taxonID	type	description	language	source
C4474D206944FFF5FA9AF8C3FD6BF86F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Male hypoproct rounded apically, deeply bilobed; ovipositor with needle part about 1.00 - 1.20 × length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn 0.23 - 0.30 mm long, upper facial horn single and conical, three lower frontal horns not aligned, 8 th abdominal segment with 5 - 7 dorsal spines in the posterior row, larva: spatula with lateral teeth longer than mesal ones, mesal teeth round- ed apically, three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Male: Body: 3.40 - 3.75 mm long (N = 3). Head (Fig. 2 A): 0.40 - 0.50 mm long, 0.50 mm wide (N = 3), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape obovate, setose, 0.11 - 0.12 mm long, 0.0 mm wide (N = 3), pedicel globose, setose, 0.05 mm long, 0.05 mm wide (N = 3), 1 st- 12 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.04 mm wide, circumfila longitudinally wavy, dense, anastomosing, equally spread along segments (Fig. 2 B), 1 st- 7 th flagellomeres 0.1 - 0.18 mm long (N = 3), 8 th- 10 th flagellomeres 0.16 - 0.17 mm long (N = 3), 11 th 0.15 - 0.17 mm long (N = 3), 12 th flagellomere 0.12 - 0.13 mm long (N = 2) (Fig. 2 C), proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 10; frons with 30 setae (N = 2); mouthparts: labrum long-attenuated, 0.08 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 3); hypopharynx of the same shape as labrum, with long, anteriorly-directed lateral setulae, 0.10 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 3); labella elongate and convex, 0.16 mm long, 0.10 mm wide (N = 1), with lateral and mesal setae; palpus 0.14 mm long: 1 st segment globoid, 0.02 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), 2 nd segment cylindrical, 0.04 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), 3 rd segment fusiform, 0.08 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly and posteriorly, two groups of lateral setae more abundant anteriorly, extending from base to distal margin, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium longer than claws (Fig. 2 D); wing: length 2.50 mm (N = 3) (Fig. 2 E). Abdomen: trichoid sensilla not visible; 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few scattered lateral and mesal setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, tergite 1 shorter than oth- er tergites, ½ length of 2 nd tergite, 8 th tergite bare, narrow, longer sublaterally than mesally; 2 nd- 8 th sternites more sclerotized than tergites, rectangular, as long as tergites, with a posterior row of setae, several mesal and lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; 8 th sternite with scattered setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 2 F): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.16 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (N = 2); gonostylus ovoid, 0.05 mm long, 0.04 mm wide; hypoproct deeply bilobed, rounded apically. Female: Body length: 3.50 - 4.70 mm (N = 4). Head: 0.40 - 0.60 mm long, 0.50 mm wide, antennae: scape 0.12 - 0.13 mm long, 0.05 - 0.07 mm wide (N = 4), pedicel 0.05 - 0.07 mm long, 0.05 - 0.07 mm wide (N = 4), 1 st- 11 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.04 mm wide, circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected subbasally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 3 A), flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, 1 st flagellomere 0.25 mm long (N = 4), 2 nd flagellomeres 0.19 - 0.21 mm long (N = 4), 3 rd flagellomere 0.18 - 0.20 mm long (N = 4), 4 th flagellomere 0.18 - 0.19 mm long (N = 5), 5 th and 6 th flagellomeres 0.17 - 0.20 mm long (N = 4), 7 th flagellomere 0.17 - 0.19 mm long (N = 4), 8 th flagellomere 0.16 - 0.18 mm long (N = 4), 9 th flagellomere 0.14 - 0.15 mm long (N = 4), 10 th flagellomere 0.11 - 0.12 mm long (N = 4), 11 flagellomere 0.06 - 0.08 mm long, 12 th flagellomere 0.04 - 0.045 mm long (Fig. 3 B); mouthparts: labrum 0.11 mm long, 0.035 mm wide (N = 2), hypopharynx 0.16 mm long, 0.035 mm wide (N = 2), labellum 0.05 - 0.07 mm long, 0.02 - 0.04 mm wide at midlength (N = 4), palpus 0.19 - 0.23 mm long (N = 4): 1 st segment globose 0.02 - 0.03 mm long, 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide (N = 4), 2 nd segment cylindrical 0.06 - 0.065 mm long, 0.025 - 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 4), 3 rd segment conical 0.11 - 0.14 mm long and 0.02 mm wide at midlength (N = 4). Thorax: wing length: 2.90 - 3.00 mm (N = 3); tarsal claw more robust than in male (Fig. 3 C). Abdomen (Fig. 3 D): trichoid sensillae not visible, 1 st- 7 th tergites as in male, 8 th tergite with posterior margin with lobes 0.15 - 17 mm long (N = 2), 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male, 6 th sternite 0.34 mm long (N = 1), 7 th sternite rectangular 0.54 - 0.63 mm long, 1.84 - 1.85 × length sternite 6 (N = 3), setose, mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 0.54 - 0.65 mm long (N = 3), 1.00 - 1.20 × length sternite 7 (N = 2). Other characters as in male. Pupa (Fig. 4 A): Color: brownish. Body length: 2.80 - 4.20 mm (N = 8). Head (Fig. 4 B): face with lateral projection; antennal horn 0.23 - 0.30 mm long (N = 5), conical, pointed, inner margin serrated, distal part longer than basal part; dorsal plate 0.12 - 0.21 mm long. 0.40 - 0.53 mm wide (N = 6), apical seta 0.03 - 0.035 mm long (N = 5); upper facial horn bifid, 0.06 mm long (N = 6), conical; three lower facial horns not aligned, 0.03 mm long (N = 3); two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally. Thorax: integument wrinkled (Fig. 4 C); prothoracic spiracle, 0.11 - 0.12 mm long, longer than antennal basal width, setiform, conspicuously curved (N = 5) (Fig. 4 D). Larva: Body: 2.30 - 2.60 mm long (N = 5); head 0.04 mm long, 0.081 mm wide (N = 2). Spatula (Fig. 5 B) quadridentate, 0.24 - 0.25 mm long (N = 4), lateral teeth longer than mesal, 0.03 mm long, mesal teeth 0.02 mm long (N = 3); three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Terminal segment 0.07 - 0.08 mm long (N = 3). Terminal segment with no visible papillae in the slides (terminal segment smashed). Gall: On leaf and stem, conical, green, glabrous, complex, one-chambered on Struthanthus acuminatus (Ruiz. & Pav.) Kuijt) (Loranthaceae) (Fig. 5 C).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D206944FFF5FA9AF8C3FD6BF86F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype male, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia, Praia do Kutuca, 21. VI. 2020, Rodrigues, A. col. (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69762). Paratypes: MALES – same data as holotype: 2 ♂♂ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69763, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69764); FEMALES – same data as holotype: 2 ♀♀ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69768, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69769); 28. VIII. 2010: 2 ♀♀ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69766, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69767); Praia Suja, 18. IX. 2020: 1 ♀ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69765); PUPAL EXUVIAE – same data as holotype: 2 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69771, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69778); 24. VII. 2010: 8 pupal exuviae (3: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69770, 2: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69773, 3: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69774); 28. VIII. 2010: 2 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69775); 18. IX. 2020: 1 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69776); 25. II. 2011: 2 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69772, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69777); PUPA – 25. II. 2011: 1 pupa (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69772); THIRD INSTAR LARVAE – 26. V. 2010: 4 larvae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69781); 24. VII. 2010: 8 larvae (4: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69779, 4: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69780).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D206944FFF5FA9AF8C3FD6BF86F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name " braziliensis ″ refers to the country where the type-material was collected. Geographic distribution (based on gall records on the host plant): Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Mangaratiba municipality (Rodrigues et al., 2014).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D206944FFF5FA9AF8C3FD6BF86F.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Only two species of Asphondylia were previously known from Struthanthus: A. parasiticola Möhn 1960, inducer of stem and fruit galls on Struthanthus marginatus, described from El Salvador, and A. struthanthi Rübsaamen 1915, inducer of fruit galls on Struthanthus sp., described from Brazil (Gagné & Jaschhof, 2021). Asphondylia braziliensis differs from A. parasiticola in the following morphological characters: (1) larva: spatula with stalk longer in A. parasiticola than in A. braziliensis, apical teeth weakly indented in A. parasiticola and deeply indented in A. braziliensis, 1915 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Data on the last two species were obtained from literature. mesal teeth somewhat longer in A. parasiticola than in A. braziliensis, mesal teeth pointed in A. parasiticola and rounded apically in A. braziliensis, 4 setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula in A. parasiticola, 3 setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula in A. braziliensis (Fig. 5 A × Fig. 4 C); (2) pupa: antennal horns truncate in ventral view in A. parasiticola and pointed in A. braziliensis, upper facial horn bifid in A. parasiticola and simple in A. braziliensis, one lower facial horn in A. parasiticola and three in A. braziliensis (Fig. 5 B × Fig. 3 E); (3) female: the new species has body longer, all segments of the palpi shorter, scape, pedicel, 1 st, 5 th and 9 th flagellomeres shorter, 10 th flagellomeres longer, 11 th shorter or equal and 12 th equal or longer in A. braziliensis than in A. parasiticola (Table 1). The male of A. parasiticola is unknown. Asphondylia braziliensis differs from A. struthanthi in the following morphological characters: (1) larva: spatula: stalk longer in A. struthanthi than in A. braziliensis, base of spatula truncate in A. struthanthi and anchor-shaped in A. braziliensis, mesal teeth divergent in A. struthanthi and parallel in A. braziliensis (Fig. 5 C × Fig. 4 C); (2) pupa: the upper frontal horn is bifid in A. struthanthi and conical in A. braziliensis (Fig. 6 A × Fig. 3 E), the prothoracic spiracle is cylindrical in A. struthanthi and setiform in A. braziliensis (Fig. 6 B × Fig. 3 F);	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20694DFFF3F99FF943FB53F9CF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Male hypoproct rounded apically, slightly bilobed, ovipositor with needle part about 2.02 - 2.14 × length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn 0.20 - 0.26 mm long, upper facial horn single and conical, three lower frontal horns aligned, 8 th abdominal segment with 7 - 8 dorsal spines in the posterior row, larva: spatula with lateral teeth longer than mesal ones, mesal teeth pointed apically, three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Male: Body: 2.60 - 3.05 mm long (N = 3). Head (Fig. 7 A): 0.55 mm long, 0.55 mm- 0.60 mm wide (N = 3), eye facets circular, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused (Fig. 7 B), scape obovate, setose, 0.10 - 0.11 mm long, 0.05 - 0.06 mm wide (N = 4), pedicel globose, setose, 0.04 - 0.06 mm long, 0.05 - 0.06 mm wide, 1 st- 9 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide, circumfila longitudinally wavy, dense, anastomosing, equally spread along segments (Fig. 7 C), 1 st flagellomere 0.21 - 0.22 mm long (N = 4), 2 nd flagellomere 0.17 - 0.19 mm long (N = 4), 3 rd- 7 th flagellomeres 0.17 - 0.18 mm long (N = 4), 8 th- 10 th flagellomeres 0.16 mm long (N = 2), 11 th flagellomere 0.15 - 0.16 mm long (N = 2), 12 th flagellomeres 0.15 mm long (N = 2) (Fig. 7 D), proportion flagellomere node / neck: 1: 16; frons with 37 - 40 setae (male, N = 2); mouthparts: labrum long-attenuated, 0.07 - 0.08 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 2); hypopharynx of the same shape as labrum, 0.09 - 0.13 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 3) with long, anteriorly-directed lateral setulae; labella elongate and convex, 0.04 - 0.05 mm long, 0.02 - 0,03 mm wide (N- 3), with lateral and mesal setae; palpus 0.11 - 0.14 mm long: 1 st segment globoid, 0.02 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 3), 2 nd segment cylindrical, 0.03 - 0.04 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 3), 3 rd segment fusiform, 0.06 - 0.08 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 3), all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly and posteriorly, two groups of lateral setae more abundant anteriorly, extending from base to distal margin, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron and anepistenum setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium longer than claws (Fig. 7 E); wing: length 2.20 - 2.30 mm (N = 3). Abdomen (Fig. 8 A): trichoid sensilla not visible; 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few scattered lateral setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 1 st tergite shorter than other tergites, 1 / 35 × length of 2 nd tergite, 8 th tergite band-like, bare; 2 nd- 8 th sternites more sclerotized than tergites, rectangular, as long as tergites, with a posterior row of setae, several setae and midlength, few lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; 8 th sternite with scattered setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 8 B): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.14 mm long, 0.07 - 0.09 mm wide (N = 2); gonostylus ovoid, 0.05 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2); hypoproct slightly bilobed, rounded apically. Female: Body length: 2.80 - 2.90 mm (N = 2). Head: 0.05 mm long, 0.04 mm long (N = 2), antennae: scape 0.11 mm long, 0.05 mm wide (N = 1), pedicel 0.05 - 0.07 mm long, 0.06 - 0.07 mm wide (N = 2), 1 st- 11 th flagellomeres cylindrical, circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected subbasally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 9 A), 1 st flagellomere 0.23 - 0.28 mm long, 0.05 mm wide (N = 2), 2 nd flagellomere 0.28 mm long. 0.05 mm wide (N = 1), 3 rd flagellomere 0.16 - 0.18 mm long, 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide (N = 2), 4 th- 5 th flagellomeres 0.15 - 0.18 mm long, 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide (N = 2), 6 th flagellomere 0.15 - 0.17 mm long, 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide (N = 2), 7 th flagellomere 0.17 mm long, 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide (N = 1), 8 th flagellomere 0.14 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), 9 th flagellomere 0.10 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), 10 th flagellomere 0.08 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), 11 th flagellomere 0.05 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), 12 th flagellomere globose, 0.04 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1); proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 15; frons with 26 setae; mouthparts: labrum 0.05 - 0.05 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), hypopharynx 0.10 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), labellum 0.04 - 0.045 mm long, 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 2), palpus 0.14 mm long (N = 1): 1 st segment globose 0.02 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 1), 2 nd segment cylindrical 0.05 mm long, 0.02 mm wide at midlength (N = 1), 3 rd segment fusiform 0.07 mm long, 0.01 mm wide at midlength (N = 1). Thorax: wing length: 2.30 - 2.40 mm (N = 2) (Fig. 9 B); tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium longer than claws (Fig. 9 C). Abdomen (Fig. 9 D): trichoid sensillae not visible, 1 st- 7 th tergites as in male, 8 th tergite with posterior margin with lobes 0.08 - 0.09 mm long (N = 2), 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male, 6 th sternite 0.23 mm long (N = 2), 7 th sternite 0.42 mm long, 1.82 × length of sternite 6 (N = 2), setose, mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 0,85 - 0.90 mm long, 2.02 - 2.14 × length sternite 7 (N = 2). Other characters as in male. Pupa (Fig. 10 A): Color: brownish. Body length: 2.70 - 3.15 mm (N = 10). Head (Fig. 10 B): dorsal plate 0.15 - 0.17 mm long, 0.40 - 0.46 mm wide (N = 7), antennal horn 0.20 - 0.26 mm long (N = 10), conical, pointed, inner margin serrated, distal part shorter than basal part; apical seta 0.04 mm long (N = 7), antennal width 0.06 - 0.07 mm; one upper facial horn conical, 0.02 mm long (N = 5); three lower facial horns aligned, 0.01 mm long (N = 5); two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally, face with lateral projection. Thorax: prothoracic spiracle 0.10 - 0.11 mm long (N = 6), 1.3 × antennal basal width, setiform, not curved (N = 6) (Fig. 10 C), integument wrinkled (Fig. 10 D). Abdomen: segments 2 - 8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines at basal half (Fig. 10 E); posterior row with 19 - 27 spines in the 2 nd segment, 17 - 25 in the 3 rd, 18 - 24 in the 4 th, 15 - 22 in the 5 th, 15 - 23 in the 6 th, 12 - 19 in the 7 th and 7 - 8 in the 8 th. Larva: Body: 2.10 mm long (N = 1); head 0.05 mm long, 0.8 mm wide (N = 2). Spatula (Fig. 11 A) quadridentate, 0.21 mm long (N = 1), lateral teeth longer than mesal, 0.035 mm long, mesal teeth 0.002 - 0.03 mm long (N = 2); three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Terminal segment 0.06 mm long, four pairs of terminal papillae (three setose, one shorter than the others, and one corniform) (N = 1). Gall: On flower bud, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae) (Fig. 11 B).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20694DFFF3F99FF943FB53F9CF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype male, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Maricá, APA de Maricá, 11. VIII. 1990, V. Maia col. (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69782). Paratypes: MALES – same data as holotype: 1 ♂ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69783); 01. IX. 1997: 2 ♂♂ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69786, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69787); Arraial do Cabo, 11. VIII. 1990: 2 ♂♂ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69784, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69785); FEMALES – same data as holotype: 3 ♀♀ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69788: 1, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69789: 2); PUPAL EXUVIAE – same data as holotype: 12 pupal exuviae (1: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69791, 4: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69793, 4: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69795, 3: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69796); 01. IX. 1997: 2 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69797); 07. VIII. 1998: 3 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69790); 28. IX. 1990: 1 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69794); Carapebus, 29. VII. 1998: 4 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69792); THIRD INSTAR LARVAE – APA de Maricá, 18. V. 2021: 1 larva (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69798); 08. IX. 1988: 2 larvae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69799). Additional material: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, APA de Maricá, MALES – same data as holotype: (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69800, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69801); PUPAL EXUVIAE – same data as holotype: 11 pupal exuviae (1: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69803, 6: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69806, 4: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69809); Carapebus, 29. VII. 1998, 6 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69802); 26. IX. 1998: 5 pupal exuviae (3: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69804, 2: MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69805); APA de Maricá, 07. VIII. 1988: 3 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69807); 01. IX. 1997: 1 pupal exuvia (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69808).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20694DFFF3F99FF943FB53F9CF.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name " fluminensis ″ means " of Rio de Janeiro State ″. Geographic distribution (based on gall records on the host plant): Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari), Maricá, Arraial do Cabo and Carapebus (Maia, 2013).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20694DFFF3F99FF943FB53F9CF.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Asphondylia erythroxylis Möhn 1959 is the only previously described congeneric species on Erythroxylum P. Browne. It induces fruit galls on E. mexicanum and is known from El Salvador (Gagné & Jaschhof, 2021). The new species differs from A. erythroxylis in the following morphological characters: (1) larva: the mesal teeth of A. fluminensis is clearly deeper than those of A. erythroxylis (Fig. 11 C); (2) female: the body of A. fluminensis is longer and the last three flagellomeres are shorter in the new species than in A. erythroxylis. Furthermore, the last three flagellomeres are subequal in length in the new species, while in A. erythroxylis they are progressively shorter toward apex (Table 2). The male and pupa of A. erythroxylis are unknown.	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20694BFFEFF985F983FA0CFD8F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Male hypoproct rounded apically, deeply bilobed, ovipositor with needle part about 1.13 - 1.16 × length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn 0.23 - 0.29 mm long, upper facial horn single and conical, three lower frontal horns aligned, 8 th abdominal segment with 6 - 9 dorsal spines in the posterior row. Male: Body length: 3.50 - 3.65 mm long (N = 2). Head: 0.50 mm long, 0.50 mm wide (N = 2), eye facets circular, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape obovate, setose, 0.12 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (N = 2), pedicel globose, setose, 0.07 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (N = 2), 1 st- 12 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.05 mm wide, circumfila longitudinally wavy, dense, anastomosing, equally spread along segments (Fig. 12 A), 1 st flagellomere 0.25 - 0.26 mm long (N = 2), 2 nd flagellomere 0.22 - 0.23 mm long (N = 2), 3 rd- 4 th flagellomeres 0.20 - 0.21 mm long (N = 2), 5 th- 6 th flagellomeres 0.20 - 0.22 mm long (N = 2), 7 th flagellomere 0.20 - 0.23 mm long (N = 2), 8 th flagellomere 0.20 - 0.22 mm long (N = 2), 9 th flagellomeres 0.20 - 0.21 mm long (N = 2), 10 th flagellomere 0.19 mm long (N = 2), 11 th flagellomere 0.18 - 0.19 mm long (N = 2), 12 th flagellomere 0.17 mm long (N = 2); proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 10; frons with 25 setae (N = 1); mouthparts: labrum, hypopharynx and labella kneaded; palpus (Fig. 12 B) 0.18 - 0.19 mm long: 1 st segment globoid, 0.02 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), 2 nd segment cylindrical, 0.05 mm long, 0.02 mm wide, 3 rd segment fusiform, 0.11 - 0.12 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly, two groups of lateral setae more abundant anteriorly, extending from base to distal margin, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium as long as claws (Fig. 12 C); wing: length 2.70 mm (N = 1). Abdomen (Fig. 12 D): trichoid sensilla not visible; 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few scattered lateral setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 1 st tergite shorter than other tergites, ⅓ × length of 2 nd tergite, 8 th tergite band-like, bare; 2 nd- 8 th sternites more sclerotized than tergites, rectangular, as long as tergites, with a posteri- or row of setae, several setae and midlength, few lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; 8 th sternite with scattered setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 12 E): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.14 - 0.16 mm long, 0.07 - 0.08 mm wide (N = 2); gonostylus ovoid, 0.05 mm long, 0.05 mm wide; hypoproct deeply bilobed, rounded apically. Female: Body length: 4.00 - 4.50 mm (N = 3). Head (Fig. 13 A): 0.45 - 0.55 mm long, 0.50 - 0.55 mm wide (N = 3), facets circular, antennae: scape 0.13 - 0.14 mm long, 0.05 - 0.08 mm wide (N = 3), pedicel 0.07 - 0.08 mm long, 0.07 - 0.08 mm wide (N = 3), 1 st- 10 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.05 mm wide, circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected subbasally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 13 B), 1 st flagellomere 0.28 - 0.31 mm long (N = 3), 2 nd flagellomere 0.22 - 0.25 mm long (N = 3), 3 rd flagellomere 0.21 - 0.23 mm long (N = 3), 4 th flagellomere 0.21 - 0.24 mm long (N = 3), 5 th flagellomere 0.22 - 0.24 mm long (N = 3), 6 th flagellomere 0.21 - 0.24 mm long (N = 3), 7 th flagellomere 0.22 - 0.23 mm long (N = 3), 8 th flagellomere 0.20 - 0.22 mm long, 9 th flagellomere 0.16 - 0.18 mm long, 10 th flagellomere 0.10 - 0.13 mm long, 11 - 12 th flagellomeres 0.06 - 0.07 mm long (Fig. 13 C), proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 11; mouthparts: labrum 0.08 - 0.10 mm long, 0.035 mm wide (N = 1), hypopharynx 0.14 mm long, 0.035 mm wide (N = 1), labellum 0.06 - 0.07 mm long, 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 2), palpus 0.24 mm long (N = 3): 1 st segment globose 0.03 mm long and 0.03 - 0.04 mm wide (N = 3), 2 nd segment cylindrical 0.05 mm long, 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 3), 3 rd segment ellipsoidal, 0.16 mm long, 0.025 - 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 3). Thorax: wing length: 2.80 - 3.10 mm (N = 3) (Fig. 13 D). Abdomen (Fig. 13 E): trichoid sensillae not visible, 1 st- 7 th tergites as in male, 8 th tergite with posterior margin with lobes 0.12 - 0.14 mm long (N = 3), 2), sternites 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male, 6 th sternite 0.35 - 0.39 mm long (N = 2), 7 th sternite 0.56 - 0.59 mm long, 1.51 - 1.60 × length of 6 th sternite, setose, mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 1.13 - 1.16 mm long, 1.16 - 2.02 × length sternite 7 (N = 2). Other characters as in male. Pupa (Fig. 14 A): Color: brownish. Body length: 3.50 - 4.00 mm (N = 4). Head (Fig. 14 B): dorsal plate 0.43 mm long, 0.17 mm wide (N = 2), antennal horn 0.23 - 0.29 mm long (N = 3), conical, rounded apically, inner margin serrated, distal part shorter than basal part; apical seta 0.025 mm long (N = 1); antennal width 0.08 mm (N = 3), one upper facial horn conical, 0.04 mm long (N = 3); three lower facial horns aligned, 0.03 mm long (N = 3); two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally, face with lateral projection. Thorax: prothoracic spiracle 0.11 - 0.13 mm long (N = 4), 1.37 - 1.62 × antennal width, setiform, conspicuously curved (N = 2) (Fig. 14 C), integument wrinkled (Fig. 14 D). Abdomen (Fig. 14 E): segments 2 - 8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines at basal half; posterior row with 11 - 15 spines in the 2 nd segment, 13 - 16 in the 3 rd, 12 - 16 in the 4 th, 11 - 17 in the 5 th, 10 - 17 in the 6 th, 9 - 12 in the 7 th and 6 - 9 in the 8 th.	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D206957FFE8F9E5F883FD69FE0F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Male hypoproct simple, pointed apically ovipositor with needle part about 1.89 - 200 × length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn 0.24 - 0.27 mm long, upper facial horn single and conical, three lower frontal horns aligned, 8 th abdominal segment with 10 - 11 dorsal spines in the posterior row, larva: spatula with lateral and mesal teeth subequal in length, mesal teeth rounded apically, three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Male: Body length: 2.70 - 2.80 mm (N = 3). Head (Fig. 15 A): 0.40 mm long, 0.40 mm wide (N = 2), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape obovate, setose, 0.10 - 0.11 mm long, 0,05 mm wide (N = 3), pedicel globose, setose, 0.05 - 0.06 mm long, 0.05 - 0.06 mm wide (N = 3), 1 st- 10 th flagellomeres cylindrical (11 th- 12 th flagellomeres missing), circumfila longitudinally sinuous, equally spread along segments (Fig. 15 B), 1 st flagellomere 0.16 - 0.20 mm long, 0.05 - 0.06 mm wide (N = 4), 2 nd flagellomere 0.19 - 0.20 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 3), 3 rd flagellomere 0.17 - 0.18 mm long, 0.04 - 0.05 mm wide (N = 3), 4 th flagellomere 0.15 - 0.17 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 3), 5 th flagellomere 0.16 - 0.19 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 3), 6 th flagellomere 0.16 - 0.17 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), 7 th flagellomere 0.16 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), 8 th flagellomere 0.15 - 0.16 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), 9 th flagellomere 0.15 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 2), 10 th flagellomere 0.14 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), proportion flagellomere neck-node: 1: 10; frons corrugated; mouthparts: labrum long-attenuate 0.07 mm long, 0.03 mm wide; hypopharynx of the same shape as labrum, 0.10 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 1) with long, anteriorly-directed lateral setulae; labella elongate and convex, with lateral and mesal setae (labella length and width not measured as they are smashed); palpus 0.12 - 0.14 mm (N = 2), 1 st segment globoid, 0.02 mm long, 0.2 mm wide (N = 2), 2 nd segment cylindrical, 0.04 - 0.05 mm long, 0.02 - 0.025 mm wide (N = 2), 3 rd segment cylindrical. 0.06 - 0.07 mm long, 0.025 mm wide (N = 2), all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly, and one irregular lateral row of setae on each side, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron and anepisternum setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium as long as claws (Fig. 15 C); wing (Fig. 15 D): length 1.90 - 2.50 mm (N = 4). Abdomen (Fig. 15 E): trichoid sensillae not visible; 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 1 st tergite shorter than other tergites, ½ × length of 2 nd tergite, tergite 8 th band-like, bare; 2 nd- 8 th sternites more sclerotized than tergites, rectangular; 2 nd- 6 th sternites with a posterior row of setae, several setae at midlength, few lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; 7 th sternites with a posterior row of setae, several mesal setae, few lateral setae, 8 th sternite entirely covered with setae, more abundant posteriorly, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 15 F): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.12 - 0.13 mm long (N = 3), gonostylus spherical, 0.04 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), hypoproct simple, pointed apically. few lateral setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8 th tergite with distal margin with lobes 0.09 mm long (N = 1), 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male, 6 th sternite 0.20 - 0.21 mm long (N = 3); 7 th sternite 0.40 - 0.45 mm long, 2.00 - 2.14 × length sternite 6 (N = 3), setose and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 0.80 - 0.85 mm long, 1.89 - 2.00 × length sternite 7 (N = 3). Other characters as in male.	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20695DFFE0F9FFF843FA43F94F.taxon	description	(Figs. 19 A- 21 C)	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20695DFFE0F9FFF843FA43F94F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Male hypoproct rounded apically, deeply bilobed, ovipositor with needle part about 2.45 × length 7 th sternite; pupa: antennal horn 0.20 - 0.25 mm long, upper facial horn single and conical, three lower frontal horns not aligned, 8 th abdominal segment with 7 - 10 dorsal spines in the posterior row, larva: spatula with lateral and mesal teeth subequal in length, mesal teeth round- ed apically, three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Male: Body: 3.20 mm long (N = 1). Head: 0.45 mm long, 0.45 mm wide (N = 1), eye facets circular, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape obovate, setose, 0.06 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (N = 1), pedicel globose, setose, 0.05 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (N = 1), 1 st- 7 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.04 mm wide (8 th to 12 th flagellomeres missing), circumfila longitudinally wavy, dense, anastomosing, equally spread along segments, 1 st flagellomeres 0.22 mm long (N = 1), 2 nd- 7 th flagellomeres 0.17 - 0.18 mm long (N = 1), proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 09; frons smashed; mouthparts smashed. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly, two groups of lateral setae more abundant anteriorly, extending from base to distal margin, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, empodium as long as claws; wing smashed. Abdomen: trichoid sensilla not visible; 1 st- 7 th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few scattered lateral setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8 th tergite tergite 8 th band-like, bare; 2 nd- 8 th sternites sclerotized, rectangular, narrower than tergites, with a posterior row of setae, several setae and midlength, few lateral setae, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; 8 th sternite with setae at ⅔ distal and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 19 A): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.15 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (N = 1); gonostylus ovoid, 0.06 mm long, 0.05 mm wide (N = 1); hypoproct deeply bilobed, rounded apically. Female: Body length: 3.20 mm (N = 1). Head (Fig. 19 B): 0.40 mm long, 0.35 mm wide, antennae: scape 0.09 mm long, 0.05 mm wide, pedicel 0.05 mm long, 0.05 mm wide, 1 st- 11 th flagellomeres cylindrical, all 0.04 mm wide, circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected subbasally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 19 C), flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, 1 st flagellomere 0.24 mm long, 2 nd- 6 th flagellomeres 0.17 - 0.18 mm long, 7 th flagellomere 0.15 mm long (N = 4), 8 th flagellomere 0.14 mm long (N = 1), 9 th flagellomere 0.09 mm long (N = 1), 10 th flagellomere 0.07 mm long, 11 flagellomere 0.06 mm long, 12 th flagellomere 0.04 mm long (Fig. 19 D); proportion flagellomere neck-node 1: 15; mouthparts: labrum 0.07 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), hypopharynx 0.11 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), labellum 0.07 mm long, 0.04 mm wide at midlength, with 5 pairs of mesal setae (N = 1); palpus 0.22 mm long (N = 1): 1 st segment globose 0.02 mm long, 0.02 mm wide (N = 2), 2 nd segment cylindrical 0.05 mm long, 0.02 mm wide at midlength (N = 2), 3 rd segment claviform 0.15 mm long and 0.02 - 0.03 mm wide at midlength (N = 2). Thorax: wing length: 2.35 mm (N = 1) (Fig. 19 E); tarsal claws more sclerotized and robust than in male (Fig. 19 F). Abdomen: trichoid sensillae not visible, 1 st- 7 th tergites as in male, 8 th tergite with posterior margin with lobes 0.07 - 0.08 mm long (N = 2), 2 nd- 6 th sternites as in male, 6 th sternite 0.17 - 020 mm long (N = 2), 7 th sternite 0.35 - 45 mm long (N = 1), 2.05 - 2.25 × length sternite 6 (N = 2), setose (except basally), mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor (Fig. 19 G): needle part 0.86 mm long (N = 1), 2.45 x length sternite 7 (N = 1). Other characters as in male. Pupa (Fig. 20 A): Color: brownish. Body length: 2.90 - 3.20 mm (N = 3). Head (Fig. 20 B): dorsal plate 0.38 - 0.40 mm long, 0.18 - 0.20 mm wide (N = 2); antennal horn 0.20 - 0.25 mm long (N = 3), conical, pointed, distal part longer than basal part, inner margin serrated; dorsal plate 0.20 mm long, 0.39 - 0.40 mm wide (N = 3), apical seta 0.05 mm long (N = 3); one upper facial horn conical, 0.07 - 0.11 mm long (N = 3); three lower facial horns not aligned, 0.04 mm long (N = 2); two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally; face with pronounced lateral projection. Thorax: prothoracic spiracle 0.10 mm long (N = 2), as long as antennal basal width, setiform, slightly curved (N = 5) (Fig. 20 C), integument wrinkled (Fig. 20 D). Abdomen: segments 2 - 8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines at basal half; posterior row with 26 - 30 spines in the 2 nd segment (N = 3), 24 - 31 in the 3 rd (N = 3), 24 - 29 in the 4 th (N = 3), 20 - 28 in the 5 th (N = 3), 20 - 22 in the 6 th (N = 3), 13 - 18 in the 7 th (N = 3), 7 - 10 in the 8 th (N = 3). Larva (Fig. 21 A): Body: 2.20 mm long (N = 1); head retracted. Spatula (Fig. 21 B) quadridentate, 0.24 mm long (n = 1), lateral and mesal teeth subequal in length (0.02 mm long) (N = 1), lateral teeth more pointed than mesal; three setose lateral papillae on each side of spatula. Terminal segment smashed. Gall: on fruit, globoid, green, glabrous, multichambered on Heliotropium sp. (Heliotropiaceae) (Fig. 21 C).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20695DFFE0F9FFF843FA43F94F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype male, BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia, Praia Grande, 16. XII. 2009, A. R. Rodrigues leg. (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69833). Paratypes: FEMALES – Praia do Kutuca, 18. VII. 2010: 2 ♀♀ (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69834, MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69835); PUPAL EXUVIAE – same data as holotype, 1 pupal exuvia (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69837); Praia do Kutuca, 18. VII. 2020: 2 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69838); PUPA – 1 pupa (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69836); THIRD INSTAR LARVA – Praia do Kutuca, 25. II. 2011: 1 larva (MNRJ-ENT 1 - 69839).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20695DFFE0F9FFF843FA43F94F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species is named in honor of Dr. Roberto Xerez (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro) responsible for collection permission in the locality-type (area of the Brazilian Navy). Geographic distribution: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Mangaratiba municipality (Rodrigues et al., 2014).	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
C4474D20695DFFE0F9FFF843FA43F94F.taxon	discussion	Remarks: There is only one previously known species of Asphondylia on Heliotropiacae, A. tournefortiae Rübsaamen 1915 on Heliotropium angustiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Govaerts (reported as Tournefortia angustiflora Ruiz & Pav.) and Myriopus volubilis Small (reported as T. volubilis L) from Brazil. Adults of Asphondylia xerezi Maia, sp. nov. have longer body and shorter scape, pedicel and flagellomeres (Table 5) than in A. tournefortiae. The larval spatula of A. xerezi is longer than in A. tournefortiae Rübsaamen, 1915. In addition, mesal and lateral teeth are subequal in length the new species, while in A. tournefortiae mesal teeth are shorter than lateral ones (Fig. 21 B × Fig. 21 D). amen 1915 and A. xerezi Maia, sp. nov. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Data on the first species were obtained from literature. Caires, C. S. & Dettke, G. A. 2023. Struthanthus. In: Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available: https: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / FB 8703. Access: 12 / 02 / 2023. Carvalho-Fernandes, S. P.; Ascendino, S.; Maia, V. C. & Couri, M. S. 2016. Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 88 (3): 1407 - 1418. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765201620150658. Coelho, M. S.; Almada, E. D.; Fernandes, G. W.; Carneiro, M. A. A.; Santos, R. M.; Quintino, A. V. & Sanchez-Azofeifa, A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 53 (3): 404 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262009000300015. Gagné, R. J. 1994. The gall midges of the Neotropical region. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 352 p. Gagné, R. J. & Jaschhof, M. 2021. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 5. ed. Digital. 813 p. Lorenzi, H. & Matos, F. J. A. 2008. Plantas medicinais no Brasil. Nova Odessa, Instituto Plantarum. 544 p. Maia, V. C. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18 (2): 305 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752001000200028. Maia, V. C. 2013. Galhas de insetos em restingas da região sudeste do Brasil com novos registros. Biota Neotropica, 13 (1): 183 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032013000100021. Maia, V. C. 2021. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): richness of species and distribution in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 21 (2): 1 - 35, e 20201038. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - BN- 2020 - 1038. Maia, V. C.; Cardoso, J. L. T. & Braga, J. M. A. 2014. Insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, 33: 47 - 129. Melo, J. I. M. 2023. Heliotropium. In: Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available: https: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / FB 16538. Access: 09 / 03 / 2023. Miller, J. S. 2013. A revision of Cordia section Gerascanthus (Boraginales: Cordiaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 7: 55 - 83. Miller, J. S. & Gottschling, M. 2007. Generic classification in the Cordiaceae (Boraginales): resurrection of the genus Varronia P. Br. Taxon, 56 (1): 163 - 169. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25065747. Möhn, E. 1959. Gallmücken (Diptera, Itonididae) aus El Salvador. 1. Teil. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 40 (5 / 6): 297 - 368. Möhn, E. 1960. Gallmücken (Diptera, Itonididae) aus El Salvador. 2. Teil. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 41 (3 / 4): 197 - 240. Rodrigues, A. R.; Maia, V. C. & Couri, M. S. 2014. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira	en	Maia, Valéria Cid (2024): Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-30, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008, URL: https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/215879
