taxonID	type	description	language	source
A41687E4FFEDC9575FCB5726FCCF734B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Chongqing: 42 3, 34 ƤƤ, Nanchuan County, Mt. Jinfoshan, 1000 - 1400 m, several larvae collected by He-Li Deng, Xiao-Dong Yang and Li-Jiang Wang from field in VI. 2008, reared by J. Hao, emerging into adults in III. 2009; most specimens reared in 2009, emerging into adults in III – IV. 2010. All specimens deposited in Chang-Chin Chen’s collection (Tianjin, China) except 13, 1 Ƥ will be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London and 13, 1 Ƥ will be deposited in Luca Bartolozzi’s collection (Firenze, Italy).	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEDC9575FCB5726FCCF734B.taxon	description	Description of additional males (Figs. 1, 13). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 29 – 40 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body black, opaque and glabrous. Head finely microsculptured and smooth on dorsal surface, about 1.7 times as wide as long. Vertex depressed gradually in a triangular area defined by the anterolateral angles and the posterior end of the head. Frontal margin wave shaped, protruding and rounded medially as an intermandibular projection (sensu Holloway 2007). Labrum defined posteriorly by a transverse labral suture, usually divided by a central split along the midline, with each lobe about 1.5 – 2.0 times as wide as long, and with the conjoined anterior margin of the lobes straight or convex; central split varying in length and sometimes absent in males. Canthus occupying half of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin straight. Anterolateral angle of the head a sharp obtuse angle. Postocular margin slightly convex. Mentum punctate, trapezoidal, with anterolateral angles rounded. Submentum clearly defined and microsculptured. Gula smooth. Maxilla with the tip of the lacinia not hooked. Labium with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. General shape of the mandible not different between the large-sized specimens and the small-sized specimens; mandible about 1.3 – 1.5 times as long as the head, straight from the base to the anterior 1 / 4 point and gently incurved at apex, with a longer subbasal inner tooth at the basal 1 / 5 or 1 / 6 point, and with a shorter median inner tooth in the middle or just beyond the middle; no subapical tooth; no tooth or denticle appeared between the median and subbasal teeth; the inner margin between the apex and the median tooth smooth in most specimens, but with one or two small denticles in a few specimens as in holotype. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with width slightly greater than that of antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum micropunctate and smooth on the surface, slightly longer and wider than head, widest at about the anterior 1 / 3 point; lateral margin evenly rounded at the anterior 2 / 3, abruptly pointed into a sharp lateral angle at the posterior 1 / 4 point, and concave behind the lateral angle; posterior angle rounded. Elytra micropunctate and smooth on the surface, with no depression or large punctures, 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as wide, and almost as wide as the pronotum. Legs: Protibia with 4 – 8 (4 in left protibia and 5 in right protibia of holotype) distinct teeth along the lateral margin. Mesotibia with a distinct lateral spine. Metatibia with 0 – 1 lateral spine. Male genitalia (Figs. 25, 29): Ventral plate of the 9 th abdominal segment with the basal part almost parallel sided, and without a longitudinal membranous stripe along the midline of the posterior expansion. Aedeagus in dorsal view about 5 times as long as wide. Basal piece in dorsal view rather oblong and elongate, nearly twice as long as parameres, with dorsal plates well marked; caudal margin of the ventral surface flat and not protruding medially, with the caudal margin of the sclerotized portion slightly concave. Paramere triangular and sharply pointed at apex in lateral view, lamellate and rounded at apex in dorsal or ventral view, without a basal process on the ventral surface. Penis (not counting the basal struts and the caudal membranous pouches) elongate, about 2 / 3 times as long as paramere, membranous along the middle and sclerotized along the lateral margins ventrally; membranous dorsal surface forming a pair of caudal pouches but not forming any dorsal pouch when being fully inflated; pair of processes on the dorsal end of the cross bar about half as long as penis; flagellum (permanently everted internal sac) a little longer than aedeagus, broader and belt-like at basal 1 / 4, narrower and belt-like from the basal 1 / 4 point to the apical 1 / 5 point, and thread-like at the apical 1 / 5. Description of females (Figs. 9, 17, 21). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 23 – 26 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body black, opaque and glabrous. Head punctate on dorsal surface, punctures on the posterior surface markedly smaller than on the anterior surface, punctures around the eye denser and partly fused. Vertex with a pair of large and poorly-defined lateral bulges. Frontal margin concave with the intermandibular projection weakly marked. Labrum defined posteriorly by a transverse labral suture, about 4 times as wide as long and flat at tip. Canthus occupying 2 / 3 of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin nearly straight. Anterolateral angle of the head obtuse and poorly defined. Postocular margin slightly convex. Mentum densely punctate, rectangular, about 1.5 times as wide as long, and rounded at anterolateral angles. Submentum clearly defined and sparsely punctate. Gula smooth. Maxilla with the tip of the lacinia hooked. Labium with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. Mandible half as long as head, evenly incurved, and with a median inner tooth. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with width slightly greater than that of the antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum densely punctate on the surface; without central depression; about 1.6 times as wide as long, widest at the posterior 1 / 3 point forming a clear lateral angle; lateral margin minutely crenulate, weakly convex from the anterior angle to the lateral angle, concave at the posterior 1 / 3, and rounded at the posterior angle. Elytra densely micropunctate and opaque on the surface except for the sutural area, sparsely punctate and weakly shiny on the sutural area, about 1.7 times as long as wide, and almost as wide as the pronotum. Legs: Protibia strongly incurved, continuously serrate with 5 – 8 distinct teeth along the lateral margin; apex deeply bifurcate with the branches widely separated and pointed at tip. Mesotibia and metatibia straight, each with a distinct lateral spine. Female genitalia (Fig. 34): Last abdominal tergite semicircular, with a broad membranous area along the midline. Last abdominal ventrite with a large membranous area at middle. Hemisternite with the inner apex protruding a little beyond the outer apex. Spermatheca membranous, with a pair of lateral branches near apex; each lateral branch coral-like and irregular. Spermathecal duct nearly parallel sided. Spermathecal gland and its duct nearly half as long as spermathecal duct.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEDC9575FCB5726FCCF734B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Jiangxi (Junboshan, the type locality), southern Chongqing (Mt. Jinfoshan).	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEDC9575FCB5726FCCF734B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. An examination of a large number of specimens shows that the shape of the male mandible does not vary with the size of the specimen. Therefore P. yangi is characterized by the following combination of male mandible characters: mandible about 1.4 – 1.6 times as long as head; subbasal tooth of the mandible clearly marked and longer than all other inner teeth; median inner tooth of the mandible situated nearly in the middle and a little shorter than the subbasal tooth; no tooth or denticle between the subbasal and median teeth of the mandible; no subapical tooth behind the apex of the mandible. Fukinuki (2004) was correct in regarding P. b o re l i (Boileau, 1904) from India as the most similar species to P. yangi, using the characters of mandibles and pronotum. In addition, P. passaloides (Hope, 1845) from Java is also a similar species, but can be distinguished by the different shape of the male pronotum and the different position of the major inner tooth of the male mandible. A comparison in male and female genitalia showed P. yangi to be quite similar to P. simianshanus and P. cyclommatoides. The male and female genitalia of P. b o re l i have not yet been examined.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEFC95F5FCB54EBFBA071CB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (Figs. 2, 13, 26, 30): CHINA: Chongqing: 3, Jiangjin County, Mt. Simianshan, 1200 - 1400 m, 15. VII. 2007, L. - J. Wang leg., deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China. Paratypes: CHINA: Chongqing: 7 3, 2 ƤƤ, same data as holotype, all deposited in Chang-Chin Chen’s collection; 43 3, 35 ƤƤ, reared by J. Hao from the living adults collected from the type locality, 70 paratypes (39 3, 31 ƤƤ) in Chang-Chin Chen’s collection, 2 paratypes (13, 1 Ƥ) in Natural History Museum, London, 4 paratypes (2 3, 2 ƤƤ) in Hao Huang collection (Qingdao, China), 2 paratypes (1 3, 1 Ƥ) in Luca Bartolozzi’s collection (Firenze, Italy). Holotype description (Figs. 2, 13, 26, 30). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 41 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body black, opaque and glabrous. Head finely microsculptured and smooth on dorsal surface, about 1.5 times as wide as long. Vertex depressed gradually in a triangular area defined by the anterolateral angles and the middle of the posterior margin of the head. Frontal margin wave shaped, protruding and rounded medially as an intermandibular projection. Frons depressed around the intermandibular projection. Labrum defined posteriorly by a transverse labral suture, transverse, about 3 times as wide as long; frontal margin straight, with a shallow central split, and with two lateral splits. Canthus occupying half of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin straight. Anterolateral angle of the head a sharp obtuse angle. Postocular margin slightly convex. Mentum microsculptured, trapezoidal, with anterolateral angles rounded. Submentum clearly defined and microsculptured. Gula smooth. Maxilla with the tip of the lacinia not hooked. Labium with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. Mandible about twice as long as the head, rather straight from the base to the anterior 1 / 5 point and strongly incurved at apex, with a triangular subbasal tooth at the basal 1 / 8 point, and with a shorter anterior tooth at the apical 1 / 4 point; a subapical horizontal tooth present, forming an apical fork with the apex of the mandible; inner margin between the anterior tooth and the subbasal tooth continuously serrate. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with the width slightly greater than that of antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum finely micropunctate and smooth on the surface; as long as and markedly wider than head; widest at the posterior 1 / 3 point, forming a protruding lateral angle; lateral margin minutely crenulate, weakly convex from the anterior angle to the lateral angle, concave at the posterior 1 / 3, and rounded at the posterior angle. Elytra micropunctate and opaque on the surface, with no striations or large punctures, markedly wider than head and slightly narrower than pronotum. Legs: Protibia with three distinct teeth and a small denticle along the lateral margin; apex bifurcate with the branches pointed at tip. Mesotibia with a distinct lateral spine. Metatibia nearly smooth on the lateral margin.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEFC95F5FCB54EBFBA071CB.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Figs. 26, 30): Ventral plate of the 9 th abdominal segment with the basal part almost parallel sided, and without a longitudinal membranous stripe along the midline of the posterior expansion. Aedeagus in dorsal view about 5 times as long as wide. Basal piece rather oblong and elongate in dorsal or ventral view, nearly twice as long as parameres, with dorsal plates well marked; ventral surface mostly membranous near the caudal margin. Paramere triangular and sharply pointed at apex in lateral view, lamellate and rounded at apex in dorsal or ventral view, without a basal process on the ventral surface. Penis (not counting the basal struts and the caudal membranous pouches) elongate, about 0.6 times as long as paramere, membranous along the middle and sclerotized along the lateral margins ventrally; membranous dorsal surface forming a pair of caudal pouches but not forming any dorsal pouch when being fully inflated; pair of processes on the dorsal end of the cross bar about 0.6 times as long as the sclerotized part of the penis; flagellum (permanently everted internal sac) slightly longer than aedeagus, broader and belt-like at basal 1 / 4, narrower and belt-like from the basal 1 / 4 point to the apical 1 / 5 point, and thread-like at the apical 1 / 5. Male paratypes (Figs. 3 – 4). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 24 – 51 mm. Variation. Three forms can be generally defined by the shape of the mandible: 1) the larger-sized form with body length greater than 38 mm, mandibles twice as long as head and slender, with the anterior tooth behind the subapical tooth well developed; 2) the medium-sized form with body length 28 – 37 mm, mandibles are about 1.5 times longer than head and robust, with the anterior tooth and subapical tooth obsolete; and 3) the smaller-sized form with body length less than 28 mm, mandibles shorter than the head, with only a plate-like inner tooth. Female paratypes (Fig. 10). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 22 – 28 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body black, opaque and glabrous. Head punctate on dorsal surface, with the punctures on the posterior surface markedly smaller than on the anterior surface, and with the punctures in the areas around the eye denser and partly fused. Vertex with a pair of large and poorly-defined lateral bulges. Frontal margin concave with the intermandibular projection weakly marked. Labrum defined posteriorly by a transverse labral suture, about 3 times as wide as long and flat at tip. Canthus occupying 2 / 3 of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin nearly straight. Anterolateral angle of the head obtuse and poorly defined. Postocular margin slightly convex. Mentum densely punctate, rectangular, about 1.8 times as wide as long, and rounded at anterolateral angles. Submentum clearly defined and sparsely punctate. Gula smooth. Maxilla with the tip of the lacinia hooked. Labium with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. Mandible half as long as head, evenly incurved, and with a median inner tooth. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with the width slightly greater than that of the antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum densely punctate on the surface; without central depression; about 1.5 times as wide as long, widest at the posterior 1 / 3 point forming a clear lateral angle; lateral margin minutely crenulate, weakly convex from the anterior angle to the lateral angle, concave at the posterior 1 / 3, and rounded at the posterior angle. Elytra densely micropunctate and opaque on the surface except for the sutural area, sparsely punctate and weakly shiny on the sutural area, almost as wide as the pronotum. Legs: Protibia rather straight to slightly incurved, with 3 – 5 distinct teeth mostly at the apical 2 / 3 along the lateral margin; apex shallowly bifurcate with the branches narrowly separated and blunt at tip. Mesotibia and metatibia straight, each with a distinct lateral spine in addition to the terminal spurs and spines. Female genitalia (Fig. 35): Last abdominal tergite semicircular, with a broad membranous area along the midline. Last abdominal ventrite with a large membranous area at middle. Hemisternite flat or broadly rounded at apex, with the inner apex as far as the outer apex. Spermatheca membranous and specialized, with a pair of lateral branches near apex; each lateral branch coral-like and irregular in shape. Spermathecal duct nearly parallel sided, wider than that of P. yangi. Spermathecal gland and its duct nearly half as long as spermathecal duct.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEFC95F5FCB54EBFBA071CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Chongqing (Mt. Simianshan, the type locality).	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEFC95F5FCB54EBFBA071CB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after its type locality, Mt. Simianshan.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFEFC95F5FCB54EBFBA071CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Prosopocoilus simianshanus is similar to P. piceipennis (Westwood, 1855), but can be distinguished from it by the following combination of characters: male mandible straighter; apical fork of the mandible widely opened; subbasal tooth of the mandible closer to the base; lateral angle of the pronotum more anterior; lateral margin behind the lateral angle concave; elytra blacker, without a pale brown tinge. A comparative study of the male genitalia showed that P. piceipennis is not very similar to P. simianshanus. This new species is also similar to Prosopocoilus denticulatus Boileau, 1901 (Fig. 5), but can be distinguished from it by the following combination of characters: male mandibles more distinctly incurved apically; subbasal tooth of mandibles triangular; head markedly narrower; lateral margin of the pronotum more rounded at anterior part and concave behind the lateral angle of the pronotum; body with dorsal surface black, not brown. A compared study of male and female genitalia showed that P. denticulatus (Figs. 28, 32) is not very similar to P. simianshanus. This new species is similar to Prosopocoilus yangi, but can be distinguished from it by the following characters: male mandibles with subapical tooth; subbasal tooth of the male mandibles triangular; major median tooth of the male mandible located more anteriorly, with the inner margin behind the median tooth continuously serrate; male pronotum widest at the lateral angles; female protibia straighter, nearly smooth on the outer margin at posterior part; female pronotum less transverse; female elytra more opaque and more convex in lateral view; proximal region of the basal piece in male genitalia shorter; penis stronger, with the flagellum markedly longer; hemisternite of the female genitalia with the inner apex not protruding beyond the outer apex; spermathecal duct markedly wider. A comparison in male and female genitalia showed P. yangi to be very similar to P. simianshanus. Further research showed that P. cyclommatoides from northern Vietnam and southern China (Figs. 6 – 8, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 36) is also similar to P. simianshanus. Prosopocoilus cyclommatoides, P. yangi and P. simianshanus may constitute a group characterized by the following male and female genitalic characters: penis elongate, with the flagellum divided along width into three parts – a broad basal belt-like part, a narrow median belt-like part and an apical thread-like part (Figs. 29 - 31); spermathecal duct rather narrow and even in width throughout; spermatheca with a pair of coral-like branches (Figs. 34 – 36) near apex. This group is characterized in external morphology by an appearance of some longitudinal winkles along the anterior transversal line of the male prosternum (Figs. 13 – 15). It is a pity that most species outside China have not been examined, especially the genitalic characters. Further research will clarify the relationships between this small Chinese species group and the similar species in northern India and southeastern Asia, such as P. boreli, P. passaloides and P. t i g r i n u s Didier 1928.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (Fig. 38): CHINA: Hainan: 3, Baisha City, Miao-cun, 4 - 5. VI. 2007, Y. - B. Ba & J. - T. Lang leg., deposited in Entomological Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China. Paratypes: CHINA: Hainan: 1 3, Ba-wang-ling Nature Reserve, 135 m, 14. IV. 2010, J. - Q. Zhu leg., deposited in H. Huang’s private collection; 1 3, Ba-wang-ling Nature Reserve, IV. 2009, anonymous student in Guizhou University leg., deposited in Natural History Museum, London; 2 3, Baisha City, 13. V. 2007, X. - Y. Zhu leg., deposited in C. - C. Chen’s private collection; 2 3, 5 ƤƤ, Baisha City, 26. IV. 2011, W. - X. Lin, W. - X. Bi & Y. - T. Zhong leg., deposited in C. - C. Chen’s private collection; 6 ƤƤ, same data as holotype, deposited in Chang-Chin Chen’s private collection and Entomological Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China; 1 Ƥ, Jian-feng-ling Nature Reserve, 1000 m, VI. 2010, Y. - X. Wu leg., deposited in Y. - X. Wu’s private collection; 1 Ƥ, no collecting data, deposited in Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai. Holotype description (Fig. 38). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 59.7 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body black, opaque and glabrous. Head finely microsculptured on dorsal surface, about 1.7 times as wide as long. Vertex hollowed in a triangular area defined by the anterolateral angles of the head and the center of the head, with a pair of triangular processes beside the center of the head. Frontal margin wave shaped, protruding in the middle as an intermandibular projection. Labrum 1 / 3 times as wide as clypeus, slightly bifurcate at apex. Clypeus with anterolateral corners pointed. Canthus occupying half of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin straight. Anterolateral angle of the head a rectangle. Postocular margin slightly convex. Mentum nearly semicircular but flat at apex, densely microsculptured. Submentum clearly defined and more finely microsculptured than mentum. Gula smooth. Maxilla and labium as in P. astacoides blanchardi, with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. Mandible about three times as long as the head, rather straight at the basal 1 / 4, evenly incurved at the apical 3 / 4, with a triangular subbasal tooth at the basal 1 / 4 point, and with four small inner teeth at the apical 1 / 3. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with width markedly greater than that of antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum finely microsculptured as in head, as wide as and slightly shorter than head, oblong as a whole, with lateral margins nearly straight and parallel, and with a distinct posterolateral angle. Elytra more finely microsculptured than head and pronotum, with no striations or punctures, 1.5 times as long as wide, nearly as wide as head and pronotum. Legs: Protibia with 6 distinct teeth and some minute denticles along the lateral margin; apex bifurcate. Mesotibia with a distinct lateral spine. Metatibia with an obscure lateral spine.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	description	Male paratypes. Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 44 – 58 mm. Variation. The subbasal tooth of the mandible is present in all paratypes, shorter and blunter in the smallersized specimens than in the larger-sized specimens. Pair of processes on the vertex of the head obsolete in the smaller-sized males. The lateral margin of the protibia is continuously serrate in the smaller-sized males. The lateral margins of the pronotum can be convex, not straight as in holotype. The metatibia can be toothless, not with an obsolete tooth as in holotype. Male genitalia (Figs. 50 – 52, 62): Ventral plate of the 9 th abdominal segment with the basal part almost even in width, and without a longitudinal membranous stripe along the midline of the terminal expansion. Aedeagus in ventral view (Figs. 50 – 52) wider than in all subspecies of P. astacoides examined (Figs. 53 – 61). Basal piece nearly 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as parameres, with dorsal plates fully developed; caudal ventral plate sclerotized, elongated and rounded at outer margin. Paramere and penis as in all subspecies of P. astacoides examined; flagellum nearly as long as the aedeagus, broad and belt-like at the basal 2 / 3, trifurcate at the apical 1 / 3. Female paratypes (Figs. 43 – 44). Body length measured from apex of mandible to terminal tip of elytra: 26 – 31 mm. Color and pubescence: Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the entire body glabrous and generally black. The lateral sides of the elytra are red in two female paratypes. Head densely punctate and coarsely sculptured on dorsal surface, with the punctures markedly larger than in all subspecies of P. astacoides. Vertex without a pair of bulges. Labrum defined posteriorly by a transverse labral suture, about 3 times as wide as long and flat at tip. Canthus occupying 2 / 3 of the outer margin of the eye. Preocular margin nearly straight. Anterolateral angle of the head obtuse and poorly defined. Postocular margin short and slightly convex. Mentum densely punctate, nearly twice as wide as long, rounded at apex and anterolateral corners. Submentum clearly defined and punctate. Gula smooth. Maxilla with the tip of the lacinia hooked. Labium with the ligula deeply bifurcate and setose. Mandible 2 / 3 times as long as head, evenly incurved, and with a median inner tooth. Antennal club with three pubescent antennomeres; antennomere 7 with width slightly greater than that of antennomere 6 and sharply pointed at tip, not lamellate as antennomeres 8 – 10. Pronotum densely punctate on the surface; without central depression; about 1.7 times as wide as long, widest at the posterior 1 / 3 point forming a rounded lateral angle; lateral margin minutely crenulate, evenly convex from the anterior angle to the lateral angle, slightly convex at the posterior 1 / 3, without a posterior angle. Elytra with surface micropunctate and shiny, each with a longitudinal line of large punctures adjacent to suture. Legs: Protibia rather straight, continuously serrate at outer lateral margin, with a broad serrate plate at apex. Mesotibia and metatibia straight, each with a distinct lateral spine. Female genitalia (Figs. 63 – 64, 72): Last abdominal tergite semicircular, without a membranous area along the midline. Last abdominal ventrite excavated at caudal margin, with a membranous midline. Hemisternite with inner lateral margin less concave than in all Chinese subspecies of P. a s t a c o i d e s examined. Ninth hemisternite markedly broader than in all Chinese subspecies of P. astacoides examined. Spermatheca membranous and gradually widened as in all Chinese subspecies of P. astacoides examined. Spermathecal duct markedly shorter than spermatheca. Spermathecal gland and its duct nearly as long as spermatheca.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hainan (Baisha, Ba-wang-ling, Jian-feng-ling).	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of Prof. Guo-Dong Ren, Hebei University, China.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from P. astacoides by the following characters: both sexes mostly black on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; head and pronotum of both sexes more coarsely punctured; dorsal processes of the head in the larger-sized males broader and blunter at apex; aedeagus stouter with the basal piece wider in dorsal or ventral view; 9 th hemisternite of the female genitalia markedly broader and plate-like.	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
A41687E4FFE7C95A5FCB5765FF01760F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All the known Chinese subspecies of P. astacoides have been dissected for a comparison in male and female genitalia. The new species from Hainan is constantly different from all the subspecies of P. astacoides in the stouter aedeagus and the broader 9 th hemisternite of the female genitalia. A checklist of all the known subspecies of P. astacoides is presented below; the important references are cited for all the synonyms and the following abbreviation is used: TL = Type locality. Additionally, the distribution of all the known subspecies of P. astacoides is illustrated (Fig. 81). Prosopocoilus astacoides astacoides (Hope, 1840) (TL: Assam) (originally described in the genus Lucanus Scopoli) – northeastern India (Khasi Hills, Naga Hills), west central Myanmar	en	Huang, Hao, Chen, Chang-Chin (2011): Notes on Prosopocoilus Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) from China, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3126: 39-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201939
