taxonID	type	description	language	source
AE38686E3050FF8FFE17FE04FDE40F30.taxon	description	Fig. 3 A	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8FFE17FE04FDE40F30.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 15.6 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía Antónia; 0.5 to 5 m depth on rocky bottom; MMM. Other material CABO VERDE • 14.5 mm; Boa Vista Island, Água Doce; 16 º 12 ′ 29 ″ N, 22 º 44 ′ 7 ″ W; 19 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491587; MNCN 15.05 / 79889 (Fig. 3 A) • 13.4 mm, holotype of Africonus padarosae; Boa Vista Island, Baixa de Padaroso; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8FFE17FE04FDE40F30.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution North of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago, from Ponta do Sol towards the east, including Derrubado area.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8FFE17FE04FDE40F30.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8FFE17FE04FDE40F30.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimen sequenced from this recently described taxon appears closely related to A. damottai, but at a genetic distance consistent with its consideration as a valid species. The shell of the recently described A. padarosae is morphologically very close to that of A. antoniaensis, and separation at the species level is unsupported, as it falls within the morphological variability of the latter. As it happens with many other recently named cone snails endemic to the Cabo Verde Archipelago, the species separation criterion was based mainly on the type locality, and on subtle conchological differences, which were never statistically tested. In this particular case, the authors claimed that the A. padarosae could be separated from A. antoniaensis based upon “ different spire profile and more elongated shape ” without any statistically supported morphometric analysis. We therefore propose to consider A. padarosae as a mere form of A. antoniaensis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8CFDECF9F2FCDD0A55.taxon	description	Fig. 3 B	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8CFDECF9F2FCDD0A55.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 16.8 mm; Sal Island, Parda; 0.5 to 1 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1100 (Fig. 3 B). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Pedra Lume; 16 º 45 ′ 44 ″ N, 22 º 53 ′ 2 ″ W; 7 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491578; MNCN 15.05 / 79794.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8CFDECF9F2FCDD0A55.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution East coast of Sal Island in the Cabo Verde Archipelago, from a point approximately 6 km north to 8 km south of the locality of Pedra Lume.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8CFDECF9F2FCDD0A55.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3050FF8CFDECF9F2FCDD0A55.taxon	discussion	Remarks Prior to its introduction as a full species by Rolán (1990), it was referred to as Conus cuneolus form F in Röckel et al. (1980 a). In the phylogeny this taxon is certainly a member of the cuneolus clade, but the genetic distances and age divergence estimates are consistent with its consideration as a valid species with habitat restricted to the east coast of Sal Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8CFDA2FCE6FDD30FF0.taxon	description	Fig. 3 C	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8CFDA2FCE6FDD30FF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 18.9 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1098 (Fig. 3 C). Paratype CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; E. Rolán leg.; MJT.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8CFDA2FCE6FDD30FF0.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Santa Luzia (Curral) and São Vicente (Saragaça), Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8CFDA2FCE6FDD30FF0.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Data deficient.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8CFDA2FCE6FDD30FF0.taxon	discussion	Remarks No specimens of this species have been molecularly examined. Very few specimens have surfaced in the last 30 years, and most of them have been collected as empty shells. Clearly, more studies are needed in order to confirm the status of this taxon. Given the fact that most of the species described from the islands of São Vicente and Santa Luzia have shown relative large genetic divergences, we provisionally consider this as a valid species.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8DFE40F8B3FBD90C12.taxon	description	Fig. 3 D	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8DFE40F8B3FBD90C12.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 13.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Morro de Areia; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1089 (Fig. 3 D). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía do Ervatão; 16 º 12 ′ 3 ″ N, 22 º 54 ′ 43 ″ W; 2 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491563; MNCN 15.05 / 80413 • 1 spec., 11 mm, holotype of Africonus barrosensis; Boa Vista Island, João Barrosa; MMM • 1 spec, 10.6 mm, holotype of Africonus varandinhensis; Boa Vista Island, Varandinha; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8DFE40F8B3FBD90C12.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8DFE40F8B3FBD90C12.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3053FF8DFE40F8B3FBD90C12.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small species is widely distributed around the island of Boa Vista. It is very variable, and it has given rise to the introduction of several names (applied to representative specimens from certain local populations from the southwest and south coasts of the island), which are hereby considered junior synonyms. In the molecular tree, it appears as sister to A. diminutus, with a short genetic distance. Both species belong to a clade in which all the individuals have medium-sized and very broad radular teeth. The specimens in the type series of A. barrosensis and A. varandinhensis exhibit shell coloration, pattern and shape consistent with the morphological variability of A. boavistensi s.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3052FF8BFDA5FAD4FEC90CD3.taxon	description	Fig. 3 E	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3052FF8BFDA5FAD4FEC90CD3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 26.1 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; 2 m depth; NHMUK 1986196. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 30.5 mm; Boa Vista Island, Derrubado; 16 º 13 ′ 31 ″ N, 22 º 47 ′ 32 ″ W; 29 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 88646 (Fig. 3 E) • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Porto Ferreira; 16 º 7 ′ 45 ″ N, 22 º 40 ′ 17 ″ W; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: NC _ 013243; MNCN ADN / 6990 • 1 spec., 27.4 mm, holotype of Africonus wandae; Boa Vista Island, Baía Grande; MMM • 1 spec., 24.7 mm, holotype of Africonus pedrofiadeiroi; Boa Vista Island, Curral Velho to Ilhéu de Galeão; 1 to 5 m depth; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3052FF8BFDA5FAD4FEC90CD3.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3052FF8BFDA5FAD4FEC90CD3.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3052FF8BFDA5FAD4FEC90CD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is widely distributed around the island of Boa Vista. Differences in color pattern have been invoked for the introduction of new names for certain local populations from the southeast and south coasts of the island without further justification. We hereby consider these names as synonyms. Thus, specimens matching the type material of Africonus wandae were studied in detail in Tenorio et al. (2014), and their haplotypes (cox 1 gene fragment) showed to be identical with that of A. borgesi. The holotype of Africonus pedrofiadeiroi exhibits a white middle band patterned with minute brown zigzag markings, a feature characteristic of A. borgesi, which is considered conspecific. Africonus borgesi and A. josephinae are very closely related according to the phylogeny. They belong to a lineage that contains species from Boa Vista and Maio islands, and is the sister group to the remaining Africonus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3054FF88FDA5F993FD3C0A3B.taxon	description	Fig. 3 F	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3054FF88FDA5F993FD3C0A3B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 26.8 mm; Maio Island, Baía de Pau Seco; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1096 (Fig. 3 F). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Praia da Soca; 15 º 15 ′ 8 ″ N, 23 º 13 ′ 4 ″ W; 2 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491534; MNCN 15.05 / 78798 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 2 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491533; MNCN 15.05 / 78787.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3054FF88FDA5F993FD3C0A3B.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Between Calheta and Baía do Navío Quebrado, in the western and northwestern coast of Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3054FF88FDA5F993FD3C0A3B.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3054FF88FDA5F993FD3C0A3B.taxon	discussion	Remarks This taxon was initially introduced as a subspecies, i. e., Conus navarroi calhetae Rolán, 1990, due to morphological similarities in shell and radula between the populations from São Vicente and Maio islands. However, these disjunct populations are genetically distant. The closest relative according to the phylogeny is the parapatric taxon A. galeao.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3057FF96FDA2FCFBFC1B0BD1.taxon	description	Fig. 3 G	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3057FF96FDA2FCFBFC1B0BD1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) Holotype was in collection H. Cuming, present whereabouts unknown; reference is figure 254 on plate 6 of Reeve (1849). Three specimens in the NHMUK type collection were formerly labeled as “ probable syntypes ”, but these were not part of the type material. Given the relevance of this polymorphic taxon as an important reference for the Cabo Verde cone fauna, we hereby designate a neotype matching the figure in Reeve (1849). The originally stated type locality “ Saldanha Bay, South Africa ” was erroneous and it was corrected to Santa Mónica, Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago (Coomans et al. 1985 a). Neotype (here designated) CABO VERDE • 22.5 mm; Boa Vista Island, Santa Mónica; 15 º 59 ′ 0 ″ N, 22 º 53 ′ 11 ″ W; 22 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 79971 (Fig. 3 G). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Morro de Areia; 16 º 5 ′ 24 ″ N, 22 º 57 ′ 7 ″ W; 22 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491591; MNCN 15.05 / 79944 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491593; MNCN 15.05 / 79953 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Estancinha; 16 º 13 ′ 12 ″ N, 22 º 55 ′ 9 ″ W; 24 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491598; MNCN 15.05 / 80004 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491597; MNCN 15.05 / 79997 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491596; MNCN 15.05 / 79994 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Derrubado; 16 º 13 ′ 31 ″ N, 22 º 47 ′ 17 ″ W; 29 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491542; MNCN 15.05 / 80392 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Praia Zebraca (near Ilhéu do Galeão); 16 º 12 ′ 6 ″ N, 22 º 42 ′ 40 ″ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491549; MNCN 15.05 / 80399 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Água Doce; 16 º 12 ′ 29 ″ N, 22 º 44 ′ 7 ″ W; 19 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491588; MNCN 15.05 / 79894 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Derrubado (bay West); 16 º 13 ′ 22 ″ N, 22 º 47 ′ 41 ″ W; 29 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491545; MNCN 15.05 / 80395 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; 16 º 11 ′ 50 ″ N, 22 º 42 ′ 32 ″ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491550; MNCN 15.05 / 80400 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Água Doce; 16 º 12 ′ 29 ″ N, 22 º 44 ′ 7 ″ W; 19 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491588; MNCN 15.05 / 79894 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Ilhéu de Sal Rei; 16 º 9 ′ 50 ″ N, 22 º 55 ′ 31 ″ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491564; MNCN 15.05 / 80414 • 1 spec., 21.0 mm, holotype of Africonus antonioi; Boa Vista Island, Baía Pequena; MMM • 1 spec., 11.2 mm, holotype of Africonus calhetinhensis; Boa Vista Island, Baía de Calhetinha Ilhéu do Galeão; MMM • 1 spec., 18 mm, holotype of Africonus josegeraldoi; Boa Vista Island, Baixa de Padaroso; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3057FF96FDA2FCFBFC1B0BD1.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3057FF96FDA2FCFBFC1B0BD1.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3057FF96FDA2FCFBFC1B0BD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks The name crotchii has traditionally been applied to specimens from southwest Boa Vista Island matching figure 254 in Reeve (1849). However, based upon molecular phylogenetic studies, this has now been found to be the most senior name applicable to a large clade of specimens from multiple localities around Boa Vista Island with a very large phenotypic variability in shell pattern. Differences in radular morphology among the members of this clade are, however, rather subtle in agreement with the low DNA sequence divergence. This clade includes representative individuals of no less than 14 taxon names, which are now considered to be synonym (color forms) of the nominal taxon. Thus, the taxon A. salreiensis, which was initially classified within the category ‘ critically endangered’ in the IUCN Red List, now shows to be a mere color form of A. crotchii distributed in and around the Sal Rei area in northwest Boa Vista Island. Similarly, the taxon A. irregularis also now becomes a junior syonym of A. crotchii. In the mitogenome phylogeny, the analyzed individuals of A. irregularis from different populations appear distributed in two separate clades. Most of the individuals fell into the A. crotchii clade, whereas two were recovered within the A. maioensis clade. In order to attribute the senior name to each of the clades, we needed first to identify which of the analyzed individuals matched the available type material of A. irregularis. There is a series of three syntypes of this taxon at the NHMUK “ from West Africa ” as the type locality. We hereby designate the specimen 197871 / 1 (dimensions: 28.3 × 18.1 mm) in the series as lectotype for the taxon Conus irregularis G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Fig. 3 H). Specimens 197871 / 2 and 197871 / 3 from the same lot became paralectotypes. We consider that the specimens identified as A. irregularis from Estancinha, near Ponta do Sol in northwest Boa Vista match the type series at the NHMUK, and hence we propose a change in the type locality to Estancinha, north of Sal Rei, Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago. The sequenced specimens of A. irregularis from Baía das Gatas, Morro de Areia and Estancinha were recovered within the A. crotchii clade, which becomes the senior name for this taxon. Being a polymorphic species, many of the recently introduced names could be assigned to the taxon A. crotchii. Thus, A. antonioi and A. josegeraldoi are morphologically related to A. crotchii form fiadeiroi, whereas the green color and small size of A. calhetinhensis most likely correspond to a juvenile specimen of the highly variable A. crotchii form irregularis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3049FF97FDBBFC91FDB70D98.taxon	description	Fig. 3 I	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3049FF97FDBBFC91FDB70D98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype CABO VERDE • 33 mm; Sal Island (Coomans et al. 1985 a); NHMUK 196180. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 28.2 mm; Sal Island, Calheta Funda; 16 º 39 ʹ 6 ʺ N, 22 º 56 ʹ 53 ʺ W; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491569; MNCN 15.05 / 79712 (Fig. 3 I) • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Santa Maria; 16 º 35 ʹ 38 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 36 ʺ W; 9 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491583; MNCN 15.05 / 79844 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Ilhéus do Chano; 16 º 41 ʹ 37 ʺ N, 22 º 52 ʹ 47 ʺ W; 8 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491581; MNCN 15.05 / 79828 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Pedra Lume; 16 º 45 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 2 ʺ W; 9 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491582; MNCN 15.05 / 79835 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Baía da Fontona; 16 º 44 ʹ 22 ʺ N, 22 º 58 ʹ 46 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491575; MNCN 15.05 / 79764 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Baía do Roucamento; 16 º 41 ʹ 20 ʺ N, 22 º 56 ʹ 24 ʺ W; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491580; MNCN 15.05 / 79814 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Serra Negra; 16 º 38 ʹ 17 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 56 ʺ W; 9 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491571; MNCN 15.05 / 79729 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491570; MNCN 15.05 / 79719.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3049FF97FDBBFC91FDB70D98.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities to the west, south and east of Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago, including Fontona, Murdeira, Algodoeiro, Santa Maria, Serra Negra, Parda and Pedra Lume.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3049FF97FDBBFC91FDB70D98.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3049FF97FDBBFC91FDB70D98.taxon	discussion	Remarks The taxon A. cuneolus was the earliest name introduced for an endemic Cabo Verde cone species. It was already considered in Röckel et al. (1980 a) as an extremely polymorphic species. These authors assigned a total of 13 forms of A. cuneolus labeled with capital letters A to M. All these forms / species were widely distributed throughout most islands of the Cabo Verde Archipelago. However, several phylogenetic studies (Cunha et al. 2005; Abalde et al. 2017 a) indicate that the taxon A. cuneolus is actually endemic to Sal Island. Several authors (Rolán 1990; Rolán & Trovão in Rolán 1990; Cossignani 2014) have reported the occurrence of several species of cones within the group of forms of A. cuneolus from Sal Island and introduced new names accordingly. Most of these are members of a compact clade with very small genetic divergence from typical A. cuneolus. These taxa names are therefore considered junior synonyms of the latter, which can be regarded as a highly polymorphic species consistent with the proposal of Röckel et al. (1980 a).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3048FF94FDB6FB5BFDF50B1B.taxon	description	Figs 3 J, 5 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3048FF94FDB6FB5BFDF50B1B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 17 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; 1 – 3 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1010 (Fig. 3 J). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 23 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; 16 º 46 ʹ 23 ʺ N, 24 º 47 ʹ 13 ʺ W; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240806; MNCN 15.05 / 78591 (Fig. 5 K).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3048FF94FDB6FB5BFDF50B1B.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Southwest coast of Santa Luzia Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3048FF94FDB6FB5BFDF50B1B.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3048FF94FDB6FB5BFDF50B1B.taxon	discussion	Remarks It was initially reported in Röckel et al. (1980 a) as Conus decoratus form D. In the phylogenetic tree, it belongs to the same clade as A. decoratus, but appears only distantly related. A distinctive color form living sympatrically in Santa Luzia Island was initially confused with this species in Abalde et al. (2017 a). The sequencing of a specimen fully matching the holotype of A. curralensis has shown that the alleged color form is actually a separate, sister species that is introduced hereby with the name Africonus insulae sp. nov. (see below).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304BFF95FDBEFDDBFD630855.taxon	description	Fig. 3 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304BFF95FDBEFDDBFD630855.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 20.6 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; 2 m depth; NHMUK 1986197. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 18.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; 16 º 11 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 32 ʺ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491551; MNCN 15.05 / 80401 (Fig. 3 K) • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía Grande, Derrubado; 16 º 13 ʹ 31 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 29 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491543; MNCN 15.05 / 80393 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Espingueira; 16 º 12 ʹ 55 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 49 ʺ W; 19 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491589; MNCN 15.05 / 79904 • 1 spec., 13.2 mm, holotype of Africonus diegoi; Boa Vista Island, João Barbosa; MMM • 1 spec., 21.7 mm, holotype of Africonus roquensis; Boa Vista Island, Ponta do Roque; MMM • 1 spec., 16.2 mm, holotype of Africonus pinedensis; Boa Vista Island, Pinedo; MMM • 1 spec., 16.2 mm, holotype of Africonus purvisi; Boa Vista Island, Praia do Canto; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304BFF95FDBEFDDBFD630855.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304BFF95FDBEFDDBFD630855.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304BFF95FDBEFDDBFD630855.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is widely distributed around Boa Vista Island, with a high variability in shell pattern. This polymorphism has led to the introduction of several taxa names associated with certain populations, which are all considered synonyms hereby. Thus, the holotypes of A. diegoi and A. roquensis exhibit all the shell features characteristic of A. damottai (just a more elongated shell shape in the case of A. diegoi, which does not justify separation at the species level). The holotype of A. purvisi most likely represents a juvenile specimen of A. damottai, whereas the holotype of A. pinedensis resembles certain variations of A. damottai with a well-developed color pattern (i. e., Monteiro et al. 2004: pl. 89). The taxon A. galeao from Maio Island was initially introduced as a subspecies of A. damottai. Despite the morphological similarities in shell pattern and radular tooth, the phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. galeao can be regarded as a separate, valid full species.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF95FE27FEE7FD200F54.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 20.6 mm; São Vicente Island, Matiota Beach; 1 to 3 m depth; NMSF. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 23.1 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; 16 º 46 ʹ 23 ʺ N, 24 º 47 ʹ 13 ʺ W; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491603; MNCN 15.05 / 78589 (Fig. 3 L) • 1 spec., 30.5 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Praia de Palmo Tostão; 16 º 45 ʹ 19 ʺ N, 24 º 45 ʹ 24 ʺ; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 78578 (Fig. 5 L).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF95FE27FEE7FD200F54.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Calhau to Saragaça, on the southeast coast of São Vicente Island, and Curral area, on the southwest coast of Santa Luzia Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF95FE27FEE7FD200F54.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Vulnerable.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF95FE27FEE7FD200F54.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species belongs to a lineage that includes species endemic to the westernmost islands in the Cabo Verde Archipelago and is sister to species from Santiago and Maio islands. Despite obvious differences in shell morphology, the species sister to A. decoratus according to the phylogeny is A. grahami. The type locality from which A. decoratus was originally described is now part of a large and touristic urban area in the vicinity of the modern Port of Mindelo. This population (decoratus form A in Röckel et al. 1980 a) is believed to be now extinct, but specimens from other population (decoratus form B in Röckel et al. 1980 a) are occasionally found on the east coast of São Vicente Island from Calhau to Saragaça, and more commonly on the deserted island of Santa Luzia, where the specimens used in the present study were collected. This beautifully patterned species shows some degree of variation in its background color, which ranges from light brown to black.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF92FDB6F91FFC3A0F48.taxon	description	Fig. 3 M	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF92FDB6F91FFC3A0F48.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 27.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; 1.5 m depth; NHMUK 1986194. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 27.6 mm; Boa Vista Island, Jorrita, Baía das Gatas; 16 º 12 ʹ 9 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 22 ʺ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491547; MNCN 15.05 / 80397 (Fig. 3 M) • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Praia Canto; 16 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 28 ʺ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491552; MNCN 15.05 / 80402 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Porto Ferreira; 16 º 7 ʹ 45 ʺ N, 22 º 40 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491556; MNCN 15.05 / 80406 • 1 spec., 21.0 mm, holotype of Africonus joserochoi; Boa Vista Island, Calheta; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF92FDB6F91FFC3A0F48.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Northeast coast to Porto Ferreira on the East coast of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF92FDB6F91FFC3A0F48.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304AFF92FDB6F91FFC3A0F48.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species was originally described from the population at Baía das Gatas in Boa Vista Island, and the shell color is characterized by a pattern of numerous small irregular dots on a light to dark brown background. It was treated in Röckel et al. (1980 a) as Conus cuneolus form B. Other populations of cones around the northeast and east of Boa Vista Island, introduced recently as separate species, exhibit very distinct shell patterns but share the same elongated radular tooth morphology observed in A. delanoyae (Tenorio et al. 2014). Representative specimens of these taxa examined molecularly exhibit mitogenome sequences almost identical to that of A. delanoyae, and can be considered conspecific. Additionally, the type material of A. joserochoi is fully consistent with the concept of A. delanoyae. The author stated that the main features separating A. joserochoi from A. delanoyae were the relative height of the spire (always eroded) and the “ less triangular and more pyriform shell shape ” in the former. However, no morphometric data are given, nor were these differences statistically tested, so there is no sufficient evidence to consider A. joserochoi as a separate species from A. delanoyae. We can conclude that A. delanoyae is a polymorphic species, only distantly related to A. cuneolus, comprising several well-defined forms with characteristic shell patterns, sharing the same radular morphology and mitogenome sequence. The sister species A. vulcanus is separated by a genetic uncorrected p distance of 0.3 %, slightly above the threshold used to delimit species. Given the different radular morphology (radular tooth broad and robust in vulcanus, but narrow and elongated in delanoyae) we consider them tentatively separate species in spite of the close genetic proximity.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304DFF93FDD3F90BFB080A1F.taxon	description	Fig. 3 N	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304DFF93FDD3F90BFB080A1F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 11.6 mm; São Vicente Island, Praia Grande; C. M. L. Afonso leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 60000 (Fig. 3 N). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; São Vicente Island, Praia Grande; 16 º 51 ʹ 40 ʺ N, 24 º 52 ʹ 30 ʺ W; 17 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491543; MNCN 15.05 / 80393.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304DFF93FDD3F90BFB080A1F.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Northeast coast of São Vicente Island at Praia Grande, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304DFF93FDD3F90BFB080A1F.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304DFF93FDD3F90BFB080A1F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small-sized species is morphologically similar to A. miruchae from Sal Island, which is however only distantly related. In the phylogeny, it was recovered as sister to the recently described A. freitasi, a morphologically related allopatric species. So far, it has only been found at the type locality.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304CFF90FDFCFCA7FD440892.taxon	description	Fig. 3 O	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304CFF90FDFCFCA7FD440892.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) Holotype (type locality: Cabo Verde; Boa Vista Island, Baía de Sal Rei; intertidal to 1 m depth) stated to be at MNCN in Trovão & Rolán (1986), but apparently it was never deposited (as per a note in the collection). Instead, a lot of three paratypes was present, with registration number MNCN 15.05 / 1011. We have selected the specimen from which the mitogenome was sequenced as neotype for the taxon Conus diminutus Trovão & Rolán, 1986. Neotype (here designated) CABO VERDE • 14.8 mm; Boa Vista Island, Ilheu de Sal Rei; 16 º 9 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 22 º 55 ʹ 31 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491566; MNCN 15.05 / 80416 (Fig. 3 O). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Morro de Areia; 16 º 5 ʹ 24 ʺ N, 22 º 57 ʹ 7 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491594; MNCN 15.05 / 79960.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304CFF90FDFCFCA7FD440892.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West and northwest coast of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304CFF90FDFCFCA7FD440892.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304CFF90FDFCFCA7FD440892.taxon	discussion	Remarks Africonus diminutus is a small, highly variable species endemic to the west coast of Boa Vista Island. Whereas typical specimens of A. diminutus are found around the locality of Sal Rei, specimens from Morro de Areia introduced under the name A. morroensis exhibit almost identical mitogenome sequences despite the variations in shell morphology, and are considered conspecific with A. diminutus. This represents a significant expansion of the distribution range for the species. According to the reconstructed phylogeny, A. diminutus is sister to A. boavistensis, also very variable in shell pattern and widely distributed around Boa Vista Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF90FE38FE55FCFB0DA1.taxon	description	Fig. 3 P	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF90FE38FE55FCFB0DA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 9.7 mm; Boa Vista Island, Espingueira; MMM (Fig. 3 P).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF90FE38FE55FCFB0DA1.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Only known from the type locality.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF90FE38FE55FCFB0DA1.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF90FE38FE55FCFB0DA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species has not been examined molecularly. It is morphologically similar to A. antoniaensis, but smaller sized. Radular examination (E. Rolán, pers. com. to MJT) indicated a fully-developed, mature tooth for such a small-sized shell, consistent with that of an adult individual. This observation rules out the possibility of this taxon being a juvenile of another species. We hereby consider it as provisionally valid, pending confirmation by molecular studies.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF91FDA8FB61FDB60887.taxon	description	Fig. 4 A	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF91FDA8FB61FDB60887.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 12.7 mm; Sal Island, Rabo de Junco, extreme north of Baía de Murdeira; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1099 (Fig. 4 A). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Rabo de Junco; 16 º 41 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 24 º 58 ʹ 35 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491573; MNCN 15.05 / 79744.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF91FDA8FB61FDB60887.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Only known from the type locality at Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF91FDA8FB61FDB60887.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Vulnerable.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304FFF91FDA8FB61FDB60887.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small-sized species endemic to Sal Island is closely related to A. cuneolus. Its distinctive shell and radular morphology as well as the phylogenetic data are consistent with its status as a valid species with a very reduced distribution range.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF91FE25FE48FC640CB6.taxon	description	Fig. 4 B	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF91FE25FE48FC640CB6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 21.0 mm; Santo Antão Island, Porto Novo; 17 º 01 ʹ 2 ʺ N, 25 º 03 ʹ 37 ʺ W; 2 – 4 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 47052. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 14.5 mm; Santo Antão Island, Porto Novo; 17 º 01 ʹ 4 ʺ N, 25 º 03 ʹ 22 ʺ W; 15 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491604; MNCN 15.05 / 78598 (Fig. 4 B).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF91FE25FE48FC640CB6.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution South coast of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF91FE25FE48FC640CB6.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF91FE25FE48FC640CB6.taxon	discussion	Remarks Prior to its introduction as a full species, it was referred to as Conus cuneolus form K in Röckel et al. (1980 a). Molecular data clearly confirm that it is a valid species endemic to Santo Antão Island, where it lives in the vicinity of Porto Novo harbor in rocky areas. In the tree, it is recovered as sister to A. curralensis and A. insulae sp. nov. from Santa Luzia Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF9EFEE2FA71FB890BDC.taxon	description	Fig. 4 C	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF9EFEE2FA71FB890BDC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 13.7 mm; São Vicente Island, Calhau; 16 º 51 ʹ 7 ʺ N, 24 º 51 ʹ 59 ʺ W; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 200008 (Fig. 4 C). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 14.5 mm; same collection data as for holotype; 12 Apr. 2016; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491601; MNCN 15.05 / 78562.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF9EFEE2FA71FB890BDC.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution From Calhau to Saragaça, southeast coast of São Vicente Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF9EFEE2FA71FB890BDC.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E304EFF9EFEE2FA71FB890BDC.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small-sized species is morphologically similar to A. miruchae from Sal Island, and to A. denizi. Phylogenetic analyses show that A. freitasi, A. denizi and A. miruchae are distinct species despite their partial similarity in shell morphology. The phenotypic resemblance of the shell of A. freitasi to A. miruchae is possibly the result of convergence, whereas the similarity to A. denizi may reflect their close phylogenetic relationship, sharing a relatively recent last common ancestor.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9EFDABFD66FC490F11.taxon	description	Fig. 4 D	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9EFDABFD66FC490F11.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 21.1 mm; Brava Island, Baía de Furna; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1097 (Fig. 4 D).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9EFDABFD66FC490F11.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Pedrinha and Furna, Brava Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9EFDABFD66FC490F11.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9EFDABFD66FC490F11.taxon	discussion	Remarks This taxon was initially introduced as a subspecies of A. verdensis. This species has not been examined molecularly. However, the geographic isolation of Brava Island within the Cabo Verde Archipelago together with the distinctive morphology of shell and radula suggest that this is most likely a valid species, well differentiated in genetic distance from A. verdensis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9DFE31F9D1FAA10B98.taxon	description	Fig. 4 E	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9DFE31F9D1FAA10B98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 20.3 mm; Boa Vista Island, Sal Rei; NMSF. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 22.3 mm; Boa Vista Island, Derrubado (bay East); 16 º 13 ʹ 33 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491557; MNCN 15.05 / 80407 (Fig. 4 E) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491558; MNCN 15.05 / 80408 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Ponta Antónia; 16 º 13 ʹ 24 ʺ N, 22 º 46 ʹ 59 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491559; MNCN 15.05 / 80408 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Morro de Areia; 16 º 5 ʹ 24 ʺ N, 22 º 57 ʹ 7 ʺ W; 21 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491592; MNCN 15.05 / 79947 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Porto Cais; 15 º 19 ʹ 15 ʺ N, 23 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491524; MNCN 15.05 / 78695 • 1 spec., 24.5 mm, holotype of Africonus cristinapessoae; Boa Vista Island, Varandinha; MMM • 1 spec., 17.8 mm, holotype of Africonus gallopalvoi; Boa Vista Island, Varandinha; MMM • 1 spec., 25 mm, holotype of Africonus tarafensis; Boa Vista Island, Baixa de Padaroso; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9DFE31F9D1FAA10B98.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island and north Maio Island (Baía do Navío Quebrado and Praia Real), Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9DFE31F9D1FAA10B98.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3041FF9DFE31F9D1FAA10B98.taxon	discussion	Remarks Africonus fuscoflavus is the most senior name applicable to a clade composed of individuals from a number of populations of cones distributed around Boa Vista and north Maio Island. Most of these populations had been introduced as separate species based upon their distinctive shell patterns. All of them share the same elongated radular tooth morphology observed in A. fuscoflavus (Abalde et al. 2017 a). Representative specimens of these taxa examined molecularly exhibit mitogenome sequences with little divergences with respect to that of A. fuscoflavus, and can be considered conspecific. Additionally, the type material of both A. cristinapessoae and A. gallopalvoi is consistent with the taxon A. fuscoflavus bearing a characteristic pattern of very fine brown axial lines. The recently described A. tarafensis was compared by the authors to A. delanoyae, which has similar shell pattern. However, the shell profile is even more consistent with that of A. fuscoflavus. We therefore consider A. tarafensis as another patterned form of A. fuscoflavus, morphologically similar to the population from Ponta Antónia (very close to Baía do Tarafe, in Derrubado area) included in our phylogeny, and initially identified A. cf. delanoyae (Abalde et al. 2017 a). We can conclude that A. fuscoflavus is another example of a polymorphic species, comprising several well-defined forms with characteristic shell patterns, sharing the same radular morphology and mitogenome sequence. The distribution range for this species is now expanded and includes the islands of Boa Vista and Maio.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3042FF9AFDAAFD5BFE1E0854.taxon	description	Fig. 4 F	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3042FF9AFDAAFD5BFE1E0854.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 21.3 mm; Maio Island, Baía do Navío Quebrado; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1093 (Fig. 4 F). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Baía do Navío Quebrado, Terras Salgadas; 15 º 18 ʹ 54 ʺ N, 23 º 11 ʹ 2 ʺ W; 30 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491522; MNCN 15.05 / 78677 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta Pipa; 15 º 19 ʹ 30 ʺ N, 23 º 9 ʹ 48 ʺ W; 3 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491536; MNCN 15.05 / 78832 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491537; MNCN 15.05 / 78848.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3042FF9AFDAAFD5BFE1E0854.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution North Maio Island (Baía do Navío Quebrado to Baía de Galeão), Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3042FF9AFDAAFD5BFE1E0854.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3042FF9AFDAAFD5BFE1E0854.taxon	discussion	Remarks This taxon was initially introduced as a subspecies of A. damottai distributed in Maio Island. There are clear morphological similarities in shell pattern and radular tooth. However, the phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. galeao is actually a separate species, whose lineage diverged from that of A. damottai in the middle Pliocene. It is sister to A. calhetae, a parapatric valid species from Maio Island, which had been also initially introduced as a subspecies of A. navarroi. There is a number of morphs of A. galeao with distinctive shell patterns (i. e., reticulated, greenish, etc.) corresponding to well-defined populations from different bays in northern Maio Island, but all these have shown to be conspecific. Among these, A. claudiae from Praia Real is a color form of A. galeao. This must not be confused with another color variation of A. calhetae found in the west coast of Maio Island, which also resembles phenotypically the A. galeao form claudiae.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9AFDE3FE1EFCBD0C3D.taxon	description	Fig. 4 G	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9AFDE3FE1EFCBD0C3D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 19.3 mm; Maio Island, Praia Gonçalo; M. J. Tenorio leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 60119 (Fig. 4 G). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Praia Gonçalo; 15 º 16 ʹ 13 ʺ N, 23 º 6 ʹ 15 ʺ W; 1 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491528; MNCN 15.05 / 78759 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491529; MNCN 15.05 / 78760.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9AFDE3FE1EFCBD0C3D.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Only known from the type locality, Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9AFDE3FE1EFCBD0C3D.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9AFDE3FE1EFCBD0C3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks This was the first endemic species described from the northeast coast of Maio Island. It is sister to A. raulsilvai, an allopatric, closely related species widely distributed along the east and north coasts of Maio Island. Both, A. raulsilvai and A. gonsaloi are members of a clade sister to A. verdensis, the only endemic species from the neighboring Santiago Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9BFE12FAC6FC120AE0.taxon	description	Fig. 4 H	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9BFE12FAC6FC120AE0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 24 mm; São Vicente Island; NMSF. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 24.0 mm; São Vicente Island, Calhau; 16 º 51 ʹ 7 ʺ N, 24 º 51 ʹ 59 ʺ W; 12 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 78552 (Fig 4 H) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491599; MNCN 15.05 / 78552.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9BFE12FAC6FC120AE0.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Eastern side of São Vicente and southeastern extremity off the neighboring island of Santa Luzia at Praia Francisca, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9BFE12FAC6FC120AE0.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3045FF9BFE12FAC6FC120AE0.taxon	discussion	Remarks The elongated-ovate aspect of the shell, its greenish color and typical pattern, as well as the high spire and convex profile easily separate A. grahami from most other species from the Cabo Verde Archipelago, with the exception of A. longilineus from Sal Island, which was in fact described initially as a subspecies of A. grahami. However, A. longilineus and A. grahami are two separate species, only distantly related according to the phylogeny. Thus, the similarities in shell morphology are most likely due to convergence. The name A. grahami luziensis (initially introduced as Conus grahami pseudoventricosus Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980, and then renamed due to homonymy with Conus mediterraneus var. pseudoventricosa Sacco, 1893, a fossil) was applied to populations of A. grahami from the island of Santa Luzia. We have not been able to examine molecularly specimens from this population. However, given the lack of clear morphological features separating the populations from São Vicente and Santa Luzia, and the past connectivity between these two islands, we hereby consider A. grahami luziensis as a synonym (form) of A. grahami. The species sister to A. grahami according to the phylogeny is A. decoratus, which however exhibits very distinct shell morphology.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3044FF9BFDA5FBA3FC420ECD.taxon	description	Fig. 4 I	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3044FF9BFDA5FBA3FC420ECD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 20.8 mm; Maio Island, Baía de Pau Seco; 1 – 2 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1095 (Fig. 4 I). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta de Pau Seco; 15 º 15 ʹ 26 ʺ N, 23 º 13 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 29 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864967; MNCN 15.05 / 78650.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3044FF9BFDA5FBA3FC420ECD.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3044FF9BFDA5FBA3FC420ECD.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3044FF9BFDA5FBA3FC420ECD.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a species widely distributed around Maio Island, very especially along the east and north coasts. It is sister to A. roeckeli from Boa Vista Island, and only distantly related to other species with similarities in shell morphology such as A. antoniomonteiroi from Sal Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 97702746 - A 650 - 4 A 17 - AAEE- 4 D 914 E 1026 F 5 Fig. 5 A – J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name insulae means ‘ of the island’, in reference to the type locality of the deserted island of Santa Luzia.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 23.9 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Praia de Palmo Tostão; 16 º 45 ʹ 19 ʺ N, 24 º 45 ʹ 24 ʺ W; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491602; MNCN 15.05 / 78581 (Fig. 5 A – B) Paratypes CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 20.0 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 78585 (Fig. 5 C, paratype 1) • 1 spec., 18.8 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; 16 º 46 ʹ 23 ʺ N, 24 º 47 ʹ 13 ʺ W; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; MNHN IM- 2000 - 35016 (Fig. 5 D, paratype 2) • 1 spec., 24.1 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 78579 (Fig. 5 F, paratype 4) • 1 spec., 19.1 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 78590 (Fig. 5 G, paratype 5) • 1 spec., 16.2 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 78586 (Fig. 5 E, paratype 3) • 1 spec., 23.0 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 78582 (Fig. 5 H, paratype 6) • 1 spec., 22.6 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 78584 (Fig. 5 I, paratype 7) • 1 spec., 24.9 mm; same collection data as for holotype; UCV 2019 / 00015 (Fig. 5 J, paratype 8). Other material CABO VERDE • 5 specs; same collection data as for holotype; MJT • 1 spec., 4 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Curral; 16 º 46 ʹ 23 ʺ N, 24 º 47 ʹ 13 ʺ W; 14 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; MJT.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	description	Description MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS. S L = 16 – 30 mm (mean S L = 22 mm); RD = 0.68 – 0.76; RSH = 0.11 – 0.19; PMD = 0.78 – 0.86. SHELL. Moderately small to small. Maximum length: 30.6 mm. Shell profile broadly and ventricosely conical to broadly conical, with convex sides adapically, and straight below. Spire of moderate height, of straight to concave outline. Protoconch not observed due to erosion, but assumed paucispiral. Teleoconch whorls flat or slightly concave, with 3 – 4 spiral cords becoming rather obsolete in late whorls. Shoulder angulate. Early teleoconch whorls white. Suture of spire whorls pigmented with dark brown. Late teleoconch whorls yellow to light brown with radial white irregular blotches. Ground color yellow to light brown. Last whorl overlaid in variable amount with oblique white lines forming zigzag pattern. Small white spots and axial flecks arranged in spiral band frequently present. Columella white to light purple. Aperture white and porcellanous inside, with pale purple to light brown diffuse area near the outer lip crossed by two narrow bands of a lighter color. Periostracum yellow-brown, thin and translucent. RADULAR TEETH. Radula studied from two specimens. 27 – 35 teeth in radular sac. Radular tooth of medium relative size (S L / T L = 50 – 65), with well-developed apical barb. Anterior section shorter than posterior section of tooth (T L / AP L = 2.4 – 2.6). Waist evident. Blade rounded, covering most of anterior section (100 B L / AP L = 83 – 87 %). Serration with 10 – 15 denticles, which do not reach apical portion, arranged in one row ending in small terminating cusp. Base rounded, with small spur (Fig. 4 M).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Southwest coast of Santa Luzia Island (Curral and Praia de Palmo Tostão), Cabo Verde Archipelago. On rocks and under stones, in 2 to 5 m depth.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3047FFA6FD8AFE92FB340C54.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species was previously confused with A. curralensis, which lives sympatrically on Santa Luzia Island. In fact, the specimen identified as A. curralensis in Abalde et al. (2017 a) actually corresponds to the taxon A. insulae sp. nov. Molecular examination of a specimen (Fig. 5 K) morphologically perfectly matching the holotype of A. curralensis (Fig. 3 J) showed a genetic divergence consistent with the separation at the species level. Hence, A. curralensis and A. insulae sp. nov. are two closely related sister species living in sympatry. Both species essentially have the same shell shape and almost identical radular teeth morphologies (Fig. 4 M). However, they can easily be separated by differences in shell pattern. The ground color in A. curralensis is composed of different shades of olive green with two narrow spiral bands of a lighter color, whereas in A. insulae sp. nov. the ground color is plain yellow to light brown. The pattern in A. curralensis consists of irregularly shaped white flecks and blotches, whereas in A. insulae sp. nov. it is better defined, composed of fine white zigzag lines and small arrow head-shaped markings. This pattern of zigzag lines on the shell also resembles that present in certain forms of A. decoratus. This species however has a much darker ground color, usually dark brown to black, a white-colored aperture, and is phylogenetically divergent. The shell of the recently described A. santaluziensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 (hereby considered as provisionally valid) has a similar ground color, but it is very sparsely patterned and with a white-colored aperture. Besides, the shell of this species has rounded shoulders and a more ventricose appearance, instead of conical.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3079FFA7FE0EFA1FFBE90AC9.taxon	description	Fig. 4 J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3079FFA7FE0EFA1FFBE90AC9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 22.8 mm; Maio Island, Baía de Pau Seco; C. M. L. Afonso leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 46654 (Fig. 4 J). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta de Pau Seco; 15 º 15 ʹ 26 ʺ N, 23 º 13 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 29 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491538; MNCN 15.05 / 78850.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3079FFA7FE0EFA1FFBE90AC9.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West and northwest of Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3079FFA7FE0EFA1FFBE90AC9.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3079FFA7FE0EFA1FFBE90AC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks Africonus isabelarum, endemic to Maio Island, was initially considered conspecific with A. decoratus from São Vicente and Santa Luzia, due to similarities in shell pattern (A. decoratus form C in Röckel et al. 1980 a). In the phylogeny, it stands alone, sister to a large clade comprising many species distributed in Boa Vista and Maio islands, and only distantly related to A. decoratus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3078FFA4FDB4FB89FB800A5D.taxon	description	Fig. 4 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3078FFA4FDB4FB89FB800A5D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 25.8 mm; Boa Vista Island, Sal Rei; 1 – 5 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1050 (Fig. 4 K). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Ilhéu de Sal Rei; 16 º 9 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 22 º 55 ʹ 31 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491565; MNCN 15.05 / 80415 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Ervatão Norte; 16 º 12 ʹ 3 ʺ N, 22 º 54 ʹ 43 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491562; MNCN 15.05 / 80412 • 1 spec., 25 mm, holotype of Africonus guiandradoi; Boa Vista Island, NE of Sal Rei in Baixa da Hortinha; MMM • 1 spec., 23.8 mm, holotype of Africonus demisgeraldoi; Boa Vista Island, Baixa de Padaroso; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3078FFA4FDB4FB89FB800A5D.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Multiple localities around Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3078FFA4FDB4FB89FB800A5D.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3078FFA4FDB4FB89FB800A5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is very closely related to A. borgesi. With regards to the conservation status, A. josephinae used to be abundant around its type locality in Boa Vista Island. However, the expansion of the town of Sal Rei due to touristic and industrial development is seriously compromising the habitat of this population. The alleged conspecific population from Maio Island has been now established as a separate species, namely A. perrineae Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018, in agreement with molecular data (Abalde et al. 2017 a; Tenorio et al. 2018). This significantly reduces the distribution range of A. josephinae. On the other hand, several populations distributed around Boa Vista Island, which have been recently introduced as new species, actually correspond to different color and pattern variations of A. josephinae. These names are here synonymized accordingly. Thus, A. guiandradoi is applied to pale-colored individuals of A. josephinae with a pattern of sparse fine brown spiral lines. This pattern is commonly observed in specimens of A. perrineae from Maio Island, but it is rare in Boa Vista. The name A. demisgeraldoi applies to typical brown specimens of A. josephinae that display one midbody band irregularly patterned with white blotches. The alleged differences in shell shape were not statistically tested, and the presence of white blotches on the shell does not warrant the separation from A. josephinae. Taking into consideration all these changes, a risk status revision for A. josephinae is strongly recommended.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA4FE14FCE6FB420FB2.taxon	description	Fig. 4 L	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA4FE14FCE6FB420FB2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 20.8 mm; São Nicolau Island, Tarrafal; 16 º 33 ʹ 54 ʺ N, 24 º 21 ʹ 35 ʺ W; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 47051 (Fig. 4 L)	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA4FE14FCE6FB420FB2.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Southwest coast of São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA4FE14FCE6FB420FB2.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA4FE14FCE6FB420FB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Prior to its introduction as a full species, it was referred to as Conus cuneolus form L in Röckel et al. (1980 a). This species has not been examined molecularly. However, the geographic isolation of São Nicolau Island within the Cabo Verde Archipelago together with the distinct morphology of the shell and radula suggest that this is most likely a valid species, not closely related to A. cuneolus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA5FE30F974FBE90F72.taxon	description	Fig. 4 M	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA5FE30F974FBE90F72.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 16.8 mm; Sal Island; 0.8 – 2 m depth; NMSF. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Serra Negra; 16 º 38 ʹ 17 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 56 ʺ W; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491572; MNCN 15.05 / 79739 • 1 spec., 21.7 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 79738 (Fig. 4 M) • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Pedra Lume; 16 º 45 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 2 ʺ W; 7 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491579; MNCN 15.05 / 79804 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Baía da Parda; 16 º 45 ʹ 7 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 56 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491577; MNCN 15.05 / 79779 • 1 spec., 14.0 mm, holotype of Africonus nelsonandradoi; Sal Island, area of Calhetinha; 0.3 – 3 m depth; MMM • 1 spec., 7.2 mm, holotype of Africonus minimus; Sal Island, Praia do Monte Grande and Ponta do Linguincho; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA5FE30F974FBE90F72.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution East coast, Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA5FE30F974FBE90F72.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307BFFA5FE30F974FBE90F72.taxon	discussion	Remarks This taxon was initially introduced as a subspecies of A. grahami. Despite superficial resemblance in shell morphology, A. longilineus is a separate species endemic to Sal Island, only distantly related to A. grahami. Although the type locality for A. longilineus was not specifically mentioned in the original description, its distribution range was stated to be along the east coast of Sal Island, with another population in the north of the island. Several representative specimens of recently named taxa described from the east coast of Sal Island exhibit mitogenome sequences almost identical to that of A. longilineus, and are therefore considered synonyms (forms) of this species. The species A. nelsonandradoi was compared in the original description to the very variable A. cagarralensis, which is a synonym (form) of A. longilineus (Abalde et al. 2017 a). We propose to consider that A. nelsonandradoi represents merely a northern population of the latter. On the other hand, A. minimus likely is a juvenile of A. longilineus. Besides, the name Africonus minimus Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 b most likely is invalid under ICZN articles 57.3 and 59.1, as it is a junior secondary homonym of Conus minimus Linnaeus, 1758, Conus minimus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 and Conus minimus d’Archiac, 1843.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307AFFA2FDA7F934FE010D91.taxon	description	Fig. 4 N	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307AFFA2FDA7F934FE010D91.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Lectotype in NHMUK 1981056. Type locality: not known. Hereby designated as north São Vicente Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 14.5 mm; São Vicente Island, Matiota; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 90431 (Fig. 4 N).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307AFFA2FDA7F934FE010D91.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Matiota, north São Vicente, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307AFFA2FDA7F934FE010D91.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Critically endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307AFFA2FDA7F934FE010D91.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species has not been examined molecularly. Specimens matching the type material of this species were found in the 1970 ’ s and 1980 ’ s in Matiota beach in São Vicente Island, but this is now part of a large and touristic urban area in the vicinity of the modern Port of Mindelo. This population is believed to be now extinct. We are not aware of live specimens of this species having been observed for over 20 years. Some empty shells of this species have been collected in recent years, and the search for live specimens in new locations along the north coast of São Vicente Island continues, without success for the moment being. It is feared that the species might have become extinct. The claim for specimens of A. cf. lugubris found at Calhau and Saragaça to the east of São Vicente Island most likely corresponds to individuals of A. freitasi.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307DFFA3FE48FB51FD0C0FE2.taxon	description	Fig. 4 O	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307DFFA3FE48FB51FD0C0FE2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined The holotype was in Museu Bocage in Lisbon and currently assumed to be lost due to a fire which destroyed the building of the hosting institution. A neotype was subsequently designated (Monteiro et al. 2014). Neotype CABO VERDE • 24.5 mm; Maio Island, Porto Cais, Baía do Navío Quebrado; 15 º 20 ʹ N, 23 º 12 ʹ W; MNCN 15.05 / 69910. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 29.5 mm; Maio Island, Porto Cais; 15 º 19 ʹ 15 ʺ N, 23 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491523; MNCN 15.05 / 78689 (Fig. 4 O) • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Lage Branca; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491527; MNCN 15.05 / 79727 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Porto Cais (North); 15 º 19 ʹ 45 ʺ N, 23 º 10 ʹ 57 ʺ W; 1 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491530; MNCN 15.05 / 78765 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Praia Santana; 15 º 18 ʹ 13 ʺ N, 23 º 11 ʹ 49 ʺ W; 30 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491521; MNCN 15.05 / 78670 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía Grande, Derrubado; 16 º 13 ʹ 31 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 1 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491544; MNCN 15.05 / 80394 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Curral Velho; 15 º 58 ʹ 4 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ’ 42 ʺ W; 22 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491595; MNCN 15.05 / 79979 • 1 spec., 28.5 mm, holotype of Africonus cossignanii; Maio Island, Praia Real; MMM • 1 spec., 13.1 mm, holotype of Africonus decolrobertoi; Maio Island, Praia Real; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307DFFA3FE48FB51FD0C0FE2.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Maio and Boa Vista islands, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307DFFA3FE48FB51FD0C0FE2.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307DFFA3FE48FB51FD0C0FE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is one of the most representative species of Maio Island, as reflected by its name. Off Maio Island it is distributed along the north coast, from Baía do Navio Quebrado to Baía do Galeao. Each of the populations has its own characteristic shell pattern on a green to black background color. This variability has led to the introduction of several new taxa names. However, an examination of the mitogenome sequences indicates that all these names correspond to plain color forms of one single polymorphic species, namely A. maioensis. Some individuals of the polyphyletic taxon A. irregularis also fell within the A. maioensis clade. One of them was from the population from Porto Cais, on Maio Island, and the other from Baia Grande de Derrubado, Boa Vista Island. Once that we have designated the lectotype for the taxon Conus irregularis G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 and its type locality as “ Estancinha, north of Sal Rei, Boa Vista Island ”, and established that this is a synonym (form) of A. crotchii (see above), it becomes clear that the irregularis - like specimen from Boa Vista in the maioensis clade is not conspecific with A. irregularis (= A. crotchii), but with A. maioensis. This indicates that the distribution range of A. maioensis is not restricted to Maio Island, as it expands to Boa Vista Island. Furthermore, the recently described species A. zinhoi from south Boa Vista Island also fell within the A. maioensis clade, and it is therefore another synonym (form) of A. maioensis. The holotype of A. cossignanii is virtually identical to A. crioulus, a form of A. maioensis. The alleged differences in shell length and spire profile were not tested, and the minimal differences in shell pattern do not justify a separation at the species level. The recently described A. decolrobertoi is likely a juvenile of the population of A. maioensis from Praia Real, north Maio (which had previously been introduced as a separate species named A. marcocastellazzii). This population is characterized by a predominance of greenish shades on the shell pattern. Other than that, it is merely another morph of A. maioensis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307CFFA0FE26F8A4FBBE0DED.taxon	description	Fig. 4 P	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307CFFA0FE26F8A4FBBE0DED.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 11.9 mm; Sal Island, Baiona; NMSF. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Terrinha Fina, Palhona; 16 º 49 ʹ 12 ʺ N, 22 º 59 ʹ 12 ʺ W; 7 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864971; MNCN 15.05 / 79784 • 1 spec.; 12.9 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 79789 (Fig. 4 P) • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Rabo de Junco; 16 º 41 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 22 º 58 ʹ 35 ʺ W; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491574; MNCN 15.05 / 79756.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307CFFA0FE26F8A4FBBE0DED.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution North of Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Also present in Rabo de Junco, on the west coast of Sal Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307CFFA0FE26F8A4FBBE0DED.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307CFFA0FE26F8A4FBBE0DED.taxon	discussion	Remarks According to the phylogeny, A. miruchae is sister to all the other endemic species from Sal Island. This small-sized species is adapted to the rough sea conditions present in the barren northern coasts of Sal Island. It is often found crawling on the rocky walls of large pools formed during low tide. A population of this species that is present at Rabo de Junco, at the north end of Murdeira Bay, is often confused with A. longilineus due to similarities in shell morphology (Monteiro et al. 2004).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307FFFA1FDA7FAB6FC2608FC.taxon	description	Fig. 6 A	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307FFFA1FDA7FAB6FC2608FC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 16 mm; São Vicente Island, Calhau; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1008 (Fig. 6 A). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; São Vicente Island, Calhau; 16 º 51 ʹ 7 ʺ N, 24 º 51 ʹ 59 ʺ W; 12 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491600; MNCN 15.05 / 78557.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307FFFA1FDA7FAB6FC2608FC.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Southeast coast São Vicente Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307FFFA1FDA7FAB6FC2608FC.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307FFFA1FDA7FAB6FC2608FC.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small, distinctive species with a very restricted distribution range belongs to a lineage that includes species endemic to the westernmost islands in the Cabo Verde Archipelago. It is sister to A. fernandesi from Santo Antão Island, and to the pair A. curralensis / A. insulae from Santa Luzia. It is only distantly related to A. calhetae from Maio Island, which was initially introduced as a subspecies of A. navarroi due to similarities in shell morphology, now considered convergent.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFA1FE04FD86FB450FB7.taxon	description	Fig. 6 B	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFA1FE04FD86FB450FB7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 16 mm; Maio Island, Ilhéu da Lage Branca, Praia do Galeão; MMM. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; 30.0 mm, holotype of A. angeluquei; Maio Island, Lage Branca; 15 º 18 ʹ 32 ʺ N, 23 º 8 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491525; MNCN 15.05 / 78710 (Fig. 6 B).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFA1FE04FD86FB450FB7.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution North of Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFA1FE04FD86FB450FB7.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFA1FE04FD86FB450FB7.taxon	discussion	Remarks Mitogenomic analyses revealed that the populations of A. josephinae from Boa Vista and the alleged ones from the north of Maio Island actually are not conspecific (Abalde et al. 2017 a). This led to the introduction of a new species, which was formally described as A. angeluquei based upon shell and radula morphological studies and examination of its mitogenome sequence (Tenorio et al. 2018). However, the name A. perrineae was almost simultaneously introduced in a rather succinct description for exactly the same species, and was published one week earlier than A. angeluquei, becoming the senior name for this species (Cossignani & Fiadeiro 2018 b). In spite of this, a wealth of useful information about this taxon can be found in the detailed original description of A. angeluquei (Tenorio et al. 2018).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFAEFE48F97FFD280A88.taxon	description	Fig. 6 C	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFAEFE48F97FFD280A88.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 19.7 mm; Maio Island, Baía do Navío Quebrado; MNCN 15.05 / 27230 (Fig. 6 C). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 30.0 mm; Maio Island, Praia de Soca; 15 º 15 ʹ 8 ʺ N, 23 º 13 ʹ 4 ʺ W; 30 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491520; MNCN 15.05 / 78661.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFAEFE48F97FFD280A88.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West and north coasts of Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFAEFE48F97FFD280A88.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E307EFFAEFE48F97FFD280A88.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is sister to A. gonsaloi, allopatrically distributed on the northeast coast of Maio. Both A. raulsilvai and A. gonsaloi are members of a clade, which is sister to A. verdensis, the only endemic species from the neighboring Santiago Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3071FFAFFE15FC4BFB4A0887.taxon	description	Fig. 6 D	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3071FFAFFE15FC4BFB4A0887.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 32.7 mm; Sal Island, Palmeira; 2 – 4 m depth; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1092 (Fig. 6 D). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Baía da Fontona; 16 º 44 ʹ 22 ʺ N, 22 º 58 ʹ 46 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491576; MNCN 15.05 / 79774 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Rigona; 16 º 48 ʹ 5 ʺ N, 22 º 59 ʹ 33 ʺ W; 10 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491585; MNCN 15.05 / 79858 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491584; MNCN 15.05 / 79853.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3071FFAFFE15FC4BFB4A0887.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West and north Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3071FFAFFE15FC4BFB4A0887.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Vulnerable.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3071FFAFFE15FC4BFB4A0887.taxon	discussion	Remarks Prior to its introduction as a full species by Rolán (1990), it was referred to as Conus cuneolus form I in Röckel et al. (1980 a). This species is very closely related to A. cuneolus, and lives in sympatry with its form fontonae. It is particularly abundant in rocky areas to the northwest of Sal Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3070FFAFFDA2FE40FBEC0CA9.taxon	description	Fig. 6 E	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3070FFAFFDA2FE40FBEC0CA9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 13.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1049 (Fig. 6 E). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Praia Canto; 16 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 28 ʺ W; 4 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491567; MNCN 15.05 / 80417 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Água Doce; 16 º 12 ʹ 29 ʺ N, 22 º 44 ʹ 7 ʺ W; 19 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491586; MNCN 15.05 / 79886.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3070FFAFFDA2FE40FBEC0CA9.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution North and northeastern Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3070FFAFFDA2FE40FBEC0CA9.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3070FFAFFDA2FE40FBEC0CA9.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a very variably patterned species from Boa Vista Island. It is sister to A. infinitus from Maio Island, and stands phylogenetically fairly distant from other species in Boa Vista Island. The taxon A. damioi is conspecific, and represents a mere color form of A. roeckeli.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFDB4FE92FCA40AAE.taxon	description	Fig. 6 F	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFDB4FE92FCA40AAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 15.5 mm; Boa Vista Island, Espingueira; 0.5 – 2 m depth; MMM (Fig. 6 F).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFDB4FE92FCA40AAE.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Only known from the type locality.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFDB4FE92FCA40AAE.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFDB4FE92FCA40AAE.taxon	discussion	Remarks This relatively recently described species has not been examined in detail. It is morphologically (and most likely phylogenetically also) related to A. fuscoflavus. It is hereby considered as provisionally valid only, pending confirmation by future molecular analyses.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFE2FFC69FE080FC9.taxon	description	Fig. 6 G	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFE2FFC69FE080FC9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Holotype CABO VERDE • 21.6 mm; Santa Luzia Island, Baía de Água Doce; 2 – 6 m depth; MMM. Paratype CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 28.1 mm; same collection data as for holotype; Paul Kersten collection (Hoornaar, The Netherlands) (Fig. 6 G).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFE2FFC69FE080FC9.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Only known from the type locality.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFADFE2FFC69FE080FC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks This recently described species has not been examined. We did not find individuals in our survey of Santa Luzia in 2016. Given the observed genetic divergence present in most of the taxa reported from the islands of São Vicente and Santa Luzia, we consider this taxon as provisionally valid pending future detailed molecular studies.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFAAFE0FF88AFD170A96.taxon	description	Fig. 6 H	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFAAFE0FF88AFD170A96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 17.1 mm; Maio Island, Praia Santana; C. M. L. Afonso leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 60118 (Fig. 6 H).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFAAFE0FF88AFD170A96.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Northwest and northeast coasts of Maio Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFAAFE0FF88AFD170A96.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3072FFAAFE0FF88AFD170A96.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species has not been molecularly examined. Its radular tooth morphology suggests a relationship to the species A. calhetae or A. galeao, but its distinctly elongated shell shape readily separates it from the latter two. Initially described from the area of Praia Santana, to the northwest of Maio, a population recently introduced as A. gonsalensis from Praia Gonçalo, to the northeast of the island, has an almost identical shell morphology and is therefore considered conspecific. The description of A. santanaensis was published in April 2014, and the taxon A. gonsalensis appeared in July 2014. Hence, A. gonsalensis becomes a junior synonym for A. santanaensis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFAAFDBFFC59FC080E18.taxon	description	Fig. 6 I	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFAAFDBFFC59FC080E18.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 21.8 mm; São Vicente Island, Punta Saragaça; E. Rolán leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 1009 (Fig. 6 I).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFAAFDBFFC59FC080E18.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution São Vicente and Santa Luzia islands, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFAAFDBFFC59FC080E18.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFAAFDBFFC59FC080E18.taxon	discussion	Remarks Prior to its introduction as a full species by Rolán (1986), it was referred to as Conus cuneolus form E in Röckel et al. (1980 a). This species has not been molecularly examined. Given the observed genetic divergence present in the taxa reported from the islands of São Vicente and Santa Luzia, we consider this taxon as provisionally valid pending future detailed molecular studies.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFABFDB1F8DBFDB90C0C.taxon	description	Fig. 6 J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFABFDB1F8DBFDB90C0C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 17.1 mm; “ Santa Luzia Island ” [erroneous, hereby corrected to Santiago Island, Tarrafal]; NHMUK 1986195. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Santiago Island, Tarrafal; 15 º 16 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 23 º 45 ʹ 15 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491540; MNCN 15.05 / 78865 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491541; MNCN 15.05 / 78875 • 1 spec., 22.5 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 78864 (Fig. 6 J).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFABFDB1F8DBFDB90C0C.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Santiago Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFABFDB1F8DBFDB90C0C.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3075FFABFDB1F8DBFDB90C0C.taxon	discussion	Remarks The type locality for this species is most likely erroneous, as it seems to be endemic to Santiago Island, being particularly abundant around the Tarrafal area to the northwest. The species introduced under the name nelsontiagoi had been illustrated and referred to as Conus cuneolus form M in Röckel et al. (1980 a). This form appears distributed mostly along the east coast of Santiago Island, with a transition area to the north where it intergrades with typical A. verdensis. Morphological studies of shell and radula had already suggested the close relationship of this morph with the taxon A. verdensis (Rolán 2005). The molecular phylogeny and mitochondrial genome sequence divergences support the conspecificity of nelsontiagoi with A. verdensis.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53.taxon	description	Fig. 6 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 25.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Porto Ferreira; MJT leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 46652 (Fig. 6 K). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Porto Ferreira; 16 º 7 ʹ 45 ʺ N, 22 º 40 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491555; MNCN 15.05 / 80405 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Praia Canto; 16 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 28 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491554; MNCN 15.05 / 80404 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Jorrita, Baía das Gatas; 16 º 12 ʹ 9 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 22 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491548; MNCN 15.05 / 80398.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution East and northeast coasts of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3074FFA8FDF1FADFFEB40A53.taxon	discussion	Remarks There are at least three distinctive populations of this taxon distributed along the east and northeast coasts of Boa Vista Island. One of them from Praia Canto was introduced as a distinct species named Africonus miguelfiadeiroi, but upon comparison of its mitogenome sequence, as well as its radular anatomy, we conclude that it is conspecific with A. vulcanus, representing a mere color form. In analogous fashion, the mitogenomic analysis of an individual from Jorrita, in Baía das Gatas belonging to a yet unnamed population often confused with A. evorai (a morph of A. crotchii), indicates that the individuals of this population are also conspecific with A. vulcanus, thus expanding the known range of this species to the north. A. vulcanus is phylogenetically very close to its sister species A. delanoyae (see above).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3077FFA9FDB0FC2DFC7D0D98.taxon	description	Fig. 6 L	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3077FFA9FDB0FC2DFC7D0D98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Lectotype in NHMW. Type locality not mentioned in 1778 in the original description. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Praia Gonçalo; 15 º 16 ʹ 13 ʺ N, 23 º 6 ʹ 15 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864977; MNCN 15.05 / 78876 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Porto do Derrubado; 16 º 13 ʹ 22 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 41 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 80980 • 1 spec.; Santa Luzia Island, Ponta Praia; 16 º 45 ʹ 55 ʺ N, 24 º 46 ʹ 54 ʺ W; 16 Apr. 2016; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 78606 • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Murdeira; 16 º 40 ʹ 43 ʺ N, 22 º 56 ʹ 9 ʺ W; 9 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 80013 • 1 spec., 54.3 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 80014 (Fig. 6 L).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3077FFA9FDB0FC2DFC7D0D98.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West and East Atlantic Ocean.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3077FFA9FDB0FC2DFC7D0D98.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3077FFA9FDB0FC2DFC7D0D98.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is an amphiatlantic (i. e., present on both shores of the Atlantic Ocean) species and the only piscivorous cone in the Atlantic Ocean. Its venom has been subject of detailed proteomic (Rivera-Ortiz et al. 2011; Quinton et al. 2013; Echterbille et al. 2017) and transcriptomic (Abalde et al. 2018) studies. It is widely distributed along the West African coast, being locally abundant at certain locations, but nowadays it is much more scarce in the western Atlantic than in the past. For a long time it has been speculated that possibly the eastern and western Atlantic populations might represent two separate species. Until detailed molecular studies are performed including the entire mitogenome examination of western Atlantic individuals, we maintain all the populations from both shores of the Atlantic Ocean as members of the same species, namely Chelyconus ermineus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3076FFB6FDE0FB7EFDB80D59.taxon	description	Fig. 6 M	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3076FFB6FDE0FB7EFDB80D59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Representation of lectotype in Rumphius (1705: pl. 34, fig. G) (Kohn 1963). Type locality not stated. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 50.2 mm; São Vicente Island, Praia de Laginha; 10 Apr. 2016; S. Delgado and P. Vasconcelos leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864974; MNCN 15.05 / 78547 (Fig. 6 M).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3076FFB6FDE0FB7EFDB80D59.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West Africa, from Senegal to Angola including Cabo Verde Archipelago and São Tomé e Príncipe. There are occasional reports of live specimens found on the Canary Islands (Bettocchi 2018), where it is exceedingly rare.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3076FFB6FDE0FB7EFDB80D59.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3076FFB6FDE0FB7EFDB80D59.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a typical West African species, being the only representative of the genus Genuanoconus. The different names available in the literature have all been synonymised with G. genuanus. The name foscaclaudiae Assi, 2010 applied to a mere form of G. genuanus is unavailable according to the ICZN articles 45.5 and 45.6 (infrasubspecific; introduced as form after 1960). As discussed in Abalde et al. (2019), the previous placement of G. genuanus in the genus Kalloconus by Puillandre et al. (2014) was due to a misidentification of a sample in the original work (Cunha et al. 2005). A mitogenomic analysis clearly indicates that Genuanoconus is not a synonym of Kalloconus but a distantly related genus. Genuanoconus genuanus has an specialized vermivorous diet, preying on amphinomid polychaetes (fireworms) such as Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) (Rolán 2005). On the phylogenetic tree in Abalde et al. (2019), G. genuanus is recovered as sister to Rhombiconus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758, another specialised amphinomid polychaete worm eater from the Pacific Ocean. A novel bioactive guanine derivative named genuanine has been isolated from the venom duct of G. genuanus. This finding indicates that not only conopeptides, but also small molecules contribute to the activity of cone snail venoms (Neves et al. 2015).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3069FFB7FDB7FA83FD060BEF.taxon	description	Fig. 6 N	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3069FFB7FDB7FA83FD060BEF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Two syntypes were in collection Lorois, present whereabouts unknown; lectotype representative figure in Kiener (1845 (1850): pl. 108, fig. 4, top and bottom). Type locality not mentioned, designated Sal Island, Cabo Verde (Coomans et al. 1981). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 40.1 mm; Sal Island, Calheta Funda; 16 º 39 ʹ 6 ʺ N, 22 º 56 ʹ 53 ʺ W; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864970; MNCN 15.05 / 79649 (Fig. 6 N).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3069FFB7FDB7FA83FD060BEF.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Calheta Funda and Algodoeiro, southwest coast of Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3069FFB7FDB7FA83FD060BEF.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3069FFB7FDB7FA83FD060BEF.taxon	discussion	Remarks This beautiful species is endemic to Sal Island. Its pattern of white triangular or tessellate markings on a black background color seems fairly constant. Its classification as ‘ Endangered’ resulted upon considering all the populations of Kalloconus on the island as members of this species. Several phylogenetic studies (Cunha et al. 2008; Abalde et al. 2017 a; Tenorio et al. 2018) have shown that under the apparently same phenotype there are actually two cryptic sister species in Sal Island, namely K. ateralbus and K. marimaris. As a consequence, the distribution range of K. ateralbus has been drastically reduced to the southwest coast of Sal Island, an area that has underwent a large touristic development in the recent years, with subsequent pressure on marine habitats. Although the species seems to be fairly common within its distribution range, the limited geographical area and the human activities indicate that an upgrade in the risk status is most likely required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB7FDB6FCB0FDA20FFA.taxon	description	Fig. 6 O	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB7FDB6FCB0FDA20FFA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Representation of lectotype in Martini (1773: pl. 60, fig. 669) (Kohn 1975). Type locality not stated, designated Villa Cisneros (now Dakhla), Western Sahara (Coomans et al. 1982). Other material MAURITANIA • 1 spec., 56.4 mm; Noadibou; MNCN 15.05 / 90429 (Fig. 6 O).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB7FDB6FCB0FDA20FFA.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Western Sahara and Mauritania.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB7FDB6FCB0FDA20FFA.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB7FDB6FCB0FDA20FFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks Specimens from the type locality have not been molecularly examined. However, the mitogenome of a specimen from Senegal with a shell morphology matching that of typical K. byssinus is almost identical to that of K. pulcher (Abalde et al. 2017 a). There are no significant differences between the radular teeth of K. pulcher and K. byssinus. Although we consider K. byssinus as provisionally valid only, pending molecular examination of specimens from the type locality, it is however likely that this taxon represents just a phenotypic variation of the widespread K. pulcher, typical of the northern end of its distribution range along the West African coast.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 99 E 63 BE- 07 D 8 - 497 D- 935 C-EA 966 F 0 EE 9 D 6 Fig. 7 A – I	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name canariensis refers to its distribution range throughout the Canary Islands. The name ‘ canariensis ’ van Rossum, 1997 is an unavailable forma name (nomen nudum; no intention to introduce a new name, stated to be infrasubspecific after 1960) that has been occasionally and incorrectly been used to refer to specimens with pulcher - like shells from the Canary Islands. The name has usually been applied to subadult specimens with a characteristic sparse pattern of purplish brown dots and dashes aligned in a spiral on a creamy white background with two broad light brown spiral bands (Fig. 7 I). We hereby rescue this name for the new taxon and provide a formal description compliant with ICZN standards.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SPAIN – Canary Islands • 89.0 mm; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Municipio de Telde, Playa de Tufia; 27 º 57 ʹ 43 ʺ N, 15 º 22 ʹ 45 ʺ W; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240810; MNCN 15.05 / 200091 H (Fig. 7 A – B). Paratypes SPAIN – Canary Islands • 1 spec., 85.3 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 200091 P (Fig. 7 C, paratype 1) • 1 spec., 132.0 mm; Lanzarote, Mala, Charco del Palo; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 200094 (Fig. 7 F, paratype 2) • 1 spec., 92.1 mm; Tenerife, Punta de Teno; R. Vega leg.; MNCN 15.05 / 200093 (Fig. 7 E, paratype 3) • 1 spec., 93.9 mm; Santa Cruz de la Palma, south of the harbor; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 200092 (Fig. 7 G, paratype 4) • 1 spec., 76.3 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 200092 (Fig. 7 D, paratype 5) • 1 spec., 47.4 mm; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN 15.05 / 200091 P (Fig. 7 H, paratype 6) • 1 spec., 43.3 mm; Lanzarote, Municipio de Yaiza, Playa Quemada; MNCN exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 200095 (Fig. 7 I, paratype 7). Other material About 35 more specimens from different localities in the Canary Islands.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	description	Description MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS. S L = 47 – 167 mm (mean S L = 96.7 mm); RD = 0.61 – 0.74; RSH = 0.07 – 0.12; PMD = 0.61 – 0.73. SHELL. Moderately large to very large. Maximum length: 167 mm. Shell profile conical to broadly conical, with convex sides adapically, straight or slightly concave below. Spire low, of straight to concave outline, some times slightly stepped. Protoconch white. Teleoconch whorls smooth, flat or slightly concave. Shoulder angulate or subangulate. Area below the shoulder often swollen, conferring a turnip-shaped appearance to certain specimens. Early teleoconch whorls white. Late teleoconch whorls white with radial brown irregular blotches. Ground color white. Last whorl overlaid in variable amount with alternating purplish brown and white spiral bars, as well as lines of dots and dashes in different shades of brown on light brown-orange and white broader spiral bands. Two sparsely patterned spiral bands located respectively above and below the midbody, where the white ground color predominates. Similar spiral band often present around basal region, just above the columella. Great variability in the color pattern, with shades of purple, brown and orange, which tend to fade with time to a more uniform brown color. Young specimens with characteristic sparse pattern of purplish brown dots and dashes aligned in spirals on creamy white background with two broad light brown to white spiral bands (Fig. 9 I). Columella white to light purple. Aperture white. Periostracum yellow-brown, thin and translucent. ANIMAL. Sole of foot tan to light brown with brown streaks. Dorsum of foot of same color, overlaid with purplish brown irregular markings. Siphon yellowish white with dark purple tip. Mantle off-white, bordered with thin yellowish ribbon. Operculum small, teardrop shaped. RADULAR TOOTH. Radula studied from two specimens, including paratype 1 (Fig. 7 J). Radular tooth of medium relative size (S L / T L = 36 – 49), with short, but well-developed apical barb. Anterior section distinctly longer than posterior section of tooth (T L / AP L = 1.59 – 1.63). Waist rather indistinct, not very well marked. Blade moderately short and rounded, covering about one third to one half of anterior section (100 B L / AP L = 39 – 48 %). Serration with 50 – 55 denticles, arranged in major row flanked by numerous smaller serrations. Rounded terminating cusp present. A basal spur is present.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Canary Islands. Its potential presence outside this archipelago (i. e., Madeira) needs confirmation.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3068FFB3FDABF884FC9B0B01.taxon	discussion	Remarks Mitogenomic analyses have revealed that the populations of pulcher - like cones from the Canary Islands actually correspond to a separate species hereby introduced as K. canariensis sp. nov., sister to K. pulcher (Figs 2, 8 A) and most likely endemic to this archipelago. This species is present on all the islands, living between 1 and 50 m deep, most frequently between 5 and 20 m. The shell of K. canariensis sp. nov. usually is more brightly colored than that of K. pulcher, with shades of purple and orange in the pattern which are usually absent in the latter. In K. canariensis sp. nov. the area below the shoulder is often swollen, conferring a somewhat turnip-shaped appearance. However, these differences are not constant. Furthermore, there are no statistically significant differences in mean shell length or maximum diameter between K. pulcher and K. canariensis sp. nov.: a comparison of two sets constituted by 40 individuals of K. canariensis sp. nov. and 40 individuals of K. pulcher did not yield significant results in ANOVA tests using species as factor and S L (F = 2.96, p = 0.0892) or MD (F = 2.40, p = 0.1254) as variables. Likewise, and analysis of the covariance using species as factor, MD as variable and S L as covariate did not yield significant results either (F = 0.32, p = 0.5762). Despite the fact that individuals of K. pulcher (especially those coming from the Gulf of Guinea) may attain a greater maximum shell lenght than individuals of K. canariensis sp. nov., actually there is no statistically significant difference in mean shell lenght between the two species: mean S L = 96.7 mm for K. canariensis sp. nov., and mean S L = 110.2 mm for K. pulcher (t = - 1.721, p = 0.089; U = 618.5, p = 0.082). There are no significant differences either in the radular teeth of both species (Fig. 7 J – K), suggesting similar dietary habits. Hence, the separation of K. pulcher and K. canariensis sp. nov. based upon shell and radular morphologies cannot always be accurate, relying only on subtle differences in shell features and pattern. The name siamensis Hwass in Bruguiére, 1792 has been used in the literature to refer to these cones from the Canary Islands, either as a separate species (Monnier et al. 2018) or as a geographic subspecies (Röckel 1978, 1982; Monteiro et al. 2004; Filmer 2011). This name has been synonymized with pulcher ([Lightfoot, 1786]) by several authors (Kohn 1992; van Rossum 1997). However, the type locality of siamensis is “ Indian Ocean ” (erroneous). The dimensions of the lectotype of Conus siamensis at MHNG (Fig. 9 B) overlap completely with those of both K. pulcher and K. canariensis sp. nov. (Fig. 8). Hence, it is not possible the unambiguous assignation of the lectotype of C. siamensis as representative of the new species constituted by the individuals from the Canary Islands based upon its shell features only. Therefore, we consider the name siamensis as a junior synonym of pulcher in agreement with Kohn (1992), and the new name K. canariensis sp. nov. is hereby introduced for species from the Canary Islands.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306CFFB0FE3EFDC1FEA20AC8.taxon	description	Fig. 9 C – D	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306CFFB0FE3EFDC1FEA20AC8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 38.6 mm; Sal Island, Serra Negra; 16 º 38 ʹ 16.5 ʺ N, 22 º 53 ʹ 56 ʺ W; 1 – 3 m depth; 5 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491568; MNCN 15.05 / 79664 (Fig. 9 C). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Sal Island, Rabo de Junco; 16 º 41 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 22 º 58 ʹ 35 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MH 243427; MNCN 15.05 / 79687 • 1 spec., 36.6 mm; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MH 243428; MNCN 15.05 / 79689 (Fig. 9 D).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306CFFB0FE3EFDC1FEA20AC8.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West (Murdeira, Rabo de Junco) and east (Serra Negra) coasts of Sal Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306CFFB0FE3EFDC1FEA20AC8.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306CFFB0FE3EFDC1FEA20AC8.taxon	discussion	Remarks This recently described species was formerly identified as K. venulatus or K. ateralbus. Kalloconus venulatus is absent from Sal Island, and K. ateralbus has enough mitogenome sequence divergence to be considered a separate species, sister to K. marimaris (see above). The latter is split into two populations inhabiting areas to the east and west coasts of Sal Island. This species has some morphological similarities to K. ateralbus and hence the confusion. Kalloconus marimaris is very variable in background color, with yellow, orange, milky white or brown morphs, whereas in K. ateralbus the background color is always black.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306FFFB1FE5CFB8BFDD40BB4.taxon	description	Fig. 9 E	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306FFFB1FE5CFB8BFDD40BB4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype CABO VERDE • 47.4 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía das Gatas; MNCN 15.05 / 46627 (Fig. 9 E). Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Praia Canto; 16 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 28 ʺ W; 30 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491553; MNCN 15.05 / 80403 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240804; MNCN 15.05 / 78591.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306FFFB1FE5CFB8BFDD40BB4.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution East and northeast coast of Boa Vista Island.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306FFFB1FE5CFB8BFDD40BB4.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306FFFB1FE5CFB8BFDD40BB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks This name was introduced in order to solve the existing confusion with the name Conus nivifer G. B. Sowerby I, 1833 (a synonym of Conus venulatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) which had been incorrectly applied to shells from Cabo Verde having a bluish white background with a distinctive pattern of spiral interrupting thick lines of deep purple or dark brown and a purple aperture (Monteiro et al. 2004). The specimens of this species are morphologically very close to K. trochulus (Reeve, 1844), and in fact the latter might be considered as a patternless version of K. pseudonivifer. Previous population genetic analyses showed that most specimens of individuals identified as K. pseudonivifer from Boa Vista and Maio islands clustered with K. trochulus, with the exception of one specimen from Praia Canto in northeast Boa Vista Island (Cunha et al. 2008). We examined the mitogenome of many individuals of alleged K. pseudonivifer from Boa Vista and Maio islands (Abalde et al. 2017 a). As in Cunha et al. (2008), all individuals but the one from northeast Boa Vista Island clustered together with K. trochulus (Abalde et al. 2017 a). Here, we sequenced the mitogenome of a second specimen from Praia Canto in northeast Boa Vista Island, which confirmed the segregation of these two individuals from the clade grouping K. trochulus with pseudonivifer - like individuals, at a genetic distance consistent with separate species status (Fig. 2). Given the fact that the type locality of the taxon Conus pseudonivifer is “ Baía das Gatas ”, which is located to the northeast of Boa Vista Island, the name pseudonivifer is only applicable to specimens distributed along the east and northeast coasts of the island, whereas the specimens from other areas should be considered patterned forms of K. trochulus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306EFFBEFDC7FD47FE520BC3.taxon	description	Fig. 9 A – B	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306EFFBEFDC7FD47FE520BC3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Representation of lectotype in Lister et al. (1688: pl. 772, fig. 18) (Kohn 1964). Type locality: coasts of Guinea (West Africa). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec.; Les Almadies, Dakar; 14 º 44 ʹ 40 ʺ N, 17 º 31 ʹ 44 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864972; MNCN 15.05 / 78414 • 1 spec.; between Dakar and St. Louis; 7 Jul. 2015; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864973; MNCN 15.05 / 78536. GUINEA • 1 spec., 136 mm; off Conakry; 50 – 60 m depth; MJT (Fig. 9 A). “ INDIAN OCEAN ” (erroneous) • 1 spec., lectotype of C. siamensis, 102 mm; MHNG-MOLL- 52702 (Fig. 9 B).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306EFFBEFDC7FD47FE520BC3.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West Africa, from Senegal to Angola. Not present in the Cabo Verde Archipelago.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306EFFBEFDC7FD47FE520BC3.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E306EFFBEFDC7FD47FE520BC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is the largest-sized extant species of cone snail worldwide. Specimens from the Gulf of Guinea can exceed 200 mm in shell length. It is a vermivorous species widely distributed along the West African coast in shallow water, but absent in Cabo Verde Archipelago. Historically it has received many names, which are all synonymized under the taxon K. pulcher. The name papilionaceus has been applied to small juveniles of K. pulcher, characterized by their brightly colored, well defined pattern. The taxon K. byssinus might represent a distinct species, or just a phenotypic northern variation of K. pulcher (see above). On the other hand, our mitogenomic analysis has revealed that the populations of pulcher - like individuals from the Canary Islands correspond to a separate species hereby introduced as K. canariensis sp. nov. (see above).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3061FFBCFDB6FC83FE9D0CFB.taxon	description	Fig. 9 F – H	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3061FFBCFDB6FC83FE9D0CFB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype (here designated) CABO VERDE • 26 mm; Boa Vista Island, Baía do Ervatão; 16 º 12 ʹ 3 ʺ N, 22 º 54 ʹ 43 ʺ W; NHMUK 196179 / 1 (Fig. 9 F). Paralectotypes (here designated) CABO VERDE • 2 specs; same collection data as for lectotype; NHMUK 196179 / 2 - 3. Three syntypes in NHMUK. We hereby designate as lectotype the specimen of dimensions 26 × 16 mm in the type series (NHMUK 196179 / 1), which is the one figured in Reeve (1844: pl. 45, sp. 246) (Fig. 9 F). The other two specimens in the same lot are designated as paralectotypes (NHMUK 196179 / 2 - 3). Type locality not known. Hereby designated as Baía do Ervatão, northwest coast of Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Baía do Ervatão; 16 º 12 ʹ 3 ʺ N, 22 º 54 ʹ 43 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491561; MNCN 15.05 / 80411 • 1 spec., 38 mm, holotype of C. atlanticoselvagem; Baixo João Valente; 15 º 44 ʹ 27 ʺ N, 23 º 5 ʹ 26 ʺ W; ATLANTICO SELVAGEM exped.; MNCN 15.05 / 46580 (Fig. 9 G) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491606; MNCN DNA / 7036 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta do Pau Seco; 15 º 15 ʹ 26 ʺ N, 23 º 13 ʹ 16 ʺ W; 29 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491519; MNCN 15.05 / 78635 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Lage Branca; 15 º 18 ʹ 32 ʺ N, 23 º 8 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491526; MNCN 15.05 / 78719 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Porto Cais (north); 15 º 19 ʹ 45 ʺ N, 23 º 10 ʹ 57 ʺ W; 1 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491532; MNCN 15.05 / 78779 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Estancinha, Ponta do Sol; 16 º 13 ʹ 12 ʺ N, 22 º 55 ʹ 9 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864969; MNCN 15.05 / 80418 • 1 spec., 31.4 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 88794 (Fig. 9 H) • 1 spec., 18 mm, holotype of Africonus cazalisoi; Boa Vista Island, near the area of Morro de Areia; MMM • 1 spec., 28.1 mm, holotype of Kalloconus stanchinensis; Boa Vista Island, Ponta do Sol, Rife do Stanchinha; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3061FFBCFDB6FC83FE9D0CFB.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Boa Vista and Maio Islands, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Also present in Santiago Island, where it is very scarce.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3061FFBCFDB6FC83FE9D0CFB.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3061FFBCFDB6FC83FE9D0CFB.taxon	discussion	Remarks Patternless- as well as patterned-shell forms of K. trochulus exist. The latter are widely distributed throughout the islands of Boa Vista, Maio, Santiago and offshore banks, and each of the existing populations has its own distinctive pattern. The name atlanticoselvagem was introduced for the offshore population inhabiting João Valente Bank in between the islands of Boa Vista and Maio (Fig. 9 G). However, an analysis of the mitochondrial genome of patternless and patterned individuals from different populations recovered all of them within a compact clade, with the exception of two patterned individuals from Praia Canto, Boa Vista Island, which were recovered in a sister clade. These individuals are assigned to the taxon K. pseudonivifer (see above). Apart from this, the phylogenetic data suggest that all the other populations studied, both patterned and patternless, are members of one single, variable species that bears the name K. trochulus as the most senior. The hereby-designated lectotype of K. trochulus corresponds to the patternless form, particularly abundant in the northwest coast of Boa Vista Island. The recently described Africonus cazalisoi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 was incorrectly assigned to the genus Africonus. It is a representative of the population of sparsely patterned K. trochulus from Morro de Areia, southwest of Boa Vista Island, which was thoroughly studied in Cunha et al. (2008), and hence another synonym for this species. The same applies to K. stanchinensis, which is just the patterned form of K. trochulus from Estancinha to Ponta do Sol area, northwest of Boa Vista Island (Fig. 9 H). Representative individuals from the Santiago Island populations are figured in Rolán (2005).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3062FFBDFE07FE92FC5B0EAF.taxon	description	Fig. 9 I – J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3062FFBDFE07FE92FC5B0EAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Lectotype in MHNG 1107 / 69. The type locality ‘ America’ (erroneous) is hereby corrected to Sal Rei, Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 52.4 mm; Boa Vista Island, Ilhéu de Sal Rei; 16 º 9 ʹ 56 ʺ N, 22 º 55 ʹ 23 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KX 263250; MNCN 15.05 / 80419 (Fig. 9 I) • 1 spec., 33.2 mm; Boa Vista Island, Praia Canto; 16 º 11 ʹ 10 ʺ N, 22 º 42 ʹ 28 ʺ W; 20 Apr. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491590; MNCN 15.05 / 79907 (Fig. 9 J) • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Derrubado (bay West); 16 º 13 ʹ 22 ʺ N, 22 º 47 ʹ 41 ʺ W; 29 Jun. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491546; MNCN 15.05 / 80396 • 1 spec.; Boa Vista Island, Ponta Antónia; 16 º 13 ʹ 24 ʺ N, 22 º 46 ʹ 59 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491560; MNCN 15.05 / 80410 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Lage Branca; 15 º 18 ʹ 32 ʺ N, 23 º 8 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 31 Mar. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491531; MNCN 15.05 / 78774 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Praia Real; 15 º 19 ʹ 45 ʺ N, 23 º 10 ʹ 40 ʺ W; 2 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491535; MNCN 15.05 / 78812 • 1 spec.; Maio Island, Ponta do Pau Seco; 15 º 15 ʹ 26 ʺ N, 23 º 13 ʹ 17 ʺ W; 3 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MF 491539; MNCN 15.05 / 78859 • 1 spec., 26.5 mm, holotype of Kalloconus (Trovaoconus) josefiadeiroi; Boa Vista Island, Praia do Canto-Baía das Gatas; 0.3 – 3 m depth; MMM.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3062FFBDFE07FE92FC5B0EAF.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Boa Vista and Maio islands, Cabo Verde Archipelago. Also present in Santiago Island, where it is very scarce.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3062FFBDFE07FE92FC5B0EAF.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3062FFBDFE07FE92FC5B0EAF.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is the largest-sized cone snail endemic to the Cabo Verde Archipelago, where it is widely distributed in Boa Vista and Maio islands. There are occasional reports of its presence off Santiago Island as well (Rolán 2005). Very variable in shell length and pattern, it has received a number of different names, which are all considered synonyms. Detailed populations genetic studies of the venulatus group (Cunha et al. 2008) and more recent mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses (Abalde et al. 2017 a) indicate that despite the extreme phenotypic variability, all the populations scattered throughout the archipelago are members of one single species. This is also applicable to the recently introduced taxon K. josefiadeiroi, which is just a representative of the population of K. venulatus from Praia Canto, northeast coast of Boa Vista Island (Fig. 9 J) and is included in our phylogenetic study.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBAFDDFFEDDFEFB0CD6.taxon	description	Fig. 10 A	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBAFDDFFEDDFEFB0CD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) The holotype was in the collection F. J. Stainforth, present whereabouts unknown; neotype in ZMA (Coomans et al. 1980). The original type locality was not known. For neotype: coast of Senegal, West Africa (Coomans et al. 1980). Neotype SENEGAL • 39.3 mm; coast of Senegal; NBC (Fig. 10 A). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec.; Mbour, Petite Côte; 30 m depth; MJT.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBAFDDFFEDDFEFB0CD6.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Senegal (south of Dakar), Gambia and northern Guinea Bissau.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBAFDDFFEDDFEFB0CD6.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBAFDDFFEDDFEFB0CD6.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species has not been molecularly examined, but the distinctive features of its shell and radula warrant its consideration as a valid species. The taxa names griseus and miser are considered synonyms of M. ambiguus, whereas gernanti represents a pale violet color form of this species without taxonomical value.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBBFDF0F991FA920A1D.taxon	description	Fig. 10 B	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBBFDF0F991FA920A1D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype GUINEA • 60.5 mm; off Conakry; 50 – 60 m depth; NBC. Paratype GUINEA • 1 spec., 60 mm; same collection data as for holotype; F. Gubbioli coll., Marbella, Spain (Fig. 10 B).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBBFDF0F991FA920A1D.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Off Guinea Conakry.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBBFDF0F991FA920A1D.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Data deficient.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3065FFBBFDF0F991FA920A1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a rare species, first obtained from fishing nets of trawlers operating in waters off Guinea Conakry in the 1980 s. Since the fishing activities ceased, no more specimens have been brought to surface. Hence, it has not been molecularly examined. Its radular morphology is also unknown. The shell of this species is very similar to that of M. ambiguus, but it is characterized by the presence of numerous irregular reddish axial lines. It might represent just a mere patterned form of M. ambiguus from a particular geographic area. We hereby consider it as a provisionally valid species, pending future studies that might eventually validate its status as such, or alternatively demonstrate its conspecificity with M. ambiguus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3064FFBBFDC0FCAEFC720E4A.taxon	description	Fig. 10 C	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3064FFBBFDC0FCAEFC720E4A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) Holotype in ZMUC, GAS- 000366. Since May 2012 the specimen is not present in the collection. The curator team was notified, but apparently the specimen has not been located hitherto. The type locality is not known. Other material CABO VERDE • 1 spec., 33.6 mm; Santiago Island, Tarrafal; 15 º 16 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 23 º 45 ʹ 15 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2013; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 864968; MNCN 15.05 / 78863 (Fig. 10 C).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3064FFBBFDC0FCAEFC720E4A.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution West African coast from Senegal to Angola including Cabo Verde Archipelago and São Tomé e Príncipe.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3064FFBBFDC0FCAEFC720E4A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3064FFBBFDC0FCAEFC720E4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a fairly common, widespread species that has been molecularly examined as a representative of genus Monteiroconus. Historically, this species has been mistaken for M. ambiguus. However, there are constant features in shell morphology that allow a distinction between these two species, mainly the larger size and angulated, broader shoulder in the latter. In any case, a molecular examination of M. ambiguus might clarify whether the separation from M. tabidus at the species level is justified. We provisionally consider both of them as separate valid species.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FE75FD4BFA880FD3.taxon	description	Fig. 10 D	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FE75FD4BFA880FD3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SENEGAL • 36.7 mm; Pointe de Bel-Air, south coast of Dakar; MNHN IM- 2000 - 32668 (Fig. 10 D). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec.; Terrou-Bi, Dakar; 14 º 40 ʹ 28 ʺ N, 17 º 28 ʹ 9 ʺ W; 4 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801849; MNCN 15.05 / 78504.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FE75FD4BFA880FD3.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area including Madeleine Island, and to the south along the Petite Côte, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FE75FD4BFA880FD3.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FE75FD4BFA880FD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a valid, phenotypically variable species, which is closer to V. reticulatus than to V. mercator, both phylogenetically and according to its radular morphology (Abalde et al. 2017 b). The distinction between V. belairensis and V. reticulatus based upon conchological or even radular features might not be effective in all cases. Whereas the original population from Bel-Air in Dakar seems to be extinct due to pollution from the large harbor of the city, the species occurs in many other locations around Dakar and to the south. As it happens with most species of cone snails living on the peninsula of Dakar, the individuals seem to have adapted very well to anthropogenic conditions, and populations thrive even in densely populated areas as long as they are not affected by chemical contamination, i. e., fuel from port activities.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFB8FDBBFE93FD950BB9.taxon	discussion	Da Motta (1991) originally introduced the taxon Varioconus as a subgenus of Conasprella Thiele, 1929 using the contour of the shell as criterion. The subgenus included West African species from Angola, Senegal and elsewhere, but not from the Cabo Verde Archipelago. Later, Tucker & Tenorio (2009) elevated the rank of Varioconus to genus, and only maintained in it the endemic cones from Angola, whereas most of the remaining West African cones were placed in the genus Lautoconus. Now, we find that the reconstructed phylogeny and the observed genetic distances support the original proposal by Da Motta (1991), and the genus Varioconus actually includes species from Angola, Senegal, Gambia and other locations like Canary Islands or Saint Helena. The species of Varioconus endemic to Angola are not included in the present revision. These taxa are being sequenced systematically, and the results will be reported elsewhere in due course.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFC6FE18F89DFC450DAE.taxon	description	Fig. 10 E	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFC6FE18F89DFC450DAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) The holotype was in the collection of Madame Dupont, its present whereabouts are unknown. The type locality was not stated, but was designated Dakar, Senegal by Coomans et al. (1982). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 32.1 mm; Gorée Island, Dakar; 14 º 40 ʹ 16 ʺ N, 17 º 23 ʹ 57 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801852; MNCN 15.05 / 78497 (Fig. 10 E) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 3 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801851; MNCN 15.05 / 78499 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 3 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801850; MNCN 15.05 / 78502.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFC6FE18F89DFC450DAE.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFC6FE18F89DFC450DAE.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3067FFC6FE18F89DFC450DAE.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is characterized by its elongated greenish shell. The name Conus bruguieresi was originally published on plate 56, fig. 2 by Kiener, ahead of the text, which appeared published in 1849. In the text, the name used for this taxon was Conus bruguieri, which was a misspelling leading to subsequent misinterpretations in the literature (e. g., Wagner & Abott 1978). Even though there was no description, the publication of the plate with a name (caption) on it is sufficient to make bruguieresi available as the earlier valid name for this taxon (Coomans et al. 1982; Faber 2011). Varioconus bruguieresi is very closely related to its sister species V. echinophilus, up to the point that juvenile individuals of the former can not be discriminated based upon conchological features only.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3019FFC7FDE6FB72FA980AF5.taxon	description	Fig. 10 F	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3019FFC7FDE6FB72FA980AF5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SENEGAL • 25.7 mm; Dakar, harbor near Anse Bernard; DMNH 123128. Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 23.2 mm; Ndayane; 14 º 33 ʹ 59 ʺ N, 17 º 8 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801859; MNCN 15.05 / 78457 (Fig. 10 F).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3019FFC7FDE6FB72FA980AF5.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area and to the south along the Petite Côte, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3019FFC7FDE6FB72FA980AF5.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3019FFC7FDE6FB72FA980AF5.taxon	discussion	Remarks The name soaresi for this taxon appeared published shortly after the description of Conus cloveri, which became the senior name for this species. This is a distinct species distributed from Pointe des Almadies to the south of Dakar along the Petite Côte. Two color forms exist, one with wavy brown narrow axial lines that overlap to produce fine tents on a creamy white background, and another one white, almost patternless with only faint traces of milky white axial lines. The latter seems to be more common at the southern end of the distribution range for the species. In the mitogenome phylogeny, V. cloveri is sister to V. mercator.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3018FFC7FE69FBBEFC9C0E63.taxon	description	Fig. 10 P	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3018FFC7FE69FBBEFC9C0E63.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SENEGAL • 26.8 mm; Madeleine Island, west coast, Dakar; MNHN IM- 2009 - 8702 (Fig. 10 P).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3018FFC7FE69FBBEFC9C0E63.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Known only from the type locality.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3018FFC7FE69FBBEFC9C0E63.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3018FFC7FE69FBBEFC9C0E63.taxon	discussion	Remarks The mitogenome is not available, as we have not examined this taxon. However, partial sequences of cox 1, rrnL and rrnS genes were reported (Puillandre et al. 2014). In the corresponding phylogeny, V. dorotheae appeared closely related to V. pineaui (a synonym of V. guinaicus) and V. guanche (Puillandre et al. 2014). Radular morphology also confirms its placement in the V. guinaicus group. Given its geographically restricted habitat on the west coast of Madeleine Island in relatively deep water (between 10 and 15 m) (Monnier & Limpalaër 2010), we retain this taxon as provisionally valid in spite of its close phylogenetic relationship to V. guinaicus. Examination of its mitogenome in the future might confirm this assumption, or alternatively prove otherwise.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC4FE12FE93FD110C8F.taxon	description	Fig. 10 G	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC4FE12FE93FD110C8F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (not examined) The holotype is in CAS with catalog number 55454 according to the original publication. However, Coomans et al. (1986) stated that one of the paratypes (CAS 61495, 10.7 × 6.0 mm) was deposited instead of the holotype, which was still missing in 1988 (Filmer 2011). Current whereabouts of the holotype are unknown. Paratype SENEGAL • 1 spec., near NGor village; 14 º 43 ʹ N, 17 º 33 ʹ W; CAS 61495. Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 22.0 mm; south of Dakar, Petite Côte, Yenne Tode; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240807; MNCN 15.05 / 90430 (Fig. 10 G).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC4FE12FE93FD110C8F.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC4FE12FE93FD110C8F.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC4FE12FE93FD110C8F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is a species very closely related to V. bruguieresi. In fact, in a previous phylogenetic analysis (Abalde et al. 2017 a), the mitogenome of one juvenile specimen initially identified as V. cf. echinophilus turned out to be identical in sequence to that of V. bruguieresi. However, the mitogenome of another specimen of V. echinophilus sequenced here was recovered as sister to that of V. bruguieresi, at a genetic distance consistent with a valid species (Fig. 2).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC5FE6FFA48FC0C0C61.taxon	description	Fig. 10 H – J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC5FE6FFA48FC0C0C61.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype “ AFRICA ” • 56.6 mm; MHNG-MOLL- 52625 (Fig. 10 H). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec.; Gorée Island, Dakar; 14 º 39 ʹ 50 ʺ N, 17 º 23 ʹ 58 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801853; MNCN 15.05 / 79496 • 1 spec., 53.6 mm; same collection data as for preceding; MNCN 15.05 / 78491 (Fig. 10 I) • 1 spec., 40.0 mm; Dakar, NGor; 14 º 45 ʹ 6 ʺ N, 17 º 30 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801863; MNCN 15.05 / 78427 (Fig. 10 J).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC5FE6FFA48FC0C0C61.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC5FE6FFA48FC0C0C61.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered (evaluated as hybridus).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301BFFC5FE6FFA48FC0C0C61.taxon	discussion	Remarks The lectotype of the taxon Conus franciscanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 designated by Kohn (1968) is at the MNHG. It measures 56.6 mm (stated 55 mm in Kohn 1968). It has been a controversial species, and several authors have synonymized this name either with Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 (Kohn 1992) or Conus guinaicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel 1989; Lauer 1993 b; Filmer 2011). The homonym name franciscanus (variety mediterraneus Hwass) Philippi, 1836 applicable to a color form of ventricosus further contributed to increase the confusion. The type locality (“ Africa ”) and the size and general appearance of the lectotype of franciscanus are more consistent with a guinaicus - like species than with the Mediterranean L. ventricosus. In this sense, we agree with the opinions of Röckel (1989) and Lauer (1993 b), also followed by Filmer (2011) and Tucker & Tenorio (2013). Specimens matching the lectotype of V. franciscanus are relatively abundant around Gorée Island in Dakar. These uniform dark brown shells with a white central band had provisionally been assigned to the taxon V. guinaicus, despite being lighter and more elongated than the typical form of the latter species (Monteiro et al. 2004). We examined the mitogenome of one of such dark guinaicus - like specimens from Gorée Island. It showed almost no sequence divergence with a specimen of V. hybridus from NGor. This result was confirmed by sequencing of the universal cox 1 gene fragment (Folmer et al. 1994) of additional guinaicus - like specimens from Gorée Island (Abalde et al. 2017 b). Typical V. guinaicus from Popenguine are recovered as the sister clade. These results indicate that the guinaicus - like specimens from Gorée Island, representatives of the taxon V. franciscanus, are essentially identical to V. hybridus, and different from typical V. guinaicus. If we assume the conspecificity of the taxa franciscanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 and hybridus Kiener, 1847, then the latter becomes a junior synonym to represent a form of franciscanus, which stands as the senior name for the species.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301AFFC2FDF2FA22FDB70C28.taxon	description	Fig. 10 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301AFFC2FDF2FA22FDB70C28.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SPAIN – Canary Islands • 34 mm; Tenerife, Punta Blanca, Los Gigantes; MNHN IM- 2000 - 2553 (Fig. 10 K) Other material SPAIN – Canary Islands • 1 spec.; Lanzarote, Playa del Cable; 16 º 41 ʹ 44 ʺ N, 22 º 58 ʹ 35 ʺ W; Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801847; MNCN / ADN 91295.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301AFFC2FDF2FA22FDB70C28.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Canary Islands (absent in the western islands), southern Morocco, West Sahara and Mauritania.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301AFFC2FDF2FA22FDB70C28.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Least concern.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301AFFC2FDF2FA22FDB70C28.taxon	discussion	Remarks Until its introduction as a new species by Lauer (1993 a), there was a large confusion regarding certain populations of cones present in the Canary Islands, referred to as ventricosus, guinaicus or desidiosus (Bandel & Wils 1977; Coomans et al. 1985 b; Raybaudi 1992). The taxon Lautoconus desidiosus (A. Adams, 1853) is nowadays considered a form of L. ventricosus (Filmer 2011) or a separate species (Monteiro et al. 2004; WoRMS, accessed March 2020) depending on the author, but in any case is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea and neighboring Atlantic and is not a West African species. In the phylogeny, V. guanche appears deeply nested within the Varioconus clade together with Senegal endemics and is only distantly related to L. ventricosus. It is indeed sister to the species V. unifasciatus, and close to V. guinaicus (Abalde et al. 2017 b). The non-planktonic development of V. guanche supposedly limits its capacity of dispersal, resulting in populations having characteristic shell colors and patterns. However, phylogenetic studies focused on V. guanche showed no differentiation of the species within the Canary Islands or between the archipelago and the western African coast indicating recurrent gene flow (Cunha et al. 2014). These findings clearly indicate that the recently introduced taxon Lautoconus saharicus Petuch & Berschauer, 2016 represents the local form of V. guanche from Dahkla Bay, Western Sahara. It lacks taxonomical value and must be considered a junior synonym. The name nitens, initially introduced as a subspecies of V. guanche, is applied to high-spired shells typically from Lanzarote. However, typical V. guanche and high-spired individuals co-occur, hence the separation at subspecific level seems unjustified and nitens represents a synonym (form) of V. guanche.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301DFFC3FE5CFAEBFA8A0C75.taxon	description	Fig. 10 L – P	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301DFFC3FE5CFAEBFA8A0C75.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype “ GUINEA ” • 43 mm; MHNG-MOLL- 52638 (Fig. 10 L). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 50.2 mm; Ndayane, Petite Côte; 14 º 33 ʹ 59 ʺ N, 17 º 8 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801861; MNCN 15.05 / 78443 (Fig. 10 M) • 1 spec.; Fann, Terrou-Bi, Dakar; 14 º 40 ʹ 28 ʺ N, 17 º 28 ʹ 9 ʺ W; 4 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801848; MNCN 15.05 / 78511 • 1 spec.; Joal-Fadiouth; 14 º 8 ʹ 20 ʺ N, 16 º 48 ʹ 57 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801855; MNCN 15.05 / 78476 • 1 spec.; Ndayane, Petite Côte; 2016; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240805; MNCN 15.05 / 78541 • 1 spec., 28.7 mm, holotype of C. pineaui; Cap de Naze, Popenguine, south of Dakar; 20 – 30 m depth; MNHN IM- 2000 - 2528 (Fig. 10 O). GAMBIA • 1 spec., 21.1 mm, holotype of Lautoconus wolof; off Tanji Beach; MNHN IM- 2000 - 2528 (Fig. 10 N) • 1 spec.; same locality as for holotype; 19 Feb. 2019; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240811; MNCN 15.05 / 90434.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301DFFC3FE5CFAEBFA8A0C75.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea. Also reported from Ghana.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301DFFC3FE5CFAEBFA8A0C75.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Vulnerable. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301DFFC3FE5CFAEBFA8A0C75.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is the most representative taxon of a very compact clade, which includes a number of very closely related species, and certain populations with minimal differences in mitogenome sequences that are now considered synonyms (forms), such as taslei or pineaui (Fig. 10 O). All these taxa share the same radular tooth morphology: narrow and elongated radular tooth with the anterior section longer than the posterior section, rounded blade covering less than half of the anterior section, and more than 40 denticles in the serration (Abalde et al. 2017 b). The population from Gorée Island, characterized by its dark brown shell, does not correspond to the taxon guinaicus but to its sister species V. franciscanus. The distribution range of V. guinaicus is quite large, from Dakar area south to Guinea including Gambia, and also reported from Ghana. The taxon V. wolof (Fig. 10 N), recently described from Gambia, has been sequenced. The sequence of its mitogenome is essentially identical to that of V. guinaicus (Fig. 2). Therefore, this name represents a mere local form of V. guinaicus and is hereby considered a synonym.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301CFFC1FE18FA3DFE1C0B27.taxon	description	Fig. 11 A – G	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301CFFC1FE18FA3DFE1C0B27.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype Lectotype at LSL 254 (Fig. 11 A, 24.0 mm). Type locality not known. Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 34.7 mm; Gorée Island, Dakar; 14 º 40 ʹ 16 ʺ N, 17 º 23 ʹ 57 ʺ W; 3 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801854; MNCN 15.05 / 78482 (Fig. 11 B) • 1 spec.; Ndayane, Petite Côte; 14 º 33 ʹ 59 ʺ N, 17 º 8 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801857; MNCN 15.05 / 78463 • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801856; MNCN 15.05 / 78473 • 1 spec., 39.1 mm; Les Almadies, Dakar; 14 º 44 ʹ 43 ʺ N, 17 º 31 ʹ 44 ʺ W; 6 Apr. 2014; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801864; MNCN 15.05 / 78419 (Fig. 11 C) • 1 spec., 35.5 mm, holotype of Lautoconus stimpsonorum; Pointe des Almadies, Dakar; 3 – 8 m depth; MNHN. GAMBIA • 1 spec., 35.4 mm, holotype of Lautoconus fernandi; off Tanji beach; MNHN IM- 2000 - 34012 (Fig. 11 D) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 19 Feb. 2019; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240813; MNCN 15.05 / 90440 • 1 spec., 21.6 mm, holotype of Lautoconus gambiensis; off Tanji beach; MNHN IM- 2000 - 34013 (Fig. 11 E) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 19 Feb. 2019; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240812; MNCN 15.05 / 90437 • 1 spec., 17.9 mm, holotype of Lautoconus rikae; off Tanji beach; MNHN IM- 2000 - 34014 (Fig. 11 F) • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 19 Feb. 2019; L. Tamagnini leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240814; MNCN 15.05 / 90442 • 1 spec., 30.1 mm, paratype of Conus orri; Bojol Island, Soliflor Point; SNMS ZI 0091234 (Fig. 11 G).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301CFFC1FE18FA3DFE1C0B27.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Senegal (Dakar area, Petite Côte) and Gambia.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301CFFC1FE18FA3DFE1C0B27.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered. Status revision required.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301CFFC1FE18FA3DFE1C0B27.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is one of the most classical species from Senegal. Specimens from Gorée Island (Fig. 11 B) match perfectly the lectotype of this species (Fig. 11 A), which is widely distributed from Dakar area to the south. This is a polymorphic species. Several taxon names introduced in the literature as distinct species (e. g., cacao and senegalensis) correspond to the taxon V. mercator. Abalde et al. (2017 b) showed that two different morphs identified as V. mercator, one from Goreé Island (Fig. 11 B) and another from Pointe des Almadies (Fig. 11 C), were actually separated by a genetic uncorrected p distance at exactly the threshold that delimits species. Based upon these grounds, the name V. stimpsonorum has been recently introduced for the population of mercator - like shells from Pointe des Almadies (Cossignani & Allary 2019). However, the subtle differences in the reticulated shell pattern (coarse in V. stimpsonorum but fine in V. mercator) do not justify the introduction of a new name. Furthermore, a transcriptomic study of the venom gland of two specimens of V. mercator, one from Almadies (i. e., form stimpsonorum) and another from Ndayane (form cacao), has shown that both individuals share a significant percentage of conotoxin precursors in their venom repertoires within the expected intraspecific variation (Abalde et al. 2020). Therefore, we consider that the taxon V. stimpsonorum falls within the genetic and morphological variability of V. mercator and propose to consider it a mere form of the latter. Specimens of the species recently described from Gambia, including fernandi (Fig. 11 D), gambiensis (Fig. 11 E) and rikae (Fig. 11 F), have been sequenced. The sequences of the mitogenomes of these taxa were almost identical, and showed a minimal divergence to that of V. mercator (Fig. 2). The type material of the taxon Conus orri Ninomiya & da Motta, 1982 (Fig. 11 G) described from Gambia is consistent with the observed variability of V. mercator. We therefore also consider orri as a synonym of the latter. Conversely, a mitogenome examination has shown that certain names traditionally synonymized with V. mercator (e. g., reticulatus) actually correspond to separate, valid species (see below). As it happens to most species living around the Dakar peninsula, V. mercator seems to be very resilient and has adapted very well to environments under heavy human influence as long as they are not affected by chemical or industrial contamination.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFC1FE0AFDE0FE610FFC.taxon	description	Fig. 11 H – I	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFC1FE0AFDE0FE610FFC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Lectotype “ AFRICA ” • 25 mm; NHMW Mollusca 14159 (Fig. 11 H). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 29.5 mm; NGor, Dakar; 14 º 45 ʹ 6 ʺ N, 17 º 30 ʹ 35 ʺ W; 1 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801862; MNCN 15.05 / 78439 (Fig. 11 I) • 1 spec.; Ndayane, Petite Côte; 14 º 33 ʹ 59 ʺ N, 17 º 8 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801858; MNCN 15.05 / 78462.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFC1FE0AFDE0FE610FFC.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Senegal (Dakar area, Petite Côte).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFC1FE0AFDE0FE610FFC.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Not evaluated.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFC1FE0AFDE0FE610FFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks The taxon Conus reticulatus Born, 1778 had been traditionally synonymized with Conus mercator Linnaeus, 1758 (Monteiro et al. 2004; Filmer 2011; Tucker & Tenorio 2013). The phylogenetic analyses suggest that V. reticulatus actually is a valid species, distinct from V. mercator and sister to V. belairensis (Abalde et al. 2017 b). Varioconus mercator and V. reticulatus also differ in radular tooth morphology. A separation of V. reticulatus and V. mercator based upon the shell pattern only is not always accurate, and may eventually require confirmation by DNA or radular morphology analysis. Specimens collected along Petite Côte near Ndayane and initially identified as juveniles of V. mercator form cacao turned out to be V. reticulatus.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFCFFE31F886FC540A20.taxon	description	Fig. 11 J	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFCFFE31F886FC540A20.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SENEGAL • 17 mm; East of Gorée Island, ‘ Tacoma’ wreck; 7 – 13 m depth; MNHN IM- 2000 - 21046 (Fig. 11 J).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFCFFE31F886FC540A20.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFCFFE31F886FC540A20.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Vulnerable.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E301EFFCFFE31F886FC540A20.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species has not been molecularly examined. In the original description it was compared to Conus desidiosus (which does not live in Senegal), bruguieresi and echinophilus. The species is morphologically related to the latter two, and might represent a variation of one of these. We consider this species as provisionally valid only, pending future molecular examination.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCFFE4FFCEBFB6B0FFF.taxon	description	Fig. 11 K	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCFFE4FFCEBFB6B0FFF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SENEGAL • 26.3 mm; Pointe des Almadies; 20 m depth; MNHN IM- 2000 - 21455 (Fig. 11 K). Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec.; Pointe des Almadies; A. Trencart leg.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: MT 240815; MNCN 15.05 / 90433.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCFFE4FFCEBFB6B0FFF.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution Dakar area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCFFE4FFCEBFB6B0FFF.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Near threatened.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCFFE4FFCEBFB6B0FFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is another member of the V. guinaicus clade, with a close phenotypical resemblance to V. guinaicus form pineaui. The sequence divergence of the mitogenome of one individual from the type locality suggests that this is a valid species, sister to V. guanche and V. unifasciatus (Fig. 2). At variance with most other species of Varioconus from Senegal, V. trencarti has a relatively deep-water habitat, between 20 and 40 m, and a restricted distribution range around Pointe des Almadies, Dakar.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCCFE1DF8B8FD550AC6.taxon	description	Fig. 11 L	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCCFE1DF8B8FD550AC6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype Holotype at MNHN, IM- 2000 - 3454. Type locality not known. Other material SENEGAL • 1 spec., 39.8 mm; Ndayane, Petite Côte; 14 º 33 ʹ 59 ʺ N, 17 º 8 ʹ 3 ʺ W; 2 Jul. 2015; MNCN exped.; GenBank mitochondrion, partial genome: KY 801860; MNCN 15.05 / 78451 (Fig. 11 L).	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCCFE1DF8B8FD550AC6.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution South of Dakar, Petite Côte area, Senegal.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCCFE1DF8B8FD550AC6.taxon	conservation	Conservation status in IUCN Red List Endangered.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
AE38686E3010FFCCFE1DF8B8FD550AC6.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species is sister to V. guanche, and is characterized by its uniform dark brown shell, with the occasional presence of lighter-colored spiral bands just as in the holotype. It has been synonymized with V. franciscanus in Petuch & Berschauer (2016). However, according to the phylogeny, the latter is a distinct, valid species sister to V. guinaicus. In any case, the guinaicus clade is very compact, and all its members are closely related to each other.	en	Tenorio, Manuel J., Abalde, Samuel, Pardos-Blas, José R., Zardoya, Rafael (2020): Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae) based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation. European Journal of Taxonomy 663 (663): 1-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.663
