taxonID	type	description	language	source
B87487CAFFAAFF8628AEF998FB38FC67.taxon	materials_examined	Type: ─ MALAYSIA: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Lata Jarum. 03 55.92 º N, 102 01.99 º E. 29 December 2005, LJ 4 a 1. Male. (Holotype UKMB!). Holoparasite. Mature bud ca. 15 cm in diameter, reddish orange (FIG. 2 A). Bracts black, thin and scaly, innermost largest, outermost smallest. Flower up to 41 cm in diameter when fully mature (FIG. 2 B). Perigone lobes 5, innermost smallest ca. to 15 cm long and 10 cm wide, outermost widest ca. to 21 cm long and 15 cm wide, bright red. Warts cover perigone lobes, whitish light red, 84 – 91 warts per lobe, distribution well-spaced, variable in size, 4 – 13 mm long, 3 – 13 mm wide. Diaphragm whitish light brown, pentagonal, with aperture in the middle, 6.5 – 7.5 cm wide from aperture to the base of perigone lobes, covered with small and unclear warts, ca. to 3 mm wide. Aperture 7 – 7.5 cm in diameter. Perigone tube up to 13 cm high from base of tube towards aperture. Window pattern inside the perigone tube is well spaced, elongated and densely arranged warts occur near the aperture, rounded and well-spaced warts toward ramenta, wart shape irregular (FIG. 2 C). The shape of warts under window towards ramenta are polymorphic and mostly mushroom-shaped, with a white tip. Ramenta white head, capitate, slender, 9 – 11 mm long, unbranched (FIG. 2 D). Disk 10 cm in diameter, dark brown at the edge, light brown in the middle and bearing processes (FIG. 2 E). Processes 25, brown, darker towards tip and lighther towards base, star-shaped tip, up to 2 cm long, wider at the base ca. 5 mm wide. Column ca. 8 cm wide, deeply grooved, triangular sulci, no hairs. Annulus 1, dark brown almost black, 3 – 4 mm wide. Anthers 24, 4 mm in diameter, arranged in a circle at lower surface of disk (FIG. 2 F). Pollen grain (FIG. 2 G) with 1 aperture, monoporate, prolate spheriodal, length of equatorial axis 16.68 ± 2.56 μm, length of polar axis 17.51 ± 2.55 μm.	en	Sofiyanti, Nery, Mat-Salleh, Kamarudin, Mahmud, Khairil, Mazlan, Nor Zuhailah, Ros, Mohd., Hasein, Albukharey, Burslem, David F. R. P. (2016): Rafflesia parvimaculata (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa 253 (3): 207-213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4
B87487CAFFAAFF8628AEF998FB38FC67.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Rafflesia parvimaculata is an endoparasitic species that grows on the root or stem of Tetrastigma sp. (Vitaceae). The specimen of Tetrastigma was not collected. This new species was collected in hill dipterocarp forest at an elevation of 200 to 400 m a. s. l. in the Lata Jarum Forest, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. A photograph of a Rafflesia from Perak (Peninsular Malaysia) (Courtesy of Siti Munirah M. Y, FRIM that has been deposited in the Kew Herbarium shows similar morphological characters to this new species, especially in the presence of numerous white small warts on the perigone lobes. Therefore we tentatively suggest that Rafflesia parvimaculata may also occur in Perak, although further exploration in this region is required to verify this conclusion.	en	Sofiyanti, Nery, Mat-Salleh, Kamarudin, Mahmud, Khairil, Mazlan, Nor Zuhailah, Ros, Mohd., Hasein, Albukharey, Burslem, David F. R. P. (2016): Rafflesia parvimaculata (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa 253 (3): 207-213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4
B87487CAFFAAFF8628AEF998FB38FC67.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to the numerous small warts on the perigone lobes. It is derived from the Latin parvi (small) and maculate (stain, spot, wart). Phenology: — Flowers were observed by us in February, March, September and December. Variation in the size of buds observed in February suggests that the flower can be found throughout the year independently of season. Conservation status: — All members of Rafflesia are totally protected plants in Malaysia due to its endangered status. The only known locality of R. parvimaculata in Lata Jarum, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia is a Forest Reserve where logging and other forms of disturbance are currently prohibited. Within the Lata Jarum Forest Reserve, the Forestry Department manages public education events, research and visits to flowering Rafflesia plants by tourists. These visits are supervised carefully to avoid disturbance to Rafflesia buds. During fieldwork we found a total of seven Rafflesia populations (defined as all Rafflesia infecting a single host plant) of which six populations were R. cantleyi and only one was R. parvimaculata. A total of 19 individuals of R. parvimaculata was found in the study site and, in addition, five swollen sections, with a diameter of about 1 – 2.5 cm, occurred on of the Tetrastigma stem. These swellings may indicate that the stem is infected, and represent sites from which new Rafflesia flower buds will emerge. Flower bud size of R. parvimaculata ranged from 3 cm to 15 cm in diameter. A total of four flowers bloomed during our visits, but only two of them were collected to avoid over-collection of this rare species.	en	Sofiyanti, Nery, Mat-Salleh, Kamarudin, Mahmud, Khairil, Mazlan, Nor Zuhailah, Ros, Mohd., Hasein, Albukharey, Burslem, David F. R. P. (2016): Rafflesia parvimaculata (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa 253 (3): 207-213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4
B87487CAFFA8FF8128AEFB9DFACFFD8F.taxon	description	In this paper we describe the new species Rafflesia parvimaculata, which is distinguished from other species in the genus by the presence of numerous small and spatially distinct warts on the perigone lobes. The proposed name for the new species reflects this character. To confirm the distinctiveness of R. parvimaculata from its congeners in Peninsular Malaysia we examined the expression of morphological characters on specimens of R. cantleyi and R. azlanii. We found that the states of three characters diagnose them as distinct species: the size and pattern of warts on the perigone lobes, window pattern and ramenta. R. parvimaculata shows the lowest extent of the perigone lobe covered by warts (30 – 41 % of total area) but the number of warts per perigone lobe is the highest of the three species (84 – 98). Hence this species is characterised by possession of numerous small warts (FIG. 2 B). By contrast, R. azlanii has the greatest extent of wart coverage on perigone lobes (58.2 – 72.5 %), but a low number of distinct warts (9.5 – 13) because they appear to have coalesced into a small number of clusters (FIG. 3 A). R. cantleyi has an intermediate cover (41 – 64 % of perigone lobe) and number (26 – 61) of distinct warts per perigone lobe. Hence R. cantleyi (FIG. 3 D) is distinguished by warts that are smaller and less aggregated than those of R. azlanii (FIG. 3 A) but larger than than those of R. parvimaculata (FIG 2 A). The structure and distribution of warts on the perigone lobes of other Rafflesia species are very different to those we have reported here for R. parvimaculata. The warts of most Rafflesia species identified from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Phillipines are not clearly visible because their color is the same as that of the perigone lobes. R. pricei (Meijer 1984), from East Malaysia and R. hasseltii from Indonesia have clear white warts but the pattern they form on the perigone lobes is different to that of R. parvimaculata. R. pricei has numerous elongated white warts (Meijer 1984), while R. hasseltii has scarce and large white warts (Sofiyanti et al. 2007). Most of the Rafflesia species from the Philippines have numerous warts on the perigone lobes, but the warts have a rough texture, and are smaller in size and displayed in a different pattern on the perigone lobes than in R. parvimaculata. The differential pattern of warts on the perigone lobes corresponds to that on the window among the three species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia that are compared explicitly in this paper. Therefore warts expressed on the window, as well as the wart on perigone lobes, were smallest and most clearly spatially distinct, especially towards the ramenta, in R. parvimaculata, well-spaced and larger in R. cantleyi and coalesced into larger units in R. azlanii (FIG 3 B). The presence of a red ring near the aperture is also diagnostic for R. parvimaculata (FIG 2 B) and R. cantleyi (FIG 3 E), but not for R. azlanii (FIG. 3 B), which confirms the descriptions of Adam et al. (2013) and Latiff & Wong (2003) for the latter two species. Comparison of the structure and arrangement of the ramenta among three Rafflesia species from Peninsular Malaysia supports the recognition of R. parvimaculata as a distinct species. The ramenta of R. parvimaculata are slender, capitate, unbranched, white in color and densely aranged (FIG. 2 D). The ramenta of both R. azlanii and R. cantleyi are branched, and the lower ramenta are dark red in color and loosely arranged (FIG. 3 C and FIG 3 F). Dark red ramenta are characteristic of all species of Rafflesia from Thailand and some of the Indonesian and Philippines species. White ramenta are found in R. hasseltii from Indonesia and R. lobata from the Philippines, however their characteristics are different from those R. parvimaculata. The ramenta tip of R. hasseltii is rough with darker red stalk towards the base, while the ramenta of R. lobata are shorter and smaller (Galang & Madulid, 2006) than in R. parvimaculata These comparisons suggest that the structure, color and arrangement of ramenta are useful diagnostic characters for separating Rafflesia, particularly those that have overlapping distributions in Peninsular Malaysia.	en	Sofiyanti, Nery, Mat-Salleh, Kamarudin, Mahmud, Khairil, Mazlan, Nor Zuhailah, Ros, Mohd., Hasein, Albukharey, Burslem, David F. R. P. (2016): Rafflesia parvimaculata (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa 253 (3): 207-213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.3.4
