taxonID	type	description	language	source
B06FA83FFFFB73732587FBE039CEE2DF.taxon	type_taxon	Cremastochilodius tristis Krikken, 1975, by original designation (Krikken 1975: 190).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFB73732587FBE039CEE2DF.taxon	description	Description For a comprehensive description and differential diagnosis of Cryptogenius, see Scholtz et al. (1987) and Ocampo (2006).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.taxon	description	(Figures 2 a – e, 4)	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen examined of Cryptogenius miersianus LECTOTYPE, HEREBY DESIGNATED (Ơ OUMNH) (Figure 2 a – c). First label [white with red border]: ‘ TYPE | WESTWOOD | Trans. Ent. Soc. | 4. P. 171 | T. 12. 2.1. | Coll. Hope Oxon ̍. Second label [diamond-shaped, blue]: ‘ W ̍. Third label [white, unknown handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius | miersianus. | Westw. | Brazil | D. Miers ̍. Fourth label [white with black border]: ‘ TYPE COL: 535 2 / 2 | Cryptogenius | miersianus Westw. | HOPE DEPT. OXFORD ̍. Fifth label [white]: ‘ Scarab. Lapar. | = C. fryi | arrow [J. Krikken ̍ s handwriting] | det. J. Krikken 1975 ̍. Sixth label [red with black frame, printed]: ‘ LECTOTYPE / Cryptogenius miersianus / Westwood, 1842 / des. V. Costa-Silva, 2022 ̍ (Figure 2 c). Type locality: According to the label and Westwood (1842 a), Brazil (Figure 2 c); more specifically, as we shall argue, likely the city of Rio de Janeiro. According to an anonymous author (Anonym 1879), the British botanist John Miers (1789 – 1879) lived in Rio de Janeiro between 1831 and 1838, collecting several specimens of the fauna and flora within the administrative limits of the city. It is likely that the now lectotype, originating from his collection, was among the material collected by him there. Note: Westwood (1842 a) did not specify how many specimens he examined for the original description, nor does the description provide enough elements for an inference. Following Recommendation 73 F (ICZN 1999) we assume that the sole type specimen known to us is a syntype. To fix the name-bearing type to a single specimen (ICZN 1999 – Art. 74.3), we designate this sole known syntype as the lectotype (Figure 2 a – c).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The lectotype of C. miersianus clearly belongs to the same species as the holotype of C. fryi, hence we propose C. fryi as a new junior subjective synonym of C. miersianus. At the same time, the species encompassing the Amazonian and possibly Panamanian and Costa Rican populations that up to now had been erroneously referred to in the literature as C. miersianus (e. g. Westwood 1846; Lacordaire 1855; Harold 1869; Preudhomme de Borre 1886; Arrow 1909, 1912; Blackwelder 1944; Scholtz 1982; Scholtz et al. 1987, 1988; Ratcliffe 2002; Ocampo 2006; Ocampo and Ballerio 2006; Hielkema and Hielkema 2019), having no name available to denote it, will be described below as the new species Cryptogenius westwoodi.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen of Cryptogenius fryi Arrow, 1909 (new subjective synonymy) HOLOTYPE, BY ORIGINAL MONOTYPY (Ơ BMNH), not examined. Type locality: Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), collected in October 1851 by the English entomologist Alexander Fry (Arrow 1909). Note: Even with the holotype not examined by us, the type locality and the detailed description provided by Arrow (1909), particularly the mentioned presence of a remarkable hooked tooth on the profemur, is enough to assign the same to the Atlantic Forest species and, therefore, to synonymise C. fryi with C. miersianus.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	description	(Figures 1 a – f, 4)	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE (Ơ, CEMT) (Figure 1 a – f). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Pastaza | Chuyayacu. 810 m. V- 1999 | Fumigación dosel. PAraujo ̍. Second label [red with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | HOLOTYPE Ò ̍ (Figure 1 f). Type locality: Ecuador: Pastaza: Chuyayacu. PARATYPES (17 specimens): First label [white, typeset]: ‘ Venezuela | Bolivar | St. Elena-Paui | 10. - 12.9.1977 ̍. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘ leg. Lindemann ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE Ò ̍ (1 Ơ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Pastaza, Arajuno, | B. P. Oglán, 640 m, 25 - VI- 2009, | Plato Amarillo. WChamorro y | GGallo ̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Orellana, | Yasuní, Río Rumiyacu, | Apaica 2, 220 m, 76 ° | 42 ʹ 0 ̍ W, 0 ° 48 ʹ 36 ̎ S, 10 - X- | 2000. P Araujo fum ̎. Second label [white]: ‘ COLEOPTERA | Scarabaeidae-Hybosorinae | Cryptogenius | miersianus | West, 1846 | Det: William Chamorro ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Orellana, | Yasuní, Río Rumiyacu, | Apaika, 220 m, 76 ° 25 ̍ | 48 ̍ W, 0 ° 41 ʹ 16 S, 08 - X- | 2000, P Araujo fumig ̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE Ò ̍ (1 Ơ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ Brasil (MA), Bom Jardim | REBIO-Res, Biol. Gurupi | Armad. Luminosa Base ̍. Second label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ 05 – 15. vi. 2010, J. C. Silva, J. A. Silva, A. A. Santos, T. T. A. Silva ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ BRASIL: Mato Grosso, | Cotriguaçu, Faz. São | Nicolau, PPBio 2, | 09 ° 49 ʹ 12 ̍ S, 58 ° 15 ʹ 57 ̎ W, | decayed log, 27. x. 2018, | Costa-Silva et al. ̍ Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, aged with black border, printed]: Brasilien | Mato Grosso | Gleba Arinos – 350 m | 31. X. 1967 | leg. Viehmann ̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-deMello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘ NG * ̍. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘ Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw- ̍. Third label [white with red border]: ‘ TYPE | WESTWOOD | Trans. Ent. Soc. | 4. P. 171. | T. 12.1.1 | Coll. Hope. Oxon ̍. Fourth label [white, unknown handwriting]: ‘ lectotype ̍. Fifth label [white with black border]: ‘ TYPE COL: 353 ½ | Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw. | HOPE DEPT. OXFORD ̍. Sixth label [yellow with black frame]: ‘ Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 OUMNH – Figure 3 a – c). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘ Serra de Baturité | (Céara) | Gounelle 1.1895 ̍. Second label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘ MUSÉUM PARIS | 1895 | COLL. E GOUNELLE ̍. Third label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘ Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw ̍. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva & Vazde-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, printed]: ‘ GUYANE | Approuague | Saut Mapaou | Battage ̍. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ 17. VIII. 2016 | J. Touroult leg ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 C] BH). First label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ GUYANE F., Saül, Grand | Boeuf Mort, xi- 2007, | vitre [flight interceptation trap], P. - H. Dalens leg ̍. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 C] BH). First label [white, printed]: ‘ BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz | Amboro National Park | Los Volcanes, c. 1000 m | S 18 ° 06 ̍: W 63 ° 36 ̍ | 20 / xi- 12 / xii / 2004 ̍. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ MV Light Sheet | Barcley. M. V. L. | & Mendel, H. | BMNH (E) 2004 – 280 ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius CostaSilva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius / westwoodi / des. Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello / PARATYPE 2022 ̍ (1 Ơ and 3 ♀ BMNH). First label [white, handwritten]: ‘ Fr. Guyane: Saint-Lourent | du-Maroni, Mont Itoupé, | 03 ° 01 ʹN, 53 ° 05 ʹW, | I. 2016, SEAG leg ̍. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius ƪ | westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello | PARATYPE 2022 ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Brasil, RO, Itapuã do Oeste / Flona Jamari, Trilha Pedra / Grande, 09 ° 11 ̍ 39.4 ̎ S – / 63 ° 04 ̍ 55.3 ̎ W, 06. x. 2014 ̍. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Facheamento, J. A. Rafael / F. F. Xavier F, R. M. Vieira & / R. H. Aquino ̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva ̍ s handwriting]: ‘ Cryptogenius | westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello | PARATYPE 2023 ̍ (1 INPA). Note The populations previously known as C. miersianus (sensu Scholtz et al. 1987; Ide et al. 1990; Ocampo 2006) are now named C. westwoodi sp. nov.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Size of holotype: Length: 6.4 mm; width: 3 mm. (Figure 1 a – c). Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov. can be recognised as follows: clypeus deflexed, forming right angles with frons; pronotal disc flat and with surface densely areolate; lateral margins crenulate; diagonal carinae extended from the centre of disc into an acute projection near the posterior angles (Figure 1 a, white arrows). Elytra with surface flat and densely areolate; with three acute carina, the third extending from the humerus to declivous area (Figure 1 c, white arrow). Outer margins of meso- and metatibiae serrate, with nine or more acute teeth pointed laterally (Figure 1 a, b). Male genitalia distinctive: parameres symmetrical and partially sclerotised; lateral margin not constricted near the apex; apex rounded and covered by sparce micropunctation. Further morphological details can be found in Westwood (1846), Scholtz et al. (1987) and Ocampo (2006). Sexual dimorphism Males of Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov. have the fourth ventrite with the same length as (or slightly shorter than) the third (Figure 6 a), while the female has the fourth ventrite longer than the third (Figure 6 b). For additional characters, see Ide et al. (1990).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	distribution	Distribution Certainly present throughout the Amazon, with recorded presence in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana and Venezuela (Figure 4). Ratcliffe (2002) and Ocampo (2006) also mentioned records under the name of C. miersianus (now C. westwoodi) from Costa Rica and Panama, without further information. Also, Ocampo (2006) mentioned a record from Colombia, but no information about the specific locality or point on the map is given for this country. During this study, we were unable to find specimens from these countries and thus confirm the records. Additionally, Ide et al. (1990) mentioned a record of Cryptogenius fryi from Peru that we believe to be a C. westwoodi (Figure 4). Since we did not examine this specimen personally, we consider Peru a potential record for this newly described species. The specimen found in Serra do Baturité (Ceará, Brazil) is the only record of C. westwoodi outside of the Amazon. The region where this specimen was collected, named ‘ Brejo de Altitude ̍, is a refuge for forest species that are typically found in areas with higher humidity (i. e. Atlantic Forest and Amazon) (Porto et al. 2004). This find, even unusual for the Amazonian fauna, is not a particularity of Cryptogenius species. Several groups (e. g. dung beetles) were also reported for these isolated forests (Araújo et al. 2020; Cupello et al. 2020) as an effect of a temporary connection between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest in the last glacial cycle (De Oliveira et al. 1999). With the end of interglacial periods and the consequent retraction of these forests, some relict forests and populations of fauna and flora were isolated (Sobral-Souza et al. 2015).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name westwoodi, a masculine noun in the genitive case, is an eponym after the English entomologist John Obadiah Westwood (1805 – 1893), who described the genus Cryptogenius and countless other insects.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
