identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B06FA83FFFFB73732587FBE039CEE2DF.text	B06FA83FFFFB73732587FBE039CEE2DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogenius Westwood 1842	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842</p>
            <p> Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842a: 41 ; Westwood 1842b: 457 [same contents as 1842a]; Westwood 1845: 158; Westwood 1846: 171; Westwood 1852: 62; Lacordaire 1855: 152; Harold 1869: 1091; Preudhomme de Borre 1886: 60; Bruch 1911: 543; Arrow 1912: 63; Blackwelder 1944: 219; Howden 1982: 2723; Scholtz 1982: 19; Scholtz 1986: 357; Scholtz et al. 1987: 193; Howden 2001: 199; Smith 2006: 156; Ocampo 2006: 155; Ratcliffe 2002: 7; Bouchard et al. 2011: 237; Hielkema and Hielkema 2019: 15. </p>
            <p>Type specimen</p>
            <p> Cryptogenius miersianus Westwood, 1842a , by original monotypy. </p>
            <p> Cremastochilodius Krikken, 1975: 190 (syn. by Krikken 1987). </p>
            <p>Type specimen</p>
            <p> Cremastochilodius tristis Krikken, 1975 , by original designation (Krikken 1975: 190). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> For a comprehensive description and differential diagnosis of  Cryptogenius , see Scholtz et al. (1987) and Ocampo (2006). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B06FA83FFFFB73732587FBE039CEE2DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.text	B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogenius miersianus Westwood 1842	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptogenius miersianus Westwood, 1842</p>
            <p>(Figures 2a–e, 4)</p>
            <p> Cryptogenius miersianus Westwood, 1842a: 41 ; Westwood 1842b: 457 [same contents as 1842a]; Westwood 1846: 171 (pars). </p>
            <p> Cryptogenius fryi Arrow, 1909: 501 (new subjective synonymy); Bruch 1911: 543; Arrow 1912: 63; Blackwelder 1944: 219; Scholtz 1982: 19; Scholtz et al. 1987: 193; Costa et al. 1988: 112; Grebennikov et al. 2004: 527–528; Ocampo 2006: 156; Ocampo and Ballerio 2006: 182; Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016: 44, 50. </p>
            <p> Cremastochilodius tristis Krikken 1975: 191 (new subjective synonymy) </p>
            <p> Cryptogenius tristis Krikken 1987: 15 ; Ocampo 2006: 156 (synonym with  C. fryi ). </p>
            <p> Type specimen examined of  Cryptogenius miersianus</p>
            <p> LECTOTYPE, HEREBY DESIGNATED (Ơ OUMNH) (Figure 2a–c). First label [white with red border]: ‘TYPE | WESTWOOD | Trans. Ent. Soc. | 4. P. 171 | T. 12. 2.1. | Coll. Hope Oxon̍. Second label [diamond-shaped, blue]: ‘W̍. Third label [white, unknown handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius | miersianus. | Westw. | Brazil | D. Miers̍. Fourth label [white with black border]: ‘TYPE COL: 535 2/2 |  Cryptogenius |  miersianus Westw. | HOPE DEPT. OXFORD̍. Fifth label [white]: ‘Scarab. Lapar. | =  C. fryi | arrow [J. Krikken̍s handwriting] | det. J. Krikken 1975 ̍. Sixth label [red with black frame, printed]: ‘ LECTOTYPE /  Cryptogenius miersianus /Westwood, 1842/ des. V. Costa-Silva, 2022̍ (Figure 2c). Type locality: According to the label and Westwood (1842a), Brazil (Figure 2c); more specifically, as we shall argue, likely the city of Rio de Janeiro. According to an anonymous author (Anonym 1879), the British botanist John Miers (1789–1879) lived in Rio de Janeiro between 1831 and 1838, collecting several specimens of the fauna and flora within the administrative limits of the city. It is likely that the now lectotype, originating from his collection, was among the material collected by him there. Note: Westwood (1842a) did not specify how many specimens he examined for the original description, nor does the description provide enough elements for an inference. Following Recommendation 73F (ICZN 1999) we assume that the sole type specimen known to us is a syntype. To fix the name-bearing type to a single specimen (ICZN 1999 – Art. 74.3), we designate this sole known syntype as the lectotype (Figure 2a–c). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The lectotype of  C. miersianus clearly belongs to the same species as the holotype of  C. fryi , hence we propose  C. fryi as a new junior subjective synonym of  C. miersianus . At the same time, the species encompassing the Amazonian and possibly Panamanian and Costa Rican populations that up to now had been erroneously referred to in the literature as  C. miersianus (e.g. Westwood 1846; Lacordaire 1855; Harold 1869; Preudhomme de Borre 1886; Arrow 1909, 1912; Blackwelder 1944; Scholtz 1982; Scholtz et al. 1987, 1988; Ratcliffe 2002; Ocampo 2006; Ocampo and Ballerio 2006; Hielkema and Hielkema 2019), having no name available to denote it, will be described below as the new species  Cryptogenius westwoodi . </p>
            <p> Type specimen of  Cryptogenius fryi Arrow, 1909 (new subjective synonymy) HOLOTYPE, BY ORIGINAL MONOTYPY (Ơ BMNH), not examined. Type locality: Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), collected in October 1851 by the English entomologist Alexander Fry (Arrow 1909). Note: Even with the holotype not examined by us, the type locality and the detailed description provided by Arrow (1909), particularly the mentioned presence of a remarkable hooked tooth on the profemur, is enough to assign the same to the Atlantic Forest species and, therefore, to synonymise  C. fryi with  C. miersianus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B06FA83FFFFA737D25DDFF2B3B8DE567	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.text	B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogenius westwoodi Costa-Silva & Vaz-de-Mello 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 1a–f, 4)</p>
            <p> Cryptogenius miersianus [error]: Westwood 1846 (not 1842a): 171 (pars); Lacordaire 1855: 153; Harold 1869: 1091; Preudhomme de Borre 1886: 78; Arrow 1909: 501, 1912: 63; Blackwelder 1944: 219; Scholtz 1982: 19; Scholtz et al. 1987: 193–194, 1988: 215; Ratcliffe 2002: 7; Ocampo 2006: 156–157; Ocampo and Ballerio 2006: 181; Hielkema and Hielkema 2019: 15. </p>
            <p>Types</p>
            <p>  HOLOTYPE (Ơ, CEMT) (Figure 1a–f).  First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Pastaza | Chuyayacu. 810 m. V-1999 | Fumigación dosel. PAraujo̍. Second label [red with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022  |   HOLOTYPE Ò̍ (Figure 1f). Type locality: Ecuador: Pastaza:  Chuyayacu . </p>
            <p> PARATYPES (17 specimens): First label [white, typeset]: ‘ Venezuela | Bolivar | St. Elena-Paui | 10.- 12.9.1977 ̍. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘leg.Lindemann̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE Ò̍ (1 Ơ CEMT). First label [white with black border,printed]:‘ ECUADOR: Pastaza,Arajuno,| B.P. Oglán, 640 m, 25-VI-2009, | Plato Amarillo. WChamorro y | GGallo̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ ECUADOR: Orellana, | Yasuní, Río Rumiyacu, | Apaica 2, 220 m, 76° | 42ʹ0̍W, 0°48ʹ36̎S, 10-X- | 2000. P Araujo fum̎. Second label [white]: ‘  COLEOPTERA | Scarabaeidae-Hybosorinae |  Cryptogenius | miersianus | West, 1846 | Det: William Chamorro̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT).First label [white, printed]:‘ ECUADOR: Orellana,| Yasuní,Río Rumiyacu,| Apaika, 220 m, 76°25̍ | 48̍W, 0°41ʹ16S, 08-X- | 2000, P Araujo fumig̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des.Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello,2022 | PARATYPE Ò̍ (1 Ơ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ Brasil (MA), Bom Jardim | REBIO-Res, Biol. Gurupi | Armad. Luminosa Base̍. Second label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ 05–15. vi. 2010, J. C. Silva, J. A. Silva, A. A. Santos, T. T. A. Silva̍. Third label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des.Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello,2022 | PARATYPE ƪ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white with black border, printed]: ‘ BRASIL: Mato Grosso, | Cotriguaçu, Faz. São | Nicolau, PPBio 2, | 09°49ʹ12̍S, 58°15ʹ57̎W, | decayed log, 27.x.2018, | Costa-Silva et al.̍ Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, aged with black border, printed]: Brasilien | Mato Grosso | Gleba Arinos – 350 m | 31.X.1967 | leg. Viehmann̍. Second label [yellow with black frame; printed]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-deMello, 2022 | PARATYPE ƪ̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘NG*̍. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘  Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw-̍. Third label [white with red border]:‘TYPE | WESTWOOD | Trans.Ent.Soc.| 4. P.171. | T.12.1.1 | Coll.Hope.Oxon̍. Fourth label [white, unknown handwriting]: ‘ lectotype ̍. Fifth label [white with black border]: ‘TYPE COL:353 ½ |  Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw.| HOPE DEPT.OXFORD̍.Sixth label [yellow with black frame]: ‘  Cryptogenius westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; | Vaz-de-Mello,2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 OUMNH – Figure 3a–c). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Serra de Baturité | (Céara) | Gounelle 1.1895̍.Second label [white, aged,typeset]:‘MUSÉUM PARIS | 1895 | COLL.E GOUNELLE̍.Third label [white, aged, handwritten]:‘  Cryptogenius | miersianus | Westw̍.Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva̍ s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva &amp; Vazde-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, printed]: ‘ GUYANE | Approuague | Saut Mapaou | Battage̍. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ 17.VIII.2016 | J. Touroult leg̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva̍s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 C]BH). First label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ GUYANE F., Saül, Grand | Boeuf Mort, xi-2007, | vitre [flight interceptation trap], P.-H. Dalens leg̍. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva̍s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius | westwoodi | Costa-Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello | 2022 | PARATYPE ̍ (1 C]BH). First label [white, printed]: ‘ BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz | Amboro National Park | Los Volcanes, c. 1000 m | S 18° 06̍: W 63° 36̍| 20/xi-12/xii/2004 ̍.Second label [white,printed]: ‘MV Light Sheet | Barcley.M. V.L. | &amp; Mendel, H. | BMNH(E) 2004–280̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius CostaSilva̍s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius /westwoodi/des. Costa-Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello/ PARATYPE 2022̍ (1 Ơ and 3 ♀ BMNH). First label [white, handwritten]: ‘Fr. Guyane: Saint-Lourent | du-Maroni, Mont Itoupé, | 03°01ʹN, 53°05ʹW, | I.2016, SEAG leg̍. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva̍ s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius ƪ | westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello | PARATYPE 2022̍ (1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Brasil, RO, Itapuã do Oeste / Flona Jamari, Trilha Pedra / Grande, 09°11̍39.4̎S – / 63°04̍55.3̎W, 06.x.2014 ̍. Second label [white, printed]:‘Facheamento,J.A. Rafael / F.F. Xavier F, R.M. Vieira &amp; / R.H. Aquino̍. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva̍s handwriting]: ‘  Cryptogenius | westwoodi | des. Costa-Silva &amp; Vaz-de-Mello | PARATYPE 2023̍ (1 INPA). </p>
            <p>Note</p>
            <p> The populations previously known as  C. miersianus (sensu Scholtz et al. 1987; Ide et al. 1990; Ocampo 2006) are now named  C. westwoodi sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p> Size of holotype: Length: 6.4 mm; width: 3 mm. (Figure 1a–c).  Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov. can be recognised as follows: clypeus deflexed, forming right angles with frons; pronotal disc flat and with surface densely areolate; lateral margins crenulate; diagonal carinae extended from the centre of disc into an acute projection near the posterior angles (Figure 1a, white arrows). Elytra with surface flat and densely areolate; with three acute carina, the third extending from the humerus to declivous area (Figure 1c, white arrow). Outer margins of meso- and metatibiae serrate, with nine or more acute teeth pointed laterally (Figure 1a,b). Male genitalia distinctive: parameres symmetrical and partially sclerotised; lateral margin not constricted near the apex; apex rounded and covered by sparce micropunctation. Further morphological details can be found in Westwood (1846), Scholtz et al. (1987) and Ocampo (2006). </p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism</p>
            <p> Males of  Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov. have the fourth ventrite with the same length as (or slightly shorter than) the third (Figure 6a), while the female has the fourth ventrite longer than the third (Figure 6b). For additional characters, see Ide et al. (1990). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Certainly present throughout the Amazon, with recorded presence in Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana and Venezuela (Figure 4). Ratcliffe (2002) and Ocampo (2006) also mentioned records under the name of  C. miersianus (now  C. westwoodi ) from Costa Rica and Panama, without further information. Also, Ocampo (2006) mentioned a record from Colombia, but no information about the specific locality or point on the map is given for this country. During this study, we were unable to find specimens from these countries and thus confirm the records. </p>
            <p> Additionally, Ide et al. (1990) mentioned a record of  Cryptogenius fryi from Peru that we believe to be a  C. westwoodi (Figure 4). Since we did not examine this specimen personally, we consider Peru a potential record for this newly described species. </p>
            <p> The specimen found in Serra do Baturité (Ceará, Brazil) is the only record of  C. westwoodi outside of the Amazon. The region where this specimen was collected, named ‘Brejo de Altitude̍, is a refuge for forest species that are typically found in areas with higher humidity (i.e. Atlantic Forest and Amazon) (Porto et al. 2004). This find, even unusual for the Amazonian fauna, is not a particularity of  Cryptogenius species. Several groups (e.g. dung beetles) were also reported for these isolated forests (Araújo et al. 2020; Cupello et al. 2020) as an effect of a temporary connection between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest in the last glacial cycle (De Oliveira et al. 1999). With the end of interglacial periods and the consequent retraction of these forests, some relict forests and populations of fauna and flora were isolated (Sobral-Souza et al. 2015). </p>
            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p> The specific name  westwoodi , a masculine noun in the genitive case, is an eponym after the English entomologist John Obadiah Westwood (1805–1893), who described the genus  Cryptogenius and countless other insects. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B06FA83FFFF4737B2595FCC73A87E582	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
B06FA83FFFF3737B24F5FE7B3A34E75D.text	B06FA83FFFF3737B24F5FE7B3A34E75D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogenius Westwood 1842	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to  Cryptogenius species </p>
            <p> 1 Pronotal disc slightly convex; outer margin of metatibiae with no more than eight teeth pointed backwards (Figure 2f); male with anterior border of profemur with a distinct hookshaped tubercle (Figure 2e, black arrow); parameres with lateral margin constricted near the apex (Figure 2d, black arrows)...  Cryptogenius miersianus Westwood 1842</p>
            <p> 1̍ Pronotal disc flat; outer margin of metatibiae with nine or more acute teeth pointed laterally (Figure 1a,b); male with anterior border of profemur without tubercles or carinae (Figure 1b); parameres with lateral margin not constricted near the apex (Figure 1d,e)...  Cryptogenius westwoodi sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B06FA83FFFF3737B24F5FE7B3A34E75D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2023): Not everything is what it seems: the study of type specimens of Cryptogenius Westwood, 1842 species (Coleoptera: Hybosoridae: Anaidinae) reveals a new species and new synonyms. Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4): 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2171821
