taxonID	type	description	language	source
B60387DAD368FF89FF4938B0FABEFA07.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 A) Aniculus retipes Lewinsohn, 1982: 76, figs. 1, 2 (type locality: Mersa Bereika, Sinai Peninsula). — Forest 1984: 51, figs. 13, 20, 51 – 58. — McLaughlin et al. 2007: 103, 2 unnumbered figs. — Poupin et al. 2013: 26, fig. 13 B.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF89FF4938B0FABEFA07.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: entrance, roof, 23 June 2017, 1 male (sl 11.9 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6006 (IE 141). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: entrance, 5 m from entrance, roof, 10 August 2016, 1 male (sl 9.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6007 (HD 2016 - 47); entrance, 5 m from entrance, rocks, 10 August 2016, 1 male (sl 7.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6008 (HD 2016 - 49); main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 female (sl 17.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6009 (HD 2017 - 83); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6009, 1 male (sl 13.6 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6010 (HD 2017 - 94). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: middle zone, roof, 6 February 2017, 1 female (sl 12.7 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6011 (SH 55).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF89FF4938B0FABEFA07.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wide ranging in the Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, eastern Africa (Tanzania), Glorioso Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan, eastern Australia, Solomon Islands, Wallis, Futuna, Samoa, and French Polynesia; 0 – 35 m (McLaughlin et al. 2007; Poupin et al. 2013; present study). Habitat. Coral and rocky reefs (Nomura et al. 1996; Poupin et al. 2013).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF89FF4938B0FABEFA07.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two species of the genus Aniculus Dana, 1852, A. maximus Edmondson, 1952 and A. retipes, have been recorded from submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Rahayu & Osawa 2012; Osawa & Fujita 2016; Table 2). In general, A. retipes is more commonly found in cryptic environments of coral reefs than A. maximus.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF8FFF493C01FCAFFD76.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 B)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF8FFF493C01FCAFFD76.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: main tube, near bifurcation of tube, 9 September 2016, 1 male (sl 5.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6012 (IE 69). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 12 August 2016, 1 male (sl 5.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6015 (HD 2016 - 69); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6015, 3 males (sl 4.6 – 6.3 mm), 4 females (sl 2.6 – 5.2 mm), 4 ovigerous females (sl 3.7 – 5.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6016 (HD 2016 - 70 – 80); main tube, 30 m from entrance, area of rocks, 12 August 2016, 3 males (sl 4.0 – 5.0 mm), 1 ovigerous female (sl 5.8 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6017 (HD 2016 - 89 – 92); main tube, 21 May 2017, 3 males (sl 2.5 – 5.9 mm), 1 female (sl 5.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6018 (HD 2017 - 84); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6018, 1 females (sl 5.3 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6019 (HD 2017 - 89). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: entrance, 4 February 2017, 1 female (sl 6.3 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6013 (SH 53); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6013, 1 male (sl 5.7 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6014 (SH 54).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF8FFF493C01FCAFFD76.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Indian Ocean: Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island; western Pacific: Guam and Ryukyu Islands in southwestern Japan; 2 – 37 m (McLaughlin 2007). Habitat. Coral reefs; submarine caves and small crevices or horizontal holes on fore-reef slopes (Osawa & Takeda 2004).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD368FF8FFF493C01FCAFFD76.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paguristes jalur is the sole species of the genus recorded from shallow coral reef environments including submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Osawa & Takeda 2004; Table 2). This species has been often found in small crevices or horizontal holes on fore-reef slopes of the islands, accompanied by Pylopaguropsis fimbriata with similarly red stripes on the ambulatory legs.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493F10FB87F88C.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 D, 4 A – D)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493F10FB87F88C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: main tube, 9 September 2016, 1 male (sl 1.8 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6022 (IE 65 #, addition); entrance, 24 June 2017, 1 male (sl 2.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6023 (IE 173); right hall, 24 June 2017, 1 male (sl 1.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6024 (IE 184). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: silty room, 22 May 2017, 1 male (sl 1.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6025 (HD 2017 - 108).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493F10FB87F88C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guam and southern Japan (Kochi Prefecture, Okinawa Island, and Ie Island); subtidal to 30 m (Komai et al. 2010; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; often found in submarine caves (Komai et al. 2010).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493F10FB87F88C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Komai et al. (2010) synonymized C. kasei Osawa & Takeda, 2004 with C. foresti. Catapaguroides foresti and C. longior, both collected by the present investigations, have similar coloration in general (Fig. 1 D, F, G), but their morphologies are very different (see Remarks under C. longior).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493891FEC5FB4D.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 C)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493891FEC5FB4D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 22 May 2017, 1 male (sl 2.6 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6020 (HD 2017 - 140). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: entrance, 1 September 2017, 1 female (sl 2.3 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6021 (SH 105).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493891FEC5FB4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa Island, Kume Island, Miyako Island, and Shimoji Island) in southwestern Japan; 20 – 40 m (Asakura 2004; Rahayu & Osawa 2012; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; fore-reef slopes (Rahayu & Osawa 2012).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36EFF8FFF493891FEC5FB4D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the Ryukyu Islands, P. shidarai has been recorded from cryptic environments of the shallow coral reefs such as small crevices and horizontal holes, and submarine caves (Rahayu & Osawa 2012; Osawa & Fujita 2016; Table 2).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF493AD1FC0DFD8B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 E)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF493AD1FC0DFD8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: entrance, 24 June 2017, 1 male (sl 1.8 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6026 (IE 177).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF493AD1FC0DFD8B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Ie Island and Kume Island) in southwestern Japan; 15 – 30 m (Osawa & Okuno 2007). Habitat. Coral reefs; often found in submarine caves (Osawa & Okuno 2007).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF493AD1FC0DFD8B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Catapaguroides iejimensis has been recorded primary from submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Osawa & Takeda 2004; Osawa & Okuno 2007; Table 2), but the specimens hitherto obtained are rather limited. Only one specimen was collected during the present investigations.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF49388AFC35F973.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 F, G, 4 E – J)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF49388AFC35F973.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: main tube, near bifurcation of tube, 8 September 2016, 1 male (sl 2.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6027 (IE 60); main tube, 9 September 2016, 2 males (sl 1.4, 2.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6028 (IE 65). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: silty room, 22 May 2017, 1 female (sl 1.2 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6029 (HD 2017 - 107); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6029, 1 male (sl 1.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6030 (HD 2017 - 141).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF49388AFC35F973.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Ie Island and Okinawa Island) in southwestern Japan; 15 – 30 m (Komai et al. 2010; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; inside of a submarine cave about 10 m from the entrance (Komai et al. 2010).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF8CFF49388AFC35F973.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Catapaguroides longior was described by Komai et al. (2010) based only on the male holotype. The present material includes a first female of the species (sl 1.2 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6029, HD 2017 - 107; Fig. 1 G). The holotype has a small but distinct dorsomedian spine on the carpus of the right cheliped (cf. Komai et al. 2010: fig. 2 A, D). In the present material, the spine is prominent only in a female and it is minute or absent in other male specimens (Fig. 4 H, J). Additionally, the ventrolateral distal angle of the carpus of the right cheliped is unarmed in the holotype, whereas it has a minute to small spine in the present material (Fig. 4 H, J). The fresh coloration superficially resembles between C. foresti and C. longior (Fig. 1 D, F, G), but some morphological characters easily distinguish the two species. The ocular peduncles are comparatively longer and more slender in C. foresti than C. longior, and the corneas are conical in C. foresti rather than rounded in C. longior (Fig. 4 A, B, E, F). In the right cheliped, the distomesial angle of the palm and the proximomesial margin of the dactylus have a small spine respectively in C. foresti, instead of being unarmed in C. longior, and the fixed finger is stouter in C. foresti than C. longior, particularly in males (Fig. 4 C, D, G, I). The male sexual tube on the coxa of the right fifth pereopod is also much stouter and shorter in C. foresti than C. longior. (cf. McLaughlin 2002 b: fig. 1 H; Osawa & Takeda 2004: fig. 9 F, as C. kasei; Komai et al. 2010: fig. 1 I).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF83FF493C92FDCAFE23.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 A)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF83FF493C92FDCAFE23.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: entrance, 25 June 2017, 1 male (sl 4.9 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6031 (IE 188).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF83FF493C92FDCAFE23.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Ie Island, Kume Island, and Shimoji Island) in southwestern Japan; 10 – 35 m (Osawa & Takeda 2004; Osawa & Fujita 2016; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; often found on fine sediments in submarine caves (Osawa & Takeda 2004).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD36DFF83FF493C92FDCAFE23.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described as Icelopagurus tuberculosus by Asakura (1999). Asakura (2001) subsequently transferred the species to the genus Catapagurus A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 from Icelopagurus McLaughlin, 1997. Catapagurus tuberculosus has been often recorded from submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Osawa & Takeda 2004, Osawa & Fujita 2016; Table 2). As noted by Osawa & Takeda (2004), this species carries a gastropod shell, which protects only the abdomen and posterior carapace, being too small for the hermit crab to retract the thoracic appendages.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF82FF493AD1FEF1FD33.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 B)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF82FF493AD1FEF1FD33.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 male parasitized by peltogastrid (sl 2.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6032 (HD 2017 - 88); main tube, 23 May 2017, 1 male (sl 2.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6033 (HD 2017 - 133).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF82FF493AD1FEF1FD33.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Philippines (Panglao Island) and Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa Island and Kume Island) in southwestern Japan; 15 – 35 m (Komai & Rahayu 2013; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; often found in submarine caves (Osawa et al. 2006; Komai & Rahayu 2013).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF82FF493AD1FEF1FD33.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the Ryukyu Islands, P. longipes was previously recorded from only a submarine cave in Kume Island (Osawa et al. 2006; Table 2), although the species has been also known from reef walls in Panglao Island, the Philippines (Komai & Rahayu 2013). The present specimens represent the second record of the species from the Ryukyu Islands.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF81FF493952FD05FE06.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 C, D, 5 A, B)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF81FF493952FD05FE06.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 10 August 2016, 1 ovigerous female (sl 5.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6034, (HD 2016 - 51); main tube, 12 August 2016, 1 ovigerous female (sl 4.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6035 (HD 2016 - 84); main tube, 30 m from entrance, area of rocks, 12 August 2016, 1 male (sl 4.5 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6036 (HD 2016 - 85); main tube, 13 August 2016, 2 males (sl 2.3, 4.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6037 (HD 2016 - 103, 104); main tube, 22 May 2017, 1 female (sl 5.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6038 (HD 2017 - 65); main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 male (sl 4.8 mm), 2 females (sl 3.7, 5.5 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6039 (HD 2017 - 85, 90). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no- Yakata cave: entrance, 1 September 2017, 1 ovigerous female (sl 4.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6040 (SH 102).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF81FF493952FD05FE06.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific: Mayotte, Réunion, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Guam, northwestern Australia, Samoa, Cook, and French Polynesia; subtidal to 60 m (Osawa & Chan 2010; Komai & Rahayu 2013; Poupin et al. 2013). Habitat. Coral reefs; found among branches or plates of dead corals in moats or in submarine caves in forereef slopes (Osawa & Takeda, 2004; Komai & Osawa 2006).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD363FF81FF493952FD05FE06.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In their redescription of P. nomurai, Komai & Osawa (2006, fig. 44 C) noted that the fresh coloration of the pereopods is “ generally brown, olive or bluish gray ” and gave a photograph of bluish gray-colored specimen. Poupin et al. (2013, fig. 23 D, E) and Arima (2014, unnumbered figs.) also showed similarly bluish graycolored specimens of P. nomurai. All the specimens have been recorded from rather open, coral and rocky reefs, although they usually hided in rubbles or crevices on the reefs. In the present specimens collected from submarine caves, the antennal flagella and pereopods are usually vivid reddish brown (Fig. 2 C), whereas those of three ovigerous female specimens (sl 5.4 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6034, HD 2016 - 51; sl 4.1 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6035, HD 2016 - 84; sl 4.4 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6040, SH 102) are rather pale, light brown (Fig. 2 D). The coloration of the ovigerous female (sl 4.4 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6040, SH 102) generally agrees well with that of a male reported by Osawa & Fujita (2016: fig. 6 B); both specimens were collected from same locality, Akuma-no-Yakata cave in Shimoji Island. The “ reddish brown ” individuals were often observed by investigations in Hedo Dome cave. Tan et al. (2014: fig. 12) also gave a photograph of “ reddish brown ” specimen referred to P. nomurai from Thunderdome Cave in Christmas Island. In comparison with the redescription of P. nomurai by Komai & Osawa (2006), the present specimens of the “ reddish brown ” and “ pale light brown ” morphs have proportionally more slender carpus of the left cheliped in general; 4.4 – 5.4 (reddish brown morph; Fig. 5 A) and 4.3 – 5.0 (pale light brown morph) versus 3.0 – 4.3 length of the width. Additionally, the chelipeds of the present specimens are less setose with shorter setae, particularly in females, than those of the Komai & Osawa’s (2006) material, although the authors cited the presence of relatively numerous tufts of stiff setae on the appendages is observed in large specimens, regardless of sex. The differences in fresh coloration and elongation of the left cheliped of the present specimens could be attributed to the degree of adaptation for the dark habitat in submarine caves, although the morphometric range of the ambulatory legs in the present specimens agrees with that in the material of P. nomurai reported by Komai & Osawa (2006); for example on the propodi, 5.4 – 6.5 (Fig. 5 B) versus 5.5 – 6.5 times longer than high. To determine as if these distinctions are interspecific variations and a cryptic species exists under the name P. nomurai, molecular data and more careful morphological comparison of the present specimens and other material referred to P. nomurai are needed and now in progress.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493801FAF8FAF5.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 A)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493801FAF8FAF5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: main tube, 7 September 2016, 2 males (sl 2.9, 3.3 mm), 1 ovigerous female (sl 4.6 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6041 (IE 13); main tube, near bifurcation of tube, 7 September 2016, 1 male (sl 4.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6042 (IE 17); main tube, near bifurcation of tube, 8 September 2016, 1 male (sl 3.6 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6043 (IE 59). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 11 August 2016, 1 male (sl 2.6 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6044 (HD 2016 - 67). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: entrance, 1 September 2017, 1 male (sl 3.8 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6045 (SH 101).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493801FAF8FAF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Ie Island, Okinawa Island, Kume Island, and Shimoji Island) in southwestern Japan; 15 – 35 m (Osawa & Okuno 2007; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; found in submarine caves and crevices of fore-reef slopes (Osawa & Okuno 2007).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493801FAF8FAF5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Five species of the genus Pylopaguropsis Alcock, 1905, P. bellula, P. fimbriata, P. granulata, P. keijii, and P. speciosa, have been recorded from the submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Osawa & Takeda 2004; Osawa & Okuno 2007; Osawa & Fujita 2016; present study; Table 2). The dactyli and propodi of the ambulatory legs are solid-colored in P. bellula and P. keijii, whereas those of P. fimbriata, P. granulata, and P. speciosa have white stripes (Fig. 3). Although such a solid coloration of the ambulatory legs is also known in another congener P. furusei Asakura, 2000, it is uncommon and usually striped in other Pylopaguropsis species.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493F1FFAF3F839.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 B)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493F1FFAF3F839.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: entrance, 24 June 2017, 1 ovigerous female (sl 4.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6046 (IE 179); main tube, 24 June 2017, 1 female (sl 3.7 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6047 (IE 183). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 11 August 2016, 1 male (sl 4.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6048 (HD 2016 - 52); same data as RUMF-ZC- 6048, 1 male (sl 4.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6049 (HD 2016 - 66); main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 male (sl 4.4 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6050 (HD 2017 - 84, addition). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: entrance, 1 September 2017, 1 male (sl 4.8 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6051 (SH 103).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493F1FFAF3F839.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia, Indonesia, Guam, and Japan (Ryukyu and Izu Islands); subtidal to 35 m (Osawa & Takeda 2004; Okuno & Arima 2006; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs; often found in small crevices and horizontal holes, or submarine caves in fore-reef slopes (Osawa & Takeda 2004).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD360FF81FF493F1FFAF3F839.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pylopaguropsis fimbriata is the most commonly found species of the genus in coral reefs, including submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Asakura 2000; Osawa & Takeda 2004; Osawa & Fujita 2016; Table 2).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD361FF87FF493C78FA12FE5E.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 C, 5 C – E)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD361FF87FF493C78FA12FE5E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: silty room, 21 May 2017, 1 female (sl 4.8 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6052 (HD 2017 - 31).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD361FF87FF493C78FA12FE5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa Island and Kume Island) in southwestern Japan; 10 – 15 m (Asakura 2000; present study). Habitat. Coral reefs (Asakura 2000).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD361FF87FF493C78FA12FE5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pylopaguropsis granulata was described by Asakura (2000) based only on the male holotype. McLaughlin et al. (2010) showed a color photograph of the second specimen of the species from the Ryukyu Islands. The specimen herein reported represents the third record and a first female collected of this poorly known species. There are some differences between the holotype and the specimen examined. The right chela is more elongate in the holotype than the present specimen; measured on the lateral margin, 1.5 versus 1.4 times longer than broad (cf. Asakura 2000: fig. 17 A; Fig. 5 C). The ventrolateral margin of the merus of each ambulatory leg is unarmed in the holotype, whereas it has two (second pereopod) and one (third pereopod) small spines on the distal half in the present specimen (Fig. 5 D, E). The dorsal margin of the carpus of the third pereopod is also unarmed except for a distal spine in the holotype, but it has two very small spines on the proximal half in the present specimen (Fig. 5 E).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD366FF86FF493CC6FD9DFD03.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 D, 5 F)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD366FF86FF493CC6FD9DFD03.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ie Island, unnamed submarine cave: entrance, 24 June 2017, 1 female (sl 2.1 mm), RUMF- ZC- 6053 (IE 172). Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 12 August 2016, 1 male (sl 2.8 mm), 1 ovigerous female (sl 2.0 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6054 (HD 2016 - 81, 82); main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 male (sl 1.9 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6055 (HD 2017 - 87).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD366FF86FF493CC6FD9DFD03.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Wide ranging in the Indo-West Pacific: Zanzibar, Mayotte, Maldives, Guam, Caroline Islands, Japan (Ryukyu and Izu Islands), and Hawaii; 2.5 – 30 m (McLaughlin & Haig 1989; Asakura 2000; Okuno & Arima 2006; Poupin et al. 2013). Habitat. Coral reefs (Asakura 2000; Poupin et al. 2013).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD366FF86FF493CC6FD9DFD03.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Variations of coloration on the right cheliped are observed in the present material. The carpus and chela are purple in general and becomes paler or has white tint distally in three small specimens (male, sl 1.9 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6055, HD 2017 - 87; female, sl 2.1 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6053, IE 172; ovigerous female, sl 2.0 mm, RUMF- ZC- 6054, HD 2016 - 82), whereas they are whitish for most parts and have purple tint only on the mesial surfaces in the largest specimen (male, sl 2.8 mm, RUMF-ZC- 6054, HD 2016 - 81). Poupin et al. (2013, fig. 26) also reported a male specimen (sl 3.0 mm), which agrees well with the present largest specimen in coloration of the right cheliped. Asakura (2000) cited that the right cheliped of P. keijii is generally fawn and gradually becomes white on the both fingers based on his larger material (sl 3.2, 3.4 mm). These suggest that the coloration of the right cheliped gradually changes from purple to fawn or white in accordance with the increase of specimen size.	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD367FF85FF493C82FC63FE5F.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 E)	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD367FF85FF493C82FC63FE5F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Okinawa Island, Hedo Dome cave: main tube, 30 m from entrance, area of rocks, 12 August 2016, 3 males (sl 2.2 – 2.9 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6056 (HD 2016 - 86 – 88); main tube, 21 May 2017, 1 male (sl 3.1 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6057 (HD 2017 - 86). Shimoji Island, Akuma-no-Yakata cave: entrance, 1 September 2017, 1 ovigerous female (sl 3.7 mm), RUMF-ZC- 6058 (SH 104).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD367FF85FF493C82FC63FE5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Ryukyu and Izu Islands) and Australia; 10 – 61 m (Asakura 2000; Osawa & Takeda 2004). Habitat. Coral reefs, often in rocky areas or submarine caves (Kato & Okuno 2001; Osawa & Takeda 2004).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
B60387DAD367FF85FF493C82FC63FE5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pylopaguropsis speciosa has been often recorded from coral reefs including submarine caves in the Ryukyu Islands (Asakura 2000; Osawa & Takeda 2004; Osawa & Fujita 2016; Table 2). The coloration of the species is very characteristic and readily distinguished from other congeners; the right chela is magenta and the left cheliped and ambulatory legs are bright orange with white stripes (Fig. 3 E).	en	Osawa, Masayuki, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2019): Submarine cave hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from three islands of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 4560 (3): 463-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.3
