identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B8432E30FFF9C0726491A93FED46F829.text	B8432E30FFF9C0726491A93FED46F829.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cycloporus decoratus Pitale & Apte 2021	<div><p>Cycloporus decoratus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figure 2, 3)</p><p>Etymology: Name derived from the Latin word decoratus meaning adorning or beautified, referring to the beautiful dorsal pattern of the species.</p><p>Material examined: Holotype: One specimen (BNHS-Pclad 300, 6.30 mm x 7.20 mm) in ethanol 80% and serial sagittal sections of the reproductive structures (148 slides). Collected 20-1-2019 at type locality <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=72.80589&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.980673" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 72.80589/lat 18.980673)">Haji Ali Bay</a> (18.980672° N, 72.805896° E), Mumbai, Maharashtra.</p><p>Paratype: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.2745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.988358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.2745/lat 16.988358)">One</a> specimen (BNHS-Pclad 301, 3.70 mm x 4.26 mm), collected on 20-01-2019 at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.2745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.988358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.2745/lat 16.988358)">Haji Ali Bay</a>, Mumbai; One specimen (BNHS-Pclad 395, 5.30 mm x 3.94 mm) collected on 6-03-2020 at Mandvi (16.988357° N, 73.274498° E), Ratnagiri .</p><p>Other material examined: A single specimen was first collected from Alawa, Ratnagiri; BNHS Pclad-0174, on 21-11-2014, intact but turned hard after preservation.</p><p>Distribution: Haji Ali Bay, Mumbai; Alawa and Mandvi, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.</p><p>Diagnosis: Body translucent, appears brown-ochre due to intestinal branches; the entire dorsal surface is covered with light buff-tinged papillae; white star-like markings are prominent and give a mesh-like appearance. Five- Six lateral intestinal branches.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Colour: The translucent body appears brownish ochre dorsally due to the colouration of ramified intestinal branches (Figures 2A–E). The entire dorsal surface is covered with rounded buff pale, raised papillae that do not extend to the margin. Star-like or cross-like markings formed due to small intersecting white streaks adorning the dorsal surface, even on pseudotenatcles (Figures 2B, E and F). These prominent markings, placed compactly, give a mesh-like appearance until they reach the marginal band where their arrangement is loosened. The marginal band is translucent, with traces of brick-red colouration, rimmed by a distinct string of white dots. Widely spaced pseudotentacles translucent except for the presence of a white dotted rim and white cross streaks. Few rounded black dots are seen dispersed over the dorsal surface (Figures 2A, D, F, G). The translucent ventral surface imparts colour due to brownish intestinal branches (Figure 2H).</p><p>Form: Oval-discoid</p><p>Pseudotentacles: Small bumps, flattened (Figures 2D, E and G), measuring 0.43mm</p><p>Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots arranged in two elongated quadrangle clusters, 1.05 mm away from the anterior margin, 32 in each cluster. Tentacular eyespots with two dorsal and ventral clusters, ranging between 40–50 dorsally and 50–55 ventrally (Figure 2G, H).</p><p>Digestive system: Pharynx small tubular 0.5 mm long and mouth situated about 1.50 mm away from the anterior margin. The main branch of the intestine 2.25 mm long with five-six lateral branches (Figure 2G, H).</p><p>Gonopores: One male gonopore present behind the pharynx at a distance of 1.91 mm from the anterior margin, measuring 0.2 mm. One female gonopore 0.22 mm behind the male gonopore and at 2.5 mm distant from the anterior margin, measuring 0.22 mm (Figure 2H, 3A).</p><p>Male reproductive system: Male copulatory apparatus located posterior to male pore and slightly diagonal. The well-developed muscularised seminal vesicle is oval, measuring 0.309 mm x 0.165 mm. Prostatic vesicle arranged ventral to the seminal vesicle, oval, measures 0.25 mm x 0.12 mm. The prostatic vesicle opens into the penis through short prostatic duct whereas the seminal vesicle empties into the penis via comparatively long and curved ejaculatory duct (Figure 3D, E). Pointed, armed penis (143.17μm) enters narrow and semi-circular male atrium (373.11μm) (Figure 3D).</p><p>Female reproductive system: Female atrium oval (83.20 μm wide) and opens into the vagina with shallow invagination (33.06 μm) of cement pouch. The cement glands visible through the ventral surface and densely arrange (Figure 2H, 3A, 3E). Uteri visible through the ventral surface (Figure 2H, 3A) and connect with the vagina (164.09 μm) (Figure 3E).</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks: Three species namely Cycloporus albofasciatus Newman &amp; Canon, 2002, C. papillosus (Sars, 1878), and C. xanthopunctatus Newman &amp; Canon, 2002 display papillate dorsal surface.</p><p>Cycloporus papillosus has an orange dorsal surface with red spots and greenish-red papillae (Sars 1878). Further, Lang (1884) and recently Noreña et al. (2014) extended the description of this species with greater details of the external morphological and reproductive characters. The species is mainly distinguished from the C. decoratus sp. nov. due to the ground, papillae and tentacles colour pattern, the shape of the pharynx, number of intestinal branches, number of cerebral and tentacular eyespot structure. Cycloporus xanthopunctatus have bright yellow spots on the dorsal surface. Furthermore, this Australian species owns 45 cerebral eyespots in each cluster and tentacular bumps display 25 eyespots, and these features sufficiently distinguishes it from the presently described new species.</p><p>In this species assemblage, the most resembling species is C. albofaciatus, named due to its distinct pattern of white transverse streaks. Apart from this aforesaid character, C. albofaciatus and C. decoratus sp. nov. possess number of cerebral eyespots in a similar range. However, there are marked differences between the two species. Cycloporus albofaciatus has irregular spots, dots and transverse opaque white blotches that are absent in the newly described species. Instead, C. decoratus sp. nov. has rounded black dots over the dorsal. The former has scattered tentacular eyespots ranging from 15–20 each side whereas the number of eyespots lying over the tentacles of the newly described species is more than the double.</p><p>Presently, star- or cross-like pattern formed by white streaks markedly distinguishes this species from C. albofaciatus . To precisely comprehend this pattern, the images of the specimen deposited by Dr. Newman in the Queensland Museum (FW222/HC1955 WM, collected: 31-03-94 from Dam awan, Madang, PNG, Size: 7 x 4mm) were obtained. The comparative examination of these images emphasized the distinctive dorsal colour pattern of newly described Indian species from C. albofaciatus (Figure 3B, C). Currently, details of the male and female apparatus of C. albofaciatus are not available to complement the present comparative review.</p><p>Following the 2014 collection, no specimens were observed until 2018 at any of these sites mentioned.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8432E30FFF9C0726491A93FED46F829	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pitale, Reshma;Apte, Deepak	Pitale, Reshma, Apte, Deepak (2021): Further addition to the Indian fauna of Euryleptidae (Polycladida: Cotylea) with description of a new Cycloporus Lang, 1884 and Eurylepta Ehrenberg, 1831. Zootaxa 5052 (4): 486-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.2
B8432E30FFFDC0786491ACA0EC0CFC85.text	B8432E30FFFDC0786491ACA0EC0CFC85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurylepta alicula Pitale & Apte 2021	<div><p>Eurylepta alicula sp. nov.</p><p>(Figure 4, 5)</p><p>Etymology: Named derived from the Latin word alicula meaning light coat or cloak, referring to the coat or covering of papillae over the dorsal surface of the species.</p><p>Material examined: Holotype: One specimen (BNHS-Pclad 320, 4.99 mm x 6.01 mm) in ethanol 80% and serial sagittal sections of the reproductive structures (97 slides). Collected 27-3-2019 at type locality <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.05794&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.22421" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.05794/lat 13.22421)">Craggy Island</a> (13.22421° N, 93.057941° E), Andaman Islands.</p><p>Paratypes: One specimen (BNHS-Pclad 321, 4.76 mm x 3.95 mm), collected on 27-3-2019 from Craggy Island; one specimen (BNHS-Pclad 322, 4.98 mm x 3.25 mm) collected on 27-3-2019 from Craggy Island .</p><p>A five specimens were also found during surveys spanning 2012–2019 from Mandvi, Mirya and Alawa in Ratnagiri, but they were distorted during preservation .</p><p>Distribution: Craggy Island, Andaman and Alawa and Mirya in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.</p><p>Diagnosis: Background colour white with pointed tentacles. Translucent papillae with white tip, present across the dorsal surface. Black maculae present dorsally in the unspecified pattern except for the medial longitudinal raised portion where they form one anterior and one mid-length cluster.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Colour: Translucent white dorsal surface bears raised acuminate translucent papillae with white tip. These papillae continue over the narrow translucent margin. Small black coloured maculae are present dorsally, in a random arrangement. Medial longitudinal raised portion bears three distinct clusters of these maculae across its length. Group of five (three-five in paratypes) maculae are present between the anterior region of the pharynx and cerebral eyespots. The second cluster approximately at mid-length and the third cluster found aligned over the distal portion of the median longitudinal line (Figures 4A–F). Ventral surface smooth and whitish pale.</p><p>Form: Body elongated and margin slightly ruffled.</p><p>Pseudotentacles: Well-developed, Conical, 0.55 mm in length.</p><p>Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots are arranged as two distinct elongate clusters (12–18 in each cluster), 1.03 mm away from the anterior margin (Figure 4C, F). Dorsal tentacular eyespots are at the base and some spread over the tentacles. Few ocelli are also present between the tentacles separated from the margin. Ventrally, eyespots arranged over the tentacles in a dense cluster and a few eyespots found at the base of the tentacles.</p><p>Digestive system: Pharynx, short tubular 0.83 mm long (Figures 4C, G). The intestinal ramification is clearly visible through the dorsal surface and these anastomosing branches assumes more intricacies as it approaches the peripheral region.</p><p>Gonopores: One male gonopore present immediately behind the pharynx at a distance of 2.26 mm from the anterior margin, measuring 0.14 mm. One female gonopore 0.571 mm behind the male gonopore and at 2.88 mm distance from the anterior margin, measuring 0.154 mm (Figure 4G).</p><p>Male reproductive system:</p><p>The male reproductive system found disposed parallel to the sagittal body plane. Oblong seminal vesicle measures 0.21mm x 0.193 mm. Prostatic vesicle oval measuring 0.233 mm x 0.157 mm, placed in front of the seminal vesicle oriented dorso-ventrally (Figures 5A, B and E). Seminal vesicle empties into the penis through narrow duct. Prostatic vesicle enters the penis through the prostatic duct and assembles with the ejaculatory duct at the distal end of the penis (Figure 5D). The pointed stylet measuring 0.202 mm enters the roughly triangular male atrium (Figure 5B).</p><p>Female reproductive system: Female atrium small (0.027 mm), opens into vagina with lateral invagination (0.066 mm) of cement pouch. Cement glands radiating from the female gonopore, densely disposed (Figures 4G, 5A). Vagina short (0.100 mm), ascends dorsally and slightly curved posteriorly to enter uteri (Figure 5A). One pair of uterine vesicles is observed in the serial sections and one vesicle (0.256 mm x 0.210 mm) is presented in the Figures 5A, C. Uteri filled with oocytes appear on either side of the median line and is visible through the ventral surface (Figure 4G, 5C, 5E).</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks: The presence of conical-pointed tentacles, short tubular pharynx, one pair of uterine vesicles, absence of a frontal extension of intestinal branch places this specimen in the genus Eurylepta Ehrenberg, 1831 .</p><p>The present species can be easily distinguished from its colour pattern, especially the prominent arrangement of black maculae and papillate dorsal appearance. Until now Eurylepta rugosa is the only known species of the genus bearing papillae (Hyman, 1959a). The present species is distinct from E. rugosa in that the latter has an orangered dorsal surface, smaller tentacles, fusiform seminal vesicle, short, truncated penis stylet, and a small number of cerebral eyespots.</p><p>Furthermore, among the present assemblage of the genus Eurylepta, two species namely Eurylepta multicelis and E. piscatoria possess white ground colour and black pigmentation over the dorsal surface (Hyman, 1955b; Marcus, 1947). E. multicelis have short tubular pharynx and long penis stylet similar to E. alicula sp. nov. but the former possesses wedge shaped cerebral eye cluster and higher number of ocelli (range 32–45) in contrasting to newly described species. E. piscatoria have bell-shaped pharynx, short stylet and irregular arrangement of cerebral eyespots unlike the E. alicula sp. nov. The arrangement of black maculae, pseudotentacular shape and shape of cerebral eye cluster of present specimen resembles with the Eurylepta sp. 1 ZRC.PLA.0150, ZRC.PLA.0151, ZRC. PLA.0152.— Fig 1E, of Ong and Tong (2018).</p><p>However, the specimens studied herein do not fit any of the valid Eurylepta species and therefore described as new to the science.</p><p>The specimen from Ratnagiri shows brownish-grey colouration of the intestinal content whereas specimens from the Andaman appears whitish. The variation can be attributed to the type of food ingested by the species, available at the site. At the type locality, although no evidence about the feeding habits of these worms were obtained but all the specimens were found around the compound ascidian Ecteinascidia sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8432E30FFFDC0786491ACA0EC0CFC85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pitale, Reshma;Apte, Deepak	Pitale, Reshma, Apte, Deepak (2021): Further addition to the Indian fauna of Euryleptidae (Polycladida: Cotylea) with description of a new Cycloporus Lang, 1884 and Eurylepta Ehrenberg, 1831. Zootaxa 5052 (4): 486-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.2
B8432E30FFF2C07A6491AFBDEB1FFD71.text	B8432E30FFF2C07A6491AFBDEB1FFD71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurylepta turma Marcus 1952	<div><p>Eurylepta turma Marcus, 1952</p><p>(Figure 6)</p><p>Material examined: One specimen (BNHS-Pclad 290, 7.76 mm x 4.82 mm) dissected for sagittal sections of reproductive structure (58 slides), collected on 8-1-2019 at Mandvi (16.988357° N, 73.274498° E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.2745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.988358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.2745/lat 16.988358)">Ratnagiri district</a>, Maharashtra .</p><p>Distribution: Originally described from Ubatuba, and Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil (Marcus, 1952). This report marks the first record of this species in the Indo-Pacific region.</p><p>Diagnosis: Creamish translucent elongated body with pointed, pale-white tentacles. Yellowish-orange dorsal surface with red rusty pigmentation especially concentrated over the medial longitudinal region and otherwise scattered across the dorsal surface.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Colour: The cream translucent body appears yellow-orange due to intestinal contents. Red rusty pigmentation is found scattered across the dorsal surface; however, darker on the medial raised longitudinal stripe. This medial stripe fades gradually even before the half-length of the body (Figure 6A). Loosely arranged pale white dots are found encircling the entire translucent margin. A few white spots are prominent and seen over the dorsal surface, which represents scattered, dorsally arranged ovaries. The tentacles are pale white, tinge yellowish at the base reflecting intestinal colouration. The ventral side is translucent and yellowish intestinal branches are visible.</p><p>Form: Elongated, distally rounded.</p><p>Pseudotentacles: Erected, slender and pointed, 1.38 mm.</p><p>Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots arranged as two distinct elongate clusters, 37–40 in each cluster respectively, slightly broader at the base and placed over the frontal edge of the pharynx, 0.97 mm away from the anterior margin. Dorsal (76) and ventral tentacular eyespots (51) are found arranged in front of the proximal end of the tentacles and no eyespots are present between the tentacles (Figure 6C).</p><p>Digestive system: Pharynx tubular, 0.57 mm long. The main intestine stretches out along the body length, ends before the posterior margin. The intestinal ramification is simple and visible through the dorsal and ventral surface (Figure 6D).</p><p>Reproductive system: Gonopores: One male gonopore present immediately behind the pharynx and at a distance of 2.10 mm from the anterior margin, measuring 0.059 mm. One female gonopore 0.53 mm behind the male gonopore and at a distance of 2.67 mm from the anterior margin, measuring 0.074 mm (Figure 6D).</p><p>Male reproductive system: Male copulatory apparatus located posterior to male pore and inclined ventrally. The well-developed muscularised seminal vesicle is elongated, measuring 0.235 mm x 0.0716 mm. Prostatic vesicle arranged anteriorly and rounded, measures 0.115 mm x 0.105 mm. The seminal vesicle via elongated ejaculatory duct enters the penis. The short prostatic duct opens directly into the penis and meets the ejaculatory duct distally (Figure 6F). Penis bent enters narrow and semi-circular male atrium (Figures 6E, F).</p><p>Female reproductive system: Female atrium wide and opens into the vagina with broad invagination (0.0506 mm) of cement pouch (Figure 6F). Cement glands radiating from the female pore and densely disposed of (Figure 6E and F). The vagina extends (0.115 mm) dorsally to enter uteri. (Figure 6F). Uteri visible through the ventral surface (Figure 6D).</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks: The specimen matches exactly with the original description presented by Marcus (1952). About 50 cerebral ocelli in each group were counted from the adult worm refer in the original description, which is close to the cerebral eyespots of the present specimen. Furthermore, close group of eyes at a proximal area of the tentacles and the distal end is devoid of eyespots and this distinct arrangement found in the present specimen matches exactly with the original description.</p><p>This is the second formal description of the Eurylepta turma after its description from Brazil and this is the first report of the species illustrated with colour photographs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8432E30FFF2C07A6491AFBDEB1FFD71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pitale, Reshma;Apte, Deepak	Pitale, Reshma, Apte, Deepak (2021): Further addition to the Indian fauna of Euryleptidae (Polycladida: Cotylea) with description of a new Cycloporus Lang, 1884 and Eurylepta Ehrenberg, 1831. Zootaxa 5052 (4): 486-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.2
