identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8DE409211758534985C0290DA8C99C10.text	8DE409211758534985C0290DA8C99C10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus carinifrons subsp. rohweri van Lith 1962	<div><p>Psenulus carinifrons rohweri van Lith, 1962</p><p>Figs 4A-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17A, 18A, B, 19A, B, 20A, 21A</p><p>Psenulus carinifrons rohweri van Lith 1962: 108. Holotype: ♀; Indonesia, Java, Reserve Semarang, Tjandi; RMNH.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Hong Kong • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sha Tau Kok</a> (Hoi Pui Leng); 22°31'48"N, 114°12'27"E; 24 May-9 Jun. 2018; C. Taylor and Cheung Shun Chi leg.; Malaise trap; HKU • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Nam Chung</a>, 22°31'32"N, 114°12'29"E; 27 Jun.-11 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Lai Chi Wo</a>, 22°31'38"N, 114°15'44"E; 29 Jun.-16 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 13♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">So Lo Pun</a>, 22°32'16"N, 114°15'22"E; 29 Jun.-16 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">So Lo Pun</a>; 22°32'15"N, 114°15'22"E; 16-27 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; Sam A Tsuen; 22°30'54"N, 114°16'15"E; 17-30 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂; Sam A Tsuen; 22°30'54"N, 114°16'15"E; 30 May-13 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; Sam A Chung; 22°30'30"N, 114°16'21"E; 30 May-13 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tsim Bei Tsui</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sha Kiu Tsuen</a>; 22°29'23"N, 113°59'59"E; 14-28 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tsim Bei Tsui</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sha Kiu Tsuen</a>; 22°29'21"N, 113°59'55"E; 14-28 May 2018; ibid. • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tsim Bei Tsui</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sha Kiu Tsuen</a>; 22°29'22"N, 113°59'57"E; 28 May-11 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 3♂ 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tsim Bei Tsui</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sha Kiu Tsuen</a>; 22°29'21"N, 113°59'54"E; 28 May-11 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sheung Pak Nai</a>; 22°27'09"N 113°57'47"E; 14-28 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂ 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sheung Pak Nai</a>; 22°27'07"N, 113°57'45"E; 14-28 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">May</a> 18; ibid • 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sheung Pak Nai</a>; 22°27'08"N, 113°57'47"E; 28 May-11 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sheung Pak Nai</a>; 22°27'05"N, 113°57'44"E; 28 May-11 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ha Pak Nai</a>, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Western New Territories Landfill</a>, 22°25'30"N, 113°56'22"E; 7-21 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂ 5♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ha Pak Nai</a>,near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Western New Territories Landfill</a>; 22°25'31"N 113°56'21"E; 7-21 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂ 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ha Pak Nai</a>, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Western New Territories Landfill</a>; 22°25'31"N, 113°56'20"E; 21 May-5 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ha Pak Nai</a>, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Western New Territories Landfill</a>; 22°25'30"N, 113°56'21"E; 21 May-5 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tung Chung</a>; 22°16'52"N, 113°55'40"E; 15-29 May 2018; ibid. • 10♂ 35♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tung Chung</a>; 22°16'55"N, 113°55'43"E; 29 May-12 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Hang Mei</a>; 22°15'07"N, 113°52'06"E; 23 May-6 Jun. 2018; ibid. • 2♂ 4♀; Tai O; 22°15'27"N 113°51'49"E; 9-23 May 2018; ibid. • 1♂ 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Tai Tam</a>; 22°14'45"N, 114°13'23"E; 28 Jun.-12 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ho Chung</a>; 22°21'12"N, 114°15'09"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ho Chung</a>; 22°21'16"N, 114°15'09"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Ho Chung</a>; 22°21'13"N, 114°15'07"E; 10-24 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sai Keng</a>; 22°25'06"N, 114°16'11"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 4♂ 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">Sai Keng</a>; 22°25'12"N, 114°16'06"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid. • 11♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.037224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.48639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.037224/lat 22.48639)">New Territories</a>; May-July 2018; ibid. • 1♀; Mai Po Nature Reserve; 22°29'11"N, 114°02'14"E; 1 m a.s.l.; 29 Mar.-12 Apr. 2014; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: MPNRM003GHy4; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 10-24 May 2014; ibid.; ref.: MPNRM010GHy6; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 24 May-07 Jun. 2014; ibid.; ref.: MPNRM012GHy7; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 25 Oct.-01 Nov. 2016; WWF Hong Kong leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: WWF-M00GHy3; CBC • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.031395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.489723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.031395/lat 22.489723)">Mai Po Nature Reserve</a>; 22°29'23"N, 114°01'53"E; 1 m a.s.l.; 05-19 Jul. 2014; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: MPNRM017GHy11; CBC .</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Males (n = 10): L = 4-4.9 mm (mean = 4.53 mm); CR = 1.16-1.23 (mean = 1.21); OOR = 0.76-0.88 (mean = 0.83; FLR = 1.05-1.12 (mean = 1.08); FRR = 0.64-0.72 (mean = 0.67); MR = 1.1-1.55 (mean = 1.51); OMR = 0.83-0.94 (mean = 0.89); PR = 0.65-0.94 (mean = 0.83); PFR = 1.24-1.48 (mean = 1.35). Females (n = 10): L = 4.00-5.7 mm (mean = 4.81 mm); CR = 1.2-1.32 (mean = 1.23); OOR = 0.7-0.88 (mean = 0.83); FLR = 1.4-1.6 (mean = 1.51); FRR = 0.62-0.74 (mean = 0.67); MR = 1.12-1.56 (mean = 1.37); OMR = 0.84-0.92 (mean = 0.88); PR = 0.92-1.43 (mean = 1.10); PFR = 1.13-1.3 (mean = 1.23).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna without tyloids. Clypeus (Fig. 21A) with median section of anterior margin protruding, medially straight. Subantennal carina well developed; interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally. Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with punctures mostly separated by at least their own diameter, punctures more closely spaced medially (Fig. 11A); prescutal sutures short, extending to level of anterior margin of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13A); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae (Fig. 15A); propodeum laterally and posteriorly coarsely reticulate. Petiole subcylindrical; T1 relatively low (Fig. 5A). Fore wing (Fig. 19B) with first recurrent vein interstitial with first and second submarginal cells, second recurrent vein interstitial with second and third submarginal cells.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7A, 9A); antenna with scape yellow, remainder of antenna black except yellowish on venter of pedicel and very base of flagellum; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma black with tegula yellowish brown (Fig. 11A), following yellow: pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, scutellum except scutellar groove, metanotum. Fore and mid legs with coxae black, remainder yellow except ends of tarsi brownish; hind leg black except basal half to two-thirds of tibia white, tarsus brown. Metasoma black except T7 brown.</p><p>Female: Clypeus (Fig. 21A) with median section of anterior margin protruding, medially straight. Subantennal carina absent (Fig. 6A). Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with punctures mostly separated by at least their own diameter, punctures more closely spaced medially (Fig. 11A); prescutal sutures short, extending to level of anterior margin of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13A); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae (Fig. 15A); propodeum laterally and posteriorly coarsely reticulate. Petiole subcylindrical; T1 relatively low (Fig. 5A). Fore wing (Fig. 19B) with first recurrent vein interstitial with first and second submarginal cells, second recurrent vein interstitial with second and third submarginal cells.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7A, 9A); antenna with scape yellow, remainder of antenna black except yellowish on venter of pedicel and very base of flagellum; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma black with tegula yellowish brown (Fig. 11A), following yellow: pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, scutellum except scutellar groove, metanotum. Fore and mid legs with coxae black, remainder yellow except ends of tarsi brownish; hind leg black except basal half to two-thirds of tibia white, tarsus brown. Metasoma black with T2 and S2 black or with more or less well demarcated, large, lateral red spots.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (*Hong Kong, Taiwan); Singapore; Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Pulau Buru, Kangean Islands, East Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines (Luzon). (van Lith 1962, 1969, 1976).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Psenulus carinifrons rohweri is readily distinguished from others Psenulus in the Hong Kong SAR by its mostly black coloration. The Hong Kong specimens are here assigned to P. carinifrons rohweri which they resemble in sculpture of the propodeum and mesoscutum, as well as the entirely yellow fore and mid trochanters and femora (van Lith 1969). However, they do differ from previous descriptions of this subspecies in the occasional presence of a pair of large red spots on the T2 of the female, a character that appears variable in the Hong Kong population.</p><p>Psenulus carinifrons has an extensive distribution extending between India, Japan and north-eastern Australia (van Lith 1962, 1969).</p><p>It may be notable that this species has to date only been collected in the Hong Kong SAR among mangroves; apart from one single “older” (2006) record in a terrestrial habitat at Ping Shan Chai. Unfortunately, there appears to be no record of its habitat preferences in other parts of its range, although all records attributed to van Lith are from littoral localities; save for one in Bogor, which are commonly colonised by mangroves in Southeast Asia. It has a long activity period spanning from March (W13) to end of November (W47).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8DE409211758534985C0290DA8C99C10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
60AE8E43376E5CA5AC3083CF42B1C7B3.text	60AE8E43376E5CA5AC3083CF42B1C7B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus continentis van Lith 1962	<div><p>Psenulus continentis van Lith, 1962</p><p>Figs 4B-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17B, 18C, D, 19C, D, 20B, 21B</p><p>Psenulus continentis van Lith 1962: 97-98. Holotype: ♀; Malaysia, Penang, Batu Feringgi; NHMUK.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Hong Kong • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.20777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.529722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.20777/lat 22.529722)">Sha Tau Kok</a>, Hoi Pui Leng; 22°31'47"N, 114°12'28"E; 10-24 May 2018; C. Taylor and Cheung Shun Chi leg.; HKU • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.20805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.525555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.20805/lat 22.525555)">Nam Chung</a>; 22°31'32"N, 114°12'29"E; 27 Jun.-11 Jul. 2018; ibid • 1♀; Sam A Tsuen; 22°30'54"N, 114°16'15"E; 17-30 May 2018; ibid • 3♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.92861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.281944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.92861/lat 22.281944)">Tung Chung</a>; 22°16'55"N, 113°55'43"E; 29 May-12 Jun. 2018; ibid • 2♂ 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.22305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.245834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.22305/lat 22.245834)">Tai Tam</a>; 22°14'45"N, 114°13'23"E; 28 Jun.-12 Jul. 2018; ibid • 7♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.33361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.42861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.33361/lat 22.42861)">To Kwa Peng</a>; 22°25'43"N, 114°20'01"E; 8-25 May 2018; ibid • 6♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.429167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.333336/lat 22.429167)">To Kwa Peng</a>; 22°25'45"N, 114°20'00"E; 8-25 May 2018; ibid • 3♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.334724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.428055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.334724/lat 22.428055)">To Kwa Peng</a>; 22°25'41"N, 114°20'05"E; 25 May-10 Jun. 2018; ibid • 5♂ 8♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.2525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.353334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.2525/lat 22.353334)">Ho Chung</a>; 22°21'12"N, 114°15'09"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid • 2♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.26972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.418333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.26972/lat 22.418333)">Sai Keng</a>; 22°25'06"N, 114°16'11"E; 26 Jun.-10 Jul. 2018; ibid • 3♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.30112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.375555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.30112/lat 22.375555)">Yim Tin Tsai</a>; 22°22'32"N, 114°18'04"E; 1-15 Jun. 2018; ibid • 3♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.30112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.375555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.30112/lat 22.375555)">New Territories</a>; May-July 2018; ibid • 4♂ 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.33305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.42861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.33305/lat 22.42861)">To Kwa Peng</a>; 22°25'43"N, 114°19'59"E; 21 Nov.-5 Dec. 2017; C. Taylor and U. Chang; HKU • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.487223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.185/lat 22.487223)">Ping Shan Chai</a>; 22°29'14"N, 114°11'06"E; 140 m a.s.l.; 30 Jul.-03 Sep. 2016; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: M258CHy7; CBC • 1♀; Pak Sha O; 22°26'59"N, 114°19'04"E; 70 m a.s.l.; 22 Mar.-05 Apr. 2014; ibid .; ref.: PSOM152CHy1; CBC • 1♀; ibid ..; 05-19 Apr. 2014; ibid; ref.: PSOM153CHy3; CBC • 1♀; ibid; 31 May-14 Jun. 2014; ibid .; ref.: M162CHy2; CBC • 1♀; ibid ..; 19 Sep.-03 Oct. 2015; ibid .; ref.: M220CHy1; CBC • 1♀; ibid .; 11-25 Jun. 2016; ibid .; ref.: M250CHy2; CBC • 1♂; ibid .; 18 May-01 Jun. 2013; ibid .; ref.: M131CHy1; CBC • 1♂; ibid .; 13-27 Jul. 2013; ibid .; ref.: M135CHy3; CBC • 1♀; ibid .; 01-15 Jun. 2019; ibid .; ref.: M418CHy4; CBC • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 28 Apr.-12 May 2018; ibid .; ref.: M345CHy3; CBC • 1♂; ibid .; 01-15 Jun. 2019; ibid .; ref.: M419CHy5, CBC • 2♂; ibid .; 13-27 Jul. 2019; ibid; refs: M425CHy2A and 2B; CBC •</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Males (n = 10): L = 5.5-6.40 mm (mean = 5.8 mm); CR = 1.29-1.37 (mean = 1.33); OOR = 0.62-0.79 (mean = 0.71); FLR = 0.8-1.23 (mean = 1.06); FRR = 0.55-0.71 (mean = 0.68); MR = 1.36-1.51 (mean = 1.43); OMR = 0.91-1.00 (mean = 0.95); PR = 0.59-1.91 (mean = 1.20); PFR = 0.887-1.08 (mean = 1.01). Females (n = 10): L = 5.7-6.9 mm (mean = 6.26 mm); CR = 1.23-1.47 (mean = 1. 32); OOR = 0.63-0.73 (mean = 0.68); FLR = 1.26-1.43 (mean = 1.36); FRR = 0.63-0.69 (mean = 0.65); MR = 1.18-1.57 (mean = 1.38); OMR = 0.85-1.00 (mean = 0.92); PR = 0.59-1.62 (mean = 1.20); PFR = 0.87-1.11 (mean = 1.02).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna without tyloids. Clypeus (Fig. 21B) with two blunt ventral teeth separated by a shallow rounded emargination, remainder of clypeal margin largely straight. Subantennal carina well developed (Fig. 7B); interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally. Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with intermixed larger and smaller punctures mostly separated by at least their own diameter (Fig. 11B); prescutal sutures short, not extending beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13B); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae; propodeum laterally and posteriorly coarsely reticulate (Fig. 15B). Petiole subcylindrical, T1 relatively low (Fig. 5B). Fore wing (Fig. 19D) with first recurrent vein interstitial or reaching second submarginal cell near base, second recurrent vein reaching third submarginal cell near the base.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7B, 9B); antenna with scape, venter of pedicel and base of venter of flagellum yellow, dorsum of pedicel and remainder of flagellum blackish; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma black with following areas yellow (Figs 5B, 11B, 13B): pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, mesoscutum with two broad yellow submedial longitudinal stripes reaching almost to posterior margin (Fig. 11B), as well as broad marginal stripe laterally; scutellum except scutellar groove and small triangular median spot posteriorly; metanotum; mesopleuron anterior to anterior oblique suture, as well as small spot at top of hypoepimeral area and larger patch behind junction of anterior oblique suture and epicnemial crest; large paired patches laterally and posteriorly on propodeum. Legs mostly yellow, hind trochanter and base of hind coxa dark brown, hind femur, tibia and tarsus reddish. Petiole basally yellow, distally black; remainder of metasoma mostly reddish, S7 dark brown (Fig. 5B).</p><p>Female: Clypeus (Fig. 21B) with two blunt ventral teeth separated by a shallow rounded emargination, remainder of clypeal margin largely straight. Subantennal carina absent (Fig. 6B); interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally. Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with intermixed larger and smaller punctures mostly separated by at least their own diameter (Fig. 11B); prescutal sutures short, not extending beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus narrowly foveolate (Fig. 12B); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae; propodeum laterally and posteriorly coarsely reticulate (Fig. 15B). Hind tibia with cluster of small dark denticles dorsobasally (Fig. 18C) and transverse row of three short spines dorsoapically. T1 swollen, nearly twice as high above dorsum of petiole as maximum height of petiole (Fig. 4B). Fore wing (Fig. 19D) with first recurrent vein interstitial or reaching second submarginal cell near base, second recurrent vein reaching third submarginal cell near the base.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7B, 9B). Antenna paler than male, pedicel and flagellum mostly brown except dorsum of flagellum blackish. Mesosoma yellow with following black (Figs 4B, 10B, 12B): lower part of pronotum, three longitudinal spots anteriorly on mesoscutum, extending about two-thirds of length, low triangular patch on posterior margin of mesoscutum; scutellar groove and lateral pocket of scutellum; epicnemial area, episternal sulcus and around posterior end of mesopleural scrobe; mesoscutum with spot roundly extending onto base of mesopleuron; metapleuron dorsal enclosed area and median posterior groove of propodeum. Legs yellow except hind femur to tarsus reddish. Petiole basally yellow, distally black; remainder of metasoma mostly reddish, S7 dark brown (Fig. 5B).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>*China (Hong Kong); Malaysia (Penang); Singapore (van Lith 1962, 1976).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Psenulus continentis was described by van Lith (1962) from a single female specimen and the male had not previously been described. Males here assigned to P. continentis are identified on the basis of their association with females of the species as well as their close similarity to males of the related species P. interstitialis . van Lith (1962) did not specify his reasons for regarding P. continentis as a distinct species from P. interstitialis but comparison of the descriptions of the two species indicates that P. continentis has the mesopleural suture foveolate (vs. simple in P. interstitialis) and numerous longitudinal carinae in the propodeal enclosure (vs 'only a few’).</p><p>The discovery of P. continentis in Hong Kong represents a new taxon for the territory and China and a significant extension of the known range of this species previously recorded only from the Malaysian Peninsula (van Lith 1962, 1976).</p><p>It is a common taxon, found at 12 of the 20 sites surveyed and it is abundant throughout these sites. It has one of the longest activity period of all Hong Kong Psenulus, spanning from February (W7) to end of November (W47).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/60AE8E43376E5CA5AC3083CF42B1C7B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
F7911021C99A5A89B2FABACEA78A0B31.text	F7911021C99A5A89B2FABACEA78A0B31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus ephippius Taylor & Barthélémy & Chi & Guénard 2020	<div><p>Psenulus ephippius sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4C-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17C, 18E, F, 19E, F, 20C, 21C</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>In its entirely black mesosoma (Figs 4C, 5C) with a polished horizontal area behind the propodeal enclosure (Figs 14C, 15C), narrow interantennal carina (Figs 6C, 7C), and indistinct pygidial plate (Figs 16C, 17C), this species comes closest to the Psenulus crabroniformis species group as defined by van Lith (1962). However, the species assigned to that group, P. crabroniformis (Smith, 1858) of western Indonesia and P. philippinensis (Rohwer, 1921) of the Philippines, have a well-developed subantennal carina in the female (in contrast to the notably weak carina in the current species), and the first recurrent vein is received by the first submarginal cell as opposed to being interstitial to first and second submarginal cell. Psenulus crabroniformis further differs in having the antennal scape yellow whereas P. philippinensis possesses a pair of well-developed frontal tubercles (van Lith 1962), both absent in P. ephippius sp. nov. The new species also resembles P. decipiens van Lith, 1976 in overall coloration and lack of antennal tyloids in the male but the latter species has longer prescutal sutures, as long as the scutum, and the position of the first recurrent vein is as in P. crabroniformis and P. philippinensis .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: China, Hong Kong • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 06-20 Apr. 2019; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: M407. C.Hy. 2; CAS . Paratypes: China, Hong Kong • 1♂; ibid.; 31 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mar.</a> -14 Apr. 18; ibid.; ref.: M339. C.Hy. 4; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 28 Apr.-12 May 2018; ibid.; ref.: M345CHy4; [specimen destroyed at mounting] • 1 ♀; ibid; 20 Apr.-04 May 2019; ibid.; ref.: M411. C.Hy. 2; CAS • 1♀; ibid.; 11 Apr.-25 May 2020; ibid.; ref.: M483. C.Hy. 3; CBC .</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Males (n = 1): L = 7.00 mm; CR = 1.28; OOR = 0.89; FLR = 1.1; FRR = 0.79; MR = 1.58; OMR = 0.95; PR = 0.68; PFR = 1.18. Females (n = 3): L = 7.4-7.9 mm (mean = 7.7 mm); CR = 1.27-1.3 (mean = 1.29); OOR = 0.73-0.75 (mean = 0.73); FLR = 1.63-1.73 (mean = 1.66); FRR = 0.70-0.85 (mean = 0.80); MR = 1.49-1.77 (mean = 1.68); OMR = 0.89-0.9 (mean = 0.89); PR = 0.30-0.36 (mean = 0.34); PFR = 1.15-1.19 (mean = 1.17).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna without tyloids. Clypeus (Fig. 21C) with two blunt ventral teeth separated by a rounded emargination, remainder of clypeal margin more or less straight on the first two-fifths and terminated by a flattened lobe on the last two-fifths of the margin. Subantennal carina well developed; interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally. Mesoscutum moderately punctate with small punctures separated by at least their own diameter (Fig. 11C); prescutal sutures short, not extending beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate, mesopleural suture with small fovea on dorsal half; propodeal enclosure with marked fovea (Fig. 15C); propodeum laterally and posteriorly coarsely reticulate, dorsally narrowly polished with very small and largely interspaced punctures (Fig. 15C). Petiole subcylindrical; T1 swollen (Fig. 4C). Fore wing (Fig. 19F) with first recurrent vein interstitial or reaching second submarginal cell near base, second recurrent vein reaching third submarginal cell at about one-sixth (0.17 ×) of cell length from base.</p><p>Head entirely black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7C, 9C); antenna with scape dark brown, venter of pedicel and venter of flagellum of a lighter brown, dorsum of pedicel and remainder of flagellum dark brown; mandible black on the apical third and basal sixth, the remainder yellow. Mesosoma entirely black (Fig. 5C). Femurs, trochanters and coxae black, tibiae and tarsi light brown/yellow. Petiole mostly black, distally red/orange; remainder of gaster mostly reddish but T2-T5 and S3-S7 with large dark brown/black areas (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Female: Clypeus ventrally (Fig. 20C) with two blunt/rounded teeth, separated by a deep rounded emargination, the remainder of the clypeal margin forming a shallow concavity extending across half of margin and terminated on last third with a blunt lobe intersecting eye margin; dorsal margin flattened on central third of transverse length of clypeus, the remainder reaching ventral margin along a shallow convex line. Subantennal carina weak, extending about one-third of distance between interantennal carina and eye; interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally. Mesoscutum moderately punctate with small punctures separated by at least their own diameter (Fig. 11C); prescutal sutures short, not extending beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus and mesopleural suture narrowly foveolate along entire length (Fig. 12C). Propodeum laterally and posteriorly weakly reticulate, dorsal half polished with very small and largely interspaced punctures (Fig. 14C). Dorsal part of hind tibia, normal, no polished area and no small denticles dorsobasally (Fig. 18E). Petiole subcylindrical; tergum I low (Fig. 5C). Pygidial plate with very faint medial carina extending about half length of T6 (Fig. 16C). Fore wing (Fig. 19F) with first recurrent vein interstitial or reaching second submarginal cell near base, second recurrent vein reaching third submarginal cell at about one-sixth (0.17 ×) of cell length from base.</p><p>Head entirely black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7C, 9C); antenna entirely dark brown/black. Mandible yellow on basal half and then gradually darkening to become black at the apex. Mesosoma entirely black (Fig. 5C). Femurs, trochanters and coxae black, tibiae and tarsi light brown/yellow except hind tibia dark brown/black. Petiole mostly black, distally red/orange; remainder of metasoma mostly reddish but T2-T5 and S3-S7 with large dark brown/black areas (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Species named as a toponomy in reference to the mountain facing the type locality, Ma On Shan or Horse Saddle Mountain in Chinese (ephippium = saddle in Latin).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species has only been recorded so far from one site in the SAR, at Mang Kung Wo which presents the highest anthropogenic disturbance of all our sampled sites. It remains uncommon, having only been recorded from five specimens since the beginning of continuous sampling at this site in March 2018. This species has apparently the shortest activity period of all Hong Kong Psenulus and is recorded from end of March (W13) to September (W37).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7911021C99A5A89B2FABACEA78A0B31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
CBF301E8DC255E40AC162699E3D9641C.text	CBF301E8DC255E40AC162699E3D9641C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus gibbus Taylor & Barthélémy & Chi & Guénard 2020	<div><p>Psenulus gibbus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4D-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17D, 18G, H, 19G, H, 20D, 21D</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Based on a dorsally broadened interantennal carina (Figs 6D, 7D), bidentate clypeus (Figs 20D, 21D), short prescutal sutures (Figs 10D, 11D), hind tibia lacking basal spines (Figs 18G, 19G), and a well-defined pygidial plate, this species may be placed in the P. quadridentatus species group of van Lith (1962). The specimen resembles Psenulus compactus van Lith, 1962 (from Sumatra) but differs in the broadened excavation of the interantennal carina being less extensive (not extending below the antennal sockets), the subantennal carina being absent, and the mesosoma being less densely punctate. Psenulus gibbus sp. nov., superficially resembles P. ephippius sp. nov. but is readily differentiated by the yellow legs (Figs 4D, 5D) and the reticulate dorsal surface of the propodeum (Figs 14D, 15D) in the former and dark/brown legs (Figs 4C, 5C) and polished dorsal surface of the propodeum (Figs 14C, 15C) in the latter.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: China, Hong Kong • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 23 Mar.-06 Apr. 2018; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: M405CHy4; CAS . Paratypes: China, Hong Kong • 1 ♀; ibid.; 11-25 Apr. 2020; ibid; ref.: M483CHy2; CBC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 25 Apr. 2020 - 09 May 2020; ibid; ref.: M485CHy5 • 2♀ 4♂; ibid.; 09 Mar. 2020; same collector; hand net, refs: 0708AHy1, 0708AHy2A, 2B and 2C; CAS and CBC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 10 Mar. 2020; ibid.; ref.: 0709AHy1; CBC • 1♀ 1♂; ibid.; 13 Mar. 2020; ibid..; refs: 0710AHy1 and 0710AHy2; CBC .</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Male (n = 4): L = 5.9-6.9 mm (mean = 6.3 mm); CR = 1.24-1.27 (mean = 1.26); OOR = 0.48-0.76 (mean = 0.64); FLR = 1.08-1.19 (mean = 1.14); FRR = 0.66-0.74 (mean = 0.71); MR = 1.41-1.59 (mean = 1.50); OMR = 0.82-0.92 (mean = 0.88); PR = 0.35-0.62 (mean = 0.49); PFR = 1.15-1.30 (mean = 1.20). Female (n = 6): L = 6.8-8.4 mm (mean = 7.55 mm); CR = 1.32-1.4 (mean = 1.36); OOR = 0.62-0.75 (mean = 0.67); FLR = 1.28-1.57 (mean = 1.44); FRR = 0.65-0.79 (mean = 0.73); MR = 1.30-1.64 (mean = 1.44); OMR = 0.82-0.93 (mean = 0.86); PR = 0.4-0.88 (mean = 0.66); PFR = 1.13-1.28 (mean = 1.18).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna with tyloids on F1 to F11. Ventral margin of clypeus with two rounded teeth separated by a rounded emargination (Fig. 21D), remainder of the ventral margin straight for half of width, terminated on last third with a rounded lobe intersecting eye margin; dorsal margin concave on the central third of transverse width of clypeus, remainder reaching ventral margin along a shallow convex line. Subantennal carina well developed nearly reaching toruli (Fig. 7D); interantennal carina dorsally moderately broadened and slightly excavated on its basal part only (Fig. 9D). Mesosoma with very small largely interspaced punctures bearing numerous long and fine appressed setae; mesoscutum with the same texture (Fig. 11D); prescutal sutures extending beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13D), mesopleural suture simple; propodeal enclosure well defined with large fovea (Fig. 15D). Propodeum laterally and posteriorly weakly reticulate with long appressed setae, dorsal half polished with very small and largely interspaced punctures (Fig. 15D). Petiole subcylindrical, T1 low (Fig. 5D). Hind tibia without denticles dorsobasally (Fig. 19G). Pygidial plate simple (Fig. 17D). Fore wing (Fig. 19H) with first recurrent vein more or less interstitial with first and second submarginal cells, second recurrent vein meeting third submarginal cell at about 1/5 (0.18 ×) of cell length from base.</p><p>Head entirely black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7D, 9D); antenna with scape mostly yellow, venter of pedicel and venter of flagellum of a lighter brown, dorsum of pedicel and remainder of flagellum dark brown; mandible black on the apical third, the remainder yellow. Mesosoma entirely black (Fig. 7D) but pronotal lobe and tegulae dark yellow/red. Trochanter, femurs, tibiae and tarsus yellow/orange, coxae black. Petiole black, remainder of metasoma mostly reddish but T2-T5 and S3-S7 with large dark brown/black areas (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Female: Ventral margin of clypeus with two relatively sharp teeth separated by a sub-triangular emargination (Fig. 20D), remainder of the ventral margin straight for half of width, terminated on last third with a blunt lobe intersecting eye margin; dorsal margin flattened for central third of transverse width of clypeus, remainder reaching ventral margin along a shallow convex line. Subantennal carina absent (Fig. 6D); interantennal carina dorsally broadened and deeply excavated (Fig. 8D); Mesosoma with very small largely interspaced punctures bearing numerous long and fine appressed setae; mesoscutum with the same texture (Fig. 11D); prescutal sutures short, not extending beyond anterior level of tegula (Fig. 10D) episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13D), mesopleural suture simple; propodeal enclosure well defined with large fovea (Fig. 15D). Propodeum laterally and posteriorly weakly reticulate with long appressed setae, dorsal half polished with very small and largely interspaced punctures (Fig. 15D). Hind tibia with a cluster of 7-9 short brown denticles dorsobasally, but no spines (Fig. 18G). Petiole subcylindrical, T1 low (Fig. 5D). Pygidial plate with faint ventrolateral carinae extended basally (Fig. 16D). Fore wing (Fig. 18H) with second recurrent vein meeting third submarginal cell at about 1/5 (0.22 ×) of cell length from base.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Specific name derived from the prominent hump [= Psenulus gibbus in Latin] formed by the interantennal ridge, extending below the antennal sockets and ending at middle of toruli.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>By its marked differences with the other known Psenulus of similar coloration as detailed in the diagnosis section, we have concluded that this is in fact a new species to science.</p><p>The first collection of this species occurred in 2019 and thus far the distribution of this species is limited to a single location in Mang Kung Wo, which is the sampled site with the highest anthropogenic disturbance. In March 2020 a series of seven specimens (four males and three females) were collected by hand net. Nonetheless, this species is one of the least common Psenulus encountered in Hong Kong. With the limitations presented above, knowledge about its activity period is limited to March (W11-W13) and April (W15-W17).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CBF301E8DC255E40AC162699E3D9641C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
E1D8B59C63605E9C9A1C3EC09BC78A31.text	E1D8B59C63605E9C9A1C3EC09BC78A31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus maculatus subsp. maculatus maculatus van Lith 1962	<div><p>Psenulus maculatus maculatus van Lith, 1962</p><p>Figs 4E-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17E, 18I, J, 19I, J, 20E, 21E</p><p>Psenulus maculatus maculatus van Lith 1962: 61-62, figs 69-72. Holotype: ♀; Malaysia, Penang, 25 mi Sungai Penang Hills; type repository unknown, formerly H.T. Pagden coll.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China, Hong Kong • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.92861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.281944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.92861/lat 22.281944)">Tung Chung</a>; 22°16'55"N, 113°55'43"E; 29 May-12 Jun. 2018; C. Taylor and Cheung Shun Chi leg.; Malaise trap; HKU • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.31778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.44972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.31778/lat 22.44972)">Pak Sha</a> O; 22°26'59"N, 114°19'04"E; 70 m a.s.l.; 14 May-05 Jun. 2011; C. Barthélémy; Malaise trap, ref.: M092CHy19; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 23 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.31778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.44972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.31778/lat 22.44972)">May</a> 2020- 06 Jun. 2020; ibid.; ref.: M492. C.Hy. 1; CBC • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug.-01 Sep. 2018; ibid.; ref.: M362CHy8; CBC • 1♂; ibid.; 04-18 May 2019; ibid.; ref.: M413CHy5; CBC • 2♀; ibid.; 17-31 Mar. 2018; ibid.; ref.: M336CHy7A and B; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 28 Apr.-12 May 2018; ibid.; ref.: M345CHy2; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 4-18 Aug. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M359CHy7; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 01-15 Sep. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M365CHy7; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 9-23 May. 2020; ibid.; ref.: M489CHy2; CBC • 1♂; ibid.; 17 Aug. 2020 - 01 Sep. 2020; ibid.; ref.: M509CHy2; CBC .</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Males (n = 5): L = 5.-6.6 mm (mean = 5.9 mm); CR = 1.21-1.33 (mean = 1.28); OOR = 0.76-0.89 (mean = 0.84); FLR = 1.00-1.23 (mean = 1.09); FRR = 0.66-0.70 (mean = 0.69); MR = 1.35-1.61 (mean = 1.54); OMR = 0.94-1.01 (mean = 0.97); PR = 0.7-2.53 (mean = 1.21); PFR = 0.88-1.05 (mean = 0.94). Females (n = 7): L = 6.4-7.1 mm (mean = 6.53 mm); CR = 1.22-1.35 (mean = 1. 28); OOR = 0.71-0.86 (mean = 0.77); FLR = 1.25-1.5 (mean = 1.38); FRR = 0.60-0.67 (mean = 0.64); MR = 1.36-1.64 (mean = 1.47); OMR = 0.89-0.99 (mean = 0.92); PR = 1.05-1.83 (mean = 1.32); PFR = 0.82-0.94 (mean = 0.87).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna with small tyloids present on F7 to F11. Clypeus (Fig. 21E) with two acute ventral teeth separated by rounded emargination, remainder of clypeal margin evenly rounded. Subantennal carina well developed (Fig. 7E); interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally, Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with punctures separated by about their own diameter (Fig. 11E), remainder of mesosoma more sparsely punctate; prescutal sutures short, ending about anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13E); propodeal enclosure with few pairs of longitudinal carinae; remainder of propodeum coarsely reticulate (Fig. 15E) except narrowly smooth anterolaterally. Petiole subcylindrical, T1 distinctly swollen (Fig. 5E). Fore wing (Fig. 19J) with first recurrent vein joining first submarginal cell near apex; second recurrent vein joining third submarginal cell near base.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7E, 9E); antenna with most of scape, venter of pedicel and venter of flagellum basally yellow, dorsoapical spot on scape, dorsum of pedicel and remainder of flagellum blackish; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma mostly black, the following yellow (Figs 5E, 11E, 13E): pronotal collar, pronotal lobe; mesoscutum with two longitudinal submedian stripes inside prescutal sutures, broadening posteriorly, ending prior to posterior margin of mesoscutum, often narrowed or absent in anterior half of mesoscutum, long posterolateral spot also present on mesoscutum; tegula; large spot on axilla; broad anteromedian spot on scutellum, as well as narrow stripe along posterior margin laterally behind wing insertion; metanotum; mesopleuron with two spots dorsally anterior and posterior to oblique mesopleural suture; propodeum with paired spots posteriodorsally and laterally. Legs mostly yellow, coxae black basally; fore and mid femora posteriorly brown; hind trochanter and dorsum of hind femur brown; hind tibia and tarsus reddish. S1 yellow at very base of petiole, otherwise blackish; T1 dark brown mediobasally; remainder of metasoma mostly reddish except apex of metasoma dark brown.</p><p>Female: Clypeus with marginal teeth larger than in male (Fig. 20E). Subantennal carina well developed (Fig. 7E); interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally, Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum moderately punctate with punctures separated by about their own diameter (Fig. 11E), remainder of mesosoma more sparsely punctate; prescutal sutures short, ending about anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus broadly foveolate (Fig. 13E), propodeal enclosure with few pairs of longitudinal carinae. Propodeum mostly smooth (Fig. 14E), coarse reticulations restricted to marginal ridge along transition between posterior and lateral surfaces. Hind tibia with dorsobasal array of short denticles associated with elongate red spines basad to distinct dorsal groove (Fig. 18I), and transverse row of short red spines antero-apically. Petiole subcylindrical, T1 distinctly swollen (Fig. 5E). Pygidial plate narrow, delineated by distinct carinae that diverge anteriorly (Fig. 16E). Fore wing (Fig. 19J) with first recurrent vein joining first submarginal cell near apex; second recurrent vein joining third submarginal cell near base.</p><p>Head black with appressed silvery pubescence (Figs 7E, 9E); antenna with most of scape, venter of pedicel and venter of flagellum basally yellow, dorsoapical spot on scape, dorsum of pedicel and remainder of flagellum blackish; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma mostly black, the following yellow (Figs 5E, 11E, 13E): pronotal collar, pronotal lobe; mesoscutum with two longitudinal submedian stripes inside prescutal sutures, broadening posteriorly, ending prior to posterior margin of mesoscutum, often narrowed or absent in anterior half of mesoscutum, long posterolateral spot also present on mesoscutum; tegula; large spot on axilla; broad anteromedian spot on scutellum, as well as narrow stripe along posterior margin laterally behind wing insertion; metanotum; mesopleuron with two spots dorsally anterior and posterior to oblique mesopleural suture; propodeum with paired spots posteriodorsally and laterally, larger than in male, may be merged into single posterior patch. Legs mostly yellow, coxae black basally; fore and mid femora posteriorly brown; hind trochanter and dorsum of hind femur brown; hind tibia and tarsus reddish. S1 yellow at very base of petiole, otherwise blackish; T1 dark brown mediobasally; remainder of metasoma mostly reddish except apex of metasoma dark brown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>*China (Hong Kong); Malaysia (Penang), Singapore. (van Lith 1962, 1976).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The coloration of the mesoscutum has previously been described as having two submedian triangular marks in the posterior half but specimens from Hong Kong vary from as described to having longitudinal yellow stripes extending most of the length of the mesoscutum. Males of this species can readily be distinguished from other Psenulus in the Hong Kong SAR by the presence of tyloids on the underside of the distal antennal segments; females can be distinguished by their prominent subantennal carina and an array of long red spines dorsobasally on the hind femur. Psenulus maculatus also differs from other Hong Kong Psenulus in having the fore and mid femora partially brown instead of entirely yellow.</p><p>Psenulus maculatus maculatus was previously known from the Malaysian Peninsula with other subspecies known from Java and Sri Lanka (van Lith 1962, 1978). The discovery of this species in Hong Kong is a new record for China and also extends notably the known distribution of the taxon.</p><p>It is the least common of all species and its occurrence confirmed at only three of the 20 sites sampled and never very abundant at any of these sites. Its activity period is the second shortest (after P. ephippius) and spans from March (W11) to September (W38).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1D8B59C63605E9C9A1C3EC09BC78A31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
9B4A0F277C365520BF13E864049E45B0.text	9B4A0F277C365520BF13E864049E45B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psenulus pallens Taylor & Barthélémy & Chi & Guénard 2020	<div><p>Psenulus pallens sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4F-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17F, 18K, L, 19K, L, 20F, 21F, 22A-D</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Psenulus pallens sp. nov. is readily distinguishable from most other species of its genus by its remarkably light coloration with black patches restricted as described below (Figs 4F, 5F, 22A-22D). From other similarly light-coloured species, it differs from P. lamprus van Lith, 1972 of Sulawesi by its less reticulated propodeum with polished area dorsally (Figs 14F, 15F); in the female of the latter (the male is unknown), the back and most of the sides of the propodeum are densely and coarsely reticulate. The female of P. pallens also differs from P. lamprus in its cluster of denticles on the apex of hind tibia (Fig. 18K) as opposed to three reddish spines in the latter. It shows also considerable difference in the shape of the ventral clypeal margin (Figs 20F, 21F) with that of similarly coloured P. lamprus and P. interstitialis, the latter two with small teeth, reduced to denticles and no emargination in-between. Psenulus impressus van Lith, 1976 of Luzon has the episternal sulcus foveolate. Psenulus singularis van Lith, 1962 also from Luzon has a distinctly shaped clypeus with the median section of the ventral margin bluntly protruding.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: China, Hong Kong • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 18 May-01 Jun. 2019; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: M416CHy1A; CAS . Paratypes: China, Hong Kong • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.27112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.515278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.27112/lat 22.515278)">Sam</a> A Tsuen; 22°30'55"N, 114°16'16"E; 11-27 Dec. 2017; C. Taylor and U. Chang leg.; Malaise trap; HKU • 1♀; Sam A Chung; 22°30'33"N, 114°16'20"E; 17-30 May 2018; ibid; HKU • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.253334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.253334/lat 22.368334)">Mang Kung Wo</a>; 22°22'06"N, 114°15'12"E; 60 m a.s.l.; 18 May-01 Jun. 2019; C. Barthélémy leg.; Malaise trap, ref.: M416CHy1B • 1♀; ibid; 29 Jun.-13 Jul. 2019; ibid; ref.: M423CHy1; CBC • 1♀; ibid; 05-19 Oct. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M443CHy1; CAS • 1♀; ibid.; 19 Oct.-03 Nov. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M447CHy3; CAS • 1♀; ibid.; 03-16 Nov. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M449CHy1; CAS • 1♀; ibid.; 16-30 Nov. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M453CHy1; CBC • 2♀; ibid.; 14-28 March 2020; ibid.; refs: M477CHy1A and 1B; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 11-25 Apr. 2020; ibid.; ref.: M483CHy1; CBC • 1♂; Pak Sha O; 22°26'59"N, 114°19'04"E; 70 m a.s.l.; 15-29 Sep. 2018; ibid.; ref.: M368CHy1; CBC • 1♀; ibid; 24 Aug. 07- Sep. 2019; ibid; ref.: M434CHy5; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 21 Sep.-05 Oct. 2019; ibid.; ref.: M440CHy4; CBC • 1♀; ibid.; 28 Mar.-11 Apr. 2020; ibid.; ref.: M480CHy1; CBC .</p><p>Standard ratios.</p><p>Males (n = 1): L = 4.6 mm; CR = 1.35; OOR = 0.46; FLR = 1.13; FRR = 0.59; MR = 1.65; OMR = 0.94; PR = 0.81; PFR = 0.81. Females (n = 16): L = 4.9-6.0 mm (mean = 5.45 mm); CR = 1.22-1.42 (mean = 1. 32); OOR = 0.47-0.65 (mean = 0.58); FLR = 1.22-1.67 (mean = 1.38); FRR = 0.42-0.63 (mean = 0.58); MR = 1.33-1.77 (mean = 1.55); OMR = 0.83-0.97 (mean = 0.89); PR = 0.82-1.29 (mean = 1.08); PFR = 0.75-0.97 (mean = 0.85).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male: Antenna without tyloids. Clypeus (Fig. 21F) with two well-developed ventral teeth separated by triangular emargination, remainder of clypeal margin straight. Subantennal carina well developed; interantennal carina narrow, not broadened dorsally (Fig. 7F). Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum lightly and minutely punctate (Fig. 11F), punctures very sparse elsewhere on mesosoma; prescutal sutures short, extending shortly beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus simple (Fig. 13F); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae; rear of propodeum (Fig. 15F) dorsally smooth, ventrally and laterally coarsely reticulate with reticulations encroaching on posterior part of side of propodeum. Petiole subcylindrical, T1 relatively low (Fig. 5F). Fore wing (Fig. 19L) with first recurrent vein more or less interstitial with first and second submarginal cells, second recurrent vein meeting third submarginal cell at about one-eighth of cell length from base.</p><p>Head black with silvery appressed pubescence (Figs 7F, 9F); antenna with scape, pedicel and base of flagellum ventrally yellow, dorsum and terminal segments of flagellum black; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma and legs mostly yellow, hind legs reddish from trochanter to tarsus, the following black: three small spots on mesoscutum, along posterior margin of mesoscutum and scutellar groove; mesosternum, encroaching onto base of mesopleuron; propodeal enclosure posteriorly. Petiole basally yellow, becoming reddish apically; remainder of metasoma reddish.</p><p>Female: Clypeus with small ventral teeth separated by shallow emargination (Fig. 20F). Subantennal carina distinct but not protruding beyond pubescence (Fig. 6F). Mesosoma mostly polished, mesoscutum lightly and minutely punctate (Fig. 11F), punctures very sparse elsewhere on mesosoma; prescutal sutures short, extending shortly beyond anterior level of tegula; episternal sulcus simple (Fig. 13F); mesopleural suture narrowly foveolate (Fig. 12F); propodeal enclosure with several pairs of longitudinal carinae; propodeum (Fig. 14F) polished and impunctate posteriorly and laterally, coarse reticulations restricted to marginal ridge along transition between posterior and lateral surfaces. Hind tibia with longitudinal cluster of dark denticles dorsobasally (Fig. 18K). Petiole subcylindrical, T1 relatively low (Fig. 5F). Pygidial plate narrow, delineated by distinct posteriorly parallel carinae (Fig. 16F). Fore wing (Fig. 19L) with first recurrent vein more or less interstitial with first and second submarginal cells, second recurrent vein meeting third submarginal cell at about one-eighth of cell length from base.</p><p>Head black with silvery appressed pubescence (Figs 7F, 9F); antenna with scape, pedicel and base of flagellum ventrally yellow, dorsum and terminal segments of flagellum black; mandible yellow with black tip. Mesosoma and legs mostly yellow, hind legs reddish from trochanter to tarsus, amount of black coloration on mesosoma varying from almost entirely absent with only black marks on scutellar groove and mesosternum (including base of mesopleuron) remaining to slightly more extensive than in male with black marks also present anteroventrally on epicnemium, on lower half of metapleuron, and over entire propodeal enclosure. Petiole basally yellow, becoming reddish apically; remainder of metasoma reddish.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin for ‘pale’, in reference to this species’ distinctive coloration.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Because of its marked differences with other known lightly coloured Psenulus we have concluded that this is a new species. We have collected females that show a great deal of discoloration and are even paler than the holotype, with hardly any black at all, save for a reduced band at intersection of the mesoscutum and scutum (Fig. 22B) and the head (Fig. 22A, B).</p><p>This species has been consistently collected at Mang Kung, the site with the highest anthropogenic disturbance, and was also found in mangroves (13.6% occurrence). It has the second longest (after P. continentis) recorded activity period, spanning from March (W10) to December (W50).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B4A0F277C365520BF13E864049E45B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.;Barthelemy, Christophe;Chi, Roy Cheung Shun;Guenard, Benoit	Taylor, Christopher K., Barthelemy, Christophe, Chi, Roy Cheung Shun, Guenard, Benoit (2020): Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832
