taxonID	type	description	language	source
C866706D62029A3589FDF3E5D4E4F948.taxon	discussion	Subgeneric classification. The current subgeneric division of Euodynerus includes three subgenera, with Euodynerus s. str. being almost cosmopolitan, Pareuodynerus Blüthgen having a mainly Holarctic distribution, and Incolepipona Giordani Soika having only one species endemic to the Bonin Islands. While the first two are well distinct and easily recognizable on the basis of generally constant characters, the subgenus Incolepipona is mainly based on characters that are widely subject to variability in many genera of Eumeninae: proportions of clypeus and tegula, development of the carinae on mesepisternum, metanotum and propodeum, convexity of S 2 and sculpture (Giordani Soika 1994). The comparison of a paratype of the only species included in Incolepipona, Euodynerus convergens Giordani Soika, 1994 (Figs 1 A, B), with several other species of Euodynerus has revealed that these differences are inconsistent and do not support the recognition of a distinct subgenus. In particular, E. convergens shows evident affinities with the species included in the subgenus Pareuodynerus based on the morphology of vertex, metanotum and propodeum, while the other characters have purely specific value. For this reason, the subgenus Incolepipona is synonymized under Pareuodynerus. The study of monospecific Eumeninae genera conducted by the first author (M. Selis, unpublished data) also revealed a further synonymy at the genus-level. Gusenleitner (2014) described the genus Extraepipona Gusenleitner, 2014 to accommodate a single species from Iran, Extraepipona occulta Gusenleitner, 2014, and compared it with the genus Anterhynchium de Saussure, proposing only the shape of the clypeus and of the axillary fossa as diagnostic characters. As already predictable from the different shapes of the axillary fossa, the examination of the holotype of Extraepipona occulta (Figs 1 C, D) demonstrated that this taxon has little affinity with the genus Anterhynchium, but presents all the diagnostic characters of Euodynerus, such as T 1 with a translucent margin and morphology of metanotum and propodeum, leading to the synonymy of Extraepipona with Euodynerus. In particular, Euodynerus occultus, comb. nov. seems closely related to another Iranian species, Euodynerus annae (Kostylev, 1937) (which is the senior synonym of Euodynerus shirazensis Giordani Soika, 1970, syn. nov., after examining the types of both species, Figs 1 E – H), from which it is however easily differentiated by its color pattern and some morphological characters (e. g. dorsal carinae of the propodeum, sculpture). These synonymies lead the taxonomy of the genus Euodynerus to a division into two subgenera, Euodynerus s. str. and Pareuodynerus, however some considerations must be made. Our molecular data show both subgenera as non-monophyletic, since some species attributed to the subgenus Pareuodynerus (E. bidentiformis, E. bidentoides and E. strigatus) do not form a monophyletic group with the remaining species of the subgenus but are positioned separately in the clade formed by the species of the nominotypical subgenus. Although COI analysis is known to have limited power in resolving deeper phylogenetic relationships (Trunz et al. 2016), the results presented here may indicate that the currently recognized subgenera in Euodynerus do not represent monophyletic natural groups, and sampling of more conserved genes than COI will be necessary to solve this issue. In addition to the need for more conserved genetic markers, it will be necessary to sample Euodynerus species from the entire known range of the genus and species belonging to related genera, since on the basis of morphological studies the nominotypical subgenus appears to be constituted by different phyletic lineages (see Appendix 1 for list of examined species): as already highlighted by Selis (2024), some Afrotropical species form a well-defined group with affinities to the genus Proepipona Giordani Soika, as is also observed in numerous New World species that show greater similarities with the genus Pachodynerus de Saussure than with the Old World species of Euodynerus s. str. A special case is constituted by the Australian species attributed to the genus Pseudepipona de Saussure by Giordani Soika (1962) and recently moved to Euodynerus by Carpenter & Brown (2021), as some of them show only a superficial similarity to Euodynerus, resulting morphologically similar to Pseudabispa bicolor (de Saussure), a species which in turn shows little similarity to the other species of Pseudabispa van der Vecht. A complete phylogeny of Euodynerus will likely lead to important changes in the current subgeneric taxonomy of the genus.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A, C, D; 14 A)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwest Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner 2013). Recorded from Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) by Giordani Soika (1953), these records could be attributable to E. bidentatus puniceus Blüthgen.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C.taxon	discussion	Notes. This taxon and its subspecies puniceus Blüthgen were considered of uncertain subgeneric position (van der Vecht & Fischer 1972), until Gusenleitner (1977) placed them in subgenus Pareuodynerus. However, this placement does not conform to the diagnostic characters of the subgenus provided by Gusenleitner himself (Gusenleitner 1997, 2013), as Pareuodynerus is defined by the following characters: dorsal propodeal carina forming a sharp lamellate tooth adjacent to metanotum, female with cephalic foveae placed in a modified area which is at least as wide as the ocellar triangle, and male with last segment of mid and hind tarsi black and at least slightly expanded. These characters are not observed in E. bidentatus, which instead shows the typical characters of the nominotypical subgenus: dorsal carina of propodeum absent and not toothed, female with cephalic foveae placed in a small depression narrower than the ocellar triangle, and male with all segments of tarsi yellow-orange and not expanded. Even the structure of the digitus further confirms this incongruence, as the digitus of E. bidentatus is subtriangular, with converging sides and a pointed apex (Fig. 14 A); in the subgenus Pareuodynerus the digitus has subparallel sides and a largely rounded apex, which give it a subrectangular appearance, and is proportionally shorter (Figs 14 K – N). Taking these aspects into consideration, we propose moving E. bidentatus to Euodynerus s. str.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71.taxon	description	(Figs 4 B, E)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Libya, currently known only from the typical locality of Bi’r Bu al Ghurab (Blüthgen 1956). As reported above, Giordani Soika (1953) recorded E. bidentatus from Libya (Gharyan and Cyrenaica), but the real identity of those records remains to be assessed.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71.taxon	discussion	Notes. Blüthgen (1956) described this taxon as a Libyan subspecies of the western Maghrebi Euodynerus bidentatus (Lepeletier), differentiating it by the reduced and ferruginous markings only (Figs 4 B, E). Other than the pattern, the comparison of two female specimens of E. bidentatus puniceus, including the holotype, with several specimens of the nominotypical subspecies revealed two additional subtle differences in sculpture: clypeus with more defined punctures less tending to form longitudinal striae and mesoscutum and metasoma with slightly sparser punctures. In addition, DNA barcoding of one of the two specimens resulted in a sequence presenting a genetic distance of 6.64 % from the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 2). The weak morphological differences and the low genetic distance would suggest synonymizing the subspecies puniceus with the nominotypical one, however, the two subspecies do not seem to present intermediate forms as regards the chromatic pattern and the subspecies puniceus is currently known only from a very isolated locality in the Libyan desert, thus indicating a certain degree of isolation between the two populations. Since this could be a case analogous to what was observed in the Stenodynerus fastidiosissimus (de Saussure) / S. rufescens Giordani Soika pair (Selis et al. 2024), in which the females do not show clear morphological differences, we prefer to maintain the subspecies puniceus pending the availability of more material and the discovery of its male.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949.taxon	description	(Figs 4 F – I; 14 B; 15 D; 16 C)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mainly Asian species ranging from the Caucasus in the West to China in the East, occurring in the South-Eastern border of Europe (Russia: Astrakhan Province) (Rahmani et al. 2020).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949.taxon	discussion	Notes. Gusenleitner (2016) described the subspecies Euodynerus caspicus armeniacus based on a single female from Armenia, differentiating it from E. caspicus s. str. and E. caspicus astrachanensis Blüthgen only by pattern, sculpture, and width of the disc of metanotum. Euodynerus caspicus is a highly variable species and the characters reported by Gusenleitner as diagnostic of the subspecies armeniacus fall within the range of variability, already largely highlighted by Morawitz (1885: 167) in the description of the synonym L. cardinalis. The examination of a specimen from Armenia attributable to the subspecies armeniacus further confirms this, since it does not present substantial differences from the specimens of the typical subspecies occurring from European Russia to Central Asia and Mongolia. The subspecies E. caspicus armeniacus is therefore synonymized under the nominotypical one.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0.taxon	description	(Figs 5 A – H; 14 C; 15 N; 16 K)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Iberian Peninsula in the West to Mongolia in the East, descending into Morocco, the Levant and Iran (Fateryga et al. 2021).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0.taxon	discussion	Notes. The available genetic data show a certain level of substructuring within Euodynerus curictensis, with three recognizable groups distinguished by geographic provenance (Fig. 2): the first from Sardinia, the second from Morocco and the last ranging from the Italian Peninsula to the Caucasus and the Levant. The lone female specimen available from Sardinia, consistent with the Sardinian endemic subspecies E. curictensis sardous Borsato (Figs 5 C, H), presents a genetic distance of 2.96 % from the Moroccan specimens and 7.04 – 7.27 % from the more widespread group, while the Moroccan and the widespread group differ by 3.77 – 4.04 %, with the highest differences between Moroccan and Italian specimens. These genetic distances do not seem to correlate to constant morphological differences, and the highest intraspecific genetic distance (7.27 %) is still well below the interspecific distances observed between E. curictensis and the other species of the nominotypical subgenus considered in this study, with the lowest being 19.68 % between E. curictensis and E. dantici violaceipennis. For these reasons, the whole clade is here considered as a single taxon, E. curictensis, making E. curictensis sardous a junior synonym.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.taxon	description	(Figs 6 A – O; 14 D; 15 E, H, M, T; 16 E, I)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic taxon, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Central Asia and China in the East, descending into the Maghreb and the Levant (Fateryga et al. 2019; present data).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.taxon	discussion	Notes. Euodynerus dantici is a polytypic species, occurring in the whole Palaearctic and part of the Oriental region with five subspecies in addition to E. dantici s. str. The nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 6 A) has been widely recorded from most of the Palaearctic region, with the other subspecies replacing or cohabitating with it in some localities: dantici brachytomus (Kostylev) (Fig. 6 F) in Eastern Siberia and the northern Far East, dantici pamiricus Blüthgen (Fig. 6 E) in the Pamir Mountains, dantici poggii Giordani Soika (Fig. 6 B) in Montecristo Island (Italy), dantici tinctus (Walker) in Egypt, and dantici violaceipennis Giordani Soika (Fig. 6 G) in East Asia from Japan to Vietnam. All of these subspecies were examined and sequenced, except for E. dantici tinctus for which no specimen was available (we examined the female reported to be in MSNVE by Dal Pos et al. (2022), but it comes from Algeria and belongs to the nominotypical subspecies), revealing a complex situation made of several lineages. E. dantici violaceipennis resulted as the sister-group of all other Euodynerus s. str. considered in this study and does not cluster together with the remaining lineages of E. dantici (Fig. 2), and differs from nominotypical specimens from Italy (the type specimens of E. dantici come from Central Italy) by an average genetic distance of 13.43 %, and the average distance progressively increases when compared to the other lineages, reaching up to 38.03 % with E. dantici pamiricus from Tajikistan; although similar in pattern and coming from close areas, E. dantici violaceipennis and E. dantici brachytomus differ by an average genetic distance of 20.72 %. The other subspecies of E. dantici form a single clade with a bootstrap support of 99 (Fig. 3), but showing high genetic distances between each other, except for a female of E. dantici poggii from Montecristo Island that resulted identical to specimens from continental Italy. The nominotypical subspecies is composed by three lineages with low genetic distances, with specimens from Italy differing from those from Malta, Spain, and Morocco by an average of 2.14 %, and from those ranging from Greece to the Far East by an average of 1.71 %; the Western and Eastern lineages differ by 3.94 %. Two specimens of the subspecies brachytomus, from Eastern Siberia and Japan, were sequenced resulting as the sister-group of the Eastern lineage of E. dantici s. str. and differing from the nominotypical subspecies by an average genetic distance of 7.82 %. The remaining two lineages include specimens with ivory markings, the first from the Pamir Mountains in Central Asia and described as E. dantici pamiricus, and the second from Laos (Fig. 6 H) and never recorded before; the average distances of the Laotian lineage range from 12.86 % with the subspecies pamiricus to 25.99 % with E. dantici violaceipennis, while E. dantici pamiricus is the most divergent lineage, differing by 24.17 % from the nominotypical subspecies, 28.42 % from E. dantici brachytomus and 38.03 % from E. dantici violaceipennis. These data could indicate the presence of multiple cryptic species currently included under the name of E. dantici, but the scarcity of material for some of the subspecies and the lack of evident morphological differences do not allow us to resolve the taxonomy of this group; genetic techniques more powerful than the simple barcoding could provide useful data. The only taxonomic action that can be confidently taken with the available data regarding the subspecies of E. dantici is the synonymy of E. dantici poggii under the nominotypical subspecies, from which it differs only by the barely darker pattern and does not show the slightest morphological and genetic difference. Given the clear separation from the rest of the subspecies, E. dantici violaceipennis could be elevated to the rank of species but given the lack of evident morphological differences, we defer this decision to future studies that include a larger sample of Asian Euodynerus species. Euodynerus minoricensis Sanza, 2003 (Fig. 6 D) was described as a species endemic of Menorca similar to E. dantici but differentiated by few differences in the morphology of clypeus and chromatic pattern (Sanza et al. 2003). Morphological comparison of E. minoricensis with specimens of E. dantici from the whole range of the species showed how the morphological differences observed in the clypeus fall within the intraspecific variability of E. dantici (Figs 6 I, J), and the pattern of E. minoricensis is largely variable presenting all the intermediate forms between typical E. dantici and the dark pattern described for E. minoricensis. In addition, DNA barcoding of a male specimen of E. minoricensis produced a sequence that is nested within the E. dantici s. str. clade and shows a genetic distance of just 3.71 % when compared with E. dantici from the Western Mediterranean (Spain, Morocco and Malta) (Fig. 3). Given the absence of substantial differences and the very low genetic distance, much lower than that observed between the subspecies of E. dantici, E. minoricensis is here considered only as an insular form with a slightly darker pattern and therefore synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies of E. dantici. Another similar case in E. dantici is known from the island of Lastovo (Croatia) and was described as subspecies E. dantici lagostae (Giordani Soika 1942: 58), later considered as a case of insular melanism by Gusenleitner (1997: 126). The orange-marked specimens from Malta (Figs 6 C, M) reported by Cassar et al. (2022) were sequenced and showed no genetic distance from continental specimens from Spain and Morocco, further confirming their conspecificity with E. dantici.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.taxon	materials_examined	Giordani Soika (1942) designated as “ neotypes ” of Euodynerus dantici a pair from San Vincenzo, Tuscany, but this designation is invalid as one specimen of the original type series is present in ZMB.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD.taxon	description	(Figs 7 A – H; 14 E; 15 I, Y; 16 G, N)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and central Palaearctic, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and descending into the Middle East and Pakistan (Fateryga et al. 2021).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD.taxon	discussion	Notes. Traditionally, two subspecies were recognized in addition to the nominotypical one: laniensis Giordani Soika from Cyprus and sulfuripes (Morawitz) ranging from Turkey and Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia and Pakistan. These subspecies were recently synonymized under the nominotypical one by Fateryga et al. (2021), who considered the differences presented by previous authors as simple intraspecific variability. Specimens ranging from Italy to Central Asia and Cyprus were sequenced not showing any genetic difference (Fig. 2), further confirming the synonymy of these two taxa under nominotypical E. disconotatus.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988.taxon	description	(Figs 7 I – O; 14 F; 15 Q, X; 16 F, L) Odynerus fastidiosus de Saussure, 1853: 154 (key), 189, ♀ (in subgenus Leionotus) — “ L’Algérie ” (MNHN).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic taxon, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Central Asia and China in the East, reaching the Maghreb, the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan in the South.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988.taxon	discussion	Notes. Available genetic data show that the Italian population of E. fastidiosus differs from those occurring from the Balkan Peninsula to Central Asia by 2.37 %, with the latter populations not showing any genetic variability (Fig. 2). A similar trans-Adriatic genetic gap is observed in the genus Stenodynerus (Selis et al. 2024) and other species of Euodynerus as well.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC.taxon	description	(Figs 8 A – F; 14 G; 16 D, H)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, in the area ranging from the Balkan Peninsula to Afghanistan and descending into the Levant (Gusenleitner 2013; present data).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC.taxon	discussion	Notes. This species shows a disjunct distribution, being known from the Iberian Peninsula in the west and from an area ranging from the Balkan Peninsula to Afghanistan in the east, with a gap in the Italian Peninsula. Morphological comparison and genetic data confirm the conspecificity of the two populations, as no morphological and genetic differences were observed (Fig. 3).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7.taxon	description	(Figs 8 G – M; 14 H; 15 O; 16 M)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ranging from the Balkan Peninsula in the West to China in the East, descending into the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan (Fateryga et al. 2021).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7.taxon	discussion	Notes. The western subspecies macedonicus Blüthgen (Figs 8 G, H) was differentiated by the reduced yellow pattern only and was therefore synonymized by Fateryga et al. (2021). The genetic data presented here further confirm the synonymy, since specimens ranging from Greece to Central Asia do not present any genetic distance (Fig. 2).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC.taxon	description	(Figs 9 A – H; 14 I)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern and Western Mediterranean species, occurring in North Africa, the Levant, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and southern Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily (Gusenleitner 2013; present data).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC.taxon	discussion	Notes. von Schulthess (1928) described the subspecies kruegeri as a variety of E. variegatus (under the synonym Odynerus crenatus) characterized by the more or less orange markings, replacing the usual black and yellow pattern of the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 9 B). The status of this subspecies has not been questioned by any of the few researchers who cited it after its description (Giordani Soika 1935; Gusenleitner 1997, 2013; Ma et al. 2017), but the examination of some specimens showed how the separation from the nominotypical subspecies is not supported by any morphological character and the differences in the pattern are rather gradual and present intermediate forms. DNA barcoding of six specimens of the nominotypical subspecies (from Lampedusa, Sardinia, Morocco, and Tunisia) and four of the subspecies kruegeri (from Egypt and Israel) revealed a genetic distance of 8.56 – 10.70 % (average 9.27 %) between the two subspecies, and of 3.98 % between the Sardinian and North African (including Lampedusa) specimens of the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 2). These percentages of intraspecific variability produce an average intraspecific distance of 5.65 %, which is slightly higher than that observed in other species of the subgenus Euodynerus (0.00 – 3.47 %, excluding the complex case of E. dantici). However, this intraspecific distance is still well below the average interspecific distance of 29.82 % observed in Euodynerus s. str. and is not accompanied by any morphological character supporting the separation of the two subspecies: E. variegatus kruegeri is therefore synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies. Euodynerus variegatus has often been differentiated from the similar E. disconotatus by the presence of a complete and broad pale band on scutellum, which is usually divided into two lateral spots in E. disconotatus. Although this is true in southern Europe and North Africa, specimens of the former subspecies kruegeri from the Levant do not always conform to the rule: a particularly dark female from Nahal Abuv Natural Reserve (Fig. 9 C) only has two small and barely visible red spots on the sides of the scutellum. However, this variability does not pose problems in the recognition of the two species, whose ranges meet in the Levant, as they are readily differentiated by morphological characters and in those areas E. variegatus presents red-orange markings, while E. disconotatus maintains its more or less pale-yellow pattern. Ma et al. (2017) and subsequently Tan et al. (2018) report E. variegatus as present in China with the subspecies kruegeri, without providing any precise locality data. Euodynerus variegatus is a strictly Mediterranean species, with its distribution limited to the Levant, North Africa and the western part of Southern Europe, its presence in China is improbable and here considered erroneous.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF7ABD618FC4B.taxon	description	(Figs 9 I – M; 14 J; 16 J)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF7ABD618FC4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Balkan Peninsula in the west to the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus in the east (Fateryga et al. 2021).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D.taxon	description	(Figs 11 A, D; 15 A, F, J)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic from Sardinia (Gusenleitner 1997).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D.taxon	discussion	Notes. Giordani Soika (1996) synonymized E. bidentiformis under E. bidentatus without providing any motivation, and the synonymy was also reported by Borsato & Ratti (1999). As already noticed by Borsato (2006), this synonymy is erroneous, as E. bidentiformis and E. bidentatus show clear differences both in morphology (see key) and COI sequence.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42.taxon	description	(Figs 11 B, C, E – G; 14 K; 15 B, V)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Gusenleitner 1997).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42.taxon	discussion	Notes. Gusenleitner (2013) synonymized E. bidentoides under E. bidentiformis without providing any information supporting this taxonomic action. Our data clearly show that the two taxa are similar but still welldifferentiated species (Fig. 10), with an average genetic distance of 38.94 % confirming the diagnostic value of the morphological characters provided by Giordani Soika (1953) and Gusenleitner (1997).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18.taxon	description	(Figs 12 A – G; 14 L; 15 L, R; 16 A)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nearly trans-Palaearctic species but most of the records east of the Baikal Lake should be verified due to the confusion made in the past with E. nipanicus (von Schulthess) (Fateryga et al. 2020; present data).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18.taxon	discussion	Notes. Giordani Soika (1986) described the subspecies E. notatus cyrenaicus from Libya, differentiating it by the reduced and red-orange pattern. The taxonomy of this subspecies is treated below under E. rubrosignatus. Euodynerus notatus has often been confused with E. nipanicus, a polytypic species occurring in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with both E. nipanicus s. str. and its current subspecies sometimes described as or downgraded to subspecies of E. notatus (e. g. Giordani Soika 1973; Yamane & Tano 1987; Gusenleitner 1988). The first to provide diagnostic characters for the two species was Blüthgen (1942), then Giordani Soika (1986) and Yamane (1990) followed Blüthgen’s view providing further diagnostic characters, with most of the subsequent authors following this taxonomy (e. g. Gusenleitner 1997; Kim 2012; Nguyen et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2018). DNA barcoding of both E. notatus and E. nipanicus (including most of its subspecies) further supports considering the two taxa as different species (Fig. 10), with the average genetic distances between E. notatus and four subspecies of nipanicus (nipanicus s. str., nipanicus flavicornis Yamane, nipanicus ryukyuensis Tano, nipanicus tonkinensis Giordani Soika) resulting to be 10.71 – 21.49 %, and confirming the characters provided by past authors (Blüthgen 1942; Giordani Soika 1986; Yamane 1990) as diagnostic. Within Euodynerus nipanicus, large genetic distances were found between the four subspecies examined, with average distances ranging from 6.98 % (nipanicus s. str. / n. flavicornis) to 23.65 % (n. tonkinensis / n. ryukyuensis). These high genetic distances, however, are not supported by evident morphological differences between the four subspecies, which differ only in the extension of the yellow pattern, which tends to become richer towards the south, and are probably attributable to the geographical isolation of the various populations (e. g. flavicornis and ryukyuensis in the Ryûkyû Islands), given that they also form a clade supported by a bootstrap value of 100. These considerations would support the synonymy of the three subspecies tonkinensis, flavicornis and ryukyuensis under the nominotypical one. However, this action should be undertaken in the context of a broader sampling of Asian species of the subgenus Pareuodynerus, especially including taxa recently described and morphologically similar to E. nipanicus (see Ma et al. 2017), so for the moment we refrain from proposing such taxonomic actions.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF.taxon	description	(Figs 12 H, K; 14 M; 15 G, P, S, U; 16 B)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mainly Western Palaearctic, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb in the West to the Caucasus and Iran in the East (Fateryga et al. 2019). Ma et al. (2017) include E. posticus in their key to the Chinese Euodynerus species, but in fact it was never recorded from the Eastern Palaearctic.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF.taxon	discussion	Notes. The available genetic data show a certain level of substructuring in Euodynerus posticus, with an eastwest gradient (Fig. 10): the specimens from the western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and Maghreb) differ by 2.29 % from ones from the Italian Peninsula and by 6.06 % from the eastern ones, while the Italian ones differ by 3.75 % from the eastern ones. The genetic distances are low and not associated with obvious morphological differences, confirming E. posticus as a species with a wide Palaearctic distribution.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C.taxon	description	(Figs 13 A – J; 14 N; 15 C, K)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic species, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Japan in the East (Fateryga et al. 2020). The records from North-West Africa are considered doubtful.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C.taxon	discussion	Notes. Giordani Soika (1976) described the subspecies atripes from the Korean Peninsula, providing a very short description not allowing a precise recognition of the taxon; this subspecies was later redescribed by Kim (2012) and recorded from Japan (Yamane & Tano 1987) and Russia (Kim 2012). A male specimen from Shanxi (China) (Fig. 13 D), corresponding with subspecies atripes according to the description and pictures provided by Kim (2012), was barcoded, showing a genetic distance of 5.21 – 6.22 % from specimens ranging from Italy to Eastern Russia (Figs 13 A – C), which on the other hand have an intraspecific distance of 0.00 – 1.07 %. Interestingly, the genetic distance between E. quadrifasciatus s. str. and E. quadrifasciatus atripes is barely below the average distances between E. quadrifasciatus s. l. and E. notatus (6.15 %) and E. posticus (8.52 %). This distance is however not supported by any evident morphological difference, and in the phylogenetic analysis E. quadrifasciatus atripes forms with the other specimens of E. quadrifasciatus a clade supported by a bootstrap value of 99 (Fig. 10), leading to its synonymy under the nominotypical subspecies. No specimens of the Hokkaido endemic subspecies E. quadrifasciatus eburnus were available for study, but Yamane (1990) compared it with E. quadrifasciatus atripes providing only the paler pattern as a diagnostic character, therefore it can be synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies. Gusenleitner (1984) described the subspecies rufipes from northeast Turkey, close to the Caucasus, differentiating it from the nominotypical subspecies by narrower modified area on female vertex, weaker sculpture of male clypeus, stronger sculpture of the mesosoma and finer macropunctures on T 2, in addition to the black and ivory pattern with red legs. The study of several specimens of E. quadrifasciatus ranging from Southern Europe to Asian Far East, including a paratype and pictures of the holotype of E. quadrifasciatus rufipes (Fig. 13 I), however showed how these characters are variable: the modified area on female vertex ranges from as wide as ocellar triangle to much wider than it, a similarly strong sculpture of the mesosoma is observed in specimens from Italy and China, the fine macropunctures on T 2 are observed in specimens from Estonia and the sculpture of male clypeus is highly variable. The different pattern also fits into a range of variability common to numerous other species of Eumeninae (e. g. Stenodynerus difficilis (Morawitz), Eumenes sareptanus André), in which specimens coming from the Caucasus or neighboring regions have ivory markings and reddish legs. Furthermore, a male specimen of E. quadrifasciatus from Dagestan, identical to the paratype of E. quadrifasciatus rufipes except for the slightly denser punctures of T 2, was sequenced, showing no genetic difference from the rest of the Western Palaearctic populations. The subspecies rufipes is therefore synonymized.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5.taxon	description	(Figs 13 K – M; 15 W)	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Libya, currently known only for the area of Shahhat (Gusenleitner 1984; Giordani Soika 1986).	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5.taxon	discussion	Notes. Both Gusenleitner (1984) and Giordani Soika (1986) independently described this taxon, respectively as a subspecies of E. quadrifasciatus and E. notatus, differentiating it only by the black pattern with a few reddish markings. Comparison of the holotype of E. notatus cyrenaicus (Figs 13 M, N) with a paratype and pictures of the holotype of E. quadrifasciatus rubrosignatus (Figs 13 K, L), all collected in Shahhat, showed very slight differences in pattern, apical margin of clypeus and length of setosity on head and mesosoma, all compatible with intraspecific variability; the synonymy between the two taxa comes naturally and is confirmed by DNA barcoding, that does not show the slightest genetic distance between the two sequenced specimens. Genetic data (Fig. 10) also show that this taxon is clearly more related to E. notatus (average distance of 9.45 %) rather than to E. quadrifasciatus (14.89 %), a relationship confirmed by two morphological characters: length of setae on head and mesosoma and modified area of the female vertex. This taxon is however readily distinguished from both E. notatus and E. quadrifasciatus by the shape of S 2, that is more strongly convex basally rather than evenly convex from base to apex. Taking into consideration morphological and genetic differences, constant differences in pattern and geographic isolation, it becomes evident that E. rubrosignatus deserves to be raised to species-level, representing a further case of Libyan endemism characterized by the reduced reddish pattern.	en	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
