) Boulenger 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Engraulicypris brevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) comb. n.</p>
            <p> Neobola brevianalis Boulenger, 1908. Annals of the Natal Government Museum 1(3): 281. Holotype: unsexed; "Mkuzi River, Zululand, Transvaal [sic]" [BMNH 1907.4.17.90] in formalin [BMNH]. </p>
            <p> = Engraulicypris whitei van der Horst, 1934. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15(3): 281, unnumbered fig. Syntypes: 5 unsexed, Petronella [SAIAB 30040 ex TMP 15024]; 4 unsexed, Hammanskraal [SAIAB 30041 ex TMP 16022] in formalin [SAIAB]. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> Engraulicypris brevianalis : Holotype, BMNH No 1907.4.17: 90, SL 67 mm. "Mkuzi River, Zululand, Transvaal". [BMNH].  Engraulicypris whitei : Syntypes, SAIAB 30040 (ex TM 15024) (5) and SAIAB 30041 (ex TM 16022) (4), "Aapies River (Limpopo System) near Petronella and near Hammanskraal (Transvaal)". Other material, see Table 2. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis . </p>
            <p>Caudal fin membrane clear towards vivid yellow at fork; anal fin extending two thirds of length of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle moderately long; operculum entirely (not partially) shiny; body midline silver (not black); iris dark to light grey (not white); head with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head in breeding males; snout rounded (not pointed), darker dorsally; pelvic fin melanophores absent.</p>
            <p>Morphology.</p>
            <p>(Figs 6-8; Table 5). Maximum SL 75 mm. Body elongated; somewhat fusiform; laterally compressed. Maximum body depth at middle pelvic and pectoral fin origin. Pre-dorsal profile straight or slightly convex behind head. Head length 20% SL; with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head. Snout rounded; short; 30% of head length. Mouth terminal; slightly crescent-shaped with long anterior side; reaching anterior border of orbit. Nostrils large; level with dorsal margin of eye; separated from orbit by less than one orbit radius. Tubular anterior naris short; adjacent to open posterior naris. Eye lateral; visible from above and below (more prominent); diameter 35% of head length. First gill arch with 8+3 gill rakers on cerato- and epibranchial arms, respectively. Gill rakers long; pointed; widely-spaced. Pharyngeal bones in three rows. Pharyngeal teeth 4,3,2-2,3,4; robust and long; falcate.</p>
            <p>Modal fin formulae in Table 5. Fins large in relation to body size. Dorsal fin closer to caudal fin than tip of snout; more or less above origin of anal fin; length 17% SL; posterior margin straight; rays soft; anterior-most branched fin ray longest. Pectoral fins largest; reaching 1/2 to 3/4 distance to base of pelvic fin; fin lacking lobe at base. Pelvic fins reaching 2/3 distance to base of anal fin; relatively small; pointed; fin lacking a basal lobe. Anal fin moderately long; extending 2/3 length of caudal peduncle; last unbranched ray longest. Ano-genital opening at anterior of base of anal fin. Caudal peduncle moderately long. Caudal fin forked; lobes with slightly concave interior and extending into point; upper lobe shorter.</p>
            <p>Scales small to medium relative to body size; in regular rows; cycloid, slightly elongate; radially striate. Base of anal fin lacking sheath scales. Lateral line present; complete; dipping sharply towards ventral at tip of pectoral fin; joining midline at posterior of caudal peduncle; scale count 53-57 (n = 2) along lateral line, 18 around caudal peduncle.</p>
            <p>Live colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 6). Body silver, without vertical bars or bands. Dorsum pale brown with small dark brown melanophores, midline silver. Snout darker dorsally. Operculum entirely metallic silver. Iris dark to light grey. Dorsal fin membrane clear; rays clear with olive melanophores; fading towards tips. Caudal fin membrane clear, vivid yellow at fork; rays light olive; rays lighter towards tips; melanophores small, dark, fading towards rear. Anal fin rays clear; membrane clear; dark spotting above origin; melanophores dark olive fading towards tips. Pectoral fin membranes clear; rays clear; first ray with few dark melanophores. Pelvic fin rays clear; membrane clear.</p>
            <p>Preserved colouration.</p>
            <p> (Fig. 7). Body and head white and silver with dark spotting sparse to densely packed towards caudal fin on midline and on dorsal surface. Scales on dorsal surface lightly pigmented. Ventral scale pigmentation as intense as dorsal surface. Dorsal surface of head lightly pigmented. Melanophores small, dark; clustered on rear of head, below orbit and on lips and snout; along midline, increasing  in intensity to caudal fin; browner on dorsal surface above midline; forming a small, dark line above anal fin. Operculum and posterior edge of orbit with silver sheen. Membranes between fin rays clear. Pelvic fin clear membranes and rays. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral fin membranes clear; rays with melanophores small, dark, widely-spaced; rays pale grey. </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> ‘Brevianalis’ alludes to the relatively short anal fin.  ‘Whitei’ honours Mr A. G. White, who collected the type specimens in the Aapies River near Petronella and Hammanskraal. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Mocambique: Limpopo River, Incomati River, Pongolo River, St Lucia system, Mkhuze River.</p>
            <p> Type locality. </p>
            <p>Mkuzi River (perhaps within 40 km east or west of 27°35'S 32°00'E), South Africa.</p>
            <p>Biology.</p>
            <p>Pelagic species preferring close proximity to substrate and seeking out slacker areas such as backwater, eddies and pools below riffles. Occurs in shoals and prefers well-aerated, open water in flowing rivers (Skelton 2001), favouring the upper stratum (Engelbrecht and Mulder 1999). Feeds from water column on planktonic crustaceans and insects (e.g. midges and ants) (Skelton 2001). Caught at night with light. Breeding occurs in early summer (Skelton 2001). Found in dams where appears to propagate successfully with little predation and moves around in rivers according to seasonal flows. Appears to migrate up streams in spring to breed where it is found in tributaries.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The specimen (SAIAB 66270) used by Liao et al. (2012) to represent a DNA sequence of  Mesobola brevianalis and is from the Usuthu River (Table 1), and does belong to that species (Fig. 3). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C1E77D218F261D24EE6F4684FED1C5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Riddin, Megan A.;Bills, I. Roger;Villet, Martin H.	Riddin, Megan A., Bills, I. Roger, Villet, Martin H. (2016): Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, Mesobolabrevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini). ZooKeys 641: 121-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434
5DBA562CDAE6BDE2A4EFA13EAEF7B064.text	5DBA562CDAE6BDE2A4EFA13EAEF7B064.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard 1943	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard, 1943 stat. rev.</p>
            <p> Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard, 1943. Annals of the South African Museum36(2): 220. Syntypes: 2 unsexed (not located), "Orange River and Fish River" [SAM 18722-23] [lost]. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>SAIAB 193617, 6 unsexed, 2 cleared &amp; stained: SL 43-44 mm. Namibia, Orange River, Noordower, 28°44'50"S 17°36'32"E, 21 October 2006, R. Bills; SAIAB 78822, 7 unsexed, 2 cleared &amp; stained: SL 39-41 mm. Namibia, Orange River, Felix Unite Camp, 28°41'19"S 17°33'20"E, 20 October 2006, R. Bills; 2 unsexed, SAIAB 78805, 42-47 mm. Namibia, Orange River, Houms River Camp Site, 28°52'5"S 18°36'42"E, 18 October 2006, R. Bills; SAIAB 74232, 10 unsexed, 2 cleared &amp; stained: SL 29-41 mm. South Africa, Orange River, Pella Drift lower site, 28°57'47"S 19°6'36"E, 28 January 2004, R. Bills &amp; N. Jones.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Caudal fin membrane clear to pale orange towards midline; anal fin extending over three quarters of length of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle short; operculum entirely (not partially) shiny; body midline silver (not black); iris dark to light grey (not white); head with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head in breeding males; snout rounded, with dense dark spotting on tip; pelvic fin melanophores absent.</p>
            <p>Morphology.</p>
            <p> (Figs 6-8; Table 6). Maximum SL 46 mm. Body elongated; somewhat fusiform; laterally compressed. Maximum body depth before pelvic fin. Pre-dorsal profile straight or slightly convex behind head. Head length 21% SL; with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head. Snout rounded; short; 32% of head length. Mouth terminal; slightly crescent-shaped with long anterior side; reaching anterior border of orbit. Nostrils large; level with dorsal margin of eye; separated from orbit by less than one orbit radius. Tubular anterior naris short; adjacent to open posterior naris. Eye lateral; visible from above and below (more prominent); diameter 32% of head length.  First gill arch with 7+3 gill rakers on cerato- and epibranchial arms, respectively. Gill rakers long; pointed; widely-spaced. Pharyngeal bones in three rows. Pharyngeal teeth 4,3,2-2,3,4; robust and long; falcate. </p>
            <p> Modal fin formulae in Table 6. Fins large in relation to body size. Dorsal fin closer to caudal fin than tip of snout; more or less above origin of anal fin; length 17% SL; posterior margin straight; rays soft; anterior-most branched fin ray longest. Pectoral fins largest; reaching 1/2 to 3/4 distance to base of pelvic fin; fin lacking lobe at base. Pelvic fins reaching 2/3 distance to base of anal fin; relatively small; pointed; fin lacking a basal lobe. Anal fin moderately long; extending over 3/4 length of caudal peduncle;  last unbranched ray longest. Ano-genital opening at anterior of base of anal fin. Caudal peduncle short; half of length. Caudal fin forked; lobes pointed; upper lobe shorter. </p>
            <p>Scales small to medium relative to body size; in regular rows; cycloid, slightly elongated; radially striate. Base of anal fin lacking sheath of enlarged, elongate scales. Lateral line present; complete; dipping drastically towards ventral at tip of pectoral fin; joins midline at posterior of caudal peduncle; scale count 49-51 (n = 2) along lateral line, 14-16 around caudal peduncle.</p>
            <p>Live colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 6). Body without vertical bars or bands. Dorsum transparent pale brown with melanophores concentrated around dorsal fin; midline silver. Snout with dense dark spotting on tip. Operculum entirely metallic silver. Iris dark to light grey. Dorsal fin membrane clear; rays clear; melanophores fading towards tips. Caudal fin membrane clear to pale orange towards midline; rays dark grey, lighter towards tips; melanophores small, dark, fading towards rear. Anal fin rays clear; membrane clear; pale orange spotting above origin; melanophores few to absent. Pectoral fin membranes clear; rays clear; first ray few dark melanophores. Pelvic fin rays clear; membrane clear.</p>
            <p>Preserved colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 7). Body and head orange with small dark brown spotting along dorsal surface, midline and above anal fin. Scales on dorsal surface lightly pigmented. Ventral scale pigmentation less intense than dorsal. Dorsal surface of head lightly pigmented. Melanophores small, dark; grouped on rear of head, below orbit, and on lips and snout; along midline, increasing in intensity to caudal fin; brownish on dorsal surface, darkening between origin of pectoral and dorsal fin; forming small dark line above anal fin. Membranes between fin rays clear. Pelvic fin clear membranes and rays.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> '  Gariepinus ' refers to the Gariep, a San name for the Orange River that means 'Great  water’ . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>South Africa, Namibia: Lower Orange River system, Fish River (Barnard 1943).</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Orange River and Fish River, Namibia (Barnard 1943).</p>
            <p>Biology.</p>
            <p>This shoaling fish favours open, shallow water, normally occurring in slack pools and particularly below riffles. Populations found in the lower Orange and Fish Rivers are limited by the Augrabies and Fish River Falls. They are thought to feed mainly on small autochthonous invertebrates (planktonic crustaceans or insects), and are caught in large numbers where they occur. They are restricted to turbid waters, which provide protection from visual predators (R. Bills, pers. obs.).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The two syntypes of  Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard, 1943 were originally stored in the South African Museum, but were moved to the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa (AMG 106 and 1009) (Eschmeyer 2014). The Albany Museum fish collection has now been moved to SAIAB and these specimens have not been traced (I.R. Bills, pers. obs.). There is no 'exceptional  need’ (ICZN, Articles 75.2 and 75.3) for a neotype, since there is only one species of  Mesobola in the topotypical river system, and the species is sufficiently physically distinctive that even if another species was introduced, they would be easy to distinguish on the basis of published descriptions. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5DBA562CDAE6BDE2A4EFA13EAEF7B064	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Riddin, Megan A.;Bills, I. Roger;Villet, Martin H.	Riddin, Megan A., Bills, I. Roger, Villet, Martin H. (2016): Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, Mesobolabrevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini). ZooKeys 641: 121-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434
A1D701CB85494D219344E7056D7011B0.text	A1D701CB85494D219344E7056D7011B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engraulicypris howesi Riddin, Bills & Villet	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Engraulicypris
howesi Riddin, Bills &amp; Villet
 sp. n.</p>
            <p>Holotype.</p>
            <p>SAIAB 201623, unsexed, SL 43 mm, "Olushandja Dam at channel outlet, Kunene River System, Namibia, 17°25'53"S 14°38'36"E, 16 April 2015, R. Bills, V. Bills &amp; R. van Zeeventer, D-net". In 70% ethanol [SAIAB]</p>
            <p>Paratypes.</p>
            <p>SAIAB 39012, 11 unsexed, SL 21-43 mm, 30 May 1992, C. Hay, N. James &amp; P. Skelton; SAIAB 78759, 7 unsexed, SL 28-37 mm, Kunene River at Hippo Pool below Ruacana Waterfall, Namibia, 17°24'24"S 14°13'1"E, 21 August 2006, E. Swartz &amp; Kramer; SAIAB 38961, 14 unsexed, SL 29-35 mm, 27, Kunene River, Namibia, 17°38'33"S 14°21'67"E, 27 May 1992, C. Hay, N. James &amp; P. Skelton, SAIAB 35340, 6 unsexed, 2 cleared &amp; stained, Kunene River below Ruacana Falls, Namibia, 13 January 1991, B. van der Waal [SAIAB].</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Anal fin extending over three quarters of length of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle short; operculum entirely (not partially) shiny; body midline silver (not black); iris dark to light grey (not white); head with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head in breeding males; snout rounded; pelvic fin melanophores absent.</p>
            <p>Morphology.</p>
            <p>(Figs 6-8; Table 7). Maximum SL 43 mm. Body elongated; somewhat fusiform; laterally compressed. Maximum body depth midway along body. Pre-dorsal profile straight or slightly convex behind head. Head length 23% of SL; with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head. Snout rounded; short; 29% of head length. Mouth terminal; slightly crescent-shaped with long anterior side; reaching anterior border of orbit. Nostrils large; level with dorsal margin of eye; separated from orbit by less than one orbit radius. Tubular anterior naris short; adjacent to open posterior naris. Eye lateral; visible from above and below (more prominent); diameter 41% of head length. First gill arch with 8+3 gill rakers on cerato- and epibranchial arms, respectively. Gill rakers long; pointed; widely-spaced. Pharyngeal bones in four rows. Pharyngeal teeth 5,3,2,1-1,2,3,5; slender and long; falcate.</p>
            <p>Modal fin formulae in Table 7. Fins large in relation to body size. Dorsal fin closer to caudal fin than tip of snout; more or less above origin of anal fin; length 14% of SL; posterior margin straight; rays soft; anterior-most branched fin ray longest. Pectoral fins largest; reaching 1/2 to 3/4 distance to base of pelvic fin; fin lacking lobe at base. Pelvic fins reaching 2/3 distance to base of anal fin; relatively small; pointed; fin lacking a basal lobe. Anal fin moderately long; extending 2/3 length of caudal peduncle; last unbranched ray longest. Ano-genital opening at anterior of base of anal fin. Caudal peduncle moderately long; depth half of length. Caudal fin forked; lobes pointed; upper lobe shorter.</p>
            <p>Scales small to medium relative to body size; in regular rows; cycloid; radially striate; rounded, slightly elongate. Base of anal fin lacking sheath of scales. Lateral line present; complete; dipping sharply towards ventral at tip of pectoral fin; joins midline at posterior of caudal peduncle; scale count 51-52 (n = 2) along lateral line, 14 around caudal peduncle.</p>
            <p> Live colouration. </p>
            <p>(Fig. 6). Body without vertical bars or bands. Dorsum transparent brown with melanophores concentrated around dorsal fin and caudal peduncle; midline silver. Snout darker dorsally. Operculum entirely metallic silver. Iris white to light grey. Dorsal fin membrane clear; rays clear with dark melanophores. Caudal fin membrane clear; rays dark brown to black, lighter towards edge; melanophores lighter towards tip. Anal fin rays clear; membrane clear; few dark spots above origin; melanophores absent. Pectoral fin membrane clear; rays clear; first ray with few dark melanophores. Pelvic fin rays clear; membrane clear.</p>
            <p>Preserved colouration.</p>
            <p> (Fig. 7). Body and head orange with small dark brown spots along dorsal surface, midline and above anal fin. Scales on dorsal surface lightly  pigmented . Ventral scale pigmentation less intense than dorsal. Dorsal surface of head lightly pigmented. Melanophores small, dark; grouped on rear of head, below orbit, and on lips and snout; along midline, increasing in intensity to caudal fin; browner on dorsal surface, darkening between origin of pectoral and dorsal fin; forming small dark line above anal fin. Operculum with silver sheen. Side of body with silver sheen extending from pectoral fin to anal fin origin. Membranes between fin rays white to clear towards end. Pelvic fin clear membranes and rays. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral fin membranes white to clear; rays with small, widely-spaced, melanophores fading towards edges; rays pale brown to clear. </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> This species is named in honour of Gordon John Howes (1938-2013), whose studies of the osteology of the  Danioninae (Howes 1980, 1984) laid the foundations of their modern classification. The epithet is a genitive noun. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Namibia, Angola: Cunene River system.</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p> Olushandja Dam at channel outlet (17°25  ’53’’ S 14°38  ’36’’ E), Kunene River System, Namibia. </p>
            <p>Biology.</p>
            <p>Very little is known of the biology of this species. Individuals appear to favour turbid, rocky, river regions where they can gather in pockets of recirculating currents. The holotype and some paratypes were collected in the shallow, turbid Olushandja Dam in the Namibian upper reaches of the system. They feed on drifting invertebrate larvae and adults and plankton.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A1D701CB85494D219344E7056D7011B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Riddin, Megan A.;Bills, I. Roger;Villet, Martin H.	Riddin, Megan A., Bills, I. Roger, Villet, Martin H. (2016): Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, Mesobolabrevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini). ZooKeys 641: 121-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434
E44B333E51186AD99389B11D0692F021.text	E44B333E51186AD99389B11D0692F021.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Engraulicypris ngalala Riddin, Villet & Bills	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Engraulicypris ngalala Riddin, Villet &amp; Bills sp. n.</p>
            <p>Holotype.</p>
            <p>SAIAB 74087 A, GenBank KX788909, unsexed, SL 40 mm. "Lucheringo River, Singa Hunting Camp, Mozambique, 11°48'56"S 36°13'15"E, 25 August 2003, I.R. Bills, seine net". In 70% ethanol [SAIAB].</p>
            <p>Paratypes.</p>
            <p>SAIAB 193064, 2 unsexed, SL 42-45 mm, collected with holotype; SAIAB 73944, 29 unsexed, 2 cleared &amp; stained, SL 18-29 mm, Rovuma River below Chamba, Mozambique, 12°35'47"S 36°56'8"E, 19 August 2003, I.R. Bills; SAIAB 39269, 11 unsexed, 1 cleared and stained, SL 42-53 mm. Lake Chiuta at Mthubula Beach, Malawi, 14°78'33"S 35°83'33"E, 13 July 1992, P. Skelton &amp; D. Tweddle [SAIAB].</p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Operculum shiny only on ventral posterior edge and small area at posterior edge of orbit (not entire area); body midline black (not silver); head with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head in breeding males; snout rounded (not pointed); iris white to light grey (not dark grey) with a few melanophores; pelvic fin melanophores present, dark and widely dispersed.</p>
            <p>Morphology.</p>
            <p> (Figs 6-8; Table 8). Maximum SL 51 mm. Body elongated; somewhat fusiform; laterally compressed. Maximum body depth midway along body. Pre-dorsal profile straight or slightly convex behind head. Head length 18% of SL; with tubercles along lower jaw and lower head. Snout rounded; short; 33% of head length.  Mouth terminal; slightly crescent-shaped with long anterior side. Nostrils large; level with dorsal margin of eye; separated from orbit by less than one orbit radius. Tubular anterior naris short; adjacent to open posterior naris. Eye lateral; visible from above and below (more prominent); diameter 43% of head length. First gill arch with 13+3 gill rakers on cerato- and epibranchial arms, respectively. Gill rakers long; pointed; widely-spaced. Pharyngeal bones in four rows. Pharyngeal teeth 5,3,2,1-1,2,3,5; slender and long; falcate. </p>
            <p> Modal fin formulae in Table 8. Fins large in relation to body size. Dorsal fin closer to caudal fin than tip of snout; more or less above origin of anal fin; length 14% of  SL ; posterior margin straight; rays soft; anterior-most branched fin ray longest. Dorsal and anal fin point parallel. Pectoral fins largest; reaching 1/2 to 3/4 distance to base of pelvic fin; fin lacking lobe at base. Pelvic fins reaching 2/3 distance to base of anal fin; relatively small; pointed; fin lacking a basal lobe. Anal fin moderately long; extending 2/3 length of caudal peduncle; last unbranched ray longest. Ano-genital opening at anterior of base of anal fin. Caudal peduncle moderately long; depth half of length. Caudal fin forked; lobes slightly concave interior lobe into point; upper lobe shorter. </p>
            <p>Scales small to medium relative to body size; in regular rows; cycloid; radially striate; rounded, slightly elongate. Base of anal fin lacking sheath of enlarged, elongate scales. Lateral line present; complete; dipping sharply towards ventral at tip of pectoral fin; joins midline at posterior of caudal peduncle; scale count 51-52 (n = 2) along lateral line, 14-16 (n = 3) around caudal peduncle.</p>
            <p>Live colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 6). Body and head white ventrally with pale brown dorsal surface. Body midline black; colouration without vertical bars or bands. Dorsal surface with ubiquitous melanophores. Snout with dense dark spotting on tip. Operculum shiny only on ventral posterior edge and small area at posterior edge of orbit. Iris white to light grey with a few melanophores. Dorsal fin membrane clear; rays clear with dark melanophores. Caudal fin membrane clear to pale orange towards midline; rays dark brown to black, lighter towards edge; melanophores abundant and fading towards tips. Anal fin rays clear; membrane clear; pale orange spotting above origin; melanophores dark brown fading towards tips. Pectoral fin membranes clear; rays clear; first ray with abundant dark melanophores. Pelvic fin rays clear; membrane clear.</p>
            <p>Preserved colouration.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 7). Body and head pale yellow with dark brown spotting on dorsal surface and midline. Scales on dorsal surface lightly pigmented. Ventral scale pigmentation less intense than dorsal. Dorsal surface of head lightly pigmented. Melanophores small, dark; grouped on rear of head, below orbit, and on lips and snout; along midline, increasing in intensity to caudal fin; browner on dorsal surface, darkening between origin of pectoral and dorsal fin; forming small dark line above anal fin. Operculum and posterior base on orbit with silver sheen. Membranes between fin rays white to clear towards end. Pelvic fin clear membranes with melanophores on first ray. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral fin rays with melanophores small, widely-spaced, fading towards edges; pale brown to clear.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> In the Cyao language spoken in the Niassa region of northern Mozambique, the name  ‘ngalala’ denotes any, small, compressed, silvery fish, including  Mesobola and species of  Brycinus Valenciennes, 1850 and  Hemigrammopetersius Pellegrin, 1926. The epithet is treated as a nominative singular noun in apposition. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Mozambique, Malawi: Rovuma River system and Lake Chiuta.</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Lucheringo River below rapids at Singa hunting camp (11°48'56"S 36°13'15"E), Mozambique.</p>
            <p>Biology.</p>
            <p> This species is found in ecological conditions very similar to those characteristic of  Engraulicypris gariepinus (Bills 2004). It favours big rivers, gathering in slack, turbid and shallow regions with sandy, rocky or muddy substrates. In Lake Chiuta specimens were caught in reed beds along the margins. The Lake Chiuta and Rovuma River  stocks may differ ecologically because Lake Chiuta offers a lacustrine pelagic and benthic prey community (copepods, etc.) that is not found in the Rovuma River channel, where fish would predominantly have access to invertebrate drift. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E44B333E51186AD99389B11D0692F021	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Riddin, Megan A.;Bills, I. Roger;Villet, Martin H.	Riddin, Megan A., Bills, I. Roger, Villet, Martin H. (2016): Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, Mesobolabrevianalis (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini). ZooKeys 641: 121-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10434
