identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CA2E031792368868E984F609FA95FECD.text	CA2E031792368868E984F609FA95FECD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomycteridae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA2E031792368868E984F609FA95FECD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ferrer, Juliano;Malabarba, Luiz R.	Ferrer, Juliano, Malabarba, Luiz R. (2013): Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (2): 217-246, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000200001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000200217&lng=en&tlng=en
CA2E031792378866EAE3F52BFB46F984.text	CA2E031792378866EAE3F52BFB46F984.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomycterus balios Ferrer & Malabarba 2013	<div><p>Trichomycterus balios, new species</p> <p>Figs. 1, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7</p> <p>Trichomycterus sp. 2. Becker et al. (2013: Table 1, listed, Taquari-Antas river basin).</p> <p>Holotype. UFRGS 16229, 82.0 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of São Francisco de Paula, rio Santa Cruz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.521667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.362778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.521667/lat -29.362778)">rio Caí</a> basin, 29º21’46”S 50º31’18”W, 11 Sep 2004, G. N. Silva, J. A. Anza, J. Ferrer &amp; L. R. Malabarba.</p> <p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State. Rio Caí basin: UFRGS 6831, 14 (2 c&amp;s), 27.3-87.5 mm SL, collected with holotype. UFRGS 16341, 3 (1 c&amp;s), 35.2-67.2 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">Cará</a>, 29º14’42”S 50º37’46”W, 12 Sep 2004, G. N. Silva, J. A. Anza, J. Ferrer &amp; L. R. Malabarba. MCN 18927, 5, 32.1-56.7 mm SL, municipality of Canela, arroio Saiqui, 29º18’32”S 50º45’41”W, 19 Sep 2006, R. B. Dala-Corte. MCP 46943, 5 (1 c&amp;s), 32.7-81.8 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, arroio Lava-Pés, 29º12’49”S 50º44’59”W, 30 Mar 2002, V. A. Bertaco &amp; V. C. Baumbach. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">Rio Taquari-Antas</a> basin: MCN 14907, 1, 78.7 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Tomé</a>, 11 Jul 1997, L. F. Guterrez &amp; W. R. Koch. MCN 14879, 1, 74.6 mm SL, municipality of Bom Jesus, arroio do Barreiro, 10 Jul 1997, L. F. Guterrez &amp; W. R. Koch. MCP 26920, 2, 27.6-79.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Contendas</a>, 29º17’S 50º16’W, 2 May 1998, G. Vinciprova &amp; W. Bruschi. MCP 35064, 3 (1 c&amp;s), 33.0-71.0 mm SL, municipality of Lagoa Vermelha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Turvo</a>, 28º24’19”S 51º29’25”W, 22 May 2004, A. M. Liedke, E. H. Pereira, T. P. Carvalho &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 42790, 7, 49.0-80.0 mm SL, municipality of Bom Jesus, arroio Bagual, 28º43’32”S 50º43’44”W, 18 Apr 2008, B. B. Calegari, E. H. Pereira &amp; J. F. P. Silva. MCP 42794, 2, 35.3-80.8 mm SL, municipality of Bom Jesus, arroio Governador, 28º47’42”S 50º42’18”W, 17 Apr 2008, B. B. Calegari, E. H. Pereira &amp; J. F. P. Silva. MCP 46944, 1, 79.0 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Lageado Grande</a>, 29º13’26”S 50º28’14”W, 16 Dec 1998, A. R. Cardoso, F. Melo, P. A. Buckup &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 46945, 7 (2 c&amp;s), 41.7-79.3 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Contendas</a>, 29º16’45”S 50º14’43”W, 3 Feb 2007, C.A. Cramer, E. H. Pereira, T. P. Carvalho &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 46946, 3, 63.2-85.8 mm SL, municipality of Bom Jesus, arroio Governador, 28º44’23”S 50º40’42”W, 18 Apr 2008, B. B. Calegari, E. H. Pereira &amp; J. F. P. Silva. MNRJ 18414, 6, 14.9-72.9 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, unnamed stream tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Tainhas</a> on road RS-453, 29º15’45”S 50º19’55”W, 16 Dec 1998, A. R. Cardoso, F. Melo, P. A. Buckup &amp; R. E. Reis. MPEG 24030, 3, 48.4-78.1 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">Cambará do Sul</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Tainhas</a>, 29º15’06”S 50º16’39”W, 27 Nov 2004, A. B. Schaan, G. N. Silva, J. A. Anza &amp; V. Lampert. MZUSP 110992, 5, 55.4-86.5 mm SL, municipality of Vacaria, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Quebra-Dentes</a>, 28º38’36”S 50º50’06”W, 10 Nov 2009, C. E. Machado &amp; J. A.Anza. UFRGS 5570, 4 (1 c&amp;s), 44.3-73.1 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">Cambará do Sul</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Camisas</a>, 29º03’54”S 50º09’39”W, 1 Apr 2001, J. A. Anza, J. R. Bastos, L. R. Malabarba &amp; T. O. B. Hasper. UFRGS 5571, 1, 50.9 mm SL, municipality of Bom Jesus, arroio das Nevilhas, 28º57’12”S 50º29’03"W, 31 Mar 2001, J. A.Anza, J. R. Bastos, L. R. Malabarba &amp; T. O. B. Hasper. UFRGS 13898, 4, 42.4-92.4 mm SL, municipality of Monte Alegre dos Campos, arroio dos Cães, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Quebra-Dentes</a> basin, 28º39’26”S 50º49’06”W, 1 Jun 2010, F. G. Becker, G. Rosa &amp; L. de Fries. UFRGS 16230, 2, 84.4-91.7 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Tainhas</a>, 29º15’47”S 50º19’56”W, 30 Mar 2001, J. A. Anza, J. R. Bastos, L. R. Malabarba &amp; T. O. B. Hasper. UFRGS 16231, 11 (2 c&amp;s), 45.3- 90.3 mm SL, municipality of Vacaria, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Quebra-Dentes</a>, 28º33’42”S 50º54’32”W, 10 Nov 2009, C. E. Machado &amp; J. A. Anza. UFRGS 16232, 4 (2 c&amp;s), 46.4-66.3 mm SL, municipality of Vacaria, arroio Maria Inácia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Quebra-Dentes</a> basin, 28º27’52”S 51º02’W, 2 Jun 2010, F. G. Becker, G. Rosa &amp; L. de Fries. UFRGS 16233, 3 (1 c&amp;s), 47.1-81.9 mm SL, municipality of São Marcos, unnamed stream near Molin waterfall, tributary to arroio São Marcos, 29º02’35”S 51º01’29”W, F. G. Becker, G. Rosa &amp; L. de Fries. UFRGS 16234, 2, 40.3-78.3 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Buriti</a>, 29º09’40”S 50º32’37”W, 31 Mar 2001, J. A. Anza, J. R. Bastos, L. R. Malabarba &amp; T. O. B. Hasper. UFRGS 16235, 3, 42.3-73.8 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, arroio Ribeirão, 29º13’59”S 50º22’30”W, 29 Nov 2004, A. B. Schaan, G. N. Silva, J. A. Anza &amp; V. Lampert. UFRGS 16236, 5 (1 c&amp;s), 43.8-66.0 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">Cambará do Sul</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.136948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.136948/lat -29.179167)">rio Camisas</a>, 29º10’45”S 50º08’13”W, 27 Nov 2004, A. B. Schaan, G. N. Silva, J. A. Anza &amp; V. Lampert.</p> <p>Non-type material. UFRGS 16295, 15, 36.1-81.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.051666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.156944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.051666/lat -29.156944)">Cambará do Sul</a>, arroio Perdizes on Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, rio Mampituba basin, 29º09’25”S 50º03’06”W, 12 May 2012, A. Souza, J. Ferrer, L. Santos, P. Lehmann &amp; T. Guimarães. UFRGS 16299, 7, 26.4-61.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.080276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.158611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.080276/lat -29.158611)">Cambará do Sul</a>, arroio Perdizes on Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, rio Mampituba basin, 29º09’31”S 50º04’49”W, 11 May 2012, J. Ferrer, L. Santos &amp; T. Guimarães.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Trichomycterus balios is distinguishable from all congeners except T. davisi (Haseman, 1911); T. diatropoporos; T. papilliferus Wosiacki &amp; Garavello, 2004; T. payaya Sarmento-Soares, Zanata &amp; Martins-Pinheiro, 2011; T. perkos Datovo, Carvalho &amp; Ferrer, 2012; T. plumbeus Wosiacki &amp; Garavello, 2004; and T. tropeiro by the modal possession of I+6 pectoral-fin rays (one among 108 specimens with I+7; vs. I+5, I+7, or more pectoral-fin rays) and the first ray of the pectoral fin not prolonged as a filament (Fig. 1; vs. the first ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a filament). Trichomycterus balios is distinguished from T. davisi, T. diatropoporos, T. papilliferus, T. payaya, T. perkos, and T. plumbeus by the color pattern of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, which presents circular black blotches variable in size (Fig. 1; vs. the head and trunk with dark irregularly shaped spots scattered in T. davisi; lateral surface of body with dark blotches variable in size and shape progressively larger and coalescent dorsally thus forming extensive black pigmented regions with light yellow gaps in T. diatropoporos; dorsal and lateral surfaces of body pale brown to light gray in T. payaya; dorsal and lateral surfaces of body gray in T. papilliferus and T. plumbeus; lateral surface of body with three wide dark brown stripes in T. perkos). Trichomycterus balios is distinguished from T. tropeiro by the presence of the pelvic girdle and pelvic fins (Fig. 1; vs. absence); and the absence of pores i1 and i3 of the infraorbital sensory canal (Fig. 2a; vs. presence). Additionally, T. balios is distinguished from the remaining congeners in the laguna dos Patos system by the possession of 36-39 teeth on ceratobranchial 5 (Fig. 3a; vs. 12-13 in T. diatropoporos and 20-23 in T. poikilos); 35-40 teeth on plate connected to pharyngobranchial 4 (Fig. 3a; vs. 18-20 in T. diatropoporos and 23-25 in T. poikilos); by the color pattern of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body with circular black blotches variable in size [Fig. 1; vs. the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body mottled dark brown over a light yellow background or with three stripes (dorsosagittal, midlateral, and ventrolateral) with notched borders in T. poikilos; the dorsal and lateral surface of body densely mottled dark brown over a light yellow background in T. brachykechenos]. Trichomycterus balios is further distinguishable from T. poikilos by having the origin of the dorsal fin located at the vertical through the last third of the pelvic fin (Fig. 1; vs. at the vertical falling between the tip of the pelvic fin and the anterior insertion of anal fin). Trichomycterus balios is further distinguishable from T. brachykechenos by having a posterior cranial fontanel extending from the parieto-supraoccipital to the frontals (Fig. 2a; vs. the posterior cranial fontanel restricted to the parieto-supraoccipital); the maxillary barbel length (37.8- 66.6% vs. 68.2-87.7% HL), the number of odontodes of the opercular patch (13-19 vs. 8-11). Trichomycterus balios is further distinguishable from T. diatropoporos by the insertion of the first dorsal-fin basal radial anterior to the neural spine of the 19 th- 22 th vertebrae (vs. anterior to the neural spine of the 17 th or 18 th vertebrae).</p> <p>Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 1. Body elongate, trunk roughly cylindrical and gradually compressed towards caudal fin. Dorsal profile of trunk convex along anterior half then straight to insertion of dorsal fin. Ventral profile of trunk straight to slightly convex. Dorsal and ventral profile of caudal peduncle straight to slightly concave.</p> <p>Head depressed, trapezoidal from dorsal view, wider posteriorly. Dorsal profile straight and ventral profile straight to slightly convex. Snout rounded from dorsal view. Eyes readily visible, anteroposteriorly elliptical to rounded, dorsally oriented; orbital rim not free, eyes covered with skin thin and transparent. Each eye located over posterior termination of shallow and small longitudinal crest beginning at posterior nostril and making eyes visible from lateral view.</p> <p>Nostrils of same size and smaller than eye diameter. Anterior nostril surrounded by fleshy flap of integument posterolaterally continuous with nasal barbel. Posterior nostril surrounded anterolaterally by thin flap of integument. Gill openings not constricted but united with isthmus anteriorly forming a free fold. Mouth subterminal with corners posteriorly oriented. Lower lip with conspicuous fleshy lobes along lateral limits internal to origin of rictal barbels. Lips with small papillae; papillae largest on inner surface of upper lip.</p> <p>Barbels with large bases and tapering gradually towards tip. Tip of nasal barbel usually reaching to between eye and pore i11 or at most slightly extending beyond pore i11. Origin of nasal barbels on posterolateral portion of integument flap around anterior nostril. Maxillary barbel usually extending between anterior and posterior margins of interopercular patch of odontodes or at most slightly extending beyond to posterior margin but never reaching pectoral-fin insertion. Rictal barbel slightly shorter than maxillary barbel.</p> <p>Mesethmoid with anterior margin slightly concave, cornua short and thick, width of their bases similar to their length (Fig. 2a).Anterior cranial fontanel restricted to small rounded opening situated between frontals and epiphyseal bar. Posterior cranial fontanel long and narrow, extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto-supraoccipital. Epiphyseal bar longer than wide (absent in one of 14 specimens). Antorbital short and anteriorly expanded. Tendon-bone supraorbital elongate, approximately three times larger than antorbital, with process along distal margin. Anterior portion of sphenotic laterally directed from dorsal view. Sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid totally fused. Vomer arrow-shaped with long posterior process extending to parasphenoid. Parasphenoid with long pointed process extending to basioccipital.Anterior portion of Weberian complex fused to basioccipital. Weberian capsule with lateral opening smaller than lateral profile of capsule.</p> <p>Premaxilla rectangular with 75-101 conical, curved and pointed teeth (n = 2). Teeth variable in size and distributed with some irregularity in up to four rows. Maxilla large, boomerang-shaped and shorter than premaxilla. Lower jaw with 89-107 conical, curved and pointed teeth variable in size (n = 2). Outer teeth row slightly flat vertically with blunt tips in largest specimens (greater than 85.4 mm SL). Teeth range from few teeth at base of coronoid process to four discernible rows near dentary symphysis. Autopalatine with anterior margin straight, mesial margin straight to slightly concave, distal margin slightly concave, and large posterior process extending to middle of metapterygoid.</p> <p>Metapterygoid large and laminar and connecting with quadrate through cartilage. Hyomandibula well-developed. Preopercle long and narrow and in contact with ventral margins of quadrate and hyomandibula. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded with 13-19 conical odontodes (n = 14). Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate with 15-25 conical odontodes (n = 14) more concentrated posteriorly. Odontodes of both opercular and interopercular patches gradually curving medially and increasing in size posteriorly.</p> <p>Ventral hypohyal trapezoid-shaped (Fig. 4a). Anterior ceratohyal elongate and widening at anterior and posterior limits. Posterior ceratohyal short and triangular. Branchiostegal rays 8-9 (n = 14), usually 9, five on anterior ceratohyal, one on ceratohyal posterior and three articulated on interceratohyal cartilage. Last three branchiostegal rays widest. Dorsal hypohyal and interhyal absent. Urohyal with expanded anterior head, two elongate lateral processes with wide bases and decreasing in width distally with rounded tips and laminar, elongate, narrow posterior process (Fig. 5a).</p> <p>Basibranchial 1 absent. Basibranchials 2 and 3 connected to each other, of approximately equal lengths and with cartilage at tips (Fig. 3a). Ossified portion of basibranchial 2 distinctly wider than basibranchial 3. Hexagonal basibranchial 4 completely cartilaginous. Hypobranchial 1 of similar size but narrower than basibranchial 2 with cartilage at tips. Hypobranchials 2 and 3 with narrow anterolateral ossified processes; ossified portion more elongate on hypobranchial 3 with large area of cartilage distally; larger in hypobranchial 3. Hypobranchial 4 absent. Five elongate and narrow ceratobranchials with cartilage at tips. Ceratobranchials 2 and 3 with concavity along posterior margins; concavity larger in ceratobranchial 3. Ceratobranchial 5 expanded posteromedially with 36-39 conical, elongate and pointed teeth arranged in 3 rows (n = 1). Five epibranchials, first three elongate and narrow with cartilage at tips. Epibranchials 1 and 2 with triangular process along anterior margins; process slightly larger in epibranchial 1. Epibranchial 3 with robust uncinate process along posterior margin. Epibranchial 4 rectangular. Epibranchial 5 small, narrow, curved and completely cartilaginous. Pharyngobranchials 1 and 2 absent. Pharyngobranchial 3 similar in form but shorter than hypobranchial 1 with cartilage at tips. Pharyngobranchial 4 curved and well ossified connected to plate with 35-40 conical, elongate and pointed teeth arranged in up to 3 rows; teeth increasing in length posteriorly (n = 1).</p> <p>Sensory canals on head with simple (non-dendritic) tubes ending in single pores (Fig. 2a). Supraorbital sensory canal complete with paired pores s1, s3 and s6. Pore s1 located between anterior nostrils, pore s3 located in same longitudinal row of pore s1 after posterior nostrils and pore s 6 in interorbital space. Infraorbital sensory canal incomplete; pores i1 and i3 absent, pore i10 located behind eye and pore i11 located lateral to posterior margin of eye. Postotic pore po1 located lateral to anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes. Postotic pore po2 located lateral to middle of length of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral-line canal very short with 2 pores located above insertion of pectoral fin and just posterior of gill openings.</p> <p>Pectoral fin with distal margin rounded, I+6* rays (1 of 108 specimens with I+7), first ray short and not prolonged as filament. Pelvic fin with distal margin rounded, reaching at most anterior margin of urogenital papilla, I+4 rays (n = 108). Inner margin of pelvic fins very close basally. Pelvic girdle with two basipterygia united medially by cartilage with two elongate bifid processes (external process and internal process) and medial process short (one of 14 specimens with medial process united to internal process). Pelvic splint thin, comma-shaped and parallel to first pelvic-fin ray. Urogenital papilla nearer tip of pelvic fin than origin of anal fin.</p> <p>Dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, semicircular when fin expanded with two to four unsegmented rays (n = 14), II+5-8 rays (n = 108), usually II+7*. Dorsal-fin origin located at vertical through the last third of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin basal radials 8 (n = 14); first inserting anterior to neural spine of 19 th to 22 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Anal fin slightly smaller than dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, two to four unsegmented rays (n = 14), II+4-6 rays (n = 108), usually II+5*. Anal-fin origin located at vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base. Anal-fin basal radials 6 (n = 14); first inserting anterior to haemal spine of 22 th to 25 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Caudal fin with distal margin straight and dorsal and ventral lobes rounded at limits. Procurrent caudal-fin rays 14- 17 dorsally (n = 14) and 10-13 ventrally (n = 14). Principal rays I+5+5-7+I (n = 108), usually I+5+6+I*, branched rays splitting two or three times. Lower caudal plate with parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2 co-ossified and fused to compound caudal centrum. Upper caudal plate with a separate uroneural; hypurals 3, 4, and 5 completely fused (n = 3) (Fig. 6a) or with hypural 3 autogenous (n = 8) or partly fused (n = 3) with hypurals 4 and 5 (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Vertebrae 38-41 (n = 14); ribs 12-15 (n = 14) with first rib straight and thickest and last rib rudimentary.</p> <p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surface of body with circular black blotches variable in size over light yellowish background; dark pigmentation more concentrated dorsally (Fig. 1). Ventral surface of body light yellow with diffuse small black spots laterally and between pectoral-fin insertions; spots larger and more concentrated between pelvic and anal fins and caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of head with greater concentration of irregular black rounded blotches variable in size; blotches becoming more scattered on lateral surface, smaller ventrally and restricted to lateral and posterior margins of gill openings. Pectoral, dorsal, anal and caudal fins spotted basally, spotting becoming inconspicuous towards tips and margins lighter. Pelvic fin unpigmented. Barbels with dark pigmentation on both surfaces. Larger specimens (greater than 43.2 mm SL) with pigmentation arranged in two distinct layers; large rounded black spots on inner skin layer and small black spots on outer skin layer (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Distribution and ecological notes. Trichomycterus balios is distributed in the upper portions of the rio das Antas and rio Caí tributaries to the laguna dos Patos system and in the</p> <p>headwaters of the rio Mampituba (Fig. 8). The type locality is located at approximately 792 m a.s.l. and the remaining localities of collection between 681 and 941 m a.s.l. The lower portions of the laguna dos Patos system and of the rio Mampituba are widely separated by the rio Tramandaí drainage, were T. balios is unknow to occur (Malabarba et al., 2013). The occurrence of the species in the headwaters of these two unconnected and distant drainages (laguna dos Patos system and of the rio Mampituba) is possibly related to headwater capture events.</p> <p>The localities where the types were collected had clear water with current water and rocky bottoms (Fig. 9a). Trichomycterus balios was collected with Cnesterodon brevirostratus Rosa &amp; Costa, 1993; Pareiorhaphis hystrix (Pereira &amp; Reis, 2002); and Bryconamericus patriciae da Silva, 2004 at the type locality, other species that show some degree of endemism in the region associated with high altitudes (Rosa &amp; Costa, 1993; Pereira &amp; Reis, 2002, da Silva, 2004). The stomach of 13 c&amp;s specimens contained larvae of Diptera (Chironomidae, Simuliidae), Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera; and nymphs of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.</p> <p>Remarks. The type series includes only specimens from laguna dos Patos system. Data of specimens from the rio Mampituba identified as T. balios are not included in the species description.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek balios meaning spotted, in reference to the color pattern of the new species formed by circular black blotches. An adjective.</p> <p>Trichomycterus diatropoporos, new species Figs. 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b 6b, 10, 11a, 12</p> <p>Trichomycterus sp. 1. Becker et al. (2013: Table 1, listed, Taquari-Antas river basin).</p> <p>Holotype. MCP 46947, 58.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of Nova Prata, rio da <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.61472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.634445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.61472/lat -28.634445)">Prata</a> on Passo do Despraiado, 28º38’04”S 51º36’53”W, 22 May 2004, A. M. Liedke, E. H. Pereira, R. E. Reis &amp; T. P. Carvalho.</p> <p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, rio Taquari- Antas basin. MCP 35050, 8, 21.6-58.2 mm SL, collected with holotype. MCP 40933, 2 (c&amp;s), 38.8-39.7 mm SL, collected at type locality, 24 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 22789, 2, 39.1-57.1 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.617496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.658888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.617496/lat -28.658888)">Lagoa Vermelha</a>, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.617496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.658888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.617496/lat -28.658888)">Carazinho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.617496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.658888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.617496/lat -28.658888)">rio Turvo</a> basin, 28º17’36”S 51º24’42”W, 3 Apr 1999, E. H. Pereira, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 40940, 2, 47.9 -67.0 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.617496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.658888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.617496/lat -28.658888)">André da Rocha</a>, arroio Herval, rio da Prata basin, 28º39’32”S 51º37’03”W, 24 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCN 18928, 5, 30.7-37.8 mm SL, collected at type locality, 24 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V. A. Bertaco. UFRGS 16237, 1 (c&amp;s), 57.8 mm SL, collected with holotype. UFRGS 16238, 4 (1c&amp;s), 57.4-68.3 mm SL, collected at type locality, 20 Jan 1999, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis.</p> <p>Non-type material. MCP 22785, 1, 59.1 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.05611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.390556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.05611/lat -28.390556)">Muitos Capões</a>, arroio Espeto, rio Turvo basin, 28º23’26”S 51º03’22”W, 3 Apr 1999. E. H. Pereira, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Trichomycterus diatropoporos is distinguishable from all congeners except T. balios, T. davisi, T. papilliferus, T. payaya, T. perkos, T. plumbeus, and T. tropeiro by the possession of I+6 pectoral-fin rays (vs. I+5, I+7, or more) and the first ray of the pectoral fin not prolonged as a filament (Fig. 10; vs. the first ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a filament). Trichomycterus diatropoporos is distinguished from T. balios, T. brachykechenos, T. davisi, T. papilliferus, T. payaya, T. perkos, T. plumbeus, T. poikilos, and T. tropeiro by the color pattern of dark blotches variable in size and shape progressively larger and coalescent dorsally thus forming extensive black pigmented regions with light yellow gaps (Fig. 10; vs. the dorsal and lateral surface of body with circular black blotches variable in size in T. balios and T. tropeiro; the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body densely mottled dark brown over a light yellow background in T. brachykechenos; head and trunk with dark brown irregularly shaped spots scattered in T. davisi; dorsal and lateral surface of body pale brown to light gray in T. payaya, dorsal and lateral surface of body gray in T. papilliferus and T. plumbeus; lateral surface of body with three wide dark brown stripes in T. perkos; dorsal and lateral surface of body mottled dark brown over a light yellow background and sometimes forming two stripes, midlateral and ventrolateral, with notched borders in T. poikilos). Trichomycterus diatropoporos is further distinguishable from T. poikilos by having the origin of the dorsal fin located at the vertical through the last third of the pelvic fin (Fig. 10; vs. at vertical falling between tip of the pelvic fin and the anterior insertion of anal fin) and the origin of the anal fin located at the vertical through the base of the last dorsal-fin ray (Fig. 10; vs. at the vertical falling between the anterior insertion of the dorsal fin and the middle of its length). Trichomycterus diatropoporos is further distinguishable from T. brachykechenos by having the posterior cranial fontanel extending from the parieto-supraoccipital to the frontals (Fig. 2b; vs. the posterior cranial fontanel restricted to the parietosupraoccipital); the maxillary barbel length (38.3-53.9% vs.68.2- 87.7% HL); and the number of odontodes on the opercular patch (13-19 vs. 8-11). Trichomycterus diatropoporos is further distinguishable from T. balios by location of the insertion of the first dorsal-fin basal radial anterior to neural spine of 17 th or 18 th vertebrae (vs. anterior to neural spine of 19 th- 22 thvertebrae); and the number of teeth on ceratobranchial 5 and on plate connected to pharyngobranchial 4 (Fig. 2b; 12-13 vs. 36-39 and 18-20 vs. 35-40, respectively). Trichomycterus diatropoporos is further distinguishable from T. tropeiro by the presence of the pelvic girdle and pelvic fins (Fig. 10; vs. absence); and the insertion of the first dorsal-fin basal radial anterior to neural spine of 17 th or 18 th vertebrae (vs. anterior to neural spine of 19 th- 20 thvertebrae).</p> <p>Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 2. Body elongate, trunk roughly cylindrical and gradually compressed towards caudal fin. Dorsal profile of trunk convex along anterior half then straight to insertion of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle straight to slightly convex. Ventral profile of trunk and caudal peduncle nearly straight.</p> <p>Head depressed, trapezoidal from dorsal view, wider posteriorly. Dorsal profile of head straight and ventral profile straight to slightly convex. Snout rounded from dorsal view. Eyes readily visible, anteroposteriorly elliptical and dorsally oriented, orbital rim not free, eyes covered with skin thin and transparent. Each eye located over posterior termination of small longitudinal ridge beginning at posterior nostril and making eyes fully visible from lateral view.</p> <p>Nostrils of same size and smaller than diameter of eye. Anterior nostril surrounded by fleshy flap of integument posterolaterally continuous with nasal barbel. Posterior nostril surrounded anterolaterally by thin flap of integument. Gill openings not constricted but united with isthmus anteriorly forming a large free fold. Mouth subterminal, corners posteriorly oriented. Lower lip with conspicuous fleshy lobes along lateral limits internal to origin of rictal barbels. Lips with small papillae; papillae largest on inner surface of upper lip.</p> <p>Barbels with large bases and tapering gradually towards tip. Tip of nasal barbel usually reaching to between eye and pore i11 or at most slightly extending beyond pore i11. Origin of nasal barbels on posterolateral portion of integument flap around anterior nostril. Maxillary barbel usually extending posteriorly to between anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes and middle of patch but never reaching posterior margin of patch. Rictal barbel slightly shorter than maxillary barbel.</p> <p>Mesethmoid with anterior margin slightly concave, cornua short and thick, width of their bases similar to their length (Fig. 2b). Anterior cranial fontanel restricted to small rounded opening situated between frontals and epiphyseal bar. Posterior cranial fontanel narrow and long extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto-supraoccipital. Epiphyseal bar longer than wide. Antorbital short and anteriorly expanded. Tendon-bone supraorbital elongate, approximately three times larger than antorbital. Anterior portion of sphenotic anterolaterally directed from dorsal view. Sphenotic, prootic and pterosphenoid totally fused. Vomer arrow-shaped with long posterior process extending to parasphenoid. Parasphenoid with long pointed process extending to basioccipital. Anterior portion of Weberian complex fused to basioccipital. Weberian capsule with lateral opening smaller than lateral profile of capsule.</p> <p>Premaxilla rectangular with 103 conical, curved and pointed teeth (n = 1). Teeth variable in size and irregularly distributed in up to three rows. Maxilla large, boomerang-shaped and shorter than premaxilla. Lower jaw with 75 conical to slightly vertically flat, curved and pointed teeth of variable size (n = 1). Few teeth at base of coronoid process and up to three discernible rows near dentary symphysis (Fig. 11a). Autopalatine with anterior margin convex, mesial margin concave, distal margin slightly concave and small posterior process extending slightly over metapterygoid.</p> <p>Metapterygoid large, laminar and connecting with quadrate through cartilage. Hyomandibula well-developed. Preopercle long and narrow and in contact with ventral margins of quadrate and hyomandibula. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded with 13-19 conical odontodes (n = 4). Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate with 20-23 conical odontodes (n = 4) more concentrated posteriorly. Odontodes of both opercular and interopercular patches gradually curving medially and increasing in size posteriorly.</p> <p>Ventral hypohyal trapezoidal (Fig. 4b). Anterior ceratohyal elongate and widening at anterior and posterior limits. Posterior ceratohyal short and triangular. Nine branchiostegal rays (n = 4); five on anterior ceratohyal, one on posterior ceratohyal and three on interceratohyal cartilage. Last three branchiostegal rays widest. Dorsal hypohyal and interhyal absent. Urohyal with expanded anterior head, two elongate lateral processes with wide bases and decreasing in width distally and bearing rounded tips; and laminar, elongate, narrow posterior process (Fig. 5b).</p> <p>Basibranchial 1 absent. Basibranchials 2 and 3 of approximately equal lengths connected to each other with cartilage at tips (Fig. 3b). Ossified portion of basibranchial 2 distinctly wider than basibranchial 3. Hexagonal basibranchial 4 completely cartilaginous. Hypobranchial 1 of similar size but narrower than basibranchial 2 with cartilage at tips. Hypobranchials 2 and 3 with reduced portion ossified anterolaterally; ossified portion slightly more elongate on hypobranchial 3; large area of cartilage distally, larger in hypobranchial 3. Hypobranchial 4 absent. Five elongate narrow ceratobranchials with cartilage at tips. Ceratobranchial 3 with concavity along posterior margin. Ceratobranchial 5 expanded posteromedially with 12-13 conical, elongate and pointed teeth arranged in 2 rows (n = 1). Five epibranchials, first three elongate and narrow with cartilage at tips. Epibranchials 1 and 2 with triangular process along anterior margins. Epibranchial 3 with robust uncinate process at posterior margin. Epibranchial 4 rectangular. Epibranchial 5 small, narrow, curved and completely cartilaginous. Pharyngobranchials 1 and 2 absent. Pharyngobranchial 3 similar in form but shorter than hypobranchial 1 with cartilage at tips. Pharyngobranchial 4 curved, well ossified, and connected to plate with 18-20 elongate, conical and pointed teeth arranged in 2 rows; teeth growing in length posteriorly (n = 1).</p> <p>Sensory canals on head with simple (non-dendritic) tubes ending in single pores (Fig. 2b). Supraorbital sensory canal complete with pores s1, s3 and s6. Pore s1 located between anterior nostrils; pore s3 located in a longitudinal line passing through pore s1, after posterior nostrils, and pore s 6 in interorbital space. Infraorbital sensory canal incomplete; presence of pores i1 and i3 variable (present in 8 specimens, including holotype and absent in 17 specimens); when present located beside nostrils. Pore i10 located behind eye. Pore i11 located laterally to posterior margin of eye. Postotic pore po1 located lateral to anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes. Postotic pore po2 located lateral to middle of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral-line very short with 2 pores located above insertion of pectoral fin and just posterior to gill openings.</p> <p>Pectoral fin with distal margin truncate to slightly rounded, I+6 rays (n = 25), first ray short and not prolonged as filament. Pelvic fin with distal margin rounded reaching at most anterior margin of urogenital papilla, I+4* rays (1 of 25 specimens with I+3). Inner margin of pelvic fins very close basally and sometimes in contact. Pelvic girdle with two basipterygia united medially by cartilage with two elongate bifid processes (external process and internal process) and medial process short (Fig. 12). Pelvic splint thin, comma-shaped, and parallel to first pelvic-fin ray. Urogenital papilla nearer tip of pelvic fin than anal-fin origin.</p> <p>Dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, semicircular when fin expanded with two unsegmented rays (n = 4), II+6-8 rays (n = 25), usually II+7*. Dorsal-fin origin located at vertical through last third of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin basal radials 8 (n = 4); first inserting anterior to neural spine of 17 th or 18 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Anal fin slightly smaller than dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, two or three unsegmented rays (n = 4), II+5 (n = 25). Anal-fin origin located at vertical through base of last dorsalfin ray. Anal-fin basal radials 6 (n = 4); first inserting anterior to haemal spine of 21 th or 22 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Caudal fin with distal margin straight and dorsal and ventral lobes rounded at limits. Procurrent caudal-fin rays 15- 16 dorsally (n = 4) and 10-12 ventrally (n = 4). Principal rays I+5+6+I (n = 18), branched rays splitting two or three times. Lower caudal plate with parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2 coossified and fused to compound caudal centrum (Fig. 6b). Upper caudal plate with uroneural and hypural 3 autogenous, hypurals 4 and 5 fused.</p> <p>Vertebrae 36-38 (n = 4); ribs 12-13 (n = 4) with first rib straight and thickest and last rib rudimentary.</p> <p>Coloration in alcohol. Lateral surface of body covered with dark blotches variable in size and shape over light yellow background (Fig. 10). Blotches progressively larger and coalescent dorsally thus forming extensive black pigmented regions with light yellow gaps.Ventral surface of body yellow on trunk with irregular black blotches between pelvic and anal fins and on caudal peduncle. Dorsal and lateral surface of head black with small lighter areas; ventral surface yellow. Pectoral, dorsal, anal and caudal fins spotted with irregular black marks and lighter along margins. Pelvic fin unpigmented. Barbels with dark pigmentation dorsally and yellow ventrally. Larger specimens (greater than 57.4 mm SL) with pigmentation arranged in two distinct layers; dark blotches variable in size and shape on inner skin layer and small black spots on outer skin layer more evident in caudal peduncle. Distribution and ecological notes. Trichomycterus diatropoporos is apparently endemic to the rio da Prata and rio Turvo basins, tributaries of rio das Antas, in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 8). At the type locality the rio da Prata is a rapid flowing, wide and shallow, with an average depth of 0.5 m, with clear water, rocky bottom and large amounts of submerged vegetation (Carvalho &amp; Reis, 2011) (Fig. 9b). It is upstream of a waterfall known as Cascata da Usina at approximately 660 m a.s.l. At this site T. diatropoporos occurs sympatrically with Hisonotus prata Carvalho &amp; Reis, 2011, another endemic species to the rio da Prata. The other two localities of the paratypes are located at approximately 642 m and 825 m a.s.l. The stomach of three c&amp;s specimens contained larvae of Diptera (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) and nymphs of Ephemeroptera.</p> <p>Remarks. The presence of the infraorbital sensory canal is variable among the specimens of T. diatropoporos, even in specimens from same lot and of the same size (e. g., MCP 40933). Although characters related to the reduction of the sensory canal have been used in defining species and even genera in the Trichomycterinae (seeArratia, 1998), there are no additional detectable differences in morphometrics, meristics data and coloration pattern among specimens bearing or lacking pores i1 and i3 of infraorbital sensory canal to justify the recognition of two different species. Apparently, this variation in the presence of pores i1 and i3 of infraorbital sensory canal is unique among species of Trichomycterus. One specimen (MCP 22785) also from rio da Prata basin with counts, morphometrics, and color pattern similar to T. diatropoporos lacks pelvic fins and was not included in type-series. The specimen definitely is not T. tropeiro, the species from laguna dos Patos system that consistently lacks pelvic fins, but rather appears to be an anomalous individual of T. diatropoporos. Among other trichomycterines, intraspecific variation in the presence/absence of pelvic fins is also known in Ituglanis parahybae (Eigenmann, 1918) (Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993).</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek diatropos meaning variable, and poros meaning pore, in reference to the variation in the presence of pores i1 and i3 of infraorbital sensory canal of the new species. A noun in apposition.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA2E031792378866EAE3F52BFB46F984	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ferrer, Juliano;Malabarba, Luiz R.	Ferrer, Juliano, Malabarba, Luiz R. (2013): Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (2): 217-246, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000200001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000200217&lng=en&tlng=en
CA2E031792388870EAE7F156FCE4FCA1.text	CA2E031792388870EAE7F156FCE4FCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomycterus poikilos Ferrer & Malabarba 2013	<div><p>Trichomycterus poikilos, new species</p> <p>Figs. 2c, 3c, 4c, 5c 6c, 11b, 13, 14</p> <p>Trichomycterus sp. 3. Becker et al. (2013: Table 1, listed, Taquari-Antas river basin).</p> <p>Holotype. UFRGS 16239, 63.3 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of Júlio de Castilhos, arroio Passo dos Buracos or Tipiaia on road BR-158, alto <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.65111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.11389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.65111/lat -29.11389)">rio Jacuí</a> basin, 29º06’50”S 53º39’04”W, 20 May 2011, A. T. Thomaz, F. R. Carvalho, J. Ferrer &amp; L. R. Malabarba.</p> <p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State. Alto Jacuí basin. UFRGS 16240, 10 (3 c&amp;s), 33.1-66.8 mm SL collected with holotype. UFRGS 11856, 2, 41.4-45.2 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Júlio de Castilhos</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Iauí</a>, 29º07’S 53º22’W, 5 Aug 2009, A. R. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Cardoso</a> &amp; V. A. Bertaco. UFRGS 14992, 6 (1 c&amp;s), 40.5-92.5 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Cruz Alta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Passo Novo</a>, 28º38’43”S 53º33’36”W, 20 May 2011,A. T. Thomaz, F. R. Carvalho, J. Ferrer &amp; L. R. Malabarba. MCN 16089, 5 (1 c&amp;s), 52.0- 60.9 mm SL, municipality of Estrela Velha, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Jacuí</a>, 29º10’20”S 53º09’27”W, 19 Jan 1999, W. R. Koch &amp; C. J. Mansan. MCP 18253, 1, 65.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Faxinal do Soturno</a>, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Soturno</a>, 29º25’29”S 53º30’59”W, 28 Jul 1995, G. F. Rey, M. P. Barros &amp; N. F. Fontoura. MCP 21231, 2, 46.8-54.1 mm SL, municipality of Agudo, arroio Linha Louca on road to Dona Francisca dam, 29º29’09”S 53º17’09”W, 22 Aug 1998, J. F. P. Silva, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 21237, 1, 59.7 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Arroio do Tigre</a>, arroio Tamanduá, 29º16’39”S 53º03’10”W, 24Aug 1998, J. F. P. Silva R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 21252, 1, 66.9 mm SL, municipality of Espumoso, unnamed stream on road from Espumoso to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Campos Borges</a>, 28º45’51”S 52º55’10”W, 24Aug 1998, J. F. P. Silva R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 21464, 1, 64.7 mm SL, municipality of Fortaleza dos Valos, arroio Lajeado Fortaleza, 28º46’45”S 53º11’15”W, 11 Oct 1998, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 21508, 3, 37.4-59.7 mm SL, municipality of Fortaleza dos Valos, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Lajeado Fortaleza</a>, 28º47’39”S 53º12’17”W, 11 Oct 1998, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 21522, 1, 64.5 mm SL, municipality of Fortaleza dos Valos, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Ingai</a>, 28º54’29”S 53º17’08”W, 11 Oct 1998, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 22127, 1, 43.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Santo Antônio do Planalto</a>, rio da Glória, 28º21’02”S 52º43’16”W, 18 Jan 1999, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 22193, 1, 64.0 mm SL, municipality of Passo Fundo, arroio Pinheiro Torto, 28º22’23”S 52º26’38”W, 19 Jan 1999, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 22219, 3, 24.9-43.3 mm SL, municipality of Nicolau Vergueiro, arroio Quebra Dentes, 28º36’09”S 52º27’23”W, 19 Jan 1999, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MCP 22699, 6 (1 c&amp;s), 26.1-79.0 mm SL, municipality of Cruz Alta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Passo Novo</a>, 28º38’43”S 53º33’35”W, 2 Apr 1999, E. H. Pereira, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 22778, 1, 54.6 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Santa Bárbara do Sul</a>, arroio das Figueiras on road from Cruz Alta to Saldanha Marinho, 28º26’39”S 53º12’37”W, 2 Apr 1999, E. H. Pereira, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 26540, 2, 43.9-56.6 mm SL, municipality of Agudo, unnamed stream tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Jacuí</a>, 29º31’38”S 53º16’01”W, 10 Nov 2000, A. R. Cardoso, C. Kaefer, J. F. P. Silva &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 26974, 1, 51.2 mm SL, municipality of Ibarama, unnamed stream tributary to reservoir of Dona Francisca dam, 2 Feb 2001, R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 46948, 7 (1c&amp;s), 34.9-61.0 mm SL, municipality of Nova Jacuí, unnamed stream on road from Estado Velho to Nova Jacuí, 29º06’20”S 53º12’32”W, 11 Oct 1998, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. Rio Taquari- Antas basin. CIUFSC 2117, 4, 13.8-64.1 mm SL, municipality of Passo Fundo, unnamed stream at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Floresta Nacional of Passo Fundo</a>, 28º18’46”S 52º11’30”W, 24 Nov 2008, B. Marterer. MCN 15679, 1, 61.0 mm SL, municipality of Guabiju, arroio Erval on the road between Nova Araçá and São Jorge, rio Carreiro basin, 28º33’34”S 51º43’12”W, 16 Apr 1998, W. R. Koch. MCP 21203, 1, 51.2 mm SL, municipality of Soledade, unnamed stream on road from Soledade to Arvorezinha, 28º48’17”S 52º22’20”W, 25 Aug 1998, J. F. P. Silva R. E. Reis &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 22237, 2, 73.4-75.4 mm SL, municipality of Vila Maria, arroio Porongas, 28º31’34”S 52º08’22”W, 20 Jan 1999, E. H. Pereira, J. F. P. Silva &amp; R. E. Reis. MPEG 24031, 2, 39.8-48.3 mm SL, municipality of Nova Bassano, arroio Caçador, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Carreiro</a>, 28º42’16”S 51º50’38”W, 10 Mar 2010, J. Ferrer &amp; J. M. Wingert. MZUSP 110993, 5, 38.0- 74.5 mm SL, municipality of Nova Alvorada, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Lajeado Engenho Velho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Guaporé</a> basin, 28º39’23”S 52º09’40”W, 14 May 2010, C. Vogel, G. Rosa, L. de Fries &amp; L. Santos. UFRGS 13892, 2, 50.6-56.9 mm SL, municipality of Nova Bassano, arroio Caçador, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Carreiro</a>, 28º42’16”S 51º50’38”W, 7 Dec 2010, J. Ferrer &amp; J. M. Wingert. UFRGS 16241, 6 (1 c&amp;s), 32.0- 71.2 mm SL, municipality of Nova Alvorada, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Lajeado Engenho Velho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Guaporé</a> basin, 28º39’23”S 52º09’40”W, 14 May 2010, C. Vogel, G. Rosa, L. de Fries &amp; L. Santos. UFRGS 16342, 2 (1 c&amp;s), 59.8-64.2 mm SL, municipality of Vila Maria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Jordão</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Guaporé</a> basin, 28º32’48”S 52º06’38”W, 13 May 2010, C. Vogel, G. Rosa, L. de Fries &amp; L. Santos. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">Rio Pardo</a> basin. MCP 26725, 2, 34.6-39.6 mm SL, municipality of Barros Cassal, arroio Pessegueiro on reservoir of Corsan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.084446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.600555/lat -29.084446)">rio Pardo</a> basin, 29º05’04”S 52º36’02”W, 08 Dec 2000, J. F. P. Silva &amp; J. R. Marinho.</p> <p>Non-type material. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State. Rio do Sinos basin. MCP 26148, 7 (1 c&amp;s), 31.3-57.0 mm SL, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.766666/lat -29.583334)">Igrejinha</a>, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.766666/lat -29.583334)">Solitária</a>, 29º35’S 50º46’W, 10 Jun 2000, M. Moreira, R. Costa &amp; U. Schulz.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Trichomycterus poikilos is distinguishable from all congeners except T. brachykechenos; T. mboycy Wosiacki &amp; Garavello, 2004; and T. naipi Wosiacki &amp; Garavello, 2004 by the modal possession of I+5 pectoral-fin rays (one among 82 specimens with I+6; vs. I+6 or more pectoral-fin rays) and the first ray of the pectoral fin not prolonged as a filament (Figs. 13-14; vs. the first ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a filament). Trichomycterus poikilos is distinguished from T. brachykechenos by having the posterior fontanel extending from the parieto-supraoccipital to the frontals (Fig. 2c; vs. the posterior cranial fontanel restricted to the parietosupraoccipital), the origin of dorsal fin located at the vertical falling between the tip of the pelvic fin and the anterior insertion of the anal fin (Figs. 13-14; vs. the origin of dorsal fin located at the vertical through the last third of the pelvic fin), the maxillary barbel length (33.2-60.4% vs. 68.2-87.7% HL), and the number of odontodes of the opercular patch (13-17 vs. 8-11). Trichomycterus poikilos is distinguished from T. mboycy by the pectoral-fin length (7.7-9.1% vs. 9.9- 13.8% SL) and skin color (Figs. 13-14; yellow background vs. gray background); and from T. naipi in the number of odontodes of the interopercular patch (20-32 vs. 12-15), number of dorsal-fin rays (I-II+6-7 vs. I+8), and absence of a thin unpaired dark dorsosagittal body stripe in larger specimens (Fig. 13; vs. presence of a thin unpaired dark dorsosagittal stripe in larger specimens). Additionally, T. poikilos is distinguished from remaining congeners in the laguna dos Patos system by having the origin of the dorsal fin located at the vertical falling between the tip of the pelvic fin and the anterior insertion of the anal fin (Figs. 13-14; vs. at the vertical through the last third of the pelvic fin in T. balios and T. diatropoporos); 20-23 teeth on ceratobranchial 5 (Fig. 3c; vs. 36-39 in T. balios and 12-13 in T. diatropoporos); 23-25 teeth on plate connected to pharyngobranchial 4 (Fig. 3c; vs. 35-40 in T. balios and 18-20 in T. diatropoporos); color pattern of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body mottled dark brown over a light yellow background or with three stripes with notched borders (dorsosagittal, midlateral, and ventrolateral) (Figs. 13-14 vs. the dorsal and lateral surfaces of body with circular black blotches variable in size in T. balios and T. tropeiro, the lateral surface of body with dark blotches variable in size and shape progressively larger and coalescent dorsally thus forming extensive black pigmented regions with light yellow gaps in T. diatropoporos). Trichomycterus poikilos is further distinguishable from T. diatropoporos by the insertion of the first dorsal-fin basal radial anterior to the neural spine of the 20 th- 22 th vertebrae (vs. anterior to the neural spine of the 17 th or 18 th vertebrae). Trichomycterus poikilos is further distinguishable from T. tropeiro by the presence of the pelvic girdle and pelvic fins (Figs. 13-14; vs. absence); and the absence of the pores i1 and i3 of the infraorbital sensory canal (Fig. 2c; vs. presence).</p> <p>Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 3. Body elongate, trunk roughly cylindrical and gradually compressed towards caudal fin. Dorsal profile of trunk convex along anterior half, then straight to insertion of dorsal fin. Ventral profile of trunk straight to slightly convex. Dorsal and ventral profile of caudal peduncle straight.</p> <p>Head depressed, trapezoidal from dorsal view, wider posteriorly. Dorsal profile straight and ventral profile straight to slightly convex. Snout rounded from dorsal view. Eyes readily visible, anteroposteriorly elliptical and dorsally oriented; orbital rim not free, eyes covered with skin thin and transparent. Each eye located over posterior termination of shallow small longitudinal crest beginning at posterior nostril and making eyes visible from lateral view.</p> <p>Nostrils of same size and smaller than diameter of eye. Anterior nostril surrounded by fleshy flap of integument posterolaterally continuous with nasal barbel. Posterior nostril surrounded anterolaterally by thin flap of integument. Gill openings not constricted but united with isthmus anteriorly forming a free fold. Mouth subterminal with corners posteriorly oriented. Lower lip with conspicuous fleshy lobes along lateral limits internal to origin of rictal barbels. Lips with small papillae; papillae largest on inner surface of upper lip.</p> <p>Barbels with large bases and tapering gradually towards tips. Tip of nasal barbel usually reaching to between pore i11 and pore po1 or at most to middle of distance between them. Origin of nasal barbels on posterolateral portion of integument flap around anterior nostril. Maxillary barbel usually extending between to anterior and posterior margins of interopercular patch of odontodes. Rictal barbel slightly shorter than maxillary barbel.</p> <p>Mesethmoid with anterior margin slightly concave, cornua short and thick, width of their bases similar to their length (Fig. 2c).Anterior cranial fontanel restricted to small rounded opening situated between frontals and epiphyseal bar. Posterior cranial fontanel long and narrow extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto-supraoccipital. Epiphyseal bar longer than wide. Antorbital short and anteriorly expanded. Tendon-bone supraorbital elongate, anteriorly expanded and approximately three times larger than antorbital.Anterior portion of sphenotic anterolaterally directed from dorsal view.Sphenotic, prootic and pterosphenoid totally fused. Vomer arrow-shaped with long posterior process extending to parasphenoid. Parasphenoid with long and pointed process extending to basioccipital. Anterior portion of Weberian complex fused to basioccipital. Weberian capsule with lateral opening smaller than lateral profile of capsule.</p> <p>Premaxilla rectangular with 74-76 curved, flat vertically to slightly conical and blunt teeth (n = 3). Teeth of variable size, irregularly distributed in three rows. Maxilla large, boomerangshaped and shorter than premaxilla. Lower jaw with 79-91 curved, flat vertically and blunt teeth of variable size (n =3). Few teeth at base of coronoid process and three discernible rows near dentary symphysis (Fig. 11b). Autopalatine with anterior and mesial margins straight, distal margin straight to slightly concave and small posterior process extending slightly over metapterygoid.</p> <p>Metapterygoid large and laminar and connecting with quadrate through cartilage. Hyomandibula well-developed. Preopercle long and narrow and in contact with ventral margins of quadrate and hyomandibula. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded with 13-17 conical odontodes (n = 9). Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate with 20-32 conical odontodes (n = 9) more concentrated posteriorly. Odontodes of both opercular and interopercular patches gradually curving medially and increasing in size posteriorly.</p> <p>Ventral hypohyal triangular (Fig. 4c). Anterior ceratohyal elongate and widening at anterior and posterior limits. Posterior ceratohyal short and triangular. Nine branchiostegal rays (eight in one side of 1 specimen) (n = 9); five on anterior ceratohyal, one on posterior ceratohyal and three on interceratohyal cartilage. Last four branchiostegal rays widest. Dorsal hypohyal and interhyal absent. Urohyal with expanded anterior head; two elongate lateral processes with wide bases narrowing distally and bearing rounded tips; and laminar, elongate, narrow posterior process (Fig. 5c).</p> <p>Basibranchial 1 absent. Basibranchials 2 and 3 connected to each other of approximately equal lengths with cartilage at tips (Fig. 3c). Ossified portion of basibranchial 2 distinctly wider than basibranchial 3. Hexagonal basibranchial 4 completely cartilaginous. Hypobranchial 1 of similar size as but narrower than basibranchial 2 with cartilage at tips. Hypobranchials 2 and 3 with narrow ossified portion slightly more elongate on hypobranchial 3, and large area of cartilage; cartilage slightly larger in hypobranchial 3. Hypobranchial 4 absent. Five elongate narrow ceratobranchials with cartilage at tips. Ceratobranchials 2 and 3 with concavity along posterior margins; concavity larger in ceratobranchial 3. Ceratobranchial 5 expanded posteromedially with 20-23 conical, elongate pointed teeth arranged in 3 rows (n = 2). Five epibranchials; first three elongate and narrow with cartilage at tips. Epibranchials 1 and 2 with triangular process along anterior margins; process larger in epibranchial 1. Epibranchial 3 with robust uncinate process along posterior margin. Epibranchial 4 rectangular. Epibranchial 5 small, narrow, curved and completely cartilaginous. Pharyngobranchials 1 and 2 absent. Pharyngobranchial 3 similar in form to hypobranchial 1 but shorter with cartilage at tips. Pharyngobranchial 4 curved and well ossified connected to plate with 23-25 conical, elongate pointed teeth arranged in 3 rows; teeth growing in length posteriorly (n = 2).</p> <p>Sensory canals on head with simple (non-dendritic) tubes ending in single pores. Supraorbital sensory canal complete with pores s1, s3 and s6 (Fig. 2c). Pore s1 located between anterior nostrils, pore s3 located in same longitudinal row of pore s1 after posterior nostrils and pore s 6 in interorbital space. Infraorbital sensory canal incomplete; pores i1 and i3 absent, pore i10 located behind eye and pore i11 located lateral to posterior margin of eye. Postotic pore po1 located lateral to anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes. Postotic pore po2 located lateral to middle of length of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral-line very short with 2 pores located above insertion of pectoral fin and just posterior of gill openings.</p> <p>Pectoral fin with distal margin rounded, I+5* rays (1 of 82 specimens with I+6), first ray short and not prolonged as filament. Pelvic fin with distal margin rounded reaching at most anterior margin of urogenital papilla, I+4* rays (1 of 82 specimens with I+3). Inner margin of pelvic fins very close basally. Pelvic girdle with two basipterygia united medially by cartilage with two elongate bifid processes (external process and internal process) and medial process short (in two of eight specimens medial process united to internal process). Pelvic splint thin, commashaped and parallel to first pelvic-fin ray. Urogenital papilla nearer tip of pelvic fin than origin of anal fin.</p> <p>Dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, semicircular when fin expanded with one to three unsegmented rays (n = 9), I-II+6-7 rays (n = 82), usually II+7*. Dorsal-fin origin located at vertical between tip of pelvic fin and anterior insertion of anal fin, usually in the papillae urogenital. Dorsal-fin basal radials 7-8 (n = 9); first inserting anterior to neural spine of 20 th to 22 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Anal fin slightly smaller than dorsal fin with distal margin rounded; one to three unsegmented rays (n = 9), II+4-5-6* rays (n = 82), usually II+5. Anal-fin origin located at vertical between anterior insertion and middle of dorsal fin base.Analfin basal radials 5-6 (n = 9); first inserting anterior to haemal spine of 22 th to 24 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Caudal fin with distal margin rounded to straight with dorsal and ventral lobes rounded at limits. Procurrent caudalfin rays 15-19 dorsally (n = 9) and 11-15 ventrally (n = 9). Principal rays I+5+5-6+I-II (n = 82), usually I+5+6+I*, branched rays splitting up to three times. Lower caudal plate with parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2 co-ossified and fused to compound caudal centrum (Fig. 6c). Upper caudal plate with uroneural and fused hypurals 3, 4, and 5.</p> <p>Vertebrae 38-40 (n = 9); ribs 12-15 (n = 9) with first rib straight and thickest and last rib rudimentary.</p> <p>Coloration in alcohol. Trichomycterus poikilos demonstrates a variable color pattern. Most of types present the dorsum and lateral surface of body mottled dark brown over a light yellow background (Fig. 13 and 14a). Some specimens have a wide unpaired dorsosagittal stripe and midlateral and ventrolateral bilaterally paired stripes with notched borders (Fig. 14c). Smallest specimens with midlateral stripe more evident and ventrolateral stripe diffuse (Fig. 14d and 14e). Ventral surface of body light yellow with diffuse and small black spots between pectoral-fin insertion and near pelvicfin insertion. Area between pelvic and anal fins and caudal peduncle mottled dark brown over light yellow background. Head dark brown mottled over light yellow background dorsally and yellow ventrally. Pectoral, dorsal, anal and caudal fins spotted basally with dark pigmentation becoming inconspicuous towards tips, and lighter along margins. Pelvic fin unpigmented. Barbels with dark pigmentation dorsally and lighter ventrally. Large specimens (greater than 46.6 mm SL) with pigmentation arranged in two distinct layers; mottled dark brown or with three stripes (dorsosagittal, midlateral, and ventrolateral) with notched borders on inner skin layer and small black spots on outer skin layer (Fig. 13, 14 a-c).</p> <p>Distribution and ecological notes. Trichomycterus poikilos is distributed in the rio Jacuí, rio Pardo and rio Taquari-Antas basins, in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 8). The species is widely distributed in the upper portion of rio Jacuí basin, occurring at elevations of 124 to 700 m a.s.l. One lot is from the headwaters of rio Pardo basin, at 625 m a.s.l. In the Taquari- Antas basin the species occurs in the upper portions of the Carreiro, Guaporé, and Forqueta rivers, between 417 and 688 m a.s.l. The type locality is a rapid flow river with clear water, a rocky bottom and submerged vegetation (Fig. 9c), located at approximately 405 m a.s.l. At this site the specimens were associated with submerged vegetation and collected with Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904), Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis &amp; Schaefer, 1998, and Rineloricaria cadeae (Hensel, 1868). The stomach of six c&amp;s specimens contained aquatic larvae of Diptera (Simuliidae) and Lepidoptera; and nymphs of the Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.</p> <p>Remarks. Trichomycterus poikilos demonstrates intraspecific ontogenetic color pattern variation. Although Bockmann &amp; Sazima (2004) considered the body pigmentation pattern highly conserved in known species of Trichomycterus, a intraspecific variation in coloration is present in T. caipora Lima, Lazzarotto &amp; Costa, 2008 (Lima et al., 2008), in T. iheringi (Eigenmann, 1917) associated to body size and microhabitat preference (da Silva et al., 2010), and in T. santanderensis Castellanos- Morales, 2007. The ontogenetic variation in T. poikilos is clear in lot UFRGS 14992 (six specimens with 40.5-92.5 mm SL), in which the smallest specimens have one obvious midlateral stripe on the body that gradually become indistinguishable in the largest specimens (Fig. 14). This ontogenetic variation is not observed in all samples. In other lots all specimens have a mottled pattern (UFRGS 14500, 11 specimens with 32.0- 74.5 mm SL) regardless of body size. Besides coloration no additional differences were found between these populations that allow us to separate them and ontogenetic variation in the color pattern seems to appear only in some populations.</p> <p>The color pattern of some specimens of T. poikilos – lateral surface of body with widened stripes – is very similar to T. itatiayae Miranda Ribeiro, 1906; T. naipi; T. pauciradiatus Alencar &amp; Costa, 2006; T. perkos, and T. reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1917) (Barbosa &amp; Costa, 2008; Wosiacki &amp; Garavello, 2004; Alencar &amp; Costa, 2006; Datovo et al., 2012; Eigenmann, 1917), but differs from these by other characters (see diagnosis). The midlateral stripe is present in juveniles of other species of Trichomycteridae, but absent in adults (see Datovo et al., 2012).</p> <p>Seven specimens from the rio do Sinos basin are poorly preserved and were not measured or counted (MCP 26148), however a mottled color pattern over a light yellow background is present in all specimens, and one c&amp;s specimen possesses the lower jaw with blunt teeth which leads us to believe it to be T. poikilos.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek poikilos meaning variegated, varicolored, in reference to the intraspecific color pattern variation of the new species. An adjective.</p> <p>Trichomycterus brachykechenos, new species Figs. 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d 6d, 15, 16</p> <p>Holotype. MCN 18929, 61.1 mm SL, Brazil Rio Grande do Sul, State, municipality of Caraá, rio do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.3275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.762222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.3275/lat -29.762222)">Sinos</a>, 29º45’44"S 50º19’39"W, 30 Jun 2006, B. B. Calegari, M. A. Azevedo &amp; R. Hirano.</p> <p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, rio do Sinos basin. MCP 46949, 3, 26.3-70.9 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.282223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.725555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.282223/lat -29.725555)">Caraá</a>, rio do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.282223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.725555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.282223/lat -29.725555)">Sinos</a>, 29º44’58”S 50º16’59”W, 30 Jun 2006, B. B. Calegari, M.A.Azevedo &amp; R. Hirano.All the following lots from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of Caraá, rio do Sinos, 29º43’32”S 50º16’56”W. MCN 18930, 2, 36.3-53.7 mm SL, 28 Nov 2007, M. A. Azevedo &amp; T. Aguzzoli. MCN 18931, 2, 39.4-47.9 mm SL, 26 Jun 2007, M. A. Azevedo, T. Aguzzoli &amp; M. Pairet. MCP 46950, 1, 51.6 mm SL, 14 Mar 2007, F. Becker, M. A. Azevedo &amp; T. Aguzzoli. UFRGS 16244, 1 (c&amp;s). 51.6 mm SL, 30 Jul 2007, M. A. Azevedo, T. Aguzzoli &amp; M. Pairet. UFRGS 16245, 5 (1 c&amp;s), 35.0- 61.9 mm SL, 2 Feb 2007, M. A. Azevedo &amp; T. Aguzzoli.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Trichomycterus brachykechenos is distinguishable from all congeners except T. megantoni Fernández &amp; Chuquihuamaní, 2007 by its elongate posterior cranial fontanel which is restricted to the parietosupraoccipital (Fig. 2d vs. the posterior fontanel extending from the parieto-supraoccipital to the frontals or posterior fontanel separated in two openings not restricted to the parieto-supraoccipital). Trichomycterus brachykechenos is distinguished from T. megantoni by the modal possession of I+5 pectoral-fin rays (one among 15 specimens with I+6 vs. I+7-8 pectoral-fin rays), first ray of the pectoral fin not prolonged as a filament (Fig. 15; vs. the first ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a filament), absence of the interopercle thickened ventrally (vs. presence). Trichomycterus brachykechenos is further distinguishable from all its congeners except T. mboycy, T. naipi, and T. poikilos by the modal possession of I+5 pectoral-fin rays (one among 15 specimens with I+6; vs. I+6 or more pectoralfin rays) and the first ray of the pectoral fin not prolonged as a filament (Fig. 15; vs. first ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a filament). Trichomycterus brachykechenos is further distinguishable from T. mboycy and T. naipi by the color pattern of the dorsal and lateral surface of body of a densely mottled dark brown over a light yellow background (Fig. 15; vs. the lateral surface of body with small spots in T. mboycy; the lateral surface of body with three dark longitudinal stripes in T. naipi); the maxillary barbel length (68.2-87.7% vs. 50.3-63% HL in T. mboycy; 34.1-68.2% HL in T. naipi). Additionally, T. brachykechenos is distinguished from the remaining congeners in the laguna dos Patos system by the number of odontodes on the opercular patch (8-11 vs. 13 or more in T. balios, T. diatropoporos, T. poikilos, and T. tropeiro) and the maxillary barbel length (68.2-87.7% vs. 37.8- 66.6% HL in T. balios; 38.3-53.9% HL in T. diatropoporos; 33.2-60.4% HL in T. poikilos).</p> <p>Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 4. Body elongate, trunk roughly cylindrical and gradually compressed towards caudal fin. Dorsal profile of trunk convex along anterior half then straight to insertion of dorsal fin. Ventral profile of trunk straight. Dorsal and ventral profiles of caudal peduncle slightly concave to straight.</p> <p>Head depressed, trapezoidal to square in larger specimens from dorsal view, wider posteriorly. Dorsal profile straight and ventral profile straight to slightly convex. Snout rounded from dorsal view. Eyes readily visible, rounded and dorsally oriented, orbital rim not free, eyes covered with skin thin and transparent. Each eye located over posterior termination of shallow and small longitudinal crest beginning at posterior nostril and making eyes visible from lateral view.</p> <p>Nostrils of same size and smaller than diameter of eye. Anterior nostril surrounded by fleshy flap of integument posterolaterally continuous with nasal barbel. Posterior nostril surrounded anterolaterally by thin flap of integument. Gill opening not constricted but united with isthmus anteriorly forming a free fold. Mouth subterminal with corners posteriorly oriented. Lower lip with conspicuous fleshy lobes along lateral limits internal to origin of rictal barbels. Lips with small papillae; papillae largest on inner surface of upper lip.</p> <p>Barbels with large bases and tapering gradually towards tips. Tip of nasal barbel usually reaching opercular patch of odontodes, always to middle of distance between pore i11 and pore po1. Origin of nasal barbels on posterolateral portion of integument flap around anterior nostril. Maxillary barbel usually reaching or extending beyond pectoral-fin insertion, always extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes. Rictal barbel slightly shorter than maxillary barbel.</p> <p>Mesethmoid with anterior margin slightly concave to straight, cornua short and thick, width of their bases similar to their length. Anterior cranial fontanel absent or restricted to very small opening situated between frontals (Fig. 2d). Epiphyseal bar absent. Posterior cranial fontanel elongate and restricted to parieto-supraoccipital. Antorbital short and anteriorly expanded. Tendon-bone supraorbital elongate and rod-like shaped. Anterior portion of sphenotic directed anteriorly from dorsal view. Sphenotic, prootic and pterosphenoid totally fused. Vomer arrow-shaped with long posterior process extending to parasphenoid. Parasphenoid with long and pointed process extending to basioccipital. Anterior portion of Weberian complex fused to basioccipital. Weberian capsule with lateral opening smaller than lateral profile of capsule.</p> <p>Premaxilla rectangular with 78 conical, curved and pointed teeth (n = 1). Teeth of variable size and irregularly distributed in up to three rows. Maxilla large, boomerang-shaped and shorter than premaxilla. Lower jaw with 75 conical, curved and pointed teeth of variable size (n = 1). Few teeth at base of coronoid process and three discernible rows near dentary symphysis.Autopalatine with anterior margins straight, mesial and distal margins concave and small posterior process (Fig. 16) extending slightly over metapterygoid.</p> <p>Metapterygoid large and laminar and connecting with quadrate through cartilage. Hyomandibula well-developed. Preopercle long and narrow and in contact with ventral margins of quadrate and hyomandibula. Opercular patch of odontodes rounded with 8-11 conical odontodes (n = 2). Interopercular patch of odontodes elongate with 22-30 conical odontodes (n = 2) more concentrated posteriorly. Odontodes of both opercular and interopercular patches gradually curved medially and increasing in size posteriorly.</p> <p>Ventral hypohyal triangular (Fig. 4d). Anterior ceratohyal elongate widening at anterior and posterior limits. Posterior ceratohyal short and triangular. Eight branchiostegal rays (n = 2); five on anterior ceratohyal, one on posterior ceratohyal and two on interceratohyal cartilage. Last three branchiostegal rays widest. Dorsal hypohyal and interhyal absent. Urohyal with expanded anterior head, two elongate processes with wide bases narrowing distally and bearing pointed tips; and laminar, elongate, narrow posterior process (Fig. 5d).</p> <p>Basibranchial 1 absent. Basibranchials 2 and 3 connected to each other, of approximately equal lengths with cartilage at tips (Fig. 3d). Ossified portion of basibranchial 2 distinctly wider than basibranchial 3. Basibranchial 4 completely cartilaginous. Hypobranchial 1 of similar size as but narrower than basibranchial 2 with cartilage at tips. Hypobranchials 2 and 3 with narrow ossified portion anterolaterally, larger on hypobranchial 2, and large area of cartilage distally; cartilage larger in hypobranchial 3. Hypobranchial 4 absent. Five elongate and narrow ceratobranchials with cartilage at tips. Ceratobranchials 2 and 3 with concavity along posterior margins; concavity larger in ceratobranchial 3. Ceratobranchial 5 expanded posteromedially with 21-22 conical, elongate and pointed teeth arranged in 3 rows (n = 1). Five epibranchials; first three elongate and narrow with cartilage at tips. Epibranchials 1 and 2 with triangular process along anterior margins; process slightly larger in epibranchials 1. Epibranchial 3 with robust uncinate process along posterior margin. Epibranchial 4 rectangular. Epibranchial 5 small and completely cartilaginous. Pharyngobranchials 1 and 2 absent. Pharyngobranchial 3 similar in form but shorter than hypobranchial 1 with cartilage at tips. Pharyngobranchial 4 curved and well ossified connected to plate with 22-25 conical, elongate and pointed teeth arranged in 3 rows; teeth growing in length posteriorly (n = 1).</p> <p>Sensory canals on head with simple (non-dendritic) tubes ending in single pores. Supraorbital sensory canal complete with pores s1, s3 and s6. Pore s1 located between anterior nostrils, pore s3 located in same longitudinal row of pore s1 after posterior nostrils and pore s 6 in interorbital space. Infraorbital sensory canal incomplete; pores i1 and i3 absent, pore i10 located behind the eye and pore i11 located lateral to posterior margin of eye. Postotic pore po1 located lateral to anterior margin of opercular patch of odontodes. Postotic pore po2 located lateral to middle of length of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral-line very short with 2 pores and located above insertion of pectoral fins and just posterior of gill openings.</p> <p>Pectoral fin with distal margin rounded to truncate, I+5* (1 of 15 specimens with I+6), first ray short and not prolonged as filament. Pelvic fin with distal margin rounded reaching at most anterior margin of urogenital papillae, I+4* (one specimen with I+3) (n = 15). Inner margin of pelvic fin very close basally. Pelvic girdle with two basipterygia united medially by cartilage with two elongate bifid processes (external process and internal process) and medial process short. Pelvic splint thin, comma-shaped and parallel to first pelvic-fin ray. Urogenital papillae nearer tip of pelvic fin than origin of anal fin.</p> <p>Dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, semicircular when fin expanded with two unsegmented rays (n = 2), II-III+6-8 rays (n = 15), usually II+7* (n = 15). Dorsal-fin origin located at vertical through last third of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin basal radials 7-8 (n = 2); first inserting anterior to neural spine of 19 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Anal fin slightly smaller than dorsal fin with distal margin rounded, two unsegmented rays (n = 2), II+4*-5 rays (n = 15), usually II+5. Anal-fin origin located at vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base.Anal-fin basal radials 6 (n = 2); first inserting anterior to haemal spine of 21 th or 22 th vertebrae.</p> <p>Caudal fin with distal margin rounded. Procurrent caudalfin rays 15-16 (n = 2) and 10-13 ventrally (n = 2). Principal rays I+5+6+I (n = 15), branched rays splitting two times. Lower caudal plate with parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2 co-ossified and fused to compound caudal centrum (Fig. 6d). Upper caudal plate with uroneural and fused hypurals 3, 4, and 5.</p> <p>Vertebrae 37-38 (n = 2); ribs 12 (n = 2) with first rib straight and thickest and last rib rudimentary.</p> <p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body densely mottled dark brown over a light yellow background and progressively lighter ventrally (Fig. 15). Ventral surface of head and trunk yellow. Area between pelvic and anal fins and ventral surface of caudal peduncle light brown. Pectoral, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins weakly pigmented with small light brown spots and lighter along margins. Pelvic fin unpigmented. Barbels with dark pigmentation dorsally and lighter ventrally.</p> <p>Distribution and ecological notes. Trichomycterus brachykechenos is apparently endemic to the rio do Sinos, in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 8). At the locality where most types (11 specimens) were collected, the rio do Sinos is narrow (ranging from 5 to 9 m a.s.l.) and shallow (depth less to 1 m) with fast current and rapids, a distinct slope, clear waters, a substrate consisting mainly of large rocks, and conserved riparian vegetation (Fig. 9d). The type locality is located at elevation of approximately 109 m a.s.l. and the two other type lots were from 169 m and 266 m a.s.l. The stomach contents of one c&amp;s specimen contained larvae of the Chironomidae (Diptera) and pupa of the Diptera.</p> <p>Remarks. The cranial fontanel demonstrates several modifications in the Trichomycteridae. The basal subfamilies Copionodontinae and Trichogeninae possess a completely open anterior cranial fontanel extended as a long slit from the mesethmoid to the epiphyseal bar (de Pinna, 1992a). Ituglanis has only the posterior cranial fontanel which is reduced to a small round opening restricted to the parieto-supraoccipital (Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993) or is even absent in I. macunaima Datovo &amp; Landim, 2005; I. mambai Bichuette &amp; Trajano, 2008; and some I. epikarsticus Bichuette &amp; Trajano, 2004 (Datovo &amp; Landim, 2005; Bichuette &amp; Trajano, 2008, 2004, respectively). A completely closure of cranial fontanels also occurs in the subfamilies Glanapteryginae, Stegophilinae, and Vandelliinae (Baskin, 1973). Bockmann et al. (2004) identified the anterior cranial fontanel partially or completely closed as a derived feature that corroborates the monophyly of clade 2 (sensu de Pinna 1992a, 1998).</p> <p>In the Trichomycterus species the cranial fontanel is normally divided in two openings separated by epiphyseal bar: the anterior fontanel which is a small rounded opening situated between frontals, and the posterior fontanel which is long and narrow extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto-supraoccipital.A reduced cranial fontanel is present in at least other three species of the genus: T. cachiraensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2008, T. sketi Castellanos-Morales, 2011 from Colombia, and T. megantoni from Peru.</p> <p>Trichomycterus cachiraensis possess the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening restricted to the parieto-supraoccipital – condition identical to that reported for Ituglanis (Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993) – and the anterior cranial fontanel variable (Ardila Rodríguez, 2008: fig. 4). Trichomycterus sketi has three openings with triangle shape: the anterior cranial fontanel between frontals, and the posterior cranial fontanel divided in one orifice between frontals and the other in the parieto-supraoccipital (Castellanos-Morales, 2010: fig. 3).</p> <p>The cranial fontanel of Trichomycterus megantoni is illustrated and described as “reduced between frontals and supraoccipital” (Fernández &amp; Chuquihuamaní, 2007: fig. 3), a shape very similar to T. brachykechenos, which is absent or restricted to a very small opening anteriorly and elongate and restricted to the parieto-supraoccipital posteriorly (Fig. 2d). Fernández &amp; Chuquihuamaní (2007) stated that the peculiar cranial fontanel of Trichomycterus megantoni is probably an autopomorphy, but cannot be ascertained as unique in Trichomycterinae because some species are rare or do not have their anatomy examined. Indeed, the discovery of T. brachykechenos confirms that the condition is not unique in the subfamily Trichomycterinae.</p> <p>Nevertheless, the several differences between the two species (see diagnosis) lead us to believe that they are not closely related and that this reduction is homoplastic among the two species. It reinforces the assumption of Fernández &amp; Chuquihuamaní (2007) that cranial fontanel reduction must be interpreted as homoplastic among Trichomycterus species, Ituglanis, glanapterygines and stegophilines, according to the current understanding of the trichomycterid phylogeny.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek brachys meaning short, and kechenos meaning gap, opening, in reference to the short posterior cranial fontanel of the new species. A name in apposition.</p> <p>Key to the species of Trichomycterus from laguna dos Patos system</p> <p>1. Pelvic fins absent.………............ Trichomycterus tropeiro</p> <p>1’. Pelvic fins present.………………………………………... 2</p> <p>2. Lateral surface of body with circular black blotches..............….............................................. Trichomycterus balios</p> <p>2’. Lateral surface of body mottled, with stripes or blotches variable in shape and never circular ……………………. 3</p> <p>3. Maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes, usually reaching or extending beyond posterior margin of the pectoral-fin insertion...…………….… Trichomycterus brachykechenos</p> <p>3’. Maxillary barbel not extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes ……………..….….. 4</p> <p>4. Lateral surface of body with blotches, I+6 pectoral-fin rays................................................ Trichomycterus diatropoporos</p> <p>4’. Lateral surface of body mottled or with stripes, I+5 pectoralfin rays..................…………...….... Trichomycterus poikilos</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA2E031792388870EAE7F156FCE4FCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ferrer, Juliano;Malabarba, Luiz R.	Ferrer, Juliano, Malabarba, Luiz R. (2013): Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (2): 217-246, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000200001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000200217&lng=en&tlng=en
