taxonID	type	description	language	source
AC5287BBFFFBFF9BFEB0F92E966E6F61.taxon	description	Heringinae Enderlein, 1934: 191. Type genus: Heringium Enderlein, 1934 (= Clanoneurum Becker, 1903). Clanoneurinae Enderlein, 1936: 168. Type genus: Clanoneurum Becker, 1903.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFBFF9BFEB0F92E966E6F61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The tribe Psilopini is distinguished from Discomyzini and other tribes of Ephydridae by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.50 – 2.50 mm; usually mostly black, shiny, microtomentum usually sparse, especially on frons and scutum. Head: Ocellar seta aligned behind anterior ocellus, sometimes only slightly so; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted behind, sometimes weakly developed or lacking, lateroclinate (sometimes well developed, divergent, and slightly proclinate), usually much less than ½ length of ocellar seta; arista with 7 – 14 dorsal rays; conformation of face variable, usually mostly smooth, sometimes distinctly carinate, shallowly pitted or rugose; gena, including midportion, setulose, its posterior margin rounded, mouthparts sometimes moderately to distinctly geniculate, length of labellum equal to haustellum. Thorax: Mesonotum generally sparsely microtomentose to bare, subshiny or shiny, although variable; supra-alar seta usually lacking, if present, well developed, subequal to postalar seta; arrangement of acrostichal setulae variable; prescutellar acrostichal setae usually present, widely set apart and aligned anterior of posteriormost dorsocentral setae; scutellum usually sparsely setulose; anterior and posterior notopleural setae inserted at about the same level. Wing hyaline to milky white; costal length variable; crossvein dm – cu sometimes lacking. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Epandrium and cerci distinctive; gonostylus well developed, rarely reduced in some Psilopa Fallén; subepandrial plate present, this plate fused in some genera with pregonite; pregonite elongate, setulose; postgonite small, bearing 1 – 6 setae (usually 3); aedeagus ovate in ventral view; ejaculatory apodeme lacking; phallapodeme narrow, triangular in lateral view; hypandrium broad, medially incised.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFBFF9BFEB0F92E966E6F61.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The position of the Risa group of genera within the Ephydridae is supported by the following characters: Head: Postocellar setae absent. Thorax: Anal vein atrophied; hence anal cell absent. Abdomen: Spiracles 2 – 5 included in tergites; abdominal spiracle 7 absent in both sexes; tergites 6 and 7 of male reduced, much shorter than preceding tergite; sternites 6 and 7 of male lost; sternite 8 of male completely lost (Fig. 1). Structures of the male terminalia of the Risa group include a few characters that are also found apparently in the shore-fly tribe Atissini (Ephydridae: Hydrelliinae). Externally, moreover, there is some resemblance also with specimens of Gymnomyzini (Ephydridae: Gymnomyzinae), and the primitive type of cibarium and lack of presutural dorsocentral setae suggest placement in Discomyzinae or Gymnomyzinae. However, the presence of a subepandrial plate, setose pregonites, which are attached to subepandrial plate, and lack of an ejaculatory apodeme are more typical for Discomyzinae, and like other genera of Psilopini, the pseudopostocellar setae are weakly developed with their length being considerably less than half that of the ocellar setae and the stem of the radial vein lacks setulae. The tribe Psilopini is closely related to Discomyzini, and these two tribes constitute the subfamily Discomyzinae (Fig. 1). Worldwide, the tribe Psilopini comprises 14 genera and 159 species (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995 and electronic updates). As noted in the above synonymy, we place the tribe Risini as a junior synonym of Psilopini and refer to the taxa formerly placed in Risini as the Risa group of genera. Like other genera of Psilopini, the pseudopostocellar setae are weakly developed with their length being considerably less than half that of the ocellar setae and the stem of the radial vein lacks setulae. In this study, we include both external and internal morphological characters, and based on this assessment, we suggest that the Risa group of genera is a monophyletic lineage that is also supported by several hypopygial characters: hypandrium fused with epandrium; subepandrial plate fused with epandrium; fusion of phallapodeme with aedeagus, forming aedeagus-phallapodeme complex; fusion of postgonites to each other; and fusion of postgonites to aedeagus-phallapodeme complex. Within the tribe Psilopini, the Risa group is closely related to the genus Diasemocera Bezzi. This conclusion is based on the following characters: Seven pseudotracheae (Fig. 10) and cibarium that are similarly shaped and with an extended central process (Figs 11, 12). Other genera within Psilopini, such as Clanoneurum Becker, Cnestrum Becker, and Trimerina Macquart, have seven pseudotracheae, but these genera have a simple cibarium. Only Diasemocera has an elongated cibarial process (Zatwarnicki, 2018). The other genera referred to above (Clanoneurum, Cnestrum, Diasemocera, and Trimerina) also have an association with the plant family Amaranthaceae. For example, D. leucostoma (Meigen) has been reared from Beta vulgaris L., and most species of Diasemocera breed in saline habitats where plants of the genera Chenopodium L., Seidlitzia L., and Suaeda Forsskål proliferate. We acknowledge, however, that specific host-plant information is not presently available for many species.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	description	“ Genus E ”. D. K. McAlpine, 2002: 5 – 6; 2011: 9 – 10 [discussion of antennal morphology].	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Notorisa mcalpinei sp. nov., by present designation and monotypy.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.90 – 2.80 mm; generally dark colored, shiny (Fig. 2); mouthparts geniculate, with long haustellum and rather short labellum (Figs 5 – 7); wing venation normal (Fig. 8). Head: Frons about as high as wide; ocellar triangle long and narrow, extended to anterior margin of frons, shiny (Figs 3, 4); ocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly convergent; pseudopostocellar setulae divergent; both medial (= inner) and lateral (= outer) vertical setae well developed; fronto-orbital setae 3, 2 proclinate, with anterior proclinate seta much larger, 3 – 4 times length of smaller, posterior proclinate seta, 1 large reclinate seta, length subequal to large proclinate seta; frons otherwise with few setulae above and near antennal base (Figs 4, 20). Antenna moderately elongate (Figs 5 – 7); antennal ratio about 0.4; basal flagellomere ratio 2 – 2.5; pedicel lacking a well-developed, spine-like seta anterodorsally; pedicel elongate with lobe on medial side of dorsal seam more prominent than on lateral side; distal articular surface less deeply concave, lacking any suggestion of a cup-like cavity; conus relatively narrow but strongly projected, arising close to medial dorsal lobe; foramen faces laterally; basal flagellomere has no basal stem, basal foramen on a slight scabrous prominence on lateral margin of basal hollow, hollow capacious tilted medially, and its floor with a narrow caecum-like extension; pore of sacculus in a ventral position; beyond base of arista; arista about as long as antenna, rather thick at base, bearing short dorsal hairs. Face vertically carinate (Figs 5, 7), carina produced toward ventral margin as a rounded point; 1 large facial seta near ventral margin; ventral margin of face concave. Clypeus exposed in ventral facial emargination. Gena low, gena-to-eye ratio about 0.8; 1 large genal seta. Eye vertically oval, higher than width, appearing bare of interfacetal setulae. Proboscis geniculate but with length of labellum slightly more than half haustellum; 7 pseudotracheae (Fig. 10); 7 medial sensillae; 6 – 7 ventral sensillae (Figs 11, 12); palpus black; lacinia digitiform, bearing numerous setulae ventrally (Fig. 10). Thorax: Mesonotum generally dark, bronzish black, more golden bronze on scutellum (Figs 2, 3, 6); scutellum as long as wide, not extended over most of abdomen. Chaetotaxy as follows: acrostichal setulae in 5, more or less regular rows and with 1 well-developed, prescutellar pair; only posteriormost dorsocentral seta well developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 presutural supra-alar seta; 1 postsutural supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2 notopleural setae; 2 marginal scutellar setae; 1 proepisternal seta; 1 proepimeral seta; 2 anepisternal setae along posterior margin, ventral seta longer; 1 katepisternal seta (Figs 5, 6). Wing generally hyaline to faintly milky white (Fig. 8), not darkened at base or elsewhere; costa long, extended to apex of vein M; vein R 4 + 5 long, reaching costa close to wing tip; wing apex slightly truncate; vein M reaching margin slightly after wing apex; coloration of all veins similar, yellow to brownish yellow; R stem vein lacking setulae dorsally; crossvein dm – cu present, distinct, mostly straight or shallowly arched, not angulate; costal setulae numerous, arranged in 2 more or less equal rows (anterodorsal and anteroventral rows), extended to vein R 4 + 5. Halter whitish yellow. Coxae, trochanters, femora, and tibiae dark greenish black; tarsi predominantly yellow, becoming brownish on apical 2 – 3 tarsomeres. Abdomen: Male with tergites and sternites 1 – 5 well developed, each tergite with a spiracle in ventral margin; spiracle 6 in membrane adjacent to genital capsule; sternite 2 simple, rectangular with anterior margin even. Male terminalia (Figs 16 – 19): Epandrium well developed, in lateral view (Fig. 16) widest at midheight, ventral margin rounded; cercus (Figs 16, 17) long and narrow; gonostylus a narrow, moderately wide sclerotized structure beyond ventral margin of epandrium (Figs 16, 17); pregonite a well-sclerotized structure, wider basally, tapered toward ventral apex; subepandrial plate very shallowly arched, simple, band-like; postgonite clavate, apex rounded, bearing 5 – 6 setulae; aedeagus and phallapodeme broadly fused at juncture; aedeagus bearing a lateral keel in lateral view (Fig. 19), as a scoop shovel in ventral view (Fig. 18); phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 19) with keel long, narrow; hypandrium large, as wide and almost as long as epandrium, pocket-like. Female: Tergites 6 – 8 narrow, transverse bands; tergites 6 – 7 bearing several setulae along posterior margin, but not fringe-like; sternites 4 – 8 subequal in width, bearing numerous setulae; cerci present; subanal plate present (Fig. 13); 8 sternites evident; ventral receptacle large, well developed, sclerotized, with a helmet-shaped operculum and curved stalk, not bearing ventral appendages (Fig. 14); spermathecae and accessory glands reduced to 4 short, delicate, transversely ridged ducts; dorsal wall of vulva with a narrowly V-shaped sclerotized structure, vertex anterior.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Notorisa is a combination of “ notios, ” which is Greek for southern, and Risa, which is also of Greek derivation and means nose (Becker, 1907: 404), in reference to the pronounced facial carina.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Notorisa is known to occur thus far only on the island continent of Australia, where it is reasonably widespread (see below).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFDFF99FEA1FACE92996B2C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This distinctive genus was first noticed by D. K. McAlpine (2002, 2011, = his “ Genus E ”), who showed us specimens while on a visit to the Australian Museum. David had collected several specimens and had accumulated others, which he set aside as an unusual and probably undescribed genus of shore flies. He had labelled the series with “? Ephydridae. ” By good fortune and coincidence, we had begun a study of Risa a few months before our field work in Australia and we immediately recognized a close resemblance with Risa. We further observed that in many features Notorisa is intermediate between Risa and other genera of Psilopini, especially those that have an association with Amaranthaceae. Our subsequent, more detailed studies have confirmed that this similarity has a phylogenetic basis, reflecting our proposal of a sister-group relationship. As noted on the cladogram (Fig. 1) and generic diagnosis above, Notorisa is characterized by having a digitiform lacinia that bears numerous setulae ventrally (Fig. 10). The finger-like lacinia is a synapomorphy for Notorisa. Other genera in Psilopini, including species of Risa, have a narrowed and tapered lacinia.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	description	Figs 2 – 8, 10 – 14, 16 – 20	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As in generic description with the following details. Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.90 – 2.75 mm. Head (Figs 4 – 7): Structure: Frons about as high as wide; ocellar triangle narrow, extended to anterior margin of frons, entirely shiny; fronto-orbits shiny like ocellar triangle; parafrons appearing matt, opaque to subshiny, from some angles whitish gray. Antennal ratio about 0.4; basal flagellomere ratio 2 – 2.5; aristal hairs short, length of longest hairs subequal to aristal width at base. Face as high as frons, with prominent carina, carina most prominent at ventral ⅓ of face (Figs 5, 7); face entirely sparsely whitish microtomentose, face shinier ventrally; parafacial densely whitish microtomentose, microtomentum extended dorsally to near base of large fronto-orbital setae and continued posteroventrally with microtomentum on gena and postgena; dorsal portion of occiput sparsely microtomentose, appearing grayish brown. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.09. Labellum usually open, appearing fleshy except for sclerotized base. Labellar ratio 0.8 – 1.0 in specimens with closed labellum. Coloration: Generally bronzish black to black, somewhat shiny (Figs 2 – 6). Antennal coloration variable, from predominantly brownish yellow to mostly brown, frequently lighter on pedicel and base of basal flagellomere; scape and basal flagellomere mostly brown with some reddish coloration, especially basoventrally; pedicel mostly reddish, somewhat brownish dorsally; palpus black. Chaetotaxy: Setae generally well developed; medial-to-lateral vertical setal ratio about 1.0; fronto-orbital setae 3, proclinate setae 2, anterior proclinate seta and reclinate setae well developed, posterior proclinate seta reduced, length about ⅓ larger proclinate seta; 5 – 6 setulae along anterior margin of frons (Figs 3, 4, 6, 20); face bearing 1 large seta and 2 – 3 shorter setae usually posteroventrally; gena bearing 1 large seta and several smaller setae (Fig. 7). Thorax: Coloration: Scutum sparsely microtomentose, mostly subshiny, bronzish to golden bronze; halter yellowish white; prescutellar acrostichal setae well developed. Chaetotaxy: 2 anepisternal setae; scutellar disc bearing sparse and scattered setulae (Figs 3, 6). Wing: costal setulae numerous and dense (more than 40 on distalmost section of costa); wing length 2.15 – 2.35 mm; costal vein ratio 0.53 – 0.59; vein M ratio 0.60 – 0.62. Legs: as in generic description. Abdomen: Structure: Sternite 3 rectangular with rounded corners; sternite 4 mostly rectangular, anterior corners flat, making anterior margin trapezoidal; Coloration: Strongly and generally bronzish black to black. Male sternites 3 – 5 longer than wide, sternites 3 – 4 mostly rectangular, parallel sided; sternite 5 with width of posterior margin twice that of anterior margin, posterior margin shallowly concave, closely associated with anterior margin of hypandrium. Male terminalia (Figs 16 – 19) as in generic description with these details: Epandrium well developed, in lateral view (Fig. 17) higher than wide, widest at midheight, anterior margin angulate, posterior margin shallowly curved, ventral margin narrowly rounded, in posterior view (Fig. 16) U-shaped; cercus (Fig. 17) in lateral view long and narrow, at least 4 times higher than wide, shallowly curved, in posterior view (Fig. 16) dorsal margin slightly recurved, pointed medially, ventral margin truncate, medial margin with dorsal ⅔ shallowly concave; gonostylus (these paired structures could be terminal portion of epandrium that is now separated by an unsclerotized gap) free at ventral margin of epandrium, in lateral view (Fig. 17) slender, shallowly curved, bearing 5 – 7 setulae, in posterior view (Fig. 18) longer than wide, apical ⅔ tapered to narrowed apex; pregonite a well sclerotized structure, in lateral view (Fig. 19) with basal and apical position both evenly tapered to acute point, both slightly curved, apical half recurved, bearing a few setulae in recurved margin, apical ⅓ digitiform, bearing tiny setulae along shallow concavity, in ventral view (Fig. 18) with medioapical margin truncate, thereafter toward base somewhat rectangular, basal portion narrowed to acute, basal apex; subepandrial plate in lateral view (Fig. 19) narrow, basal ⅔ nearly straight, apical third angled posteriorly, in ventral view (Fig. 18) irregularly quadrate, lateral sides narrow, angulate, posterior margin with lateral angles produced laterally as short, tapered, acutely pointed; anterior margin widely and evenly truncate; secondary process attached to latero-anterior margin of subepandrial plate robustly digitiform, longer than wide, bearing 9 – 11 short setulae; aedeagus and phallapodeme fused, aedeagal portion in lateral view (Fig. 19) irregularly triangular, tapered to point, phallapodemal portion gently arched posteriorly, broadly rounded apically, with a short, digitiform projection at midheight, in ventral view (Fig. 18) aedeagus broadly oval, apical margin broadly rounded, posterior narrowed, phallapodemal portion dagger-like; postgonites ovate, bearing 4 – 6 setulae; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 19) with length over twice width, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin irregularly linear with angulate depressions. Female: tergites 6 – 7 bearing several setulae along posterior margin, but not fringe-like; tergite 8 less sclerotized dorsolaterally; sternite 8 more or less pentagonal (length / width ca 0.7) with obtusely pointed apex directed anteriorly (Fig. 13), more strongly sclerotized along anterior margin, with anteromedial protrusion that bears 12 – 13 short, stout, black, sometimes knob-like setulae; posterior margin very shallowly concave; posterior and laterad of protrusion bearing numerous setulae with 1 larger, submarginal pair; subanal plate present, shallowly V-shaped, bearing some setulae; ventral receptacle with a helmet-shaped operculum and curved stalk, not bearing ventral appendages (Fig. 14); cerci short, rounded, bearing several setulae and 1 large pair of setulae inserted anteriorly (adjacent to a structure that appears like a double setal base without a seta); medial margin of cerci sharply defined.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The holotype male of Notorisa mcalpinei is labelled “ VIC: nr Lake Hindmarsh [,] Big Desert Nat [ional; Wilderness] P [ar] k [, 35 ° 42.6 ' S 141 ° 03.7 ' E] 29 – 30 Nov. 1992 / Moulds, [D. K.] McAlpine, McEvey / HOLOTYPE ♂ Notorisa mcalpinei Mathis & Zatwarnicki AM [red]. ” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in rectangular block of polyporus), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the Australian Museum (K. 612148). Eleven other paratypes (3 ♂, 8 ♀; 6 in AM, K. 612149 – K. 612154, and 5 in USNM) bear the same locality label as the holotype. Other paratypes are as follows: AUSTRALIA. Australian Capital Territory: Black Mountain (Light Trap; 35 ° 16.7 ' S 149 ° 06.5 ' E), 11 Sep 1963, I. F. B. Common (1 ♀; ANIC). Canberra (35 ° 16.9 ' S 149 ° 01.7 ' E), 18 Oct 1955, I. F. B. Common (2 ♀; ANIC). Other material examined. — New South Wales: Broken Hill (40 km SE, 32 ° 11 ' S 142 ° 03 ' E), 28 Sep 1975, Z. Liepa (1 ♂, 1 ♀; ANIC). Goonoo S. F. (6 km SW Mendooran [31 ° 51 ' 55 " S 149 ° 05 ' 49 " E]; light), 6 Apr 1979, B. J. Day, D. K. McAlpine (1 ♀; AM). Hazel Dell Station via Menindee (32 ° 43.2 ' S 143 ° 18.3 ' E), 21 Sep 2004, G. Curran (4 ♀; ANIC). Lachlan River (15 km SW of Euabalong; 33 ° 13.6 ' S 146 ° 22.2 ' E), 28 Dec 1976, Z. Liepa (1 ♂; ANIC). Menindee Lakes (32 ° 17.5 ' S 142 ° 22.3 ' E), 26 Sep 1975, Z. Liepa (2 ♂, 5 ♀; ANIC). Trangie (32 ° 02 ' S 147 ° 58.9 ' E), 21 Oct 1949, S. J. Paramonov (1 ♀; ANIC). Wanaaring (96 km W; 29 ° 43.4 ' S 143 ° 05.2 ' E), 30 Oct 1949, S. J. Paramonov (1 ♀; ANIC). Wilcannia (64 km E; 31 ° 35.7 ' S 144 ° 54.8 ' E), 23 Nov 1949, S. J. Paramonov (1 ♀; ANIC). Northern Territory: Brunette Downs (40 km S; 18 ° 53.3 ' S 136 ° 04.2 ' E), 11 Apr 1976, D. H. Colless (1 ♀; ANIC). Queensland: Barcaldine (30 km S, on road; 23 ° 48.8 ' S 145 ° 17.5 ' E), 10 Nov 1981, D. H. Colless (2 ♀; ANIC). Boulia (25 km NW by N; at light; 22 ° 45.2 ' S 139 ° 51.8 ' E), 8 Apr 1976, D. H. Colless (1 ♀; ANIC). Carnarvon National Park, Mt. Moffatt Section (3 km SE headquarters; 25 ° 04.6 ' S 148 ° 0.5 ' E; 740 m), 18 – 19 Nov 1995, M. E. Irwin, S. D. Gaimari (5 ♂; INHS). Carnarvon National Park, Mt. Moffatt Section (headquarters; 25 ° 01.3 ' S 147 ° 57.3 ' E; 740 m), 18 Nov 1995, M. E. Irwin, S. D. Gaimari (1 ♂, 6 ♀; INHS). Carnarvon National Park, Mt. Moffatt Section (24 ° 58.1 ' S 147 ° 57.2 ' E; 760 m), 19 – 20 Nov 1995, M. E. Irwin, S. D. Gaimari (1 ♂; INHS). Carnarvon National Park, Mt. Moffatt Section (near mailboxes; 25 ° 02.1 ' S 147 ° 54 ' E; 720 m), 19 – 20 Nov 1995, M. E. Irwin, S. D. Gaimari (1 ♂; INHS). Chillagoe (6 km SE; at light; 17 ° 36 ' S 144 ° 18 ' E), 26 Nov 1981, D. H. Colless (2 ♂, 4 ♀; ANIC). Nocundra (near; 27 ° 44.2 ' S 142 ° 41.3 ' E), 13 Nov 1949, S. J. Paramonov (1 ♂, 1 ♀; ANIC). Tickalarra (32 km S; 28 ° 38.3 ' S 142 ° 12.5 ' E), 15 Nov 1949, S. J. Paramonov (1 ♀; ANIC). South Australia: Blinman (10.5 km NW; 31 ° 05.4 ' S 138 ° 40.3 ' E), 4 Oct 1975, Z. Liepa (3 ♀; ANIC). Hawker, Torrens Rd. (32 km NW; 31 ° 47.3 ' S 144 ° 18 ' E), 2 Oct 1975, Z. Liepa (3 ♂, 4 ♀; ANIC). Mallee, Meningie (35 ° 41.4 ' S 139 ° 20.2 ' E), 7 Nov 1988, B. J. Day, D. K. McAlpine (2 ♂; AM). Oodnadatta (33 km SE by S; 27 ° 35.9 ' S 135 ° 27.4 ' E), 23 Sep 1972, Z. Liepa (1 ♂, 1 ♀; ANIC). River Clayton (50 km NE by N Marree; 29 ° 16.7 ' S 138 ° 22.3 ' E), 16 Sep 1972 (1 ♂; ANIC). The Coorong (30 km S Meningie; 35 ° 57.2 ' S 139 ° 31.6 ' E), 8 Dec 1977, D. K. McAlpine, M. A. Schneider (1 ♀; AM). Victoria: Hattah (2 km E; 34 ° 45.9 ' S 142 ° 22.2 ' E), 21 Nov 1975, K. R. Norris (2 ♀; ANIC). Lake Hindmarsh (near), Big Desert National Park (36 ° 03.7 ' S 141 ° 54.8 ' E), 29 – 30 Nov 1992, D. K. McAlpine (3 ♂, 6 ♀; AM). Lake Kenyon, Murray-Sunset National Park (35 ° 02.7 ' S 141 ° 44.4 ' E), 26 Nov 1992, D. K. McAlpine (1 ♀; AM). Melbourne, Mill Park (37 ° 40.2 ' S 145 ° 04.3 ' E), Nov 1978, I. R. Bock (1 ♀; AM). Mt. Cowra (10 km WNW), Murray-Sunset National Park, Dry Lake (35 ° 02.5 ' S 141 ° 43.2 ' E), 26 Nov 1992, D. K. McAlpine (2 ♀; AM). Pink Lakes (73 km W Ouyen; 35 ° 02.8 ' S 141 ° 48.4 ' E), 13 Oct 1975, Z. Liepa (1 ♀; ANIC). Rocket Lake (5 km S; 34 ° 38.4 ' S 141 ° 48.5 ' E), Murray-Sunset National Park (34 ° 39 ' S 141 ° 49 ' E), 25 Nov 1992, D. K. McAlpine, S. F. McEvey, B. J. Moulds (1 ♂; AM). Western Australia: Broome (101 km SE by E; 18 ° 16.2 ' S 123 ° 01.8 ' E), 20 Aug 1976, I. F. B. Common (1 ♂; ANIC). Dongara (3.2 km SSW; 29 ° 15.5 ' S 114 ° 55.3 ' E), 15 Oct 1970, D. H. Colless (2 ♀; ANIC). Dunham River (100 km S Wyndham; 16 ° 15.4 ' S 128 ° 09.2 ' E), 3 Jan 1986, M. S. and B. J. Moulds (1 ♀; AM). Junana Rock (33 ° 23 ' S 123 ° 24 ' E), 27 – 29 Oct 1977, D. H. Colless (Melaleuca blossom (2 ♂; ANIC). Mount Ragged (at light; 33 ° 27.1 ' S 123 ° 28.4 ' E), 30 Oct 1977, D. H. Colless (1 ♂, 1 ♀; ANIC). Murchison River (25 ° 52.7 ' S 118 ° 50.3 ' E), 27 Mar 1971, Upton & Mitchell (3 ♂, 3 ♀; ANIC). Thomas River estuary, Esperance District (24 ° 49.8 ' S 113 ° 47.2 ' E), 4 Nov 1977, D. H. Colless (1 ♀; ANIC), H. Colless (1 ♂, 3 ♀; ANIC). Watheroo (30 ° 18 ' S 116 ° 03.4 ' E), 15 Oct 1970, D. H. Colless (1 ♂, 3 ♀; ANIC). Type locality. Australia. Victoria. Big Desert Wilderness Park, near Lake Hindmarsh (36 ° 03.7 ' S 141 ° 54.8 ' E).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Australasian / Oceanian: Australia (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, VIC, WA).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet, mcalpinei, is a genitive patronym to honor David K. McAlpine, collector of most of the type series. We take great pleasure in recognizing David’s many contributions to the study of Diptera, especially families within Schizophora.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFFFFF96FEECF9C390BD684D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As with Risa, we suggest the possibility that this species may be associated with plants of the family Amaranthaceae.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF0FF94FC3EFA7E977D698E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Minute to small shore flies, body length 0.95 – 1.60 mm; generally dark colored, shiny; mouthparts geniculate, moderately to extremely long; wing venation reduced. Head: Generally bluish black to black, somewhat shiny (Figs 26, 27, 35, 37 – 41, 49, 50, 57 – 60). Frons generally black, shiny; ocellar triangle long and narrow, extended to anterior margin of frons; ocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly divergent; pseudopostocellar setulae divergent; both medial and lateral vertical setae well developed; fronto-orbital setae 2 – 4, usually 3, orientation various: in most species all fronto-orbital setae proclinate (Figs 21, 22, 35 – 41, 46, 49, 50, 57 – 60), small, hair-like, subequal (“ similar ” in text hereafter); in some species anterior fronto-orbital seta about 2 – 3 times longer than middle seta, inclinate, posterior seta usually reclinate (“ dissimilar ” in text hereafter; R. flavipalpis is intermediate), frons otherwise with few setulae above and near antennal base. Antenna short to moderately elongate; antennal ratio ⅓ – ⅔; basal flagellomere ratio varying from only slightly greater than 1: 4; usually predominantly yellow, frequently brownish dorsoapically; pedicel elongate with lobe on medial side of dorsal seam more prominent than on lateral side; distal articular surface less deeply concave, lacking any suggestion of a cup-like cavity; conus relatively narrow but strongly projected, arising close to medial dorsal lobe; foramen faces laterally; basal flagellomere has no basal stem, basal foramen on a slight scabrous prominence on lateral margin of basal hollow, hollow capacious tilted medially, and its floor with a narrow caecum-like extension; pore of sacculus in a ventral position; beyond base of arista; pedicel lacking a well-developed, spine-like seta anterodorsally; arista about as long as antenna, rather thick at base, bearing short to very short, dorsal hair-like branches. Face vertically carinate, carina prominent to shallow, in lateral view sharp to rounded (Figs 23 – 27, 35 – 41, 46, 49, 50); facial seta 1; ventral facial margin arched. Eye vertically oval, higher than wide, appearing bare. Gena short; 1 genal seta. Clypeus not exposed. Proboscis geniculate, rostrum elongate (Figs 23 – 25), haustellum and labellum equal in length, but labellar ratio variable among species; 2 – 3 pseudotracheae, these short, at apex of labellum (Figs 31, 32); cibarium with 2 medial sensillae (Fig. 29) and no ventral sensillae; palpus black or yellow. Thorax: Mesonotum generally dark bluish or greenish black to black; scutellum wider than long. Chaetotaxy as follows: Acrostichal setulae in 2 irregular rows (Figs 39, 59, 60), sometimes with 1 well-developed, prescutellar pair; only posteriormost dorsocentral seta well developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 presutural supra-alar seta; 1 postsutural supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2 notopleural setae; 2 marginal scutellar setae; 1 proepisternal seta, 1 proepimeral seta, 1 – 2 anepisternal setae, one or both along posterior margin, if 2, ventral seta longer; 1 katepisternal seta (Fig. 60). Wing generally milky white, not darkened at base or elsewhere; costa short, extended to apex of vein R 4 + 5; vein R 2 + 3 well separated from costa; vein R 4 + 5 short, reaching costa far anterior of wing tip; vein M reaching wing tip or slightly posterior; R stem vein lacking setulae dorsally; veins M and CuA 1 colorless; crossvein dm – cu absent (Fig. 9); costal setulae arranged in 2 more or less equal rows (anterodorsal and anteroventral rows). There are either less and sparser setulae (up to about 35 along distalmost section of costa), or setulae are numerous and dense (more than 40 on distalmost section of costa). Halter variable, whitish yellow to blackish. Coxae, trochanters, and femora dark brown to black except apices of femora usually yellow; tibiae centrally usually brown to black but extent of dark coloration varies between legs as well as inter- and intraspecifically; mid- and hindtibiae usually more extensively dark than foretibia; tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Generally dark bluish or greenish black to black, sometimes partly orange basally. Male: Tergites and sternites 1 – 5 well developed, each tergite with a spiracle in ventral margin; spiracle 6 in membrane adjacent to postabdomen; sternite 2 notched or excavated along anterior margin or distinctly Y-shaped, with arms of bifurcation oriented anteriorly. Male terminalia: Epandrium as an inverted U, narrowed dorsally, band-like, lateral arms becoming wider ventrally (Figs 42, 51, 61); cercus elongate, bacilliform, setulose, sometimes somewhat fused ventrolaterally with medial margin of epandrium; gonostylus well developed (Figs 51, 55) or fused with ventral margin of epandrium (Figs 61, 62); pregonite attached to subepandrial plate, variously developed, short or long, narrow, sharply pointed apically; subepandrial plate partially attached to underside of epandrium; postgonite attached to aedeagus-phallapodeme complex, mostly rounded (Figs 44, 45, 53, 54, 63, 64), sometimes with narrow process, bearing 3 – 4 setulae (Figs 63, 64); aedeagus and phallapodeme broadly fused at juncture; aedeagus a simple tube, rounded apically; phallapodeme short, lacking extended keel; hypandrium well developed, attached posterolaterally to epandrium, broad, emarginate medially at base, shallowly concave, sometimes weakly sclerotized (Figs 44, 45, 53, 54, 63, 64). Female terminalia: Subanal plate absent; sternite 8 entire but lacking a sclerotized, protrusion, posterior portion lacking hooked setulae, but bearing 12 – 22 short, straight setae along anterior margin; cerci short and rounded (Fig. 33); stalk of ventral receptacle with (Figs 47, 48) or without (Fig. 15) paired, tubular processes.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF0FF94FC3EFA7E977D698E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Risa is strictly an Old World genus, now comprising ten described species. The geographic range for the genus extends from Spain and Morocco eastward across North Africa and Israel to Mongolia in the far east. The genus seems to be restricted to arid regions where it is associated with host plants of the family Amaranthaceae.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF0FF94FC3EFA7E977D698E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The female terminalia of Risa are peculiar and are a primary source of evidence, supporting the inclusion of this genus in the Ephydridae. This combination of characters is not known to occur in any other family of Schizophora. In freshly pinned material it is possible to see a row of white hairs that requires high magnification for clarification of its structure (SEM?). The structure and sclerotization of the female terminalia are such that even in shriveled specimens the apex of the abdomen is exposed and more or less in a natural position. In shriveled males, the lateral margins of the abdomen fold such that the abdomen appears triangular and the terminalia are hidden behind the folds. The monophyly of Risa is corroborated by the following characters that are mostly synapomorphies (many of these characters were identified previously by Griffith, 1972; D. K. McAlpine, 2002, 2011): Head: Reclinate fronto-orbital seta reduced or lacking; pore of the sacculus in a ventral position on the basal flagellomere; face distinctly carinate, sometimes carina somewhat pointed; mouthparts moderately to distinctly geniculate; elongate prementum of the proboscis; labellum equal to haustellum. Thorax: Wing often milky white; costa short, extended to vein R 4 + 5; subcosta fused with R 1 distally; crossvein dm – cu absent. The proboscis in species of Risa is elongated, which is apparently an adaptation to nectar feeding as adults. Similar adaptations of the proboscis have developed in the Milichiidae, hence the placement of Risa by some authors in this family (see illustrations and descriptions in the seminal work of Brake, 2000).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF5FF93FEEBFAB3965B6A87.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The subgenus Achaetorisa is distinguished from the nominate subgenus Risa by the following combination of characters: Head: Face with a medial carina, in lateral view carina rounded. Thorax: Prescutellar acrostichal setae absent, only setulae present; scutellar disc lacking setulae. Costal section III (between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5) bearing approximately 10 – 35 setulae along anterior margin. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Cercus elongate, separate from epandrium; gonostylus evident as distinct lobe at ventral margin of epandrial arm (Figs 42, 55); hypandrium in ventral view plate like, longer than wide, shallowly pocket-like. Female terminalia: subanal plate absent (Fig. 34); sternite 8 entire but lacking a sclerotized, protrusion, posterior portion lacking hooked setulae, but bearing 12 – 22 short, straight setae along anterior margin; cerci short and rounded; stalk of ventral receptacle with paired, tubular processes (Figs 47, 48). Discussion. Achaetorisa is given status here as a wellcorroborated, monophyletic subgenus. As a terminal clade, however, its recognition as a subgenus leaves the nominate subgenus as a paraphyletic group that includes, among other lineages, Achaetorisa. Papp (1980) described Achaetorisa and distinguished it from Risa using several characters. The discovery of additional species of Risa, and thus an enhanced opportunity to study critically characters for this group, revealed that Achaetorisa brevicornis is congeneric with other species of Risa and that Achaetorisa should therefore be consigned to subgeneric status within Risa. Papp (1980), however, did not emphasize the distinctive and paired ventral appendages of the female ventral receptacle in R. brevicornis. These appendages appear to be unique to the Achaetorisa group. We recognize the following five species in the subgenus Achaetorisa: Risa (Achaetorisa) brevicornis (Papp) comb. nov., R. (A.) brevirostris sp. nov., R. (A.) flavicoxa Krivosheina & Ozerov, R. (A.) nettae sp. nov., and R. (A.) salsolae (Mathis & Zatwarnicki) comb. nov.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF92FF2FF9F292826A9C.taxon	description	Figs 24, 35	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF92FF2FF9F292826A9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palearctic: Israel / Jordan, Morocco, Spain. Natural history. This species is associated with Halogeton sativus (L.) Moq. (Amaranthaceae).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF8FFCCDF9F296506868.taxon	description	Figs 28, 32, 34, 38, 39, 42 – 45	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF8FFCCDF9F296506868.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.48 – 1.70 mm. Head: Structure: Face moderately low, with prominent carina (Figs 38, 39); antennal ratio ⅓ – ⅖; basal flagellomere ratio 1.5; aristal hairs very short; labellar ratio about 1 (Fig. 28). Coloration: Antenna as for genus; palpus black; head otherwise black, without distinct microtomentum. Chaetotaxy: Medial-to-lateral vertical setal ratio 2; fronto-orbital setae 3 (rarely 2 or 4), proclinate, small, hair-like, equal or subequal in size (Figs 38, 39). Thorax: Scutum sparsely microtomentose. Prescutellar acrostichal setae lacking; 1 anepisternal seta present; scutellar disc lacking setulae. Wing: costal setulae few and sparse. Wing length: 1.08 – 1.32 mm. Halter knob yellow. Legs as in generic description. Abdomen: Often extensively basally yellow, otherwise dark. Male: Male terminalia (Figs 42 – 45): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 42) as an inverted U, dorsal arch and lateral arms thin, latter becoming slightly wider ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 43) with posterior margin nearly straight, anterior scalloped with a pointed projection at midlength between scallops; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 42) narrowly rectangular, thumb-like, dorsal margin rounded, uniformly setulose, in lateral view (Fig. 43) elongate, narrow, tapered to point dorsally; gonostylus in posterior view (Fig. 42) triangular, somewhat fused basally with ventral epandrial margin, thereafter ventrally tapered to narrowly rounded point, oriented ventrally, bearing 2 – 3 setulae toward apex along medial margin, in lateral view (Fig. 43) narrowly triangular, ventral apex narrowly rounded; subepandrial plate in lateral view (Fig. 43) an irregularly elliptical plate, anterior and posterior margin tapered to broadly rounded apices; in ventral view (Fig. 42) somewhat rectangular plates, bearing cluster of setulae at medioposterior corner; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. 44) elliptical, elongate, in lateral view (Fig. 45) very slender, curved, slightly expanded apically; phallapodeme partially fused to base of aedeagus, in ventral view (Fig. 44) T-shaped with robust crossbar, in lateral view (Fig. 45) perpendicular to aedeagus with short, narrow keel; pregonite moderately long, gently curved in lateral view; postgonite in ventral view (Fig. 44) somewhat trapezoidal with even base, anteroventral margin rounded and bearing 3 setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 45) ovate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 44) a wide plate, especially basally, lateral margins evenly curved and tapered to broad, medial margin, in lateral view (Fig. 45) elongate, curved, pointed at anterior and posterior apices. Female: tergites 6 – 7 bearing a few small setulae, lacking row of long, fringe-like setulae along posterior margin (Fig. 34); tergite 8 interrupted dorsomedially; sternite 8 more or less pentagonal (length / width ca 0.7) with pointed apex directed anteriorly, evenly sclerotized, lacking protrusion; posterior margin with shallow notch medially; anterior third bearing about 22 very short, stout, black setae, these not arranged in distinct rows; posterior third bearing sparse setulae submarginally (Fig. 34); subanal plate lacking; ventral receptacle with paired tubular appendages; cerci short, rounded.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF8FFCCDF9F296506868.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The holotype ♂ of Risa (Achaetorisa) brevirostris is labelled “ ISRAEL [.] Ẕomet Zohar [31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E,] 9. vi. 1997 [9 Jun 1997,] A. FREIDBERG [white] / HOLOTYPE ♂ Risa (Achaetorisa) brevirostris Mathis & Zatwarnicki SMNH [red]. ” Twenty-four paratypes are as follows: ISRAEL. Ẕomet Zohar (31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E; on Seidlitzia rosmarinus), 9 Jun 1997, A. Freidberg (2 ♂, 1 ♀; SMNH); 9 Sep 1997, A. Freidberg (on Seidlitzia rosmarinus) (14 ♂, 7 ♀; additional specimens in alcohol; SMNH). Deir Hijleh (near Jericho; 31 ° 49.2 ' N 35 ° 30.1 ' E; ex Seidlitzia rosmarinus), 25 Sep 1997, A. Freidberg (5 ♂, 18 ♀; SMNH). Other specimens examined. EGYPT. Sinai: Ras Umm Burká (on Seidlitzia rosmarinus), 1 – 9 May 1996, A. Freidberg (5 ♂ ♀, SMNH). Type locality. Israel. Ẕomet Zohar (31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF8FFCCDF9F296506868.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palearctic: Israel (Dead Sea Area), Egypt (eastern Sinai). Natural history. This species is associated with Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge ex Boiss (Amaranthaceae).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFF4FF8FFCCDF9F296506868.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, brevirostris, is named for this species’ comparatively short mouthparts.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFE9FF8DFC71FA8696C36AFB.taxon	description	Figs 46 – 56	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFE9FF8DFC71FA8696C36AFB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.14 – 1.50 mm. Head: Structure: Face low, with rather prominent carina (Fig. 46); antennal ratio 0.4 – 11 / 31, 15 / 34, 13 / 31, 13 / 34; basal flagellomere ratio 1.33 – 2.00; aristal branches very short; labellar ratio 2.0 – 2.5. Coloration: Antenna predominantly or entirely yellow, scape and pedicel and basal flagellomere anteroapically occasionally darker, arista yellow to brown (Figs 49, 50); palpus black to brownish; head otherwise black, without microtomentum. Chaetotaxy: Medial-to-lateral vertical setal ratio 1.3 – 2.0; fronto-orbital setae 3 (rarely 2 or 4), proclinate, small, hair-like, equal or subequal in size. Thorax: Scutum without distinct microtomentum, appearing fatty, contrasted with strongly microtomentose scutellum. Prescutellar acrostichal setae lacking; 1 anepisternal seta present, inserted slightly ventral to midheight of posterior suture; scutellar disc lacking setulae. Wing: Costal setulae moderately numerous and dense. Wing length: 0.90 – 1.12 mm. Halter knob with large dark spot or at least not strongly contrasted with black coloration of body. Femora and tibiae almost entirely black or blackish; tibiae distally and sometimes narrowly basally yellowish. Abdomen: Entirely black or blackish. Male: Male terminalia (Figs 51 – 56): Epandrium in posterior view (Figs 51, 55) as an inverted U, dorsal arch thin, lateral arms becoming gradually wider ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 52) with posterior margin nearly straight, anterior scalloped with a pointed projection between scallops at midheight; cercus in posterior view (Figs 51, 55) narrowly rectangular with corners rounded except for right angle mediodorsal corner, uniformly setulose, in lateral view (Fig. 52) elongate, very slender, wider dorsally; gonostylus in posterior view (Figs 51, 55) irregularly rectangle, somewhat fused basally with ventral epandrial margin, thereafter ventrally extended more or less straight to broadly ventral apex, apex shallowly concave, bearing numerous setulae toward apex, in lateral view (Fig. 52) triangular, broad basally, tapered to rounded point; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. 53) elliptical, elongate, with fused phallapodeme as a fish tail, in lateral view (Fig. 54) elongate, narrow, curved, with phallapodeme as a basal, thumb-like extension; pregonite in lateral and ventral views (Figs 51, 52, 56) fused to apical arch of subepandrial plate, as triangular projections (Figs 52, 56); subepandrial plate in lateral view (Fig. 52) longer than wide, basal and apical margins rounded, apical one more so; postgonite in ventral view (Fig. 53) somewhat triangular with base broadly rounded, apex pointed and bearing setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 54) ovate, longer than wide, base rounded, apex pointed and setulose; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 53) a symmetrical plate, about as wide as long, basal margin evenly and shallowly concave, posterior margin slightly narrowed and broadly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 54) elongate, length 4 times width, shallowly angulate, pointed at anterior and posterior margins. Female: subanal plate lacking; ventral receptacle with paired tubular appendages (Figs 47, 48).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFE9FF8DFC71FA8696C36AFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The holotype ♂ of Risa (Achaetorisa) nettae is labelled “ ISRAEL [.] Ẕomet Zohar [,] [31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E,] 21. vii. 1998 [21 Jul 1998,] A. FREIDBERG / HOLOTYPE ♂ Risa (Achaetorisa) nettae Mathis & Zatwarnicki SMNH [red.]. ” Thirty-nine paratypes bear the same locality, collection date, and collector as the holotype and was taken on the plant Seidlitzia rosmarinus (29 ♂, 10 ♀; SMNH, USNM). Other specimens are as follows (listed alphabetically; some specimens in poor condition or in alcohol): Israel. Deir Hijleh (near Jericho; 31 ° 49.2 ' N 35 ° 30.1 ' E), 19 May 1998, A. Freidberg (16 ♂, 28 ♀; SMNH, USNM). Ne’ot haKikkar (30 ° 56 ' N 35 ° 22.7 ' E), 4 Apr – 1 May 1997, 1998, A. Freidberg (17 ♂ ♀; SMNH). Ẕomet Zohar (31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E), 4 Apr – 14 Oct 1997, 1998, A. Freidberg, I. Yarom (90 ♂ ♀; SMNH, USNM). Type locality. Israel. Ẕomet Zohar (31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFE9FF8DFC71FA8696C36AFB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palearctic: Israel (Dead Sea Area). Natural history. This species is associated with Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge ex Boiss (Amaranthaceae).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFE9FF8DFC71FA8696C36AFB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, nettae, is a genitive patronym to honor our friend and colleague, Dr Netta Dorchin, for discovering and rearing numerous specimens of Risa from plants of the familyAmaranthaceae. This discovery greatly facilitated collecting greater numbers of specimens.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8CFF17FF6D91B56CC8.taxon	description	Fig. 37	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8CFF17FF6D91B56CC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates (Ajman). Natural history. This shore-fly species is associated with Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge ex Boiss (Amaranthaceae).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8CFEF7FDFF92CF68D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The subgenus Risa is distinguished from the subgenus Achaetorisa by the following combination of characters: Head: Face usually with a conspicuous, medial carina, in lateral view carina pointed (carina inconspicuous in R. kotrbae). Thorax: Prescutellar acrostichal setae usually well developed (absent in R. kotrbae); scutellar disc bearing a few, scattered setulae. Costal section III (between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5) bearing approximately 70 – 80, densely spaced setulae. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Cercus fused ventrally with epandrium; gonostylus either lacking or more likely fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrial arm; hypandrium wider than long, almost band-like, transverse. Female terminalia: Subanal plate present; sternite 8 interrupted or thin dorsomedially, often with a sclerotized, protrusion (Fig. 33); posterior portion of sternite 8 bearing (1) numerous, mostly straight setae (R. asiatica), (2) numerous straight and some hooked setae (R. flavipalpis), or (3) numerous, long, hooked setae (R. longirostris, R. longicornuta, R. kotrbae); anterior margin of sternite 8 bearing numerous long setulae; cerci short and rounded; stalk of ventral receptacle lacking paired, tubular processes (Fig. 15).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8CFEF7FDFF92CF68D9.taxon	discussion	Discussion. We recognize the following five species in the nominate subgenus Risa: R. (R.) asiatica Ozerov, R. (R.) flavipalpis Ozerov, R. (R.) kotrbae sp. nov., R. (R.) longicornuta Papp, R. (R.) longirostris Becker (R. mongolica Papp is possibly conspecific).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8BFF12F9E690A46BA1.taxon	description	Figs 57 – 64	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8BFF12F9E690A46BA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.40 – 1.56 mm. Head: Structure: Face high, with shallow carina (Figs 58, 60); antennal ratio ⅕; basal flagellomere ratio about 2; aristal hairs very short; labellar ratio about 1 – 1.2. Coloration: Antenna as for genus; palpus black; head otherwise black; ventral portion of frons, including apex of ocellar triangle, parafacial and lateral margin of face including antennal groove conspicuously whitish to silvery microtomentose (Figs 57, 58, 60); most of ocellar triangle bare, shiny. Chaetotaxy: Medial-to-lateral vertical setal ratio 2 – 3; fronto-orbital setae 3 (rarely 2 or 4), proclinate, small, hair-like, equal or subequal in size. Thorax: Scutum rather densely microtomentose. Prescutellar acrostichal setae lacking; 1 anepisternal seta present; scutellar disc bearing sparse and scattered setulae (Fig. 60). Wing: costal setulae few and sparse. Wing length: 1.16 – 1.40 mm. Halter yellow. Legs as in generic description. Abdomen: Entirely dark. Male: Male terminalia (Figs 61 – 64): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 61) rectangular with dorsal margin produced medially, lateral margins sinuous, ventral margin slanted medioventrally, bearing 2 narrow pregonital projections medially, these tapered and with apices recurved, in lateral view (Fig. 62) epandrium much longer than wide, with angulate projection at dorsal third, ventral postgonal projection with posterior recurve thumb-like, length of recurve about half total height of surstylar projection, epandrium bearing 6 – 8 setulae in cluster toward base of ventral projection; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 61) rectangular, dorsal margin slightly produced mediodorsally, basal margin fused with ventromedial margin of epandrium, bearing setulae along length, in lateral view (Fig. 62) distinctly narrowed dorsally, and curved anteriorly, thereafter ventrally slightly expanded, narrowly spatulate before ventral fusion with epandrium; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. 63) elliptical, elongate, phallapodeme fused to base, in lateral view (Fig. 64) aedeagus narrowly digitiform, apical half slightly wider than base, rod-like, fused phallapodeme irregularly bifurcate at base, with longer process, narrow, digitiform, other process wider at base, tapered to point apically; internally with subepandrial plate at medial base of epandrium, in ventral view (Fig. 61) sclerite wider than long, base shallowly projected medially, rest of arch deeply bifurcate, each lateral projection bearing a postgonite, latter shallowly digitiform, bearing 2 – 3 apical setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 64) with irregular quadrate base with rounded corner toward base, thereafter apically as trifurcate with postgonite as medial projection; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 63) pentagonal with base truncate and sharply angulate at basolateral corners, posterior half evenly angled medially, medial margin broadly rounded, in lateral view (Fig. 64) slipper-like, tapered and shallowly curved posteriorly to pointed apex. Female: Tergites 6 – 7 bearing row of fringe-like, long setulae along posterior margin; tergite 8 bare, in 3 sections, interrupted dorsolaterally; sternite 8 transversely oval (length / width ca. 0.5); middle of sternite 8 with a shallow, transverse, truncate protrusion separating setulose anterior ⅘ of sternite from bare posterior margin; anterior portion bearing about 28 stout, black setae in more than 2 irregular rows toward anterior margin; setae relatively long with pointed apices curved anteriorly; posteriorly anterior portion bearing fringe of long, apically hooked setulae; subanal plate present, triangular; ventral receptacle lacking paired tubular appendages; cerci short, rounded.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8BFF12F9E690A46BA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The holotype ♂ of Risa kotrbae is labelled “ ISRAEL [.] Ẕomet Zohar [31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E], 9. vi. 1997 [9 Jun 1997,] A. FREIDBERG [white] / HOLOTYPE ♂ Risa kotrbae Mathis & Zatwarnicki SMNH [red]. ” Thirty-nine paratypes (SMNH, USNM) bear the same locality label as the holotype (additional specimens in alcohol; SMNH). Other paratypes are as follows: ISRAEL. Kalya (31 ° 45 ' N Mathis & Zatwarnicki: The Risa genus group of ephydrid flies 21 35 ° 28 ' E; ex Suaeda palaestina Eig & Zohary), 9 May – 28 Sep 1995, 1996, A. Freidberg, B. Merz, I. Yarom (22 ♂, 15 ♀; SMNH); Na h al Qidron (31 ° 47.1 ' N 34 ° 38.1 ' E; Rt. 90), 7 Jun – 10 Jul 1996, A. Freidberg, B. Merz (33 ♂, 22 ♀; SMNH; additional specimens in alcohol; SMNH); Ẕomet Me z ada (31 ° 18.8 ' N 35 ° 23 ' E; swept from Suaeda fruticosa Forsskål, occasionally from S. palaestina), 10 Jul 1996, A. Freidberg (28 ♂, 5 ♀; SMNH). Type locality. Israel. Ẕomet Zohar (31 ° 08.5 ' N 35 ° 21.6 ' E).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8BFF12F9E690A46BA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Palearctic: Israel. Natural history. This species is associated with Suaeda fruticosa Forsskål and Suaeda palaestina (Amaranthaceae).	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
AC5287BBFFEAFF8BFF12F9E690A46BA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, kotrbae, is a Latin genitive patronym to honor our friend and colleague, Dr Marion Kotrba, for her numerous contributions to the systematics of Diptera, especially female reproductive systems, including those for species of Risa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of many organizations and individuals who contributed to the field work and production of this paper. To the curators and collection managers noted previously who loaned specimens, we express our sincere thanks. We also thank Martin J. Ebejer (NMWC) for re-examining the type series of R. salsolae. Young T. Sohn † rendered the habitus line drawings and is thanked. For reviewing a draft of this paper, we thank Martin J. Ebejer and Marion Kotrba.	en	Mathis, Wayne N., Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz (2023): Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Risa Genus-group (Diptera: Ephydridae), with Description of a New Genus from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 75 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1823
