identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C866706D62029A3589FDF3E5D4E4F948.text	C866706D62029A3589FDF3E5D4E4F948.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus Dalla Torre 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Euodynerus Dalla Torre, 1904</p>
            <p> Euodynerus Dalla Torre, 1904: 38 , name for section II of division III of subgenus  Leionotus of genus  Odynerus Latreille in de Saussure (1853: 177) (40 species); declared available from date of publication by Opinion 893 (ICZN 1970) (no. 1873 of Official List of Generic Names in Zoology). Type species:  Vespa dantici Rossi, 1790 , by subsequent designation of Blüthgen (1938: 277); confirmed by Opinion 893 (no. 2331 of Official List of Specific Names in Zoology). </p>
            <p> Extraepipona Gusenleitner, 2014: 537 , genus. Type species:  Extraepipona occulta Gusenleitner, 2014 , by original designation and monotypy. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Subgeneric classification. The current subgeneric division of  Euodynerus includes three subgenera, with  Euodynerus s. str. being almost cosmopolitan,  Pareuodynerus Blüthgen having a mainly Holarctic distribution, and  Incolepipona Giordani Soika having only one species endemic to the Bonin Islands. While the first two are well distinct and easily recognizable on the basis of generally constant characters, the subgenus  Incolepipona is mainly based on characters that are widely subject to variability in many genera of  Eumeninae : proportions of clypeus and tegula, development of the carinae on mesepisternum, metanotum and propodeum, convexity of S2 and sculpture (Giordani Soika 1994). The comparison of a paratype of the only species included in  Incolepipona ,  Euodynerus convergens Giordani Soika, 1994 (Figs 1A, B), with several other species of  Euodynerus has revealed that these differences are inconsistent and do not support the recognition of a distinct subgenus. In particular,  E. convergens shows evident affinities with the species included in the subgenus  Pareuodynerus based on the morphology of vertex, metanotum and propodeum, while the other characters have purely specific value. For this reason, the subgenus  Incolepipona is synonymized under  Pareuodynerus . </p>
            <p> The study of monospecific  Eumeninae genera conducted by the first author (M. Selis, unpublished data) also revealed a further synonymy at the genus-level. Gusenleitner (2014) described the genus  Extraepipona Gusenleitner, 2014 to accommodate a single species from Iran,  Extraepipona occulta Gusenleitner, 2014 , and compared it with the genus  Anterhynchium de Saussure , proposing only the shape of the clypeus and of the axillary fossa as diagnostic characters. As already predictable from the different shapes of the axillary fossa, the examination of the holotype of  Extraepipona occulta (Figs 1C, D) demonstrated that this taxon has little affinity with the genus  Anterhynchium , but presents all the diagnostic characters of  Euodynerus , such as T1 with a translucent margin and morphology of metanotum and propodeum, leading to the synonymy of  Extraepipona with  Euodynerus . In particular,  Euodynerus occultus ,  comb. nov. seems closely related to another Iranian species,  Euodynerus annae (Kostylev, 1937) (which is the senior synonym of  Euodynerus shirazensis Giordani Soika, 1970 ,  syn. nov. , after examining the types of both species, Figs 1E–H), from which it is however easily differentiated by its color pattern and some morphological characters (e.g. dorsal carinae of the propodeum, sculpture). </p>
            <p> These synonymies lead the taxonomy of the genus  Euodynerus to a division into two subgenera,  Euodynerus s. str. and  Pareuodynerus , however some considerations must be made. Our molecular data show both subgenera as non-monophyletic, since some species attributed to the subgenus  Pareuodynerus (  E. bidentiformis ,  E. bidentoides and  E. strigatus ) do not form a monophyletic group with the remaining species of the subgenus but are positioned separately in the clade formed by the species of the nominotypical subgenus. Although COI analysis is known to have limited power in resolving deeper phylogenetic relationships (Trunz et al. 2016), the results presented here may indicate that the currently recognized subgenera in  Euodynerus do not represent monophyletic natural groups, and sampling of more conserved genes than COI will be necessary to solve this issue. In addition to the need for more conserved genetic markers, it will be necessary to sample  Euodynerus species from the entire known range of the genus and species belonging to related genera, since on the basis of morphological studies the nominotypical subgenus appears to be constituted by different phyletic lineages (see Appendix 1 for list of examined species): as already highlighted by Selis (2024), some Afrotropical species form a well-defined group with affinities to the genus  Proepipona Giordani Soika , as is also observed in numerous New World species that show greater similarities with the genus  Pachodynerus de Saussure than with the Old World species of  Euodynerus s. str. A special case is constituted by the Australian species attributed to the genus  Pseudepipona de Saussure by Giordani Soika (1962) and recently moved to  Euodynerus by Carpenter &amp; Brown (2021), as some of them show only a superficial similarity to  Euodynerus , resulting morphologically similar to  Pseudabispa bicolor (de Saussure) , a species which in turn shows little similarity to the other species of  Pseudabispa van der Vecht. A complete phylogeny of  Euodynerus will likely lead to important changes in the current subgeneric taxonomy of the genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62029A3589FDF3E5D4E4F948	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C.text	C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) bidentatus subsp. bidentatus (Lepeletier 1841)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) bidentatus bidentatus (Lepeletier, 1841)</p>
            <p>(Figs 4A, C, D; 14A)</p>
            <p> Odynerus bidentatus Lepeletier, 1841: 623 , ♀, ♂ — [Algeria] “Oran” (coll. Lepeletier,? destroyed). </p>
            <p> Distribution. Northwest Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner 2013). Recorded from Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) by Giordani Soika (1953), these records could be attributable to  E. bidentatus puniceus Blüthgen.</p>
            <p> Notes. This taxon and its subspecies puniceus Blüthgen were considered of uncertain subgeneric position (van der Vecht &amp; Fischer 1972), until Gusenleitner (1977) placed them in subgenus  Pareuodynerus . However, this placement does not conform to the diagnostic characters of the subgenus provided by Gusenleitner himself (Gusenleitner 1997, 2013), as  Pareuodynerus is defined by the following characters: dorsal propodeal carina forming a sharp lamellate tooth adjacent to metanotum, female with cephalic foveae placed in a modified area which is at least as wide as the ocellar triangle, and male with last segment of mid and hind tarsi black and at least slightly expanded. These characters are not observed in  E. bidentatus , which instead shows the typical characters of the nominotypical subgenus: dorsal carina of propodeum absent and not toothed, female with cephalic foveae placed in a small depression narrower than the ocellar triangle, and male with all segments of tarsi yellow-orange and not expanded. Even the structure of the digitus further confirms this incongruence, as the digitus of  E. bidentatus is subtriangular, with converging sides and a pointed apex (Fig. 14A); in the subgenus  Pareuodynerus the digitus has subparallel sides and a largely rounded apex, which give it a subrectangular appearance, and is proportionally shorter (Figs 14K–N). Taking these aspects into consideration, we propose moving  E. bidentatus to  Euodynerus s. str.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62009A3089FDF3C7D7BEF83C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71.text	C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) bidentatus subsp. puniceus Bluthgen 1956	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) bidentatus puniceus Blüthgen, 1956</p>
            <p>(Figs 4B, E)</p>
            <p> Euodynerus bidentatus puniceus Blüthgen, 1956: 313 , ♀ — “Bu el Gheràb (Tripolitanien)” (MZUB [examined]). </p>
            <p> Distribution. Libya, currently known only from the typical locality of Bi’r Bu al Ghurab (Blüthgen 1956). As reported above, Giordani Soika (1953) recorded  E. bidentatus from Libya (Gharyan and Cyrenaica), but the real identity of those records remains to be assessed. </p>
            <p> Notes. Blüthgen (1956) described this taxon as a Libyan subspecies of the western Maghrebi  Euodynerus bidentatus (Lepeletier) , differentiating it by the reduced and ferruginous markings only (Figs 4B, E). Other than the pattern, the comparison of two female specimens of  E. bidentatus puniceus , including the holotype, with several specimens of the nominotypical subspecies revealed two additional subtle differences in sculpture: clypeus with more defined punctures less tending to form longitudinal striae and mesoscutum and metasoma with slightly sparser punctures. In addition, DNA barcoding of one of the two specimens resulted in a sequence presenting a genetic distance of 6.64% from the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 2). The weak morphological differences and the low genetic distance would suggest synonymizing the subspecies puniceus with the nominotypical one, however, the two subspecies do not seem to present intermediate forms as regards the chromatic pattern and the subspecies puniceus is currently known only from a very isolated locality in the Libyan desert, thus indicating a certain degree of isolation between the two populations. Since this could be a case analogous to what was observed in the  Stenodynerus fastidiosissimus (de Saussure) /  S. rufescens Giordani Soika pair (Selis et al. 2024), in which the females do not show clear morphological differences, we prefer to maintain the subspecies puniceus pending the availability of more material and the discovery of its male. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62049A3289FDF5B2D543FC71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949.text	C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) caspicus (Morawitz 1873) RU Zeleny Sad	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) caspicus (Morawitz, 1873)</p>
            <p>(Figs 4F–I; 14B; 15D; 16C)</p>
            <p> Leionotus caspicus Morawitz, 1873: 295 , ♀, ♂ — [Turkmenistan] “Kranowodsk” (lectotype female ZISP [examined]). </p>
            <p> Lionotus cardinalis Morawitz, 1885: 167 , ♂ — [Azerbaijan] “Transcaucasia. Etschmiadzin” (lectotype male ZISP [examined]). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus caspicus astrachanensis Blüthgen, 1942: 302 , ♀ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — [Russia] “Ryn-Pesski (Distr. Astrachan)” (ZMB). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus caspicus armeniacus Gusenleitner, 2016: 89 , 96, fig. 13, ♀ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “ Armenia, Armavir  Vanand , 900m ” (OLML [examined]). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mainly Asian species ranging from the Caucasus in the West to China in the East, occurring in the South-Eastern border of Europe (Russia: Astrakhan Province) (Rahmani et al. 2020).</p>
            <p> Notes. Gusenleitner (2016) described the subspecies  Euodynerus caspicus armeniacus based on a single female from Armenia, differentiating it from  E. caspicus s. str. and  E. caspicus astrachanensis Blüthgen only by pattern, sculpture, and width of the disc of metanotum.  Euodynerus caspicus is a highly variable species and the characters reported by Gusenleitner as diagnostic of the subspecies armeniacus fall within the range of variability, already largely highlighted by Morawitz (1885: 167) in the description of the synonym  L. cardinalis . The examination of a specimen from Armenia attributable to the subspecies armeniacus further confirms this, since it does not present substantial differences from the specimens of the typical subspecies occurring from European Russia to Central Asia and Mongolia. The subspecies  E. caspicus armeniacus is therefore synonymized under the nominotypical one. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62049A3289FDF6D4D26AF949	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0.text	C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) curictensis Bluthgen. A, E 1940	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) curictensis Blüthgen, 1940</p>
            <p>(Figs 5A–H; 14C; 15N; 16K)</p>
            <p> Euodynerus curictensis Blüthgen, 1940: 210 , figs 3, 4, ♀, ♂ — “ Insel  Krk in Jugoslavien ” (coll. L. Mader). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus comosellus Gusenleitner, 1971: 30 , ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “ Frankreich (  Drôme ), Bordeaux ” (holotype female RMNH). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus cretensis Giordani Soika, 1973: 115 , fig. 15, ♀ — “ Creta:  Paleochora ” (NHMUK). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus curictensis sardous Borsato, 2006: 123 , 134, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “ SARDEGNA: Gennargentu M.te Aritzo, 1200 m ” (holotype coll. Borsato). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p>Distribution. From Iberian Peninsula in the West to Mongolia in the East, descending into Morocco, the Levant and Iran (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p>
            <p> Notes. The available genetic data show a certain level of substructuring within  Euodynerus curictensis , with three recognizable groups distinguished by geographic provenance (Fig. 2): the first from Sardinia, the second from Morocco and the last ranging from the Italian Peninsula to the Caucasus and the Levant. The lone female specimen available from Sardinia, consistent with the Sardinian endemic subspecies  E. curictensis sardous Borsato (Figs 5C, H), presents a genetic distance of 2.96% from the Moroccan specimens and 7.04–7.27% from the more widespread group, while the Moroccan and the widespread group differ by 3.77–4.04%, with the highest differences between Moroccan and Italian specimens. These genetic distances do not seem to correlate to constant morphological differences, and the highest intraspecific genetic distance (7.27%) is still well below the interspecific distances observed between  E. curictensis and the other species of the nominotypical subgenus considered in this study, with the lowest being 19.68% between  E. curictensis and  E. dantici violaceipennis . For these reasons, the whole clade is here considered as a single taxon,  E. curictensis , making  E. curictensis sardous a junior synonym. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62049A3389FDF3C6D3E5FDB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.text	C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) dantici (Rossi 1790) UZ Yangikishlak	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) dantici (Rossi, 1790)</p>
            <p>(Figs 6A–O; 14D; 15E, H, M, T; 16E, I)</p>
            <p> Vespa dantici Rossi, 1790: 89 , pl. 6, fig. 6, ♀ — “ Italia ” (syntype ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p> Odynerus postscutellatus Lepeletier, 1841: 627 , ♀, ♂ — “  Environs de Paris ” (coll. Lepeletier,? MRSN). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus dantici iberogallicus Blüthgen, 1942: 301 , ♀, ♂ — [France] “  Callian (Dept. Var.)” (ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p> Odynerus dantici var. lagostae Giordani Soika, 1942: 58 , ♂ — “Dalmazia italiana: Lagosta” (? type lost). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus espagnoli Vergés Serra, 1965: 105 , figs 1, 3–4, ♂ — “Comarca de Canet de Mar (Barcelona)” (coll. Vergés Serra). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus dantici poggii Giordani Soika, 1986: 115 , ♀ — “ Italia: Isola  Montecristo , Cala Maestra ” (MSNG). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus minoricensis Sanza in Sanza et al. 2003: 59, 60 (key), figs 9–11, 13–14, 16–17, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “Mercadal (Cala Pregonda)” (? coll. Sanza). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic taxon, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Central Asia and China in the East, descending into the Maghreb and the Levant (Fateryga et al. 2019; present data).</p>
            <p> Notes.  Euodynerus dantici is a polytypic species, occurring in the whole Palaearctic and part of the Oriental region with five subspecies in addition to  E. dantici s. str. The nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 6A) has been widely recorded from most of the Palaearctic region, with the other subspecies replacing or cohabitating with it in some localities:  dantici brachytomus (Kostylev) (Fig. 6F) in Eastern Siberia and the northern Far East,  dantici pamiricus Blüthgen (Fig. 6E) in the Pamir Mountains,  dantici poggii Giordani Soika (Fig. 6B) in Montecristo Island (Italy),  dantici tinctus (Walker) in Egypt, and  dantici violaceipennis Giordani Soika (Fig. 6G) in East Asia from Japan to Vietnam.All of these subspecies were examined and sequenced, except for  E. dantici tinctus for which no specimen was available (we examined the female reported to be in MSNVE by Dal Pos et al. (2022), but it comes from Algeria and belongs to the nominotypical subspecies), revealing a complex situation made of several lineages.  E. dantici violaceipennis resulted as the sister-group of all other  Euodynerus s. str. considered in this study and does not cluster together with the remaining lineages of  E. dantici (Fig. 2), and differs from nominotypical specimens from Italy (the type specimens of  E. dantici come from Central Italy) by an average genetic distance of 13.43%, and the average distance progressively increases when compared to the other lineages, reaching up to 38.03% with  E. dantici pamiricus from Tajikistan; although similar in pattern and coming from close areas,  E. dantici violaceipennis and  E. dantici brachytomus differ by an average genetic distance of 20.72%. The other subspecies of  E. dantici form a single clade with a bootstrap support of 99 (Fig. 3), but showing high genetic distances between each other, except for a female of  E. dantici poggii from Montecristo Island that resulted identical to specimens from continental Italy. The nominotypical subspecies is composed by three lineages with low genetic distances, with specimens from Italy differing from those from Malta, Spain, and Morocco by an average of 2.14%, and from those ranging from Greece to the Far East by an average of 1.71%; the Western and Eastern lineages differ by 3.94%. Two specimens of the subspecies brachytomus, from Eastern Siberia and Japan, were sequenced resulting as the sister-group of the Eastern lineage of  E. dantici s. str. and differing from the nominotypical subspecies by an average genetic distance of 7.82%. The remaining two lineages include specimens with ivory markings, the first from the Pamir Mountains in Central Asia and described as  E. dantici pamiricus , and the second from Laos (Fig. 6H) and never recorded before; the average distances of the Laotian lineage range from 12.86% with the subspecies pamiricus to 25.99% with  E. dantici violaceipennis , while  E. dantici pamiricus is the most divergent lineage, differing by 24.17% from the nominotypical subspecies, 28.42% from  E. dantici brachytomus and 38.03% from  E. dantici violaceipennis . These data could indicate the presence of multiple cryptic species currently included under the name of  E. dantici , but the scarcity of material for some of the subspecies and the lack of evident morphological differences do not allow us to resolve the taxonomy of this group; genetic techniques more powerful than the simple barcoding could provide useful data. The only taxonomic action that can be confidently taken with the available data regarding the subspecies of  E. dantici is the synonymy of  E. dantici poggii under the nominotypical subspecies, from which it differs only by the barely darker pattern and does not show the slightest morphological and genetic difference. Given the clear separation from the rest of the subspecies,  E. dantici violaceipennis could be elevated to the rank of species but given the lack of evident morphological differences, we defer this decision to future studies that include a larger sample of Asian  Euodynerus species.</p>
            <p> Euodynerus minoricensis Sanza, 2003 (Fig. 6D) was described as a species endemic of Menorca similar to  E. dantici but differentiated by few differences in the morphology of clypeus and chromatic pattern (Sanza et al. 2003). Morphological comparison of  E. minoricensis with specimens of  E. dantici from the whole range of the species showed how the morphological differences observed in the clypeus fall within the intraspecific variability of  E. dantici (Figs 6I, J), and the pattern of  E. minoricensis is largely variable presenting all the intermediate forms between typical  E. dantici and the dark pattern described for  E. minoricensis . In addition, DNA barcoding of a male specimen of  E. minoricensis produced a sequence that is nested within the  E. dantici s. str. clade and shows a genetic distance of just 3.71% when compared with  E. dantici from the Western Mediterranean (Spain, Morocco and Malta) (Fig. 3). Given the absence of substantial differences and the very low genetic distance, much lower than that observed between the subspecies of  E. dantici ,  E. minoricensis is here considered only as an insular form with a slightly darker pattern and therefore synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies of  E. dantici . Another similar case in  E. dantici is known from the island of Lastovo (Croatia) and was described as subspecies  E. dantici lagostae (Giordani Soika 1942: 58) , later considered as a case of insular melanism by Gusenleitner (1997: 126). </p>
            <p> The orange-marked specimens from Malta (Figs 6C, M) reported by Cassar et al. (2022) were sequenced and showed no genetic distance from continental specimens from Spain and Morocco, further confirming their conspecificity with  E. dantici . </p>
            <p> Giordani Soika (1942) designated as “ neotypes ” of  Euodynerus dantici a pair from  San Vincenzo , Tuscany, but this designation is invalid as one specimen of the original type series is present in ZMB. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62059A2E89FDF340D375FE90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD.text	C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) disconotatus (Lichtenstein 1884) UZ Uchkulach	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) disconotatus (Lichtenstein, 1884)</p>
            <p>(Figs 7A–H; 14E; 15I, Y; 16G, N)</p>
            <p> Odynerus disconotatus Lichtenstein, 1884 : L — “Montpellier” (? destroyed). </p>
            <p> Lionotus sulfuripes Morawitz, 1885: 169 , ♂ — [Turkmenistan] “  In territorio transcaspico, Asschabad ” (syntype male ZISP [examined]). </p>
            <p> Odynerus kokpeticus Radoszkowski, 1886: 48 , pl. 11, fig. 50, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — [Turkmenistan] “  Askhabad ou environs” (type depository unknown). </p>
            <p> Odynerus collariventris Giordani Soika, 1942: 60 , ♂ (in subgenus  Rhynchium ) — “ Creta ” (? type lost). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus disconotatus albidus Blüthgen, 1951b: 70 (key), 73, ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “ Insel  Rhodus ” (ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus disconotatus laniensis Giordani Soika, 1979: 253 , ♂, ♀ — “ Cipro:  Lania ” (? holotype male lost, paratypes in MSNVE [examined]). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Western and central Palaearctic, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and descending into the Middle East and Pakistan (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p>
            <p> Notes. Traditionally, two subspecies were recognized in addition to the nominotypical one: laniensis Giordani Soika from Cyprus and  sulfuripes (Morawitz) ranging from Turkey and Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia and Pakistan. These subspecies were recently synonymized under the nominotypical one by Fateryga et al. (2021), who considered the differences presented by previous authors as simple intraspecific variability. Specimens ranging from Italy to Central Asia and Cyprus were sequenced not showing any genetic difference (Fig. 2), further confirming the synonymy of these two taxa under nominotypical  E. disconotatus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62189A2E89FDF4B7D47BFBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988.text	C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) fastidiosus (de Saussure 1853) UZ Uchkulach	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) fastidiosus (de Saussure, 1853)</p>
            <p>(Figs 7I–O; 14F; 15Q, X; 16F, L)</p>
            <p> Odynerus fastidiosus de Saussure, 1853: 154 (key), 189, ♀ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — “L’Algérie” (MNHN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus germabicus Radoszkowski, 1893: 77 , ♀ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — [Turkmenistan] “  Germab ” (ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic taxon, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Central Asia and China in the East, reaching the Maghreb, the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan in the South.</p>
            <p> Notes. Available genetic data show that the Italian population of  E. fastidiosus differs from those occurring from the Balkan Peninsula to Central Asia by 2.37%, with the latter populations not showing any genetic variability (Fig. 2). A similar trans-Adriatic genetic gap is observed in the genus  Stenodynerus (Selis et al. 2024) and other species of  Euodynerus as well. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62189A2E89FDF198D6F7F988	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC.text	C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) hellenicus Bluthgen. A 1942	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) hellenicus Blüthgen, 1942</p>
            <p>(Figs 8A–F; 14G; 16D, H)</p>
            <p> Euodynerus dantici hellenicus Blüthgen, 1942: 301 , ♀, ♂ — “Amorgos (Kykladen)” (NHMW). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus hellenicus vechti Gusenleitner, 1972: 77 , ♀, ♂ — “ Spanien,  Badajoz , Merida ” (holotype female RMNH). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, in the area ranging from the Balkan Peninsula to Afghanistan and descending into the Levant (Gusenleitner 2013; present data).</p>
            <p>Notes. This species shows a disjunct distribution, being known from the Iberian Peninsula in the west and from an area ranging from the Balkan Peninsula to Afghanistan in the east, with a gap in the Italian Peninsula. Morphological comparison and genetic data confirm the conspecificity of the two populations, as no morphological and genetic differences were observed (Fig. 3).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62189A2989FDF38FD5A2FECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7.text	C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) semisaecularis (Dalla Torre 1889) UZ Kokand Sands	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) semisaecularis (Dalla Torre, 1889)</p>
            <p>(Figs 8G–M; 14H; 15O; 16M)</p>
            <p> Odynerus humeralis André, 1884: 701 , ♀ — [Uzbekistan] “Turkestan (Tachkend)” (ZMB [examined]). Junior primary homonym of  O. humeralis Haliday in Curtis et al. 1836. </p>
            <p> Odynerus semisaecularis Dalla Torre, 1889: 125 . Replacement name. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus macedonicus Blüthgen, 1951a: 172 , 195, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — [Greece] “Salonike” (holotype female ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Ranging from the Balkan Peninsula in the West to China in the East, descending into the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p>
            <p> Notes. The western subspecies  macedonicus Blüthgen (Figs 8G, H) was differentiated by the reduced yellow pattern only and was therefore synonymized by Fateryga et al. (2021). The genetic data presented here further confirm the synonymy, since specimens ranging from Greece to Central Asia do not present any genetic distance (Fig. 2). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621F9A2989FDF44BD7F5FCB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC.text	C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) variegatus (Fabricius 1793) IT Assemini	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) variegatus (Fabricius, 1793)</p>
            <p>(Figs 9A–H; 14I)</p>
            <p> Vespa variegata Fabricius, 1793: 269 — “Barbaria” (female, ZMUC). </p>
            <p> Odynerus crenatus Lepeletier, 1841: 629 , ♀, ♂ — [Algeria] “Oran” (coll. Lepeletier,? MNHN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus rhynchiformis de Saussure, 1853: 154 (“ rhyngiformis ” [!] in key), 174, ♂ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — “  Le Cap de Bonne-Espérance ” (MNHN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus andrei Mocsáry, 1883: 50 , ♀ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — “in Hispania ad Granadam” (HNHM). </p>
            <p> Odynerus punicus Gribodo in André 1886: 874, ♂ — locality not stated (MSNG) [  The description of  Odynerus punicus Gribodo , “n. sp.” from Tunisia in Gribodo (1896: 13) is identical to that published by André]. </p>
            <p> Odynerus crenatus var. krügeri von Schulthess, 1928: 71 (key), 77, ♀, ♂ — “  Cyrenaica : Bengasi ” (ZMUZ,? OUMNH). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Pseudepipona unica Giordani Soika, 1953: 249 , ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — [Morocco] “  Immouzer ” (? type lost). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Southern and Western Mediterranean species, occurring in North Africa, the Levant, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and southern Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily (Gusenleitner 2013; present data).</p>
            <p> Notes. von Schulthess (1928) described the subspecies kruegeri as a variety of  E. variegatus (under the synonym  Odynerus crenatus ) characterized by the more or less orange markings, replacing the usual black and yellow pattern of the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 9B). The status of this subspecies has not been questioned by any of the few researchers who cited it after its description (Giordani Soika 1935; Gusenleitner 1997, 2013; Ma et al. 2017), but the examination of some specimens showed how the separation from the nominotypical subspecies is not supported by any morphological character and the differences in the pattern are rather gradual and present intermediate forms. DNA barcoding of six specimens of the nominotypical subspecies (from Lampedusa, Sardinia, Morocco, and Tunisia) and four of the subspecies kruegeri (from Egypt and Israel) revealed a genetic distance of 8.56–10.70% (average 9.27%) between the two subspecies, and of 3.98% between the Sardinian and North African (including Lampedusa) specimens of the nominotypical subspecies (Fig. 2). These percentages of intraspecific variability produce an average intraspecific distance of 5.65%, which is slightly higher than that observed in other species of the subgenus  Euodynerus (0.00–3.47%, excluding the complex case of  E. dantici ). However, this intraspecific distance is still well below the average interspecific distance of 29.82% observed in  Euodynerus s. str. and is not accompanied by any morphological character supporting the separation of the two subspecies:  E. variegatus kruegeri is therefore synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus variegatus has often been differentiated from the similar  E. disconotatus by the presence of a complete and broad pale band on scutellum, which is usually divided into two lateral spots in  E. disconotatus . Although this is true in southern Europe and North Africa, specimens of the former subspecies kruegeri from the Levant do not always conform to the rule: a particularly dark female from Nahal Abuv Natural Reserve (Fig. 9C) only has two small and barely visible red spots on the sides of the scutellum. However, this variability does not pose problems in the recognition of the two species, whose ranges meet in the Levant, as they are readily differentiated by morphological characters and in those areas  E. variegatus presents red-orange markings, while  E. disconotatus maintains its more or less pale-yellow pattern. </p>
            <p> Ma et al. (2017) and subsequently Tan et al. (2018) report  E. variegatus as present in China with the subspecies kruegeri, without providing any precise locality data.  Euodynerus variegatus is a strictly Mediterranean species, with its distribution limited to the Levant, North Africa and the western part of Southern Europe, its presence in China is improbable and here considered erroneous. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621F9A2B89FDF692D5D9FDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF6C9D49CFAD0.text	C866706D621D9A2B89FDF6C9D49CFAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Pareuodynerus) Bluthgen 1938	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Pareuodynerus Blüthgen, 1938</p>
            <p> Pareuodynerus Blüthgen, 1938: 278 , subgenus of “  Euodynerus Blüthgen ” [=  Euodynerus Dalla Torre ]. Type species:  Vespa notata Jurine, 1807 , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Leionotus de Saussure, 1852: 121 (in key to 5 subgenera); de Saussure 1853: 151, subgenus of  Odynerus Latreille (86 species). Junior homonym of  Leionotus Kirby &amp; Spence, 1828 . Type species:  Odynerus foraminatus de Saussure, 1853 , by subsequent designation of Bohart (1951: 887). </p>
            <p> Incolepipona Giordani Soika, 1994: 246 (key), 225, subgenus of  Euodynerus Dalla Torre. Type species:  Euodynerus convergens Giordani Soika, 1994 , by original designation and monotypy. Syn. nov. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621D9A2B89FDF6C9D49CFAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF7ABD618FC4B.text	C866706D621D9A2B89FDF7ABD618FC4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Euodynerus) velutinus Bluthgen. I 1951	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Euodynerus) velutinus Blüthgen, 1951</p>
            <p>(Figs 9I–M; 14J; 16J)</p>
            <p> Euodynerus velutinus “(Kostylev) ” Blüthgen, 1951a: 172, 195, footnote, ♀, ♂ — “Süd-Morea; Peloponnes; Attika ” (ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p>Distribution. From the Balkan Peninsula in the west to the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus in the east (Fateryga et al. 2021).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621D9A2B89FDF7ABD618FC4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D.text	C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) bidentiformis (Giordani Soika 1942) IT Tuili	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) bidentiformis (Giordani Soika, 1942)</p>
            <p>(Figs 11A, D; 15A, F, J)</p>
            <p> Odynerus bidentiformis Giordani Soika, 1942: 58 , ♀, (in subgenus  Rhynchium ) — “ Sardegna:  Macomer ” (? type lost). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Endemic from Sardinia (Gusenleitner 1997).</p>
            <p> Notes. Giordani Soika (1996) synonymized  E. bidentiformis under  E. bidentatus without providing any motivation, and the synonymy was also reported by Borsato &amp; Ratti (1999). As already noticed by Borsato (2006), this synonymy is erroneous, as  E. bidentiformis and  E. bidentatus show clear differences both in morphology (see key) and COI sequence. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621D9A2B89FDF077D6A2F97D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42.text	C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) bidentoides (Giordani Soika 1953) PT Reconco	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) bidentoides (Giordani Soika, 1953) , sp. resurr. </p>
            <p>(Figs 11B, C, E–G; 14K; 15B, V)</p>
            <p> Odynerus bidentoides Giordani Soika, 1953: 250 , ♀ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — [Morocco] “  Midelt ” (? type lost). </p>
            <p>Distribution. The Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Gusenleitner 1997).</p>
            <p> Notes. Gusenleitner (2013) synonymized  E. bidentoides under  E. bidentiformis without providing any information supporting this taxonomic action. Our data clearly show that the two taxa are similar but still welldifferentiated species (Fig. 10), with an average genetic distance of 38.94% confirming the diagnostic value of the morphological characters provided by Giordani Soika (1953) and Gusenleitner (1997). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D621D9A2589FDF3D8D365FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18.text	C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) notatus (Jurine 1807) RU Sochi	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) notatus (Jurine, 1807)</p>
            <p>(Figs 12A–G; 14L; 15L, R; 16A)</p>
            <p> Vespa notate Jurine, 1807: 170 , pl. 9, fig. 15, ♀ — [? Geneva] (MHNG). </p>
            <p> Odynerus nigripes Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839: 11 (key), 17, ♂, ♀, pl. 21 (female), 22 (female var.) — locality not stated [probably Germany] (type destroyed). </p>
            <p> ?  Odynerus maculatus Lepeletier, 1841: 626 , ♀, ♂ — “  Environs de Paris ” (coll. Lepeletier;? destroyed). </p>
            <p> Odynerus pubescens Thomson, 1870: 85 , ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — Sweden (MZLU). </p>
            <p> Odynerus ungularis Thomson, 1870: 85 , ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — Sweden: “Norrland” (MZLU). </p>
            <p> Odynerus clypealis Thomson, 1870: 85 , ♂ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — Sweden: “ Skåne ” (MZLU). </p>
            <p> ?  Odynerus pubescens var. cupreus von Schulthess, 1897: 69 , sex not indicated (probably based on discolored specimen) (? coll. von Schulthess, ZMUZ). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus notatus var. pernotata Blüthgen, 1938: 279 , ♂ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “Naumburg (Saale)” (ZMB [examined]). </p>
            <p> Distribution. Nearly trans-Palaearctic species but most of the records east of the Baikal Lake should be verified due to the confusion made in the past with  E. nipanicus (von Schulthess) (Fateryga et al. 2020; present data). </p>
            <p> Notes. Giordani Soika (1986) described the subspecies  E. notatus cyrenaicus from Libya, differentiating it by the reduced and red-orange pattern. The taxonomy of this subspecies is treated below under  E. rubrosignatus . </p>
            <p> Euodynerus notatus has often been confused with  E. nipanicus , a polytypic species occurring in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with both  E. nipanicus s. str. and its current subspecies sometimes described as or downgraded to subspecies of  E. notatus (e.g. Giordani Soika 1973; Yamane &amp; Tano 1987; Gusenleitner 1988). The first to provide diagnostic characters for the two species was Blüthgen (1942), then Giordani Soika (1986) and Yamane (1990) followed Blüthgen’s view providing further diagnostic characters, with most of the subsequent authors following this taxonomy (e.g. Gusenleitner 1997; Kim 2012; Nguyen et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2018). DNA barcoding of both  E. notatus and  E. nipanicus (including most of its subspecies) further supports considering the two taxa as different species (Fig. 10), with the average genetic distances between  E. notatus and four subspecies of  nipanicus (  nipanicus s. str. ,  nipanicus flavicornis Yamane,  nipanicus ryukyuensis Tano,  nipanicus tonkinensis Giordani Soika) resulting to be 10.71–21.49%, and confirming the characters provided by past authors (Blüthgen 1942; Giordani Soika 1986; Yamane 1990) as diagnostic. </p>
            <p> Within  Euodynerus nipanicus , large genetic distances were found between the four subspecies examined, with average distances ranging from 6.98% (  nipanicus s. str. / n. flavicornis) to 23.65% (n. tonkinensis / n. ryukyuensis). These high genetic distances, however, are not supported by evident morphological differences between the four subspecies, which differ only in the extension of the yellow pattern, which tends to become richer towards the south, and are probably attributable to the geographical isolation of the various populations (e.g. flavicornis and ryukyuensis in the Ryûkyû Islands), given that they also form a clade supported by a bootstrap value of 100. These considerations would support the synonymy of the three subspecies tonkinensis, flavicornis and ryukyuensis under the nominotypical one. However, this action should be undertaken in the context of a broader sampling of Asian species of the subgenus  Pareuodynerus , especially including taxa recently described and morphologically similar to  E. nipanicus (see Ma et al. 2017), so for the moment we refrain from proposing such taxonomic actions. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62139A2689FDF0C0D22EFC18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF.text	C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) posticus (Herrich-Schaeffer 1841) RU Nikita	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) posticus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1841)</p>
            <p>(Figs 12H, K; 14M; 15G, P, S, U; 16B)</p>
            <p> Odynerus posticus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1841: 176 , pl. 9, ♀ — type locality not stated (type destroyed). </p>
            <p> Odynerus innumerabilis de Saussure, 1853: 154 (key), 189, ♂ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — “L’Algérie” (MNHN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus graphicus de Saussure, 1853: 155 (key), 191, ♀ (in subgenus  Leionotus ) — “  Le midi de la France ” (MNHN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus differens Morawitz, 1895: 478 , ♂, ♀ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — [Georgia and Azerbaijan] “  Transcaucasia : Lagodechy; Zakataly ” (syntypes ZISP [examined]). </p>
            <p> Odynerus cephalicus Blüthgen, 1944: 32 , 34, ♂ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “Argentat (Dept. Corrèze, Südfrankreich)” (MNHN). </p>
            <p> Pseudepipona postica punctatissima Giordani Soika, 1952: 382 , ♂ (in subgenus  Euodynerus ) — “ Anatolia,  Gyaur daglari” (NMPC). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus posticus posticus var. notatiformis Blüthgen, 1955a: 155 , ♀ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “Sasso-Furbara (Lazio)” (ZMB). Unavailable name according to Art. 45.5 of ICZN (1999), because originally described as infrasubspecific name. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus posticus punctatissimus var. nahariensis Blüthgen, 1955b: 28 , ♂, ♀ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “Nahariya (10 km. N. of Acre)” (holotype female ZMB). Unavailable name according to Art. 45.5 of ICZN (1999), because originally described as infrasubspecific name. </p>
            <p> Distribution. Mainly Western Palaearctic, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb in the West to the Caucasus and Iran in the East (Fateryga et al. 2019). Ma et al. (2017) include  E. posticus in their key to the Chinese  Euodynerus species , but in fact it was never recorded from the Eastern Palaearctic. </p>
            <p> Notes. The available genetic data show a certain level of substructuring in  Euodynerus posticus , with an eastwest gradient (Fig. 10): the specimens from the western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and Maghreb) differ by 2.29% from ones from the Italian Peninsula and by 6.06% from the eastern ones, while the Italian ones differ by 3.75% from the eastern ones. The genetic distances are low and not associated with obvious morphological differences, confirming  E. posticus as a species with a wide Palaearctic distribution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62109A2689FDF13FD343F8BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C.text	C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) quadrifasciatus (Fabricius 1793) RU Tsey	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) quadrifasciatus (Fabricius, 1793)</p>
            <p>(Figs 13A–J; 14N; 15C, K)</p>
            <p> Vespa quadrifasciata Fabricius, 1793: 266 , ♂ — “Dania” (Copenhagen). </p>
            <p> Vespa simplex Fabricius, 1793: 267 — “Kiliae” (holotype male coll. Fabricius). </p>
            <p> Vespa quadricincta Fabricius, 1793: 266 — “Kiliae” (holotype female coll. Fabricius). </p>
            <p> Odynerus lindenii Lepeletier, 1841: 624 , ♀ — “  Environs de Paris et Montpellier” (coll. Lepeletier,? MRSN). </p>
            <p> Odynerus tomentosus Thomson, 1870: 86 , ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Lionotus ) — Sweden (MZLU). </p>
            <p> Pseudepipona sachalinensis Yasumatsu, 1938: 15 , ♀ — “ Sakhaline ” (KUZC). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus quadrifasciatus var. pseudonotata Blüthgen, 1939: 10 , ♀ — “Bozen” (ZMB). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus quadrifasciatus atripes Giordani Soika, 1976: 292 , ♀ — [Korea] “Prov. Ryang-gang,  Plateau Chann-Pay , Sam-ziyan, 1500 m ” (HNHM). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus quadrifasciatus rufipes Gusenleitner, 1984: 165 , 166, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “ Türkei,  Horasan , Arastal ” (holotype male OLML [examined]). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Euodynerus quadrifasciatus eburnus Yamane in Yamane &amp; Tano 1987: 340, ♀, ♂ — “  Toyotaki , Sapporo, Hokkaidô, Japan ” (holotype female EIHU). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Trans-Palaearctic species, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to Japan in the East (Fateryga et al. 2020). The records from North-West Africa are considered doubtful.</p>
            <p> Notes. Giordani Soika (1976) described the subspecies atripes from the Korean Peninsula, providing a very short description not allowing a precise recognition of the taxon; this subspecies was later redescribed by Kim (2012) and recorded from Japan (Yamane &amp; Tano 1987) and Russia (Kim 2012). A male specimen from Shanxi (China) (Fig. 13D), corresponding with subspecies atripes according to the description and pictures provided by Kim (2012), was barcoded, showing a genetic distance of 5.21–6.22% from specimens ranging from Italy to Eastern Russia (Figs 13A–C), which on the other hand have an intraspecific distance of 0.00–1.07%. Interestingly, the genetic distance between  E. quadrifasciatus s. str. and  E. quadrifasciatus atripes is barely below the average distances between  E. quadrifasciatus s. l. and  E. notatus (6.15%) and  E. posticus (8.52%). This distance is however not supported by any evident morphological difference, and in the phylogenetic analysis  E. quadrifasciatus atripes forms with the other specimens of  E. quadrifasciatus a clade supported by a bootstrap value of 99 (Fig. 10), leading to its synonymy under the nominotypical subspecies. </p>
            <p> No specimens of the Hokkaido endemic subspecies  E. quadrifasciatus eburnus were available for study, but Yamane (1990) compared it with  E. quadrifasciatus atripes providing only the paler pattern as a diagnostic character, therefore it can be synonymized under the nominotypical subspecies. </p>
            <p> Gusenleitner (1984) described the subspecies rufipes from northeast Turkey, close to the Caucasus, differentiating it from the nominotypical subspecies by narrower modified area on female vertex, weaker sculpture of male clypeus, stronger sculpture of the mesosoma and finer macropunctures on T2, in addition to the black and ivory pattern with red legs. The study of several specimens of  E. quadrifasciatus ranging from Southern Europe to Asian Far East, including a paratype and pictures of the holotype of  E. quadrifasciatus rufipes (Fig. 13I), however showed how these characters are variable: the modified area on female vertex ranges from as wide as ocellar triangle to much wider than it, a similarly strong sculpture of the mesosoma is observed in specimens from Italy and China, the fine macropunctures on T2 are observed in specimens from Estonia and the sculpture of male clypeus is highly variable. The different pattern also fits into a range of variability common to numerous other species of  Eumeninae (e.g.  Stenodynerus difficilis (Morawitz) ,  Eumenes sareptanus André ), in which specimens coming from the Caucasus or neighboring regions have ivory markings and reddish legs. Furthermore, a male specimen of  E. quadrifasciatus from Dagestan, identical to the paratype of  E. quadrifasciatus rufipes except for the slightly denser punctures of T2, was sequenced, showing no genetic difference from the rest of the Western Palaearctic populations. The subspecies rufipes is therefore synonymized. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62169A2089FDF5B2D508F90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5.text	C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) rubrosignatus (Gusenleitner. M 1984) Gusenleitner. 1984	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) rubrosignatus Gusenleitner, 1984 ,  stat. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 13K–M; 15W)</p>
            <p> Euodynerus quadrifasciatus rubrosignatus Gusenleitner, 1984: 165 , 168, ♀, ♂ (in subgenus  Pareuodynerus ) — “Cyrenaica, Schachhart [Shahhat], 650 m ” (holotype female OLML [examined]). </p>
            <p> Euodynerus notatus cyrenaicus Giordani Soika, 1986: 116 , ♀ [erroneously reported as male] — “ Cirenaica: R. Uff. Agrario ” (holotype MSNVE [examined]). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Libya, currently known only for the area of Shahhat (Gusenleitner 1984; Giordani Soika 1986).</p>
            <p> Notes. Both Gusenleitner (1984) and Giordani Soika (1986) independently described this taxon, respectively as a subspecies of  E. quadrifasciatus and  E. notatus , differentiating it only by the black pattern with a few reddish markings. Comparison of the holotype of  E. notatus cyrenaicus (Figs 13M, N) with a paratype and pictures of the holotype of  E. quadrifasciatus rubrosignatus (Figs 13K, L), all collected in Shahhat, showed very slight differences in pattern, apical margin of clypeus and length of setosity on head and mesosoma, all compatible with intraspecific variability; the synonymy between the two taxa comes naturally and is confirmed by DNA barcoding, that does not show the slightest genetic distance between the two sequenced specimens. Genetic data (Fig. 10) also show that this taxon is clearly more related to  E. notatus (average distance of 9.45%) rather than to  E. quadrifasciatus (14.89%), a relationship confirmed by two morphological characters: length of setae on head and mesosoma and modified area of the female vertex. This taxon is however readily distinguished from both  E. notatus and  E. quadrifasciatus by the shape of S2, that is more strongly convex basally rather than evenly convex from base to apex. Taking into consideration morphological and genetic differences, constant differences in pattern and geographic isolation, it becomes evident that  E. rubrosignatus deserves to be raised to species-level, representing a further case of Libyan endemism characterized by the reduced reddish pattern. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D62169A1C89FDF204D40FF8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
C866706D622A9A1E89FDF243D29BF954.text	C866706D622A9A1E89FDF243D29BF954.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus Dalla Torre 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of  Euodynerus occurring in Europe and the Maghreb </p>
            <p>1. S2 step-like in lateral view, with a basal vertical face sharply delimited by transverse ridge which is strongly projecting in the middle (Fig. 15A); surface of S2 shallowly but distinctly depressed just behind transverse ridge (Fig. 15A). Propodeum without dorsal carinae (Fig. 15F). Vestiture of head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma made of long and wavy setae, reaching up to three ocellar diameters in length (Fig. 15J)............................................................. 2</p>
            <p> - Characters not combined as above. S2 usually evenly convex in lateral view and with a basal furrow in the middle (Figs 15B, C, E); if step-like, then basal transverse ridge broadly interrupted in the middle by longitudinal furrow and not projecting as above (Fig. 15D); surface of S2 usually not depressed in lateral view (depressed as above only in  E. caspicus ). Propodeal carinae and vestiture variable, but never combined as above (e.g. if propodeum without dorsal carinae, then vestiture not made of long and wavy setae) (Figs 15G–I, K–O).......................................................................... 3 </p>
            <p> 2. Disc of clypeus entirely flattened and not depressed above apex; apical margin wider than interantennal space, subtruncate in female and deeply emarginate in male (Figs 4C–E). Punctures on mesosoma finer and denser and with densely micropunctate interspaces, giving matte appearance. Scutellum with subtriangular lateral spots (absent in  ssp. puniceus ), metanotum entirely black and metasoma with at least five tergites with apical yellow band (only two with ferruginous band in  ssp. puniceus ); wings with orange tinge in basal half and slightly infuscate apical half (Figs 4A, B). Female: cephalic foveae placed in barely differentiated circular area, narrower than ocellar triangle (cf. Fig. 15X)..................  E. (E.) bidentatus (Lepeletier)</p>
            <p> - Disc of clypeus convex, with small shallowly depressed area above apex; apical margin narrower than interantennal space, shallowly but distinctly emarginate (Fig. 11D). Punctures on mesosoma larger and sparser and with scattered micropunctures in interspaces, giving shiny appearance. Scutellum entirely black, metanotum with wide yellow band covering its upper half and metasoma with only three (♀) or four (♂) apical bands; wings entirely hyaline with subtle grayish-brown tinge (Fig. 11A). Female: cephalic foveae placed in clearly differentiated elliptical area, wider than ocellar triangle (cf. Figs 15U–W).............................................................................  E. (P.) bidentiformis (Giordani Soika)</p>
            <p>3. Dorsal carinae of propodeum forming sharp lamellar tooth on medial end, adjacent to disc of metanotum (Fig. 15G). Metanotum with posterior margin of dorsal face finely denticulate and evenly rounded, margin complete or at most narrowly interrupted (Fig. 15P). Male: apical segment of mid and hind tarsi variably darkened but always contrasting with yellowish preceding segments, and variably widened (Figs 15R, S). Female: cephalic foveae placed in clearly differentiated elliptical area, wider than ocellar triangle (Figs 15U–W)....................................................................... 4</p>
            <p>- Dorsal carinae of propodeum variable, from absent (Fig. 15H) to complete but not forming distinct tooth and widely separated from metanotum (Fig. 15I). Metanotum with posterior margin of dorsal face coarsely denticulate and laterally raised, margin usually depressed and interrupted in middle (Fig. 15Q). Male: tarsi of all legs entirely ferruginous-yellow and not widened, apical segment not contrasting with preceding ones (Fig. 15T). Female: cephalic foveae placed in barely differentiated circular area, narrower than ocellar triangle (Fig. 15X), or mixed with surrounding punctures (Fig. 15Y)....................... 8</p>
            <p>4. S 2 in lateral view abruptly convex basally, almost forming short vertical face separated from rest of sternite by shallow fold narrowly interrupted in middle (Fig. 15B).................................................................. 5</p>
            <p>- S 2 in lateral view evenly convex from base to apex, basal third of sternite somewhat depressed in middle (Fig. 15C)...... 6</p>
            <p> 5. Gena and vertex strongly developed, in dorsal view gena much longer than dorsal lobe of eye (Fig. 15V). Apical lamella of T1 shorter, almost linear in middle and barely reaching one puncture diameter on sides; punctures of T2 becoming sparser apically (Figs 11B, C). Vestiture of head and mesosoma, including base of legs, longer and wavier, reaching up to three ocellar diameters in length (cf. Fig. 15J). Light markings extensive and bright yellow, with at least four bands on tergites (Figs 11B, C).............................................................................  E. (P.) bidentoides (Giordani Soika)</p>
            <p> - Gena and vertex normally developed, in dorsal view gena as long as dorsal lobe of eye (Fig. 15W). Apical lamella of T1 longer, well visible in middle and exceeding one puncture diameter on sides; punctures of T2 forming denser preapical band (Figs 13K, M). Vestiture of head and mesosoma shorter and stiffer, not reaching two ocellar diameters in length (cf. Fig. 15L). Light markings reduced and orange-red, with only three bands on tergites (third band laterally abbreviated) (Figs 15K, M)..............................................................................  E. (P.) rubrosignatus Gusenleitner</p>
            <p> 6. Vestiture of mesosoma long and wavy, exceeding two ocellar diameters in length (Fig. 15K)...................................................................................................  E. (P.) quadrifasciatus (Fabricius)</p>
            <p>- Vestiture of mesosoma short and straight, brush-like, not exceeding one ocellar diameter in length (Fig. 15L)............ 7</p>
            <p> 7. Clypeus more finely and sparsely punctate, interspaces on disc always exceeding puncture diameter in length (Figs 12D–G). Pronotal carina weakly lamellate. Propodeum always entirely black, tibiae usually marked with black at least on inner face. Male: clypeus more convex basally than apically, with long free apical part and clearly emarginate apical margin (Figs 12D, E); mandible with basalmost tooth similar to other teeth, outer surface mostly black with yellow basal triangle (Fig. 16A); apical segment of mid and hind tarsi black and distinctly widened (Fig. 15R).........................  E. (P.) notatus (Jurine)</p>
            <p> - Clypeus more coarsely and densely punctate, interspaces on disc mostly not exceeding puncture diameter in length (Figs 12J, K). Pronotal carina strongly lamellate. Propodeum usually largely marked with yellow (yellow markings reduced in northeastern populations), tibiae entirely yellow with ferruginous inner face. Male: clypeus evenly convex from base to apex, with very short free apical part and subtruncate apical margin (Fig. 12J); mandible with basalmost tooth larger and perpendicular to axis of other teeth, outer surface almost entirely yellow (Fig. 16B); apical segment of mid and hind tarsi reddish-brown and not markedly widened (Fig. 15S)...............................................  E. (P.) posticus (Herrich-Schaeffer)</p>
            <p> 8. S2 step-like in lateral view, with basal vertical face sharply delimited by bulging transverse ridge widely interrupted in the middle; surface of S2 shallowly but distinctly depressed just behind transverse ridge (Fig. 15D). Tegula with scattered deep punctures on whole surface and strongly pointed posterior lobe (Fig. 16C). Posterior horizontal face of T1 entirely orangeyellow, rarely with barely visible median dark line (Figs 4F, G)...........................  E. (E.) caspicus (Morawitz)</p>
            <p>- S2 more or less evenly convex in lateral view, without basal transverse ridge; surface of S2 not depressed (Fig. 15E). Tegula impunctate or with coarser punctures and less pointed posterior lobe (Figs 16D–G). Posterior horizontal face of T1 at least with well-developed longitudinal black band, usually with semicircular or pentagonal large black area basally................ 9</p>
            <p>9. Posterior lobe of tegula with dense coarse punctures, usually deep but still well-evident even when shallow (Figs 16D, E). Dorsal side of mesosoma with very sparse and fine dust-like pubescence, almost bare (Fig. 15M). Clypeus with coarse and dense longitudinal striae in female, with finer striae and elongate punctures in male (Figs 6I–O; 8D–F)................ 10</p>
            <p> - Posterior lobe of tegula smooth or with few scattered fine punctures, visible only under incident light (Figs 16F, G). Vestiture of dorsal side of mesosoma variable, dust-like and sparse (cf. Fig. 15M), long and brush-like (Fig. 15N) or with scattered bent setae (Fig. 15O). Clypeus with fine and sparse longitudinal striae intermixed with punctures in female (in  E. disconotatus with some scattered coarser striae), without striae and with rounded punctures in male (Figs 5D–H; 7E–H; 7L–O; 8J–M; 9D–H, L, M)................................................................................................ 11 </p>
            <p> 10. Apical margin of clypeus subtruncate (Figs 8D–F). Outer margin of tegula distinctly bent in posterior half, becoming almost perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body (Fig. 16D). Apical translucent margin of T2 longer and shallowly reflexed (Fig. 16H). Female: clypeus as wide as long (Figs 8E, F); F1 and part of F2 usually reddish; ventral side of metasoma largely yellow with reduced black markings......................................................  E. (E.) hellenicus Blüthgen</p>
            <p> - Apical margin of clypeus shallowly but distinctly emarginate (Figs 6I–O). Outer margin of tegula evenly rounded in posterior half (Fig. 16E). Apical translucent margin of T2 very narrow and linear, barely developed (Fig. 16I) (rarely longer and shallowly reflexed in male specimens). Female: clypeus longer than wide (Figs 6K–O); flagellum entirely black dorsally; ventral side of metasoma largely black with lateral yellow spots...........................................  E. (E.) dantici (Rossi)</p>
            <p>11. Dorsal side of mesosoma with dense erect setae, brush-like (Fig. 15N).......................................... 12</p>
            <p> - Dorsal side of mesosoma with dust-like pubescence (cf. Fig. 15M), only in  E. semisaecularis with sparse apically bent erect setae (Fig. 15O)..................................................................................... 13 </p>
            <p> 12. Punctures on mesepisternum arranged in longitudinal series, with interspaces forming irregular parallel striae. Male: apical margin of clypeus with deep semi-circular emargination, apical teeth acute and their distance equal to interantennal space (Fig. 9L); hind femur angularly expanded on base of hind margin (Fig. 16J). Female: apical margin of clypeus deeply emarginate; clypeus black or with small markings on basal corners (Fig. 9M)...........................  E. (E.) velutinus Blüthgen</p>
            <p> - Punctures on mesepisternum not arranged in series, interspaces forming irregular reticulation. Male: apical margin of clypeus shallowly emarginate, apical teeth more or less right-angled and their distance wider than interantennal space (Figs 5D, E); hind femur not expanded, hind margin entirely straight (Fig. 16K). Female: apical margin of clypeus subtruncate; clypeus with broad basal yellow markings to almost entirely yellow (Figs 15F–H)............................  E. (E.) curictensis Blüthgen</p>
            <p>13. Tegula narrower and with more or less evenly curved outer margin, with few scattered fine punctures (Fig. 16F). Male: S6 and S7 with erect setae, either long or short (Figs 16L, M). Female: cephalic foveae placed in differentiated area with shiny and smooth surface (Fig. 15X)............................................................................. 14</p>
            <p>- Tegula wider and with outer margin more strongly rounded in posterior half, almost smooth (Fig. 16G). Male: S6 and S7 with dust-like pubescence, some very short oblique setae at apex only (Fig. 16N). Female: cephalic foveae not placed in differentiated area, mixed with surrounding punctures (Fig. 15Y).............................................. 15</p>
            <p> 14. Dorsal side of mesosoma almost bare, with very sparse dust-like pubescence (cf. Fig. 15M). Male: clypeus longer than wide, with deep and dense punctures (Fig. 7L); S6 and S7 with long erect setae on whole surface (Fig. 16L). Female: face with short pubescence around antennal insertions not reaching bottom of ocular sinus..............  E. (E.) fastidiosus (de Saussure)</p>
            <p> - Dorsal side of mesosoma with sparse apically bent setae in addition to dust-like pubescence (Fig. 15O). Male: clypeus about as long as wide, with shallow sparse punctures (Figs 8J, K); S6 and S7 with short setae on apical half only (Fig. 16M). Female: face with long dense pubescence in whole lower half and reaching bottom of ocular sinus...................................................................................................  E. (E.) semisaecularis (Dalla Torre)</p>
            <p> 15. Mesoscutum with subquadrate yellow marking in front of scutellum (Fig. 7C), usually absent in males (Fig. 7B) (present in Eastern populations, Fig. 7A) and rarely reduced in females (Fig. 7D); scutellum usually with two separate subtriangular spots (Figs 7B–D) (broad band in populations from Asia, Fig. 7A); metanotum with broad yellow band covering dorsal half (Figs 7A–D). Male: clypeus as long as wide with apical margin as wide as interantennal distance, surface with sparse but clearly visible punctures (Fig. 7E). Female: clypeus coarsely punctate and with some longitudinal striae, apical carinae mixed with coarse sculpture and not well-evident (Figs 7F–H)...............................  E. (E.) disconotatus (Lichtenstein)</p>
            <p> - Mesoscutum entirely black (Figs 9A–C); scutellum usually with wide band covering most of its surface (Figs 9A, B) (reduced to spots or absent in populations from the Levant, which have red markings, Fig. 9C); metanotum at most with irregular band along transverse carina (Figs 9A–C). Male: clypeus longer than wide with apical margin narrower than interantennal distance, surface microsculpted with very fine punctures visible only at high magnification (Fig. 9D). Female: clypeus finely and sparsely punctate, at most with scattered microstriation between punctures, apical carinae not mixed with sculpture and well visible (Figs 9E–H).........................................................  E. (E.) variegatus (Fabricius)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C866706D622A9A1E89FDF243D29BF954	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco;Fateryga, Alexander V.;Cilia, Giovanni	Selis, Marco, Fateryga, Alexander V., Cilia, Giovanni (2024): The genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre in Europe and the Maghreb (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5537 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.1
