identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A40A5638E845CD5FFF6B2B6EFF116B45.text	A40A5638E845CD5FFF6B2B6EFF116B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchitapion Wanat 2021	<div><p>Rhynchitapion gen. n.</p> <p>Type species: Rhynchitapion variiforme sp. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium sized species, body length 1.4–3.7 mm. Head with rostrum base, pronotum, elytra and legs bearing long, erect hair-like setae, on head and pronotum directed obliquely forward; any fully appressed pilosity or scales missing even from the underside of body. Rostrum thin, widest at the thickening basad metarostrum, not less than 2.7 × as long as wide at antennal insertion; antennal pits long-oval; scrobes lateroventral, shallow, vanishing well before head venter. Head markedly transverse. Antennae relatively the longest among Apioninae, at least 0.8 × as long as elytra and more than twice as long as pronotum; all antennomeres elongate; club loosely segmented, 5–6 × as long as wide. Pronotum in dorsal view trilobate; its disc convex from anterior margin or nearly so, but flattened in basal fifth, punctate, without median fovea and basal flange. Elytral suture apically straight and simple, i.e., without pocket-like lock; basal margin of elytra with low rim vanishing at level of stria 5; five striae present between suture and humeral callus, stria 1 shortened, commencing well behind scutellar shield; both subhumeral and subapical remains of separate stria 10 present; stria 3 apically joining 8. Procoxae pear-shaped, like mesocoxae, with a low, obtuse dentiform process limiting rotation of trochanter (Fig. 21); in septum of mesocoxae the mesoventral process is clearly longer than metaventral process. Legs thin, all subequally long. Trochanters elongate, well separating femur and coxa. Femora unarmed, without coarse wrinkles.</p> <p>In male, all tibiae mucronate; pygidium concealed, lacking anterior apodemes, with well sclerotized internal tongue-like process; membrane between sternites VIII and IX with pair of additional sclerites; endophallus with paired frena, elongate and atypical in shape. Female tergite VII with raised carina along arched apical margin; tergite VIII subdivided.</p> <p>See also the key to South African genera below.</p> <p>Description. Body narrow. Integument smooth, at most finely microreticulate, microsculpture net-like, not in form of transverse wrinkles. Coloration variable, black, testaceous or mixed, elytra never with longitudinal stripes. Erect setae dense or sparse, irregularly arched, on head and pronotum all directed anterad, variably long and arising from punctures of variable size; on pronotum setation dual, long and erect on convex anterior part of disc, much shorter and semi-recumbent on flattened basal part.</p> <p>Rostrum arising from upper half of head in profile, in cross-section flattened in distal part, in dorsal view subparallel-sided, confusedly punctate dorsally and ventrally, lacking regular sulci and rows of punctures; sexual dimorphism in length and shape weak or indiscernible; scrobes vanishing ventrally before thickened rostrum base, their septum broad, not prominent.</p> <p>Mouthparts of typically apionid type, with 2-segmented maxillary- and 1-segmented labial palps (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Antennae with protruding setae; their insertion on rostrum submedian (0.43–0.55); scape only exceptionally shorter than breadth of mesorostrum, usually distinctly longer, always clearly shorter than combined length of funicular segments 1 and 2, the latter of about the same length; club not less than 5 × as long as wide, with well separated segments, all distinctly elongate.</p> <p>Head transverse; eyes relatively small and convex, shortly elongate to nearly round; temples punctate and rugose for a short distance behind eye, mostly smooth and finely wrinkled at posterior part of head capsule; subocular setae sparse, protruding; gular area between eyes convex, with minute setiferous punctures, eventual wrinkles transverse, not U-shaped (Figs. 18, 92).</p> <p>Pronotum elongate, with shallow subapical and sub-basal constrictions, in dorsal outline each distant 0.25–0.30 × pronotal length from the respective apical and basal margins, in side view convex except flattened basal part of disc, with rectangular hind corners, lacking basal flange, with fine line along basal margin (Fig. 17); the margin behind eyes not thickened, without dense wrinkling; disc and sides irregularly punctate; posterior lateral groove absent; notosternal suture running anterad closely to margin of coxal cavity and not ending in a deeper pit (Fig. 16); prosternum at least 2 × shorter than hypomeron, declining posterad; procoxae contiguous, procoxal cavities with low posterior rim; prosternellum fully fused to hypomeron, prominent (Figs. 21, 94).</p> <p>Scutellar shield small, isodiametric, triangular.</p> <p>Elytra weakly, regularly convex, elongate suboval in dorsal outline, at least 1.65 × as long as wide; basal sutural lock composed of 3–4 oblique elongate laminae and pits (Fig. 24); striae shallowly impressed, without sharp edges, punctate, apically joining (1+10)+(2+9), 3+8, whilst striae 4–7 mostly disconnected (Fig. 16); on non-black integument strial punctures surrounded by catenulate short-oval chambers visible through integument; intervals smooth, at most with sparse minute punctures; specialized setae not discernible among erect elytral setation.</p> <p>Wings functional; radial window distinct; cubito-anal vein remnants paired, weakly distinguished, simple; main anal vein (2A in Wanat 2001, AA3+ 4 in Oberprieler et al. 2014) straight to slightly sinuous, without spurs; subsequent 3A vein short, straight; anal notch broad, shallow (Fig. 31).</p> <p>Pterothorax: mesoventrite with anapleural sutures visible or not; mesepimeral sulcus shallow, without clear edges, punctate; intermesocoxal process of mesoventrite long. Mesocoxal cavities with low posterior rim (Figs. 22, 95). Abdominal ventrites 1+2 finely punctate, without transverse wrinkles; ventrites 3–5 more strongly microreticulate; ventrite 5 unmodified in both sexes.</p> <p>Legs very slender. Femora all subequally thick, thickest in about distal two-thirds, untoothed, with protruding setae; inflated median parts polished, not wrinkled. Tibiae straight, without sharp edges, with long erect setae only on outer margin (Figs. 29, 69); apical tuft inconspicuous, without a pair of distinct setae. Tarsi narrow, with poorly developed ventral adhesive sole; tarsomere 1 subtruncate or rounded apically, tarsomere 2 emarginate dorsally; bi-lobed tarsomere 3 narrow, inconspicuous (Figs. 68, 107); onychium distinctly surpassing length of tarsomere 3, without special apical setae; claws toothed.</p> <p>Male. Abdominal ventrite 5 broadly rounded or roundly truncate apically. Membrane of tergite VII without median invagination. Pygidium strongly convex, with narrow exposed marginal ridge. Sternite VIII undivided, with broadly separated short lobes. Spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, symmetrical. Tegmen subarticulate; basal piece Y-shaped with short apodeme; tegminal plate generally typical for the most basal apionine lineages: largely nonsclerotized, not developed latero-ventrally, with short and broadly rounded paired parameral lobes ending with crescentic marginal sclerotization bearing long macrochaetae, lacking membranous apical extensions or they are vestigial; fenestral sector spread on entire width of the plate, devoid of delimited “windows” and confluent with transparent bases of parameral lobes; postfenestral plate short, undivided; prostegium broadly membranous medially, with long lateral extensions (Figs. 40, 77, 90). Penis with pedon and tectum separated by broad membrane; tectum broad, weakly evenly sclerotized; penile apodemes flattened, indistinctly dichotomous basally; sclerotized connection of the apodemes with tectum full, with pedon subarticulated by a thin sclerotized filament; pedon with canaliculate apex; endophallus large, laying largely outside penile body in repose, with inflatable paired lobes; additional endophallic sclerites present or absent; entrance of ejaculatory duct (gonopore) dorsal, near the base of exposed part of endophallus, not on its apex (Figs. 44, 79).</p> <p>Female. Abdominal ventrite 5 nearly as in male, more regularly rounded. Tergite VIII strongly transverse, with a narrow marginal sclerotization subdivided in middle. Gonocoxites with setose styli. Bursa large, simply membranous. Spermatheca thin, smooth, irregularly c-shaped, without distinct prominences on a narrow corpus.</p> <p>Biology. Associated with the plant family Celastraceae. For known details see description of the type species, Rh. variiforme sp. n.; in the remaining genus members the biology remains unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (R.S.A.), East Africa (Tanzania).</p> <p>Etymology. The name expresses great overall similarity of these apionines to the attelabid subfamily Rhynchitinae, to which they have been frequently assigned in some provisionally sorted museum collections. Gender neuter.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E845CD5FFF6B2B6EFF116B45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E847CD57FF6B29DBFDBF6AAD.text	A40A5638E847CD57FF6B29DBFDBF6AAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchitapion variiforme Wanat 2021	<div><p>Rhynchitapion variiforme sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–55, 289)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: a) RSA (E) KZN 1420 m / -29.4844 / 29.8992 / Wakefield Farm / 23.11.2019 C forest/leg. M. Wanat (TMSA) [dissected, abdominal ventrites glued near specimen, hind wings glued to separate card below, genitalia in glycerol—microvial pinned under specimen]. Paratypes (20 ♂ 26 ♀): R. S.A.: Limpopo: a) South Africa, Tvl / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.58/lat -23.55)">Ebenezer Dam</a> vicinity/ 23.55S 29.58E / 1400 m; 16.i.1991 / R. G. Oberprieler [-23.9167 / 29.9667] (1 ♂, SANC); a) South Africa, Tvl / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.49&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.49/lat -23.45)">D’Nyala Nat. Res.</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.49&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.49/lat -23.45)">Ellisras District</a> / 23.45S 27.49E / xii.1987 / B. Grobbelaar [-23.75/27.8167] (1 ♂, SANC). Mpumalanga: a) S.Afr., E. Transvaal / Berlin F. S., gorge/ 25.32 S – 30.44 E, b) 9.12.1986, E-Y: 2366/ intersept trap, 56 d./leg. Endrödy-Younga [-25.5333 / 30.7333] (1 ♀, TMSA); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.8721&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.5517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.8721/lat -24.5517)">Mariepskop</a> (summit), - 24.5517S / 30.8721E, 1900 m, mountain fynbos, 16.11.2012; leg. M. Wanat (1 ♂, MWC), leg. P. Jałoszyński (2 ♂, MWC). KwaZu- lu-Natal: a) S Afr. Natal /W. Wittmer /1987, b) 11 km W Colenso /20.XI. Natal (1 ♀, SANC); a) S.Afr., S. Natal, Weza / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.34" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.43/lat -30.34)">lower Stinkwood</a> for./ 30.34S- 29.43E, b) 20.11.1989, E-Y: 2701/beating in forest/ Endrödy &amp; Klimaszew [ski], c) ex. for SEM/M. Wanat / 26-6-2014 / 3 [-30.5667 / 29.7167] (1 ♂, TMSA); same a) &amp; b) labels (1 ♀, TMSA); a) S. Afr., S. Natal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.41/lat -30.32)">Weza</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.41/lat -30.32)">Ingeni forest</a> / 30.32 S- 29.41 E, b) 18.11.1989, E-Y: 2691/groundtraps, 10 days/ Endrödy &amp; Klimaszew [ski], c) groundtrap with meat bait [-30.5333 / 29.6833] (1 ♀, TMSA); a) S. Afr., Natal Middld. / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.13/lat -29.18)">Karkloof</a> for. 1300 m / 29.18 S – 30.13 E, b) 2.12.1989, E-Y: 2733/beating in forest/ Endrödy &amp; Klimaszew [ski] [-29.30/30.2167] (1 ♀, TMSA); a) S. Africa./ R.E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1927–62, b) Natal:/ Van Reenen,/ Drakensberg. / 23-26.i.1927 (1 ♀, BMNH); Karkloof Forest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.3178" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2942/lat -29.3178)">Bushwillow Park</a>, - 29.3178S / 30.2942E, 1200-1300 m alt., 6.11.2013, leg. R. Ruta (1 ♀, MWC); -29.3160 / 30.2939, 1200 m, forest trail along stream, 5.12.2019, leg. MW (2 ♂, MWC), 6.12.2019, leg. MW (1 ♀, MWC); -29.3178 / 30.2957, 1180 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.3178" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2957/lat -29.3178)">Bushwillow Camp area</a> &amp; adjoining forest trail, 6.12.2019, leg. P. Jałoszyński (1 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.8992&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.4844" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.8992/lat -29.4844)">Wakefield Farm</a>, C[entral] forest, -29.4844 / 29.8992, 1420 m, 23.11.2019, leg. MW (1 ♂, MWC); 24.11.2019, beating Celastraceae etc. (1 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC, TMSA). Eastern Cape: a) South Africa, CP/ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.5/lat -32.3)">Nico Malan Pass</a>,/ 5 km NE Seymour, 1400 m / 32.30S 26.50E / 25.xi.1988 / B. Grobbelaar [-32.5/26.8333] (1 ♀, SANC); a) South Africa, C.P./ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.32/lat -33.19)">Grahamstown</a>, 33.19S / 26.32E, 29.xi.1983 / R. Oberprieler [-33.3167 / 26.5333] (2 ♀, SANC); a) South Africa, C.P./ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.05/lat -32.35)">Hogsback Mnt</a>, 32.35S / 27.05E, 3.xii.1983 / R. Oberprieler, b) collected off Cas- sine crocea [-32.5833 / 27.0833] (1 ♂, SANC); a) S. Afr.; Cape, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.41" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.14/lat -32.41)">Amatole</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.41" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.14/lat -32.41)">Isidenge For. St.</a>, B1/ 32.41 S – 27.14 E, b) 17.11.1987, E-Y: 2521/beating indig. for./leg. Endrödy-Younga [-32.6833 / 27.2333] (1 ♀, TMSA); a) S. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.2333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.2333/lat -32.6833)">Africa</a>./ R.E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1931–37, b) Cape Province:/ Somerset East. / 10-22.XII.1930. (1 ♂, BMNH); a) S. Africa./ R.E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1932–551, b) E. Cape Prov. / Katberg / 1-13.XI.1932. (1 ♂, BMNH); a) S. Africa./ R.E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1933–79, b) E. Cape Prov. / Katberg. / 4,000ft. / 1-15.I.1933. (1 ♀, BMNH); a) S. Africa./ R.E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1933–108, b) E. Cape Prov. / Katberg. / 15-30.I.1933. (1 ♂ 1 ♀, orig. preserved in copula, BMNH); a) RSA, S Eastern Cape / Komga, bushland/S 32°34.5’ E 27°56.6’/ 25.11.2017, alt. 600 m / Petr Kresl leg., b) Collection / Petr Kresl / Spůle, Czech. Rep. /nr. Ap. 2240 [-32.575 / 27.9433] (1 ♀, PKC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.3647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.5368" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.3647/lat -32.5368)">Xholorha Forest</a>, blue &amp; yellow trails, - 32.5368S / 27.3647E, 940-1050 m, 17.11.2013, leg. MW (1 ♀, MWC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.4626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.5964" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.4626/lat -31.5964)">Ndwalane</a> (N of), -31.5964 / 29.4626, 60-120 m, bush &amp; forest, 29.11.2019, leg. MW (1 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5051&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6549" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5051/lat -31.6549)">Silaka Reserve</a>, -31.6549 / 29.5051, 20-35 m alt., main rd (lower, to chalet 15), 1.12.2019, leg. MW (1 ♀, MWC). Western Cape: a) Leipoldtville /— Eland’s Bay /C. P./[back side] Mus. Exp.,/ Nov. 1948, b) SAM-COL-/A050708 [- 32.233°S, 18.483°E] (1 ♀, ISAM); a) South Africa, CP/ Bloukrans Pass,/ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.38/lat -33.57)">Tsitsikamma</a>,/ 33.57S 23.38E / 06.xii.1988 / R. Oberprieler [-33.95/23.6333] (2 ♀, SANC); a) S Afr., Cape Prov. /W. Wittmer, b) Knysna /20. km W/ 6.XI.1988 (1 ♂, SANC); Tsitsikamma N.P.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5604/lat -33.9678)">Nature’s Valley</a>, Grootk- loof trail, km 0-1.5, - 33.9678S / 23.5604E, 10-30 m alt.; 23.11.2013, beating, leg. MW (3 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC, TMSA); Harkerville, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.2308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.0477" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.2308/lat -34.0477)">Perdekop</a> trail, km 0-1, - 34.0477S / 23.2308E, 250 m, 25.11.2013, humid forest, beating, leg. MW (1 ♀, MWC); Wilderness N.P., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.6512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.6512/lat -33.9834)">Brownhooded Kingfisher</a> trail, km 0-0.4, - 33.9834S / 22.6512E, 25 m, 29.11.2013, beating, leg. MW (1 ♀, MWC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Despite of its extraordinary infraspecific variation, the species is easy to distinguish from two congeners by the dense and long, in part ruffled hair-like setae on the whole dorsal side of body and its appendices, partly black or blackish-brown coloration of integument (mainly the head with rostrum, legs and distal parts of antennae), and by many internal characters, e.g., penis with subrectangular apex, presence of characteristic inverted Vshaped sclerite in between the bar-like endophallic frena, or female spiculum ventrale having broad, anchor-shaped sternal plate and straight apodeme.</p> <p>See also the key to Rhynchitapion species below.</p> <p>Description. Body length 1.4–3.7 mm. Coloration of integument highly variable (Figs. 1–6). Rostrum, head and legs black, rarely dark testaceous or blackish-brown; antennae variably bi-colored, from only a part of scape to entire scape and funicle red-testaceous (then usually distal funicular joints partially darkened), club always dark; pronotum and body venter usually black, rarely variously lightened to testaceous; elytra most often orange-red with darkened extreme apex (as in the holotype), but they may be either fully red or black, or testaceous with blurred blackish median fleck, entirely black or with bluish reflection, or additionally with red spots around humeral calli. Protruding setae hair-like, prevailingly dark with admixed shorter light ones, mostly 3–4 × longer than breadth of elytral intervals, part of them ruffled; setosity dense, especially on elytra and pronotum; setae on elytral apex in part curved outward from suture.</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=23): rl/pl: 0.95–1.20; rl/mxrw: 2.50–3.66; scl/msrw: 0.89–1.43; msrw/mtrw: 1.09–1.36; msrw/arw: ♂ 1.03–1.17 (M: 1.10), ♀ 0.96–1.11 (M: 1.03); msrw/minrw: 1.01–1.36; msrw/eyl: 0.74– 1.00; brl/eyl: 1.20–2.00; eyl/hl: 0.58–0.81; frw/mtrw: 1.17–1.73; hl/hw: 0.53–0.77; mpw/hw: 1.00–1.24; bpw/ apw: 0.87–1.12; pl/mpw: 1.10–1.24; mew/mpw: 1.58–1.89; el/pl: 2.40–2.97; el/mew: 1.66–2.14; mew/bew: 1.23–1.38; bew/mpw: 1.24–1.41; pft/msrw: 1.02–1.31; ptbl/pl: 1.04–1.23; ptbl/ptbmw: ♂ 4.77–6.42 (M: 5.61), ♀ 5.17–8.00 (M: 7.12).</p> <p>Rostrum subparallel-sided, shortly conically dilated at extreme base (Figs. 14, 15), then often slightly narrowed in middle of metarostrum and prorostrum, and weakly obtusely widened at antennal insertion, variable in length and proportions, overlapping in both sexes (see indices above); in profile weakly curved (Figs. 12, 13); dorsally and laterally with small irregular setiferous punctures (Figs. 12, 17); ventrally punctures confused on prorostrum and arranged in an irregular median row on septum of scrobes (Fig. 18); setae on most length of rostrum short and obliquely protruding anterad, only at rostral base dorsally long and erect; surface in basal half of rostrum finely microreticulate both dorsally and ventrally, including bottoms of shallow scrobes; antennal pits distinctly elongate (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Antennae 0.9–1.1 × as long as elytra; antennal insertion ♂: 0.46–0.55, ♀: 0.43–0.51 from rostrum base; length/ width ratio: scape 3.1–4.6, fun1 1.9–3.2, fun2 2.9–3.5, fun6 1.8–2.7, fun7 1.5–2.0, club 5.0–6.5; length of scape/ fun1 1.4–2.1, fun1/fun2 0.75–1.00, fun3 about as long as fun1, fun4 slightly longer than fun3, fun5 slightly shorter than fun4 and fun6, both of similar length, fun7 0.7–0.8 as long as fun6; scape and funicle with protruding setae of various length, some longer than respective antennal joint; club longer than combined length of fun4 to fun7, with shorter but denser protruding setae (Figs. 20, 28).</p> <p>Head short and strongly transverse; epifrons between eyes slightly rising posterad from rostrum base, impunctate, microreticulate, usually with three fine ribs separated by shallow furrows, median rib often obsolescent or missing; vertex flat, irregularly punctate and setose; temple behind eye smooth; eye incompletely surrounded by a single circle of small setiferous punctures (Figs. 13, 16), ommatidia small, subocular protruding setae sparse, shorter and lighter from those on epifrons; venter of head between eyes convex and sparsely setose, in middle impunctate (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Pronotum weakly rounded in middle, disc markedly convex, with hardly visible fine line along base and basal edge raised as thin rim; punctuation of disc and sides irregular and variable, coarse and rough in basal half, similar or much sparser in anterior half (Figs. 9–11); prosternum 2–3 × shorter than hypomeron; prosternellum rhombic, flattened, obliquely protruding between coxae; hypomeron with few setiferous punctures along procoxal rim (Fig. 21).</p> <p>Scutellar shield flat, black to dark testaceous, concolorous with pronotum.</p> <p>Elytra elongate, with indistinct separate caudal part, broadest in mid-length (in largest individuals) or slightly behind (Figs. 1–8); striae weakly impressed, without sharp edges, catenulate, with sparse, elongate punctures variably distant from each other by 1–3 × their diameters and usually not less than half interval’s breadth; strial punctures with minute light setae, shorter or as long as interspaces between subsequent punctures and hardly visible; strial apical junctions 1+10, 2+9, 3+8 expanded and deepened (Figs. 8, 16); intervals slightly convex, shiny or with weak irregular microsculpture, impunctate, in middle about 3–4 × broader than striae; interval 1 weakly raised along suture through middle third of elytral disc; long setae all arising from elytral intervals, in a single regular row on each interval, based in minute sockets separated by a distance subequal to interval’s breadth; basal sutural lock as in Fig. 24; sutural slot apically with several setae (Fig. 25).</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 31.</p> <p>Mesoventrite with paired sub-triangular field of coarse setiferous punctures close to prothorax margin, impunctate and finely microreticulate posteriorly except base of intercoxal process; anapleural sutures visible as fine lines running close to mesocoxae; mesepimeral furrow shallow and lacking edges, expanding upwards, with several setiferous punctures in irregularly multiple rows. Metaventrite punctate and setose on sides, largely impunctate and bare in middle, with a deep posterior median pit; raised posterior rim of mesocoxal cavities separated with a distinct complete line (Figs. 16, 22). Abdominal ventrites finely microreticulate, with sparse small punctures bearing light semi-recumbent setae, vanishing only close to middle line of ventrites 1–2 (Figs. 23, 32).</p> <p>Legs: procoxae with sparse, mostly appressed pilosity. Femora slightly differentiated, thinner and longer from fore to hind one, with sparse protruding setae around; profemur regularly inflated, largely smooth and impunctate, microreticulate only close to both articulations. Tibiae microreticulate, with erect setae based in small punctures; inner side of protibia on most length with a narrow strip of fine, appressed, silver to yellowish setae; apical comb of golden setae inconspicuous. Protarsus 3.2–4.0 × as long as wide; length/width ratio of tarsomeres: 1st—2.2–3.2, 2nd—1.2–1.8, 3rd 0.75–0.85; onychium protruding beyond tarsomere 3 by 0.4–0.5 own length; claws as in Fig. 27.</p> <p>Male. Tibial mucrones all small and pointed (Figs. 26, 29, 30). Abdomen variably shaped, 1.18–1.45 × as long as wide; all ventrites with sparse punctuation and fine raised setae; ventrites 3–5 strongly microreticulate; ventrite 5 gently convex, broadly rounded to subtruncate apically, 1.75–2.20 × as long as wide (Fig.32). Tergite VII sclerotized as in Fig. 43, with long fringe of microchaetae on posterior margin. Pygidium concealed except for a narrow outer margin; internal tongue-like process markedly transverse (Figs. 33–35). Sternite VIII shaped as in Fig. 36, without carinae. Paired sclerites in the membrane between sternites VIII and IX shortly elongate (Fig. 37). Spiculum gastrale as in Fig. 36; arms slightly rounded and expanded on tips; apodeme bent subapically, its apex not expanded. Tegmen as in Figs. 40, 41; basal piece with long, straight arms; apodeme shorter than basal piece fork, not dilated apically; tegminal plate 1.6–2.0 × as long as wide, widest at articulation to basal piece; parameral lobes separated by short V-like open notch, symmetrically crescentic, lacking pores at their bases; macrochaetae 6–10, varying in length, a few median the longest, subequal to, or longer than entire dorsal layer of tegminal plate; the area between apical sclerotizations and postfenestral plate entirely membranous and transparent except for anterior extensions of lateral prostegial sclerotizations, in middle with triangular field covered with microchaetae; postfenestral plate bar-like, in middle not longer than sclerites on parameral lobes; prostegium with long, acute, sclerotized lateral tails and transparent membranous middle stripe. Penis with pedon and apodemes subequally long; tectum of at most 0.6 pedon length, at basal margin reinforced with darker sclerotization; pedon 3.3–3.7 × as long as wide, parallel-sided in basal 0.6–0.7 of length, variably narrowed distally (Figs. 38, 42), with apex flattened and rectangular in shape, in profile weakly sinuous (Fig. 39), bearing densely radiate canaliculate lines; endophallus large and complex in its membranous part, in repose multifolded and reaching almost the tips of apodemes; inflated endophallus with four lateral lobes, receiving relatively thick ejaculatory duct dorsally in a microspinose sector at the base of exposed lobate part (Figs. 44, 45); endophallic sclerotized armature consisting of a pair of frena accompanied in between with a peculiar sclerite of inverted V-like shape, all laying close to subapical penile orifice in repose (Figs. 38, 42); frena long and narrow, subrectangular, having very small, blunt tooth near middle of one long margin (Fig. 38), weakly dilated at one end (Fig. 54).</p> <p>Female. Abdominal ventrites less variable, 1.27–1.33 × as long as wide; ventrites 1–2 more convex, and shiny, in middle; ventrite 5 weakly convex and more regularly rounded apically, 2.1–2.4 × as long as wide. Tergite VII with fine carina along broadly rounded apical margin (Figs. 48, 53). Tergite VIII subrectangular (Figs. 46, 49). Spiculum ventrale (sternite VIII) with broad, anchor-like sternal plate and straight apodeme. Gonocoxites subtruncate apically; styli small, about 1.5 × as long as wide, shortly setose (Fig. 49). Bursa large, simply membranous. Spermatheca thin, irregularly c-shaped, with weakly curved cornu, without distinct prominences on a narrow corpus (Fig. 55).</p> <p>Remarks. The pair collected by R. E. Turner in Katberg and preserved while in coitus put some light on the mechanics of copulation after a common dissection. As it can be concluded from Figs. 50–54, the lobate endophallus is entirely introduced into the female bursa, but its function is mainly to fill it in tension for proper positioning of the gonopore close to the opening of spermathecal duct, which is situated at the bottom of the bursa near the branch of the common oviduct. The microspinose field surrounding the male gonopore may eventually help in stabilisation of this accurate position; it is well seen inside the female bursa in Figs. 52, 53. It cannot be deduced from the preparation if the male sclerites enter the female abdomen during copulation. They are seen within the tip of male abdomen (Fig. 54), but this may be due to a partial retraction of the evaginated endophallus when the beetles were killed. Judging from the position of the frena in the fully evaginated endophallus, observed in a male of Australian Myrmacicelus luckily preserved in this stage (Wanat 2001), and their hook-like structure, they are stabilizing the male’s penetration by hooking against the rigid margins of the female abdominal opening. On the other hand, it seems that in Rh. variiforme the position of the endophallus seen in Figs. 50, 51 is not far from that natural for copulation, and its sclerites actually do not enter the female’s abdominal foramen, thus relying on a stabilization of mating in the opening of the male abdomen. This could be additionally indicated by the shape of the frena, modified to a form apparently less suitable for hooking. In any case, the peculiar V-like sclerite associated with the frena most likely serves as a kind of spring, stretching the frena when they are in a constricted space, in either the male or female genital tract.</p> <p>The variation of Rh. variiforme exceeds what is usually observed in the Apioninae. It is seen in the set of measurement indices above, that most of them largely overlap between sexes and nearly all metric sexual differences are vague. The difference in body length between individuals collected from the same plant may well exceed 100%. This is furthermore accompanied with the presence of various colour forms described above. There were found in studied material almost all possible transition stages from entire black to light testaceous body, with only the head and appendices darker testaceous. Moreover, a few specimens known from the northernmost areas (Limpopo, highlands of Mpumalanga) constantly have dark elytra with bluish metallic tinge, eventually combined with red flecks around humeral calli (Fig. 4). This might suggest eventual geographic variation, but there are still too few specimens available for study to confirm eventual subspecific status of this northern population. High variation concerns also the shape of the rostrum in both sexes, the punctuation of the pronotum, as well as the coloration and proportions of the antennae. As a rule, the specimens of medium and small body size (&lt;2.5 mm) have relatively longer antennae than larger specimens with body length over 3.0 mm. Likewise, larger specimens have more elongate elytra and abdominal ventrites. In the 2.95 mm long holotype the el/mew index is 2.06, while the length/width of abdomen is 1.45. In dwarf males with body length well below 2.00 mm el/mew index is between 1.65–1.70 and their abdomens are at most 1.25–1.30 as long as wide. Highly variable is also the shape of the male ventrite 5, and in this case is not evidently correlated with body size. Among dissected males the least transverse ventrite 5 is possessed by the holotype (width/length 1.75), while in other specimens, both larger and smaller, the respective ratio is between 1.90–2.20.</p> <p>Having a solid picture of great infraspecific variation in the studied material, counting approximately 50 specimens coming from a wide range in South Africa, I was unable to find any unambiguous morphological correlation serving as a ground for eventual taxonomic division of this polymorphic species. Moreover, it was observed in Karkloof an aggressive attempt of a male with red elytra to mate with a darker female half of its size, after both had been put together into a vial.</p> <p>One locality of Rh. variiforme sp. n. in the Western Cape Province was identified from the iSpot website, where the user called sallyslak shared four photos of this characteristic hairy species taken in the garden near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.09085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.96646" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.09085/lat -33.96646)">Friemersheim</a> (-33.96646 / 22.09085) (https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/view/observation/688433/littlehairy-schnozzbeetle).</p> <p>Biology. Collected from several arboreal genera and species of Celastraceae, like Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl., G. heterophylla (Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.) Loes., G. nemorosa (Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.) Szyszyl., G. rubra (Harv.) Loes., Pterocelastrus rostratus (Thunb.)Walp., Cassine crocea (Thunb.) C. Presl. Most often found on various Gymnosporia species, never abundant. Prevailingly in humid forests, occasionally in bushland along rivers. Details of oviposition and larval development are unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern and Southern R.S.A. (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape) (Fig. 289).</p> <p>Etymology. The name is derived from Latin adjective varius (stem vari -), linking vowel – i – and adjectival ending formis (from forma, forme in neuter), to reflect great morphological polymorphism of the new species, exceptional in the whole subfamily scale.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E847CD57FF6B29DBFDBF6AAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E84ECD4BFF6B2FA6FC206DE5.text	A40A5638E84ECD4BFF6B2FA6FC206DE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchitapion pallidum Wanat 2021	<div><p>Rhynchitapion pallidum sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 56–88, 290)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: a) RSA (S) E Cape 255 m /- 33.9649S / 23.6627E / Tsitsikamma N.P. / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.6627&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9649" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.6627/lat -33.9649)">Khoisan Village</a>, Rugbos trail/(circuit), medium wet forest/ 22.11.2013, leg. M. Wanat (SANC). Paratypes (6 ♂ 8 ♀): Eastern Cape: a) S. Africa. / R. E.Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1923–510, b) Port St John,/ Pondoland. / Sept. 1923 (1 ♀, BMNH); a) S. Africa. / R. E.Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1932–521, b) E. Cape Prov. / Katberg / 4000ft. Oct.1932 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.3647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.5368" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.3647/lat -32.5368)">Xholorha Forest</a>, yellow trail 0-1.1 km, - 32.5368S / 27.3647E, 940-1050 m, 17.11.2013, leg. R. Ruta (1 ♂, MWC); Tsitsikamma N.P.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.8947&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9656" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.8947/lat -33.9656)">Big Tree Forest</a> trails, - 33.9656S / 23.8947E, 260 m, 21.11.2013, leg. MW (1 ♂, MWC); same data as holotype (2 ♀, MWC), 22- 23.11.2013, leg. R. Ruta (1 ♀, MWC). Western Cape: a) South Africa, CP/ Bloukrans Pass,/ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.38/lat -33.57)">Tsitsikamma</a>, / 33.57S 23.38E / 06.xii.1988 / R. Oberprieler [-33.95/23.6333] (2 ♀, SANC); a) S. Afr..: Cape Prov. / Lily Vlei Nat. Res. / 33.56 S — 23.02 E, b) 4. 1983/wet forest/leg. J. Koen [-33.9333 / 23.0333](1 ♀, TMSA); a) S.Afr., S. Cape /Hark- erville Forest / 34.04S- 23.10E, b) 14.12.75, E-Y: 1313/ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5604/lat -33.9678)">Sift.</a> at for. marsh/leg. Endrödy-Younga [-34.0667 / 23.1667, one specimen teneral, with deformed elytra] (2 ♂, TMSA); Tsitsikamma N.P.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5604/lat -33.9678)">Nature’s Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5604/lat -33.9678)">Grootkloof</a> trail, km 0-1.5, - 33.9678S / 23.5604E, 10-30 m, 23.11.2013, beating, leg. R. Ruta (1 ♂, MWC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Much less variable and usually smaller (&lt;3.0 mm) than Rh. variiforme sp. n., differing from the latter species in orange-testaceous head with rostrum, antennae and legs, sparser and all golden-yellowish erect setae on entire body, longer and weaker curved rostrum, narrower head, not enlarged junction of elytral striae 3+8, penis narrowly rounded apically, female having sinuous spiculum ventrale, common oviduct at base with peculiar 3-lobate expansion. It can be distinguished from the uniformly brown Rh. usambarense sp. n. by the presence of darker fasciae on elytra, more numerous long setae on the whole body, longer and narrower rostrum and elytra, and narrower penis. Moreover, Rh. pallidum sp. n. is distinct from both congeners in having by far the thinnest tarsi (basal protarsomere well over 3 × as long as wide) and having frena as the only sclerites in endophallus.</p> <p>See also the key to Rhynchitapion species below.</p> <p>Description. Body 1.90–2.65 mm long, together with appendices light testaceous; elytra lighter than pronotum, pale testaceous or yellowish, with more or less distinctly darkened suture (but not entire sutural intervals), basal twothirds of intervals 9 and 10, and shorter median portions of intervals 7 and 8, additionally each with a variably sized darker fleck in middle of intervals 3–5; intervals 2 and 6 always remaining entire not darkened (Fig. 57). Antennae entirely light testaceous, concolorous with rostrum and legs. Erect hair-like setae fine, all golden-yellow, on elytra not longer than combined breadth of three intervals.</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=11): rl/pl: ♂ 1.15–1.38 (M: 1.28), ♀ 1.37–1.68 (M: 1.54); rl/mxrw: ♂ 3.43–4.40 (M: 3.91), ♀ 4.10–5.15 (M: 4.59); scl/msrw: ♂ 1.33–1.74 (M: 1.50), ♀ 1.46–1.77 (M: 1.64); msrw/mtrw: ♂ 1.03– 1.10 (M: 1.06), ♀ 1.10–1.12 (M: 1.11); msrw/arw: ♂ 1.03–1.15 (M: 1.06), ♀ 0.95–1.03 (M: 1.00); msrw/minrw: 1.03–1.20; msrw/eyl: 0.73–0.87; brl/eyl: ♂ 1.55–2.22 (M: 1.85), ♀ 1.71–2.30 (M: 2.12); eyl/hl: 0.58–0.73; frw/ mtrw: ♂ 0.90–1.05 (M: 0.99), ♀ 1.00–1.15 (M: 1.07); hl/hw: 0.68–0.81; mpw/hw: 1.10–1.23; bpw/apw: 0.95– 1.07; pl/mpw: 1.10–1.24; mew/mpw: 1.72–1.95; el/pl: 2.77–3.14; el/mew: 1.74–2.00; mew/bew: 1.29–1.48; bew/mpw: 1.25–1.45; pft/msrw: 1.06–1.28; ptbl/pl: 1.13–1.31; ptbl/ptbmw: ♂ 6.86–7.25 (M: 6.99), ♀ 8.55–9.83 (M: 9.33).</p> <p>Rostrum parallel-sided, without expansion at antennal insertion, weakly dilated at base (Figs. 63, 64), in profile slightly regularly arched (Figs. 58, 65); entire rostrum finely punctate, on metarostrum also with obsolescent fine dorsal median rib, often incomplete; on sides upper margin of scrobe extended towards rostrum base as fine darker carina (Fig. 65); prorostrum ventrally with thin flat median keel not associated with regular sulci, punctures unordered, partly contiguous, with short, half-erect setae; septum of scrobes flat, vanishing well before head venter; the extreme base of rostrum ventrally with fine irregular furrows.</p> <p>Antennae 0.8–0.9 × as long as elytra, entirely unicolorous and with protruding setae (Fig. 66); antennal insertion sexually different (Fig. 63, 64), ♂: 0.50–0.55, ♀: 0.44–0.49 from rostrum base; length/width ratio: scape 5.5–6.8, fun1 3.6–4.0, fun2 3.3–3.9, fun6 2.2–2.6, fun7 2.0–2.4, club 5.9–6.8; length of scape/fun1 1.6–1.9, fun1/ fun2 1.0–1.1, fun3–fun7 all similar, 0.6–0.7 × as long as fun1; club longer than combined length of four most distal funicular segments, with denser and weaker protruding setae.</p> <p>Head narrower than in Rh. variiforme sp. n. (Figs. 63, 64); eyes almost semi-globular; epifrons between eyes slightly concave, with five short longitudinal sulci not much wider than single ommatidium; genae with several fine protruding setae, often arranged in a sparse subocular fringe; temples with a single row of setiferous punctures along posterior margin of eyes, then with several flattened wrinkles (Fig. 65); vertex in middle with small setiferous punctures, on sides in front with punctures bearing long erect setae, posteriorly with few wrinkles continued from temples; gular sector convex, impunctate, between eyes with several blurred transverse wrinkles extending upwards to temples.</p> <p>Pronotum shaped as in Fig. 60, widest in middle, shiny; punctuation differentiated, in front and middle of disc very fine, with few punctures smaller than ommatidium, bearing long erect setae, in basal half and on sides with punctures a few times larger and much denser, some lateral ones arranged in oblique rows, bearing setae 3–4 × shorter and semi-recumbent (Fig. 61); basal edge of pronotal disc slightly raised; prosternum elevated on anterior margin and declining posterad, about 3 × shorter than hypomeron; prosternellum small, prominent as a conical tubercle; hypomeron with a complete raised rim of procoxae, bare, with irregular elongate punctures on sides.</p> <p>Scutellar shield minute, flat, subquadrate.</p> <p>Elytra regularly convex, with indistinct caudal part, broadest in middle or slightly behind (Figs. 57, 58, 62); striae shallowly impressed, not sharply edged, with small and distant punctures having minute semi-recumbent setae shorter than double diameter of ommatidium, surrounded with visible internal elongate integumental chambers forming catenulate rows darker than pale integument of elytron; intervals gently convex, polished, impunctate, in middle several times broader than striae, in basal parts with sparse minute setae beside the long erect ones; interval 1 weakly raised along suture along middle third of its course; erect setae golden-yellowish, at most 3 × as long as breadth of intervals, gently bent posterad, more distant from each other than double interval’s breadth.</p> <p>Wings as in Rh. variiforme.</p> <p>Mesoventrite with a pair of small punctured fields, partly covered by prothorax; anapleural sutures well seen as dark lines; mesepimeral furrow narrow, with a single row of shortly setiferous punctures. Metaventrite smooth, very finely and sparsely punctate, on sides with long semi-recumbent setae; posterior rim of mesocoxae separated with distinct line. Abdomen elongate, 1.25–1.30 × as long as wide; ventrites 1–2 and 5 with minute and sparse setiferous punctures; ventrites 3–4 microreticulate; ventrite 5 with setiferous punctures denser on sides and close to apical margin.</p> <p>Legs long and thin. Femora slender, 2.8–3.0 × as long as high, with shiny integument, around with semi-erect setae, scale-like microsculptured only near articulations. Protibia on inner side sharply edged in distal half (more distinctly in males), and along distal one-third with appressed setae, not forming a distinct stripe; apical comb of golden setae inconspicuous. Protarsus as in Fig. 68, 4.2–4.8 × as long as wide; tarsomere 1 cylindrical at least in basal half, tarsomere 2 weakly widened apicad, both with a minute black median dot on apical margins; length/ width ratio of tarsomeres: 1st—3.2–4.5, 2nd—1.6–2.0, 3rd—0.9–1.1; onychium protruding beyond tarsomere 3 by 0.40–0.55 own length; claws with small triangular teeth (Fig. 59).</p> <p>Male. Protibia slightly bent inwards apically (Fig. 69); meso- and metatibial mucro as in Fig. 67. Abdominal ventrite 5 subtruncate apically, about 2.0 × as broad as long (Fig. 74). Posterior margin of tergite VII with a very short fringe of microchaetae (Fig. 73). Pygidium more rectangular in outline (Fig. 70) and more globose than in Rh. variiforme, with apical declivity nearly vertical (Fig. 71); internal tongue-like process isodiametric (Fig. 72). Sternite VIII with lateral arms shorter than in Rh. variiforme and with fine sclerotized lines along basal and apical margins (Fig. 81). Paired additional sclerites in the membrane between sternites VIII and IX circular. Spiculum gastrale symmetrical with straight arms (Fig. 82). Tegmen with apodeme as long as basal piece arms (Fig. 78); tegminal plate about twice as long as wide (Fig. 77), widest subapically; suprafenestral sclerotizations asymmetrical, with straight basal margin, not fully marginal and surrounded apically with very short transparent membrane, bearing 5–6 long macrochaetae; transparent fenestral sector much smaller than in Rh. variiforme, with anterior extensions of prostegial lateral sclerotization reaching suprafenestral sclerites, additionally each parameral lobe laterally with a short longitudinal sclerotized carina; median transparent stripe of fenestral sector with microchaetae; postfenestral plate short, its margin closer to parameral lobes blurred; prostegium with well delimited one-third wide lateral sclerotized stripes and median transparent one. Penis with apodemes slightly shorter than pedon; pedon about 3.2–3.3 × as long as wide, slightly sinuate apically in profile (Figs. 75, 76), in dorsal view regularly narrowing since about two-thirds length from base and narrowly rounded apically, apex poorly canaliculate and the lines not evidently radiate; endophallus with no sclerites but a pair of clavate frena situated at the pedon base in repose; inflated endophallus with a subtriangular apex having two pairs of v-like positioned dorsal conical lobes laying above each other, additional pair of finger-like latero-ventral lobes based at about the level of gonopore, bent apically; additional low median lobe present between the ventral lobes; ejaculatory duct entering in a deep dorsal depression before the inflated and lobate apex of endophallus (Figs. 79, 80); gonopore on a small, bipartite, densely microspinose internal lobe ended with a minute hook.</p> <p>Female. Abdominal ventrite 5 broadly rounded apically, about 1.7 × as long as wide, at inner side in a transmission light with sharply delimited bladal sclerotization, not margined by any rim or carina, just by a border line (Fig. 88). The fold of genital sheath encompassing ovipositor with dense transverse rows of strongly transverse microplates. Tergite VII narrowly rounded, with marginal rim (Figs. 83, 84). Tergite VIII divided into a pair of thin, largely reduced hemitergites forming a semi-circle in repose (Figs. 84, 86). Spiculum ventrale strongly sinuate, with obsolescent basal plate (Figs. 84, 86). Gonocoxites as in Fig. 85; styli long and narrow, more than 3 × as long as wide. Bursa large, simply membranous, subrectangular in profile when inflated. Common oviduct with a peculiar membranous accessory gland bearing three finger-like smaller lobes (Fig. 87). Spermatheca narrow, with elevated bulbus receiving small gland and thin cornu abruptly bent subapically (Fig. 56).</p> <p>Biology unknown. Rainforest species.</p> <p>Distribution. R.S.A. (Eastern Cape, Western Cape), from Port St Johns in the north to Harkerville in the south (Fig. 290).</p> <p>Etymology. The name consisting of Latin adjective pallidus —pale, with ending – um appropriate for neuter, and referring to generally light colour of the species, specifically of the elytra.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E84ECD4BFF6B2FA6FC206DE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E852CD4FFF6B2B6EFA6E6959.text	A40A5638E852CD4FFF6B2B6EFA6E6959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchitapion usambarense Wanat 2021	<div><p>Rhynchitapion usambarense sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 89–111, 291)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂ (labels as in Fig. 111): a) Usambara / Kraatz; b) Coll. J. Faust / Ankauf 1900; c) Paraty- pus; d) Staatl. Museum für/ Tierkunde Dresden; e) type label by M.Wanat (SMTD). Abdominal ventrites stuck to a separate card; genitalia in a drop of Canada balsam, on a transparent card pinned under specimen.</p> <p>Remarks. On the 13 th of May 2020, the type specimen was incidentally crushed by the author and lost, after taking its measurements and photographs (including SEM micrographs) for the purpose of this description. The only parts left on the card are antennae (one nearly complete) and two tarsi. Only one elytron was finally found on the carpet floor, it has been glued to the original card. The abdominal ventrites and genital preparation remained safely mounted on other cards.</p> <p>This unlucky specimen was originally put among the type series of Apion kwaiense Hartmann, 1904 in the historical collection of J. Faust at SMTD and apparently mislabelled as a paratype of this completely dissimilar and unrelated species, though without any specific name.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only species of Rhynchitapion occurring in East Africa, known from a single male, but clearly distinct from its variable South African congeners. The most evident differences concern uniformly brown entire body, poorest erect setation (although its state in the holotype is partly due to abrasion during its subsequent preparations), rostrum shorter than pronotum and only 2.6 × as long as wide, relatively shorter scape and some other antennal segments, sparse and superficial punctures on the base of pronotal disc, accompanied with distinct microreticulation, penile pedon only 3 × as long a broad, apically broadly rounded and not sinuate in profile, and endophallus with several irregular sclerites.</p> <p>See also the key to Rhynchitapion species below.</p> <p>Description. Body 2.30 mm long, entire uniformly brown-testaceous, with slightly lighter antennae and legs (Fig. 96). Erect hair-like setae all light, much shorter and sparser than in preceding species (on pronotum and elytra of the holotype partly abraded), on head retained only behind eyes, on legs even shorter and semi-erect.</p> <p>Morphological indices of ♂ holotype (n=1): rl/pl: 0.91; rl/mxrw: 2.60; scl/msrw: 0.79; msrw/mtrw: 1.09; msrw/arw: 1.05; msrw/minrw: 1.09; msrw/eyl: 0.95; brl/eyl: 1.20; eyl/hl: 0.9; frw/mtrw: 0.86; hl/hw: 0.82; mpw/hw: 1.16; bpw/apw: 1.03; pl/mpw: 1.19; mew/mpw: 1.79; el/pl: 2.67; el/mew: 1.77; mew/bew: 1.39; bew/ mpw: 1.29; pft/msrw: 1.01; ptbl/pl: 1.05; ptbl/ptbmw: 5.33.</p> <p>Rostrum flattened, nearly straight (Fig. 102), narrowest at middle of metarostrum (Fig. 100); prorostrum nearly impunctate along middle line of its dorsal side (Fig. 99), densely confusedly punctate laterally and ventrally, without ventral median rib but with a narrow median impunctate line; antennal pits distinctly elongate; scrobes broad and shallow, with obtuse upper edges, their septum microreticulate, flat, impunctate, with a confused double row of minute setae; the extreme base of rostrum ventrally with shallow punctures (Fig. 92).</p> <p>Antennae 0.85 × as long as elytra, unicoloured, with protruding setae (Figs. 93, 99); antennal insertion 0.46; length/width ratio: scape 3.0, fun1 2.7, fun2 2.8, fun6 2.0, fun7 1.5, club 5.6; length of scape/fun1 1.3, fun1/fun2 0.9; fun3–fun6 all similar, about 0.9 × as long as fun1; fun7 shorter, 0.65 × as long as fun1; club longer than combined length of four most distal funicular joints, its two basal segments somewhat fusiform.</p> <p>Head transverse; eyes regularly convex; epifrons between eyes flat, impunctate, microreticulate, with very shallow and irregular longitudinal furrows; vertex flat, behind eyes on half its length with small setiferous punctures and microreticulation (Fig. 100); temples with only few small setiferous punctures close to eye margin, very indistinctly wrinkled behind (Fig. 102); gular sector convex, with sparse short semi-recumbent setae, without evident transverse wrinkles; subocular protruding setae missing (Fig. 92).</p> <p>Pronotum weakly rounded in middle; anterior 0.6 part smooth, nearly impunctate, in front of subapical constriction finely microreticulate; posterior 0.4 part distinctly microreticulate, with sparse superficial setiferous punctures separated from each other by a few puncture diameters (Fig. 101); prosternum about 2 × shorter than hypomeron, not distinctly declining posterad; prosternellum small, button-like, not obviously protruding; hypomeron with obsolescent procoxal rim and punctuation (Fig. 94).</p> <p>Scutellar shield flat, concolorous with pronotum and elytra.</p> <p>Elytra elongate, gently convex, with indistinct separate caudal part, widest slightly behind middle (Figs. 96, 97); striae narrow, weakly impressed, without sharp edges, their anterior portions seemingly enlarged with the visible internal integumental chambers, posterior portions linear; apical junctions of striae 1+10, 2+9, and 3+8 distinctly enlarged (Fig. 98); intervals weakly convex, impunctate, interval 1 weakly raised along suture in middle third part of its course.</p> <p>Wings not examined.</p> <p>Mesoventrite with several coarse punctures on each side partly covered with hind pronotum margin, largely impunctate in middle; anapleural sutures invisible. Metaventrite almost impunctate even on sides, with the rim of mesocoxae not separated with a line (Fig. 95). Abdomen 1.3 × as long as wide (Fig. 109); ventrites 1–2 impunctate, finely shagreened; ventrites 3–4 impunctate, heavily microreticulate; ventrite 5 microreticulate on sides, shiny in middle, along apical margin additionally with several irregular, thin transverse asperities; ventrites 3–5 with laterotergites distinctly higher than in two congeners, on ventrite 5 ending far from its apical margin (Fig. 110).</p> <p>Legs slightly shorter and thicker than in Rh. pallidum sp. n. Femora clavate, smooth except for both shagreened ends, with semi-recumbent or half-erect setae shorter than in other species of Rhynchitapion; profemur 2.5 × as long as high. Tibiae without outer and inner edges, with long semi-erect setae present on metatibia, lacking on protibia probably due to abrasion; protibia weakly curved inwards apically, with a narrow stripe of dense white setae along inner margin (Fig. 108). Protarsus 4.1 × as long as wide (Fig. 107); two basal tarsomeres weakly widening distad, both with a dark median dot on apical margin as in Rh. pallidum sp. n.; length/width ratio of tarsomeres: 1st—3.0, 2nd—1.8, 3rd—0.8; onychium protruding beyond tarsomere 3 by 0.5 × its length; claws with small triangular teeth.</p> <p>Male. Tibial mucrones as in other Rhynchitapion species; protibial mucro relatively long (Figs. 106, 108). Ventrite 5 gently convex, broadly and almost regularly rounded apically, on inner side with transverse subapical carina running some distance from apical margin of ventrite, visible dorsally as darker line blurred in middle (Fig. 109). Pygidium in posterior view and sternite VIII, with paired oval additional sclerites in its membrane, as in Fig. 105. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 2.5 × longer than fork, bent apically; forked arms straight, one with small triangular expansion near base (Fig. 89). Tegminal plate as in Figs. 90 &amp; 91; parameral lobes with suprafenestral sclerites asymmetrically arched; macrochaetae up to 8 on each lobe; lateral extensions of prostegial sclerotizations passing through entire fenestral sector and reaching suprafenestral sclerites; postfenestral plate weakly sclerotized, with defined both its anterior and posterior margin; prostegium with long lateral sclerotized tails. Penile apodemes as long as pedon; pedon 3.0 × as long as wide, parallel-sided and broadly rounded apically, in profile straight in apical half; endophallus in repose projecting far beyond the apices of apodemes, with 8 subequally sized sclerites, 6 of them aggregated at the level of pedon base in repose, separate pair thin and c-shaped, laying evidently outside of pedon (Figs. 103, 104).</p> <p>Female unknown.</p> <p>Biology. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Tanzania: Usambara Mts. (Fig. 291).</p> <p>Etymology. Locotypical, after the Usambara Mountains.</p> <p>Key to species of Rhynchitapion</p> <p>1 All body parts testaceous or brown. Erect setae sparse, all light. Aedeagus rounded apically.......................... 2</p> <p>- At least head with rostrum, legs, and antennal club blackish. Erect setae dense, most of them dark. Aedeagus broadly truncate apically............................................................................. Rh. variiforme sp. n.</p> <p>2 Elytra pale testaceous with darker suture and median flecks. Rostrum parallel-sided, at least 3.4 × as long as wide, longer than pronotum. Endophallus with a pair of frenal sclerites........................................... Rh. pallidum sp. n.</p> <p>- Elytra uniformly brown. Rostrum expanding distad, 2.6 × as long as wide, shorter than pronotum. Endophallus with eight sclerites.............................................................................. Rh. usambarense sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E852CD4FFF6B2B6EFA6E6959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E856CD41FF6B2CF3FE666825.text	A40A5638E856CD41FF6B2CF3FE666825.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apodytapion Wanat 2021	<div><p>Apodytapion gen. n.</p> <p>Type species: Apodytapion stepniewskii sp. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small species, body length not exceeding 2.5 mm. Protruding setae missing from all body parts; elytra seemingly naked. Body coloration black except orange testaceous basal half of antennae, variably lightened tarsi and usually (in two-thirds of studied specimens) variably developed red stripe along intervals 4–6 of each elytron, the pattern unique among African basal apionines. Rostrum less than 2.6 × as long as wide; scrobes parallel, taking entire breadth of rostrum, vanishing well before head venter. Antennae long, though not as in Rhynchitapion, 0.65–0.75 × elytra length and 1.8–2.0 × as long as pronotum, with all segments of funicle elongate; club loosely segmented, usually 4–5 × as long as wide. Pronotum trilobate, with rectangular hind corners; its disc with subequal flattened apical and basal 0.25–0.30 parts and weakly convex middle part in between, punctate, lacking median fovea and basal flange. Elytra with suture apically straight and simple; their bases with low rim vanishing at level of stria 5; five striae present between suture and humeral callus, stria 1 shortened, commencing well behind scutellar shield; only subapical part of separate stria 10 present; striae 3 and 8 approximate apically, disconnected due to extended intervals 4 and 6. Legs slender, all subequally long. Procoxae pear-shaped; both pro- and mesocoxal dentiform process vestigial; in septum of mesocoxae mesoventral process clearly longer than metaventral one. Trochanters shortly elongate. Femora unarmed, without coarse wrinkles.</p> <p>In male only meso- and metatibiae with mucro; pygidium with well-developed anterior apodemes and weakly sclerotized, broad tongue-like internal process, present despite lacking additional sclerites between sternites VIII and IX; endophallus without frena or any other sclerites. Female tergite VII broadly truncate, without carina along apical margin; tergite VIII with continuous sclerotization.</p> <p>See also the key to South African genera below.</p> <p>Description. Fine dorsal vestiture well seen only on head and pronotum, semi-recumbent; ventral vestiture very sparse, composed of short recumbent setae.</p> <p>Rostrum based in upper part of head profile, nearly even with vertex, stout, subparallel-sided, weakly sexually dimorphic, arched; prorostrum more coarsely punctate ventrally and laterally than dorsally, without ribs and sulci, with short, semi-erect setae; metarostrum widening basad specifically in female, but not as markedly as in Rhyn- chitapion; antennal pits small, short-oval; scrobes laterally margined with sharp edges, their septum broad, with setiferous punctures, in female flat, in male often convex.</p> <p>Mouthparts with short palps and shortly setose ligula (Fig. 133).</p> <p>Head transverse; eyes slightly larger and more convex in male; epifrons between eyes slightly concave, usually with two fine curved lateral sulci, separated by glabrous middle field; vertex at confluence with epifrons gently convex and punctured, with semi-recumbent setae, in posterior part flat and glabrous; temples punctate and rugose for a short distance behind eye, then smooth and wrinkled; subocular setae small, not forming a fringe; gular sector between eyes convex, punctuated and with transverse asperities.</p> <p>Antennae inserted on rostrum submedially, with short and fine setae, protruding on scape and funicle while recumbent on club; scape shorter than width of mesorostrum and shorter than combined length of funicular segments 1 and 2, the latter two of about the same length; fun7 barely elongate; club shorter than in Rhynchitapion, with two proximal segments transverse (Fig. 134).</p> <p>Pronotum elongate, trilobate, with both constrictions traced across disc; lateral pronotal margin behind eyes slightly swollen, impunctate and densely obliquely wrinkled; entire disc microreticulate and irregularly, sparsely punctate; fine sub-basal transverse line complete, separating a regular row of minute, forward projecting setae (Fig. 135); posterior lateral groove vestigial, usually as a shallow, oblique irregular wrinkle, eventually associated with punctures; notosternal suture sinuate, ending in a deep pit; prosternum gently convex, not declining, with a relatively long triangular process causing procoxal cavities only narrowly contiguous (Fig. 132); posterior rim of procoxae incomplete, flattened in middle; prosternellum not prominent, long, narrowly acute apically.</p> <p>Scutellar shield small, flat, isodiametric.</p> <p>Elytra weakly regularly convex, in dorsal outline slightly pyriform and widest behind middle; 1.6–1.7 × as long as wide; basal sutural lock multituberculate, with 4–5 tubercles vanishing posterad (Figs. 138, 139), apical lock as in Fig. 140; striae not impressed, without sharp edges, very narrow, punctate, apically joining (1+10)+(2+9), 3 to 7 free (Fig. 136); strial punctures small, elongate, about one puncture’s length apart, bearing microscopic setae; on red integument catenulate strial punctures usually surrounded by large visible internal chambers and then seemingly enlarged; intervals gently regularly convex, smooth, impunctate, at most with sparse microscopic setae not longer than two ommatidia; odd intervals each with several slightly longer setae, and only three 3–4 × longer definite specialized setae on interval 7 (two submedian) and interval 9 (one apical).</p> <p>Wings functional (Fig. 147); radial window distinct, small; cubito-anal vein remnants paired, both very indistinct and blurred; main anal vein (2A) straight, lacking spurs; subsequent anal vein (3A) as straight, well visible rudiment; anal notch relatively deep.</p> <p>Pterothorax: anapleural sutures of mesoventrite usually visible; mesepimeral sulcus shallow, obtusely edged, widening upwards, with confused small setiferous punctures; intermesocoxal process of mesoventrite long; mesocoxal cavities with low and narrow posterior rim (Fig. 137). Abdominal ventrites 1+2 finely punctured, without transverse wrinkles; ventrites 3–5 more strongly microreticulate; ventrite 5 unmodified in both sexes.</p> <p>Legs slender but relatively short. Femora subequally long and thick on all legs, thickest in about distal twothirds, shortly parallel-sided at base, untoothed, the inflated median part polished, not wrinkled; setation completely appressed, very fine and sparse. Tibiae straight, without sharp edges, lacking protruding setae and pair of distinct setae on inconspicuous apical tuft. Tarsi shorter than in Rhynchitapion; tarsomere 1 subtruncate, tarsomere 2 weakly emarginate, tarsomere 3 with shortly oval lobes; onychium distinctly surpassing length of segment 3, without special apical setae; claws with short blunt teeth.</p> <p>Male. Protibia lacking mucro, meso- and metatibia with different mucrones. Abdominal ventrite 5 broadly rounded apically. Pygidium concealed, with very narrow apical ridge (Fig. 149); internal tongue-like process large but poorly sclerotized (Fig. 150). Spiculum gastrale with apodeme much longer than fork. Tegmen subarticulate; apodeme longer than basal piece, the latter with weakly rounded arms; tegminal plate similar as in Rhynchitapion, not developed latero-ventrally; parameral lobes short, with broadly rounded marginal sclerotizations bearing long marochaetae, lacking membranous apical extensions; fenestral sector taking entire width of plate, lacking delimited „windows” and contiguous with transparent bases of parameral lobes; postfenestral plate short, undivided, well sclerotized; prostegium with long and broad lateral sclerotized extensions, narrowly separated by transparent membrane in middle. Pedon apex acute; penile apodemes flattened, shortly dichotomous basally, sclerotized connections with tectum and pedon full, with pedon by a relatively thick, weaker sclerotized filament; tectum about 0.8 × as long as pedon, weakly evenly sclerotized, separated from pedon by broad membrane; endophallus largely exposed from penis between apodemes, lacking sclerites and paired lateral lobes when inflated; ejaculatory duct entering endophallus subapically on dorsal side of its exposed part.</p> <p>Female. Abdominal ventrite 5 more strongly transverse, more regularly rounded. Tergite VII transverse, subtrapezoidal in dorsal outline (Fig. 129). Tergite VIII transverse, broadly rounded (Fig.127). Spiculum ventrale with small triangular sternal plate and straight apodeme (Fig. 131). Gonocoxites with elongate styli. Spermathecal corpus not wider than cornu, without prominences.</p> <p>Biology. Monophagous on Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. (Metteniusaceae in APG IV, formerly Icacinaceae), along with Lepanomus crinalis (Balf.-Br.). Unlike Lepanomus, it does not express any preference to flowering plants, but rather to more shaded ones and/or with denser foliage, thus providing more humid shelters. Details of development unknown. It can be hypothesized from the collecting data that it does not develop in generative parts of the plant, but rather in leaves, leaf buds or twigs.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern R.S.A.</p> <p>Etymology. The name is derived from the host plant genus Apodytes E. Mey. ex Arn. combined with suffix - apion. Gender neuter.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E856CD41FF6B2CF3FE666825	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E858CD45FF6B2D11FDA06EF9.text	A40A5638E858CD45FF6B2D11FDA06EF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apodytapion stepniewskii Wanat 2021	<div><p>Apodytapion stepniewskii sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 112–150, 292)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: a) RSA (E) E Cape 20-80 m / - 31.6532S / 29.5068E /Silaka Nat. Res./nr Port St. Johns / trail up chalet 11, beating/ 13.11.2013 leg. M. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5068&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5068/lat -31.6532)">Wanat</a> (ISAM). Paratypes (28 ♂♂ 30 ♀♀): Mpumalanga: a) S. Afr., E. Transvaal / Berlin; Karst plat./ 25.31 S – 30.46 E, b) 8.12.1986, E-Y: 2363/fungous Pinus logs/leg. Endrödy-Younga [-25.5167 / 30.7667] (2 ♀, TMSA); Nelspruit Nat. Res. (gate), - 25.4923S / 30.9845E, 740 m alt., 2.11.2013, beating, leg. MW (1 ♂, MWC). KwaZulu-Natal: a) S. Africa. / R. E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1926–277, b) Zululand:/Gingindhlo- vu/ 9. VI.1926. (1 ♂, BMNH). Eastern Cape: a) Malvern / Natal 6.97/8442., b) Captured /by G. A. K. Marshall, c) Brit. Mus. /1946–272 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); same labels but date 7.97 (1 ♀, BMNH); a) S. Africa. / R. E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1923–332, b) Port St. John,/ Pondoland / May 15-31.1923. [Eastern Cape] (1 ♀, BMNH); a) same data but 1923- 363, b) same data but June 12-30.1923 (2 ♂ 2 ♀, BMNH); a)...1923-369, b)... July 1-9.1923 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); a)...1923-398, b)... July 10-31.1923 (1 ♂ 3 ♀, BMNH); a)...1923-422, b)... Aug. 7-13.1923 (1 ♂, BMNH); a)...1923-463, b)... Aug. 15-31.1923 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); a)...1924-6, b)... Nov. 1923 (1 ♂, BMNH); Silaka Re- serve: - 31.6532S / 29.5068E, 20-80 m alt., trail up chalet 11, beating, 13.11.2013 (10 ♂ 9 ♀, MWC, SANC, TMSA, SMTD); -31.6527 / 29.5064, 5-10 m alt., main road &amp; beach camp, 29.11.2019 (2 ♂ 1 ♀; MWC); -31.6557 / 29.5059, 5-10 m alt., beach &amp; sea shore, 29.11.2019 (2 ♂ 3 ♀, MWC, CGC);, -31.6536 / 29.5057, 10 m, ex Apodytes di- midiata, 1.12.2019 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC); -31.6549 / 29.5051, 20-35 m alt., main rd (lower, to chalet 15), 1.12.2019 (2 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC); (up to) -31.6531 / 29.502, 40- 140 m alt., main rd (mid &amp; upper), 1.12.2019 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, MWC); - 31.6561 / 29.5049, 0-25 m, Jongelwandle trail, 1.12.2019 (1 ♀, MWC)—all beaten from Apodytes dimidiata, leg. M. Wanat. Western Cape: Wilderness Nat. Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.618&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.618/lat -33.9945)">Serpentine river</a> valley, - 33.9945S / 22.6180E; 5 m alt., riverine fynbos, 29.11.2013, 1 ♀, leg. MW (MWC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. As in genus.</p> <p>Description. Body length 1.7–2.5 mm. Red stripes on elytra, if present, variably broad, continuous from elytral base to apices of intervals 4–6 and partially entering also neighbouring intervals 3 and 7 (Fig. 114), or variously broken in middle; in all degrees of their development red stripe or fleck encompasses humeral callus. In the specimens with broad red stripes on elytra occasionally pronotum and the most outer elytral intervals dark testaceous, not black. Antennae usually with distinctly darker club and distal half of funicle, rarely entire testaceous (possible even in the specimens with fully black elytra). Light setae on head, pronotum and underside of body short, semirecumbent, not longer than combined length of 3 ommatidia.</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=12): rl/pl: ♂ 0.79–0.90 (M: 0.84), ♀ 0.86–1.03 (M: 0.95); rl/mxrw: ♂ 1.90–2.10 (M: 1.99), ♀ 2.18–2.58 (M: 2.38); scl/msrw: ♂ 0.59–0.72 (M: 0.67), ♀ 0.62–0.83 (M: 0.74); msrw/mtrw: 1.04–1.17; msrw/arw: ♂ 1.19–1.28 (M: 1.23), ♀ 1.03–1.21 (M: 1.11); msrw/minrw: ♂ 1.19–1.28 (M: 0.23), ♀ 1.08–1.21 (M: 1.13); msrw/eyl: 0.93–1.16; brl/eyl: 0.96–1.33; eyl/hl: 0.59–0.73; frw/mtrw: ♂ 0.87–1.03 (M: 0.95), ♀ 0.93–1.12 (M: 1.00); hl/hw: 0.67–0.79; mpw/hw: ♂ 1.06–1.20 (M: 1.12), ♀ 1.11–1.25 (M: 1.18); bpw/apw: 0.92–1.16; pl/ mpw: 1.05–1.20; mew/mpw: ♂ 1.67–1.83 (M: 1.78), ♀ 1.82–1.92 (M: 1.87); el/pl: 2.50–2.78; el/mew: 1.57–1.67; mew/bew: 1.23–1.35; bew/mpw: 1.33–1.48; pft/msrw: ♂ 0.77–0.94 (M: 0.86), ♀ 0.88–1.06 (M: 0.96); ptbl/pl: 0.96–1.20; ptbl/ptbmw: 5.62–7.36;</p> <p>Rostrum shaped as in Figs. 116 &amp; 117, in male often nearly straight due to slight median expansion in profile (Fig. 120), in females evidently curved (Fig. 146); its basal half all-around with strong microreticulation, being dorsally often extended to prorostrum; septum of scrobes slightly widening posterad (Fig. 132), not narrowing as usually in apionines.</p> <p>Head distinctly transverse; eyes prominent, usually more roundly convex in males (Fig. 116); epifrons between eyes variably sculptured, microreticulate, in middle punctate or not, with paired sulci broadly separated and running closer to eyes (Fig. 135) or, occasionally, submedian and even joining to appear V-like; vertex anteriorly punctate and microreticulate on a distance of about one-third eye diameter, its posterior half depressed, bare and shiny; temples anteriorly with rugose sculpture for a distance of about one-fourth of eye diameter; subocular setae usually recumbent (Fig. 120), rarely a few of them protruding; head venter punctate in between and shortly behind eyes, punctures with minute setae (Fig. 132).</p> <p>Antennal insertion from rostrum base ♂: 0.47–0.55 (M=0.50), ♀: 0.41–0.48 (M=0.43); setae sparse and weakly protruding on scape and funicle, dense and rather forward-directed on club; length/width ratio: scape 2.7–3.6, fun1 2.3–3.1, fun2 2.6–3.3, fun6 1.3–1.9, fun7 1.2–1.7, club 3.6–5.2; length of scape/fun1 1.3–1.5, fun1/fun2 1.0–1.1, fun3 0.6–0.8 × as long as fun1, fun4 as long as fun3, fun5–7 as long or slightly shorter than fun4, all three of similar length or each subsequent slightly shorter than previous one; club only exceptionally as long or longer than combined length of 5 distal funicular segments, usually about 4.0–4.5 × as long, with at least its median segment distinctly transverse (Fig. 134).</p> <p>Pronotum as in Figs. 115 &amp; 135; punctures on disc sized as on head or slightly larger, the largest as large as 2 combined ommatidia, variably distant, from less than 1 to 3–4 puncture diameters apart, their interspaces flat, microreticulate; prosternum half as long as hypomeron; prosternellum reaching about mid-length of procoxal cavities; hypomeron flat, impunctate (Fig.132).</p> <p>Scutellar shield semicircular or button-like (Fig. 135).</p> <p>Elytra shaped as in Figs. 112–114; striae seemingly narrower on red elytral stripes than on black integument; intervals in middle of elytral disc 3–5 × broader than striae; apical portions of intervals 1 and 10 with more numerous short setae (Fig. 136).</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 147.</p> <p>Mesoventrite with two groups of several punctures close to prothoracic margin; base of intercoxal process impunctate (Fig. 137). Metaventrite as long as mesocoxal cavities, convex, with setiferous punctures on sides, in middle bare and nearly impunctate; base of short metaventral intermesocoxal process hollowed. Abdominal ventrites 1–2 sparsely punctate and setose; microsculpture consisting of transversely extended reticulation; ventrites 3–4 heavily microreticulate (Figs. 144, 145).</p> <p>Legs shorter than in Rhynchitapion. Procoxae lacking microreticulation on apices. Femora finely microreticulate in inflated middle part, with stronger microsculpture near articulations. Protibia without outer and/or inner edges, with inconspicuous apical comb of setae, these more numerous, whitish and covering whole tibial apex on meso- and metatibiae. Tarsi often bicolorous, specifically with lighter entire tarsomere 3 and bases of tarsomere 1 and onychium; protarsus 2.9–3.1 × as long as wide (Fig. 118); two basal tarsomeres widening apicad; length/width ratio of tarsomeres: 1 st —2.0–2.4, 2 nd —1.0–1.2, 3 rd —0.75–0.85; onychium exceeding tarsomere 3 by 0.40–0.45 length; claws with low teeth (Fig. 143).</p> <p>Male. Rostrum more robust (Figs. 116, 120). Metaventrite flattened. Mucro on mesotibia simply acute (Fig. 142); mucro on metatibia truncate or falcate, obliquely protruding or parallel to the axis of tibia (Figs. 119, 143). Abdomen as in Fig. 144; ventrite 5 gently convex, 1.8–1.9 × as broad as long, entirely microreticulate, with dense shallow punctures. Pygidium transverse (Fig. 148). Sternite VIII as in Fig. 125. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 3–4 × longer than straight-armed fork. Tegminal plate about twice as long as wide (Fig. 123), joining arms of basal piece with a relatively thick sclerotized filament; suprafenestral sclerites regularly arched, with 5–7 long macrocheatae, without membranous extensions; ventral layer of fenestral sector with lateral sclerotized stripes, in side view visible as distinct bars (Fig. 124); postfenestral plate in middle as long as suprafenestral sclerite; prostegium with broadly sclerotized, narrowing lateral “tails”, narrowly separated in middle. Penile apodemes slightly reinforced at connection with tectum; pedon 2.8–3.0 × as long as wide, in basal half parallel-sided, from middle narrowing and extended into a thin apical process, in profile nearly straight (Figs. 121, 122); endophallus lacking typical sclerites, instead with pair of long, narrowly triangular, weakly sclerotized laminae having their inner margins indistinctly serrate; membrane of exposed part of endophallus entirely covered with dense microplates, similar to membrane near orifice; inflated endophallus shaped as in Fig. 126, with prominent single ventral and dorsal lobes.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly longer, thinner and more strongly curved (Figs. 117, 146). Abdomen as in Fig. 145; ventrite 5 less convex, 2.4–2.5 × as broad as long, with a smooth median field at border with ventrite 4, with sparser and finer punctuation than in male. Gonocoxites about 3.5 × as long as wide, subparallel-sided, uniformly sclerotized; styli cylindrical, twice as long as wide (Fig. 130). Vagina simply membranous. Bursa broad, without evident lobes, with major part of its membrane having moderately dense transverse microplates. Spermatheca as in Fig. 128, spermathecal duct thin.</p> <p>Biology. See the genus description.</p> <p>Distribution. R.S.A. (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape); from Nelspruit in the north to Wilderness in the south (Fig. 292).</p> <p>Etymology. Named to honour Dr. Marcin Stępniewski, hematologist, in gratitude for his successful efforts to keep the author able to write this paper.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E858CD45FF6B2D11FDA06EF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E85CCD47FF6B2F60FD6A6FB5.text	A40A5638E85CCD47FF6B2F60FD6A6FB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turnerapion Wanat 2021	<div><p>Turnerapion gen. n.</p> <p>Type species: Turnerapion pondoense sp. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized, slender species, body length 2.5–3.0 mm. Entire body testaceous. Protruding setae missing from all body parts. Vestiture consisting of appressed light piliform scales, ordered on elytra. Rostrum based slightly above middle of head profile, porrect, not less than 3.8 × as long as wide; scrobes in posterior half-length of their course separated with thin carina entering head venter. Head with markedly convex eyes, epifrons between them with three short parallel ribs. Antennae not strikingly elongate, half as long as elytra or slightly shorter and 1.3–1.5 × as long as pronotum; scape nearly as long as 3 basal funicular segments combined; two most distal funicular segments not elongate; club loosely segmented, at most 3.2 × as long as wide, its two basal segments clearly transverse. Pronotum trilobate, markedly elongate (1.30–1.35 ×), in dorsal outline with rectangular hind corners, its posterior third part sub-cylindrical; disc indistinctly punctate, lacking median fovea and basal flange, with a complete arched transverse sub-basal line well distant from posterior margin of pronotum (Fig. 159). Elytra narrowly pyriform, with suture apically straight and simple; their bases not rimmed; five striae present between suture and humeral callus, stria 1 not shortened, nearly reaching elytron base; both subhumeral and subapical remains of separate stria 10 present; striae 3 and 8 apically narrowly disconnected; specialized setae on interval 7 (1 premedian, 1 postmedian) and interval 9 (1 subapical). Procoxae pear-shaped; both pro- and mesocoxal dentiform processes vestigial; in septum of mesocoxae mesoventral process clearly longer than metaventral one. Mesocoxal cavities with a complete narrow posterior rim. Legs thin, all subequally long. Trochanters shortly elongate. Femora unarmed, without coarse wrinkles.</p> <p>In male, only meso- and metatibiae with mucro; pygidium lacking anterior apodemes, with well-developed tongue-like internal process; single additional sclerite present between sternites VIII and IX; endophallus in repose with paired frena at orifice and several small, thorn-like teeth in part protruding from penile body. In female, tergite VII broadly rounded apically, not carinate along apical margin; tergite VIII with continuous sclerotization.</p> <p>See also the key to South African genera below.</p> <p>Description. Body testaceous, legs and antennae lighter. Vestiture sparse, consisting of recumbent or semirecumbent cream-white setae or rather piliform scales (Fig. 164), arranged in single row on elytral intervals, not longer than interval’s breadth.</p> <p>Rostrum weakly sexually dimorphic, cylindrical, thin, nearly straight, slightly widened at antennal insertion and at base, punctate throughout, with microscopic setae not exceeding diameter of their basal punctures, lacking dorsal and lateral ribs or sulci; prorostrum ventrally confusedly punctate; scrobes latero-ventral, their septum flat, with coarse punctures, narrowing into a fine rib vanishing between eyes (Fig. 185).</p> <p>Head weakly transverse, with recumbent piliform scales arranged linearly on rostrum base and epifrons, while transversely on vertex; lateral ribs on epifrons often indistinct; temples with rough, sharply bordered microsculpture on a distance equal to approximately one-third of eye diameter; subocular fringe indistinct, consisting of short and weakly protruding, partly radiate piliform scales as long as 3 ommatidia.</p> <p>Antennae touching procoxae when directed posterad in repose, with short protruding setae on all antennomeres including club (Fig. 154), their insertion on rostrum submedian; scape longer that breadth of mesorostrum; first three funicular joints markedly elongate (length/width ratio 1.6–2.3); club clearly pseudotetramerous, evidently longer than 5 distal funicular segments combined.</p> <p>Pronotum with subapical constriction evidently closer to apical margin than sub-basal constriction is to base, in profile weakly convex, behind coxae with distinct lateral impression provided with several fine radiate furrows directed backwards; notosternal suture ending in small pit; clothing of disc centripetal, piliform scales on anterior margin arranged transversely, on posterior margin obliquely inwards; disc entirely with heavy scale-like microsculpture; prosternum declining, less than half as long as hypomeron, with fringe of piliform scales projecting downward; prosternellum prominent, separated from hypomeron; posterior rim of procoxae absent; hypomeron flat, its lobes separated by impressed longitudinal median suture.</p> <p>Scutellar shield isodiametric, very small, not prominent.</p> <p>Elytra narrow, widest behind middle; intervals convex, finely punctate, with almost regular row of piliform scales slightly overlapping each other; striae broad and shallow, without sharp edges, with sparse punctures and piliform scales shorter than those on intervals; subhumeral free portion of stria 10 often obscure; apical connections of inner striae mostly indistinguishable.</p> <p>Wing in all details as in Apodytapion, only the anal notch broader and shallower.</p> <p>Mesoventrite largely impunctate, with strong scale-like microsculpture; anapleural sutures visible; mesepimeral sulcus shallow and narrow, without evident edges. Septum of mesocoxae narrow, its metaventral process markedly raised. Metaventrite with deep pit on process separating hind coxae. Abdominal ventrites with sparse, appressed pilosity; ventrites 1–2 microreticulate, ventrite 2 transversely wrinkled on declining posterior part; ventrites 3–5 scale-like microsculptured and punctate, punctures distinctly larger and denser than those on ventrites 1–2; ventrite 5 unmodified in both sexes.</p> <p>Legs slender. Femora weakly inflated, with short and sparse recumbent piliform scales distributed mainly on upper side; profemur over 3 × as long as high. Tibiae straight, without sharp edges, finely pilose along inner side, with inconspicuous apical tuft of light setae, without pair of distinct setae. Tarsi very narrow; tarsomere 1 cylindrical in at least basal half, with emarginate dorsal margin; tarsomere 2 longer than wide, clearly emarginate; tarsomere 3 very small (Fig. 162); onychium protruding beyond segment 3, without special apical setae; claws with acute triangular teeth (Fig. 153).</p> <p>Male. Mucrones on meso- and metatibiae differing in shape. Abdominal ventrite 5 broadly rounded apically, unmodified. Tergite VII divided to hemitergites. Pygidium globose, with only a thin apical ridge exposed. Sternite VIII not divided, with thin sclerotized median bar connecting triangular lobes. Spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, slightly asymmetrical, with apodeme much longer than fork. Tegmen subarticulated, with apodeme slightly longer than basal piece; tegminal plate weakly and uniformly sclerotized, with unclear transparent areas only on extreme sides of fenestral sector; parameral lobes short, suprafenestral sclerites semicircular, with macrochaetae, without membranous extensions; postfenestral plate unsclerotized; prostegium without sclerotized tails and median transparent stripe. Penile apodemes dichotomous basally, connate to both tectum and pedon; endophallus in repose with small exposed part, besides frena with smaller tooth-like sclerites, receiving dorsally unusually broad ejaculatory duct, as broad as apodemal bases; frena hooked.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum shaped as in male, slightly longer. Abdominal ventrite 5 less transverse than in male, apically similar in shape. Both tergites 7 and 8 strongly transverse, with continuous sclerotization; spiculum ventrale straight, with vestigial sternal plate; gonocoxites broad, with conically narrowed apices not much broader than styli; bursa unilobed; spermatheca small, with corpus lacking prominences, larger than short and strongly narrowing cornu.</p> <p>Biology. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. R.S.A. (Eastern Cape).</p> <p>Etymology. This new apionine genus is dedicated to Rowland Edwards Turner, entomologist and excellent collector for the British Museum (Natural History) in the first half of the 20 th Century. He remains the only collector of this interesting genus in South Africa until today, and he was actually the first collector of all other basal apionid genera described in this paper. Gender neuter.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E85CCD47FF6B2F60FD6A6FB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E85ECD7BFF6B2A9FFE776DBD.text	A40A5638E85ECD7BFF6B2A9FFE776DBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turnerapion pondoense Wanat 2021	<div><p>Turnerapion pondoense sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 151–186, 293)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂ (labels as in Fig. 186): a) S. Africa./ R. E.Turner./Brit. Mus./1923–547, b) Port St. John,/ Pondoland / Oct.1923, c) type label by M. Wanat [Eastern Cape] (BMNH) [abdominal ventrites glued on card near specimen, genitalia in glycerol—microvial pinned under specimen]. Paratypes (5 ♂ 6 ♀): R. S. A.: Eastern Cape: same labels as in the holotype (1 ♂, MWC; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); same but date Aug.15-31.1923 (2 ♀, BMNH); same but date Sept.1923 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH); same but date Nov.1923 (1 ♂ 1 ♀, BMNH; 1 ♀, MWC); same but date Dec.1923 (1 ♂, BMNH). Three of the paratypes (2 ♂ 1 ♀) collected in September and October are teneral, with soft and deformed elytra.</p> <p>Diagnosis. As in genus.</p> <p>Description. Body 2.5–3.0 mm long, red-testaceous, with yellow-testaceous legs and antennae. Elytra usually with 3–4 indistinct and irregular transverse bands of slightly darker testaceous integument. Vestiture white to yellowish; underside of body with sparse semi-recumbent setae thinner and shorter than piliform scales on elytra.</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=8): rl/pl: 1.16–1.23; rl/mxrw: ♂ 3.84–4.19 (M: 4.04), ♀ 4.13–4.34 (M: 4.22); scl/ msrw: 1.08–1.33; msrw/mtrw: ♂ 1.04–1.12 (M: 1.09), ♀ 1.08–1.19 (M: 1.12); msrw/arw: 1.07–1.18; msrw/ minrw: 1.13–1.23; msrw/eyl: 0.60–0.75; brl/eyl: 1.28–1.41; eyl/hl: 0.60–0.67; frw/mtrw: ♂ 0.83–0.95 (M: 0.90), ♀ 0.96–1.10 (M: 1.01); hl/hw: 0.84–0.95; mpw/hw: 1.09–1.17; bpw/apw: 0.95–1.01; pl/mpw: 1.28–1.35; mew/mpw: ♂ 1.96–2.10 (M: 2.03), ♀ 2.08–2.20 (M: 2.14); el/pl: 2.82–3.00; el/mew: ♂ 1.80–1.94 (M: 1.87), ♀ 1.73–1.82 (M: 1.78); mew/bew: ♂ 1.36–1.48 (M: 1.43), ♀ 1.42–1.53 (M: 1.47); bew/mpw: 1.32–1.50; pft/msrw: 1.07–1.32; ptbl/pl: 1.19–1.29; ptbl/ptbmw: 8.25–9.84.</p> <p>Rostrum slightly longer than pronotum, nearly straight (Figs. 155–158), dorsally with fine, sparse punctures vanishing before apex, the punctures bearing microscopic setae especially on rostrum sides; sides of metarostrum impunctate, irregularly rugose; ventrally punctures on prorostrum base and flat septum of scrobes larger and denser than on rest of rostrum; scrobes broad and narrowly separated, with heavy scale-like microsculpture (Fig. 185). Mouthparts with both maxillary and labial palps distinctly elongate.</p> <p>Head in natural position with vertex and temples sharply divided into equally long sculptured anterior part and smooth and bare posterior part (Fig. 155); eyes strongly, regularly convex; epifrons between eyes gently convex, with well-developed median rib (at least), lateral ribs often obsolescent; temples in dorsal view slightly divergent, laterally at eye side rough and setose but impunctate (Fig. 158); gular region microreticulate, with several coarse, flat transverse wrinkles, laterally with short, appressed white setae (Fig. 185).</p> <p>Antennae as in Fig. 154, inserted (♂ ♀) 0.41–0.45 from rostrum base; length/width ratio: scape 4.4–5.0, fun1 1.6–2.3, fun2 1.8–2.1, fun3 1.7–1.8, fun5 1.1–1.5, fun6 1.0–1.1, fun7 0.85–0.90, club 2.9–3.3; length of scape/fun1 2.2–2.7, fun1/fun2 1.2–1.6, fun3 0.7–0.8 × as long as fun1, fun4–7 successively shorter; club besides recumbent pilosity with several longer, protruding setae.</p> <p>Pronotum elongate, at base slightly narrower than at apical margin (Fig. 159); disc with undisturbed vestiture directed obliquely inwards from both sides, leaving in middle a narrow uncovered longitudinal line; piliform scales based in minute punctures not much larger than single ommatidium and well distant from each other; anterior margin on sides and dorsally with several fine transverse wrinkles, partly obscured by vestiture; sub-basal dorsal line gently curved anterad at sides; prominent prosternellum rounded, not conical, separated from hypomeron by distinct superficial sutures forming Y-shaped junction with the longitudinal suture separating hypomeral lobes; hypomeron impunctate, with single transverse row of semi-recumbent setae.</p> <p>Elytra elongate and weakly convex, with poorly marked caudal part (Figs. 151, 152); intervals shiny, at most 1.5 × as broad as striae, distinctly convex except for basal portions of narrowed intervals 1–3; sutural interval often slightly darkened on its basal and subapical portions; striae shallowly impressed, with small setiferous punctures distant from each other by several puncture diameters; piliform scales in rows not touching each other like those on intervals; specialized setae extremely fine and difficult to observe.</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 176.</p> <p>Mesoventrite laterally with 3–4 shallow punctures close to pronotal margin; base of mesoventral intercoxal process with several piliform scales. Metaventrite twice as long as mesocoxal cavity, in middle transversely microreticulate, shiny and bare, on sides sparsely punctate and with piliform scales becoming thinner and replaced with fine setae towards middle. Abdominal ventrites 1–2 with transverse net-like microsculpture, very sparsely punctate; intercoxal process of ventrite 1 broadly rounded and coarsely punctate; ventrites 3–4 strongly microreticulate, with 2–3 confused transverse rows of setae; ventrite 5 entirely microreticulate and with shallow setiferous punctuation.</p> <p>Metafurca narrow, Y-shaped with straight arms, anterior tendons not sclerotized (Fig. 184).</p> <p>Legs uniformly coloured except darkened claws. Coxae concolorous with the remaining parts of legs and clearly lighter than thoracic integument; procoxae densely microreticulate except for shiny extreme apices, on front side with just 3–4 piliform scales. Femora smooth, with sparse piliform scales, on underside replaced with fine appressed setae. Tibiae on inner side with microscopic asperities bearing fine setae. Tarsi unicolorous, latero-ventrally with dense semi-recumbent pilosity; protarsus 4.0–4.2 × as long as wide (Fig. 162); length/width ratio of tarsomeres: 1 st 4.0–4.3, 2 nd 1.3–1.5, 3 rd 0.8; onychium surpassing tarsomere 3 by 0.4 × length; claws as in Fig. 153.</p> <p>Male. Rostrum as in Figs. 155 &amp; 157. Mesotibial mucro obtuse (Fig. 160). Metatibial mucro truncate apically (Fig. 161). Abdomen about 1.2 × as long as wide; ventrite 5 gently convex, 2.1 × as broad as long (Fig. 177). Pygidium transverse, roundly convex in profile, with very short exposed margin (Fig. 173), and semicircular, weakly sclerotized tongue-like process (Figs. 172, 174). Tegminal apodeme about twice as long as basal piece (Fig. 170); tegminal plate 1.7–1.8 × as long as wide, laterally with complete narrow stripes of slightly darker sclerotization from basal articulation to apices of apical lobes; parameral lobes short, almost entirely occupied by weakly sclerotized suprafenestral sclerites extended to surround median notch (Fig. 171); macrochaetae 10–12, hardly longer than parameral notch; transparent fenestral sector small and only lateral; postfenestral plate fully membranous and stainable with Chlorazol black; prostegium weakly and uniformly sclerotized, with indefinite anterior margin. Penis narrow; apodemes distinctly shorter than pedon; tectum entire, weakly sclerotized, shorter than two-thirds of pedon length; pedon in dorsal view gently narrowing along most of its length and narrowly rounded at apex, 3.8–4.0 × as long as wide, in profile nearly straight throughout, relatively thick apically (Figs. 168, 169); endophallus sparsely microspinose along most of its length, in addition to frena with 8–10 variably sized thorn-like sclerites spread through the part exposed from pedon in repose; frena large, hook-like, laying close to orifice in repose; ejaculatory duct fine, as broad as sub-basal parts of penile apodemes, entering endophallus at base of pedon, not at apex of exposed sac.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly longer (Fig. 156, 158). Abdomen 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide; ventrite 5 flattened, 1.9 × as broad as long, (Fig.178). Tergite VII strongly transverse and broadly sclerotized, shortly and evenly setose (Fig. 182). Tergite VIII well over 3 × as broad as long, with continuous sclerotization constricted in middle and several variably long setae (Fig. 183). Spiculum ventrale 2.1–2.2 × as long as gonocoxite (Fig. 180). Gonocoxites 2.3–2.4 × as long as wide, with short abruptly narrowed apex; styli about twice as long as wide, shortly setose (Fig. 179). Genital sheath of ovipositor and bursa simply membranous. Bursa elongate, with several small thorn-like teeth (Fig. 181). Spermatheca with robust corpus and short cornu (Fig. 175).</p> <p>Distribution. R.S.A.: vicinity of Port St. Johns (Fig. 293).</p> <p>Etymology. The new species is named after Pondoland, the historical area of South Africa between Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal and one of the most relevant local biodiversity hotspots, hosting many ancient apionines, including Turnerapion.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E85ECD7BFF6B2A9FFE776DBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E862CD7DFF6B2897FDDF6AD5.text	A40A5638E862CD7DFF6B2897FDDF6AD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomus Balfour-Browne 1945	<div><p>Lepanomus Balfour-Browne, 1945</p> <p>Type species: Lepanomus crinalis Balfour-Browne, 1945 (by original designation and monotypy).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized species, body 3.0– 3.6 mm long. Long erect setae, truncate or finely emarginate apically, present on all body parts including femora and tibiae, on body dorsum accompanied by relatively dense, appressed or semi-recumbent light pilosity, on elytra irregular and condensed into numerous small patches. Integument of elytra with median crescentic yellowish mark (Fig. 187). Rostrum inserted in upper part of head profile, less than 1.55 × as long as wide; scrobes broadly separated, their septum strongly raised anteriorly, on rostrum profile seen as obtuse ventral tooth situated exactly at the level of antennal pits (Fig. 197). Antennae 0.5–0.6 × as long as elytra and 1.4–1.6 × as long as pronotum, with only 3 proximal segments of funicle evidently elongate; scape about as long as funicular segments 1+2; club large, loosely segmented, obtuse apically, about 4 × as long as wide. Pronotum weakly trilobate, with rectangular hind corners; its subapical constriction deeper than obsolescent sub-basal one; disc punctate, with elongate median fovea, without basal flange; sub-basal transverse line obliterated (Figs. 188, 200). Elytra with suture apically straight and simple (Fig. 207); their bases with obsolescent rim vanishing at level of stria 5; five striae present between suture and humeral callus; stria 1 shortened, commencing well behind scutellar shield; only subapical remain of separate stria 10 present; striae apically joining (1+10)+(2+9), 3+8, 4+5, 6+7 (Fig. 205). Mesocoxae separated mainly by long process of mesoventrite; mesocoxal cavities with complete, narrow posterior rim. Legs robust, all sub-equally long. Procoxae pear-shaped; both pro- and mesocoxal dentiform processes low, but evident. Trochanters shortly elongate (Fig. 204). Femora unarmed, with fine transverse wrinkles, entire surfaces with protruding setae. Tibiae lacking sharp edges, with long erect setae on outer side and expanded apical tuft (Fig. 196).</p> <p>In male, only meso- and metatibiae with mucro; pygidium concealed, with short anterior apodemes and no trace of apical ridge (Fig. 215) nor tongue-like internal process; no additional sclerites in membrane between sternites VIII and IX; sternite VIII peculiar, divided into broadly separated hemisternites (Fig. 222); sternite IX with asymmetrical fork; tegminal plate with large, well delimited fenestrae; apex of pedon canaliculate; endophallus without typical frena, instead with pair of narrow, bar-like sclerites. In female tergite VII broadly truncate, not carinate along apical margin; tergite VIII divided to hemitergites.</p> <p>See also the key to South African genera below.</p> <p>Redescription. Body length 3.0– 3.6 mm. Erect setae on elytra mixed piceous-black and cream-white, on head, pronotum and legs solely light. Appressed creamy piliform scales or setae dense, distinctly shorter than elytral interval’s breadth, on head forward-directed, on pronotum centripetal on sides and forward-directed along mid-line (Fig. 188), on elytra condensed into inconspicuous tuft at base of interval 3 and aggregated into numerous, irregularly disposed small patches along all intervals. Integument piceous-black except dark-testaceous antennal scape and funicle, on elytra with additional, variably long lighter markings between median crescentic mark and base, usually ranging over intervals 2–3 and occasionally even confluent with the median mark; additional small yellowish patch constantly present on interval 3 at end of elongate submedian elevation at beginning of elytral declivity.</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=10): rl/pl: 0.60–0.64; rl/mxrw: ♂ 1.34–1.38 (M: 1.35), ♀ 1.42–1.52 (M: 1.47); scl/ msrw: ♂ 0.43–0.52 (M: 0.47), ♀ 0.52–0.54 (M: 0.53); msrw/mtrw: ♂ 1.11–1.12 (M: 1.12), ♀ 1.05–1.07 (M: 1.06); msrw/arw: 1.40–1.48; msrw/minrw: 1.40–1.48; msrw/eyl: 1.20–1.33; brl/eyl: ♂ 0.57–0.67 (M: 0.61), ♀ 0.61– 0.73 (M: 0.67); eyl/hl: 0.64–0.71; frw/mtrw: ♂ 0.71–0.78 (M: 0.75), ♀ 0.67–0.70 (M: 0.69); hl/hw: ♂ 0.73–0.74 (M: 0.73), ♀ 0.74–0.78 (M: 0.76); mpw/hw: ♂ 1.14–1.23 (M: 1.19), ♀ 1.27–1.29 (M: 1.28); bpw/apw: 1.05–1.16; pl/mpw: 1.10–1.18; mew/mpw: 1.79–1.88; el/pl: 2.57–2.78; el/mew: 1.67–1.71; mew/bew: 1.18–1.23; bew/ mpw: ♂ 1.49–1.59 (M: 1.53), ♀ 1.46–1.49 (M: 1.48); pft/msrw: ♂ 0.75–0.83 (M: 0.80), ♀ 0.85–0.90 (M: 0.88); ptbl/pl: ♂ 0.87–0.98 (M: 0.92), ♀ 0.86–0.87 (M: 0.87); ptbl/ptbmw: 4.88–5.52.</p> <p>Rostrum weakly sexually dimorphic, very short and stout, much shorter than pronotum; mesorostrum with small tooth-like expansion above antennal pits; prorostrum narrowing apicad from antennal insertion; punctuation and clothing of appressed and semi-erect short piliform scales dorsally dense along basal two-thirds of rostrum, major distal dorsal part of prorostrum bare, shiny and finely punctate (Figs. 189–192), on sides entire prorostrum asetose and coarsely punctate; basal part of rostrum on sides densely microreticulate, with antennal pits surrounded by broad and deep hollowings occupying major part of rostrum base in profile (Fig. 197); venter of rostrum confusedly punctate, on prorostrum punctures without setae; between antennal pits with a high transverse hump bearing protruding setae; scrobes shallow, not meeting between eyes, with well-defined outer edges vanishing on head, broadly separated by flat, punctured and setose septum (Fig. 201).</p> <p>Mouthparts with maxillary palpifer having complete, curved, sharp ventral edge (Fig. 202); lacinial part densely setose, with 4 stout falcate setae; labium with long and narrow setose ligula; the paired premental setae in deep pits; labial palps with long single sub-basal seta.</p> <p>Head distinctly transverse, with large semi-globular eyes having ommatidia more flattened and larger than in most other apionines; epifrons between eyes distinctly narrower than rostrum base, flat, with dense setiferous punctures and usually with median pit or fovea; vertex even with epifrons and densely punctate over distance less than one-fifth eye length, then glabrous; temples only shortly microsculptured behind eyes, with just single row of punctures along eye margin, some punctures bearing long erect setae; subocular fringe absent, at most a few short protruding setae present; gular sector relatively short, weakly convex, coarsely punctate and setose (Fig. 201).</p> <p>Antennae moderately long; insertion ♂ ♀: 0.32–0.41; scape and funicle with weakly protruding setation; club segments all with dense recumbent pilosity, lacking longer, protruding setae; scape subequal in length or only slightly longer than fun1 + 2; length/width ratio: scape 2.0–2.5, fun1 1.7–2.0, fun2 2.0–2.2, fun6 1.1–1.3, fun7 1.0–1.1, club 3.9–4.2; length of scape/fun1 1.6–2.0, fun1/fun2 1.0–1.2, fun3 0.9–1.0 × as long as fun1, fun4 to fun7 of about the same length, barely elongate to isodiametric; club as long or longer than combined length of 5 distal funicular segments, subcylindrical for most of its length, not distinctly pseudotetramerous, interspaces between segments narrow, basal segment isodiametric, median segment transverse (Fig. 203).</p> <p>Pronotum elongate, shaped as in Figs. 188 &amp; 200, with dense, obliquely directed piliform scales on sides; disc weakly convex, lacking transverse wrinkles in front, with punctures of variable size and density, usually not much larger than single ommatidium and less than one ommatidium diameter apart, interspaces of punctures microreticulate, slightly uneven; prescutellar fovea varying in length and extent of impression, at most 0.25 × as long as pronotum; sub-basal line variably extended, discernible only near pronotal corners; notosternal suture ending in small pit very close to anterior prothoracic margin; postcoxal side without impression or lateral fovea; prosternum bare, declining; posterior rim of procoxae only lateral, obliterated in middle; prosternellum narrow, subconical, separated from hypomeron by superficial Y-shaped depression; hypomeron flat, about twice as long as prosternum, with complete transverse row of setiferous punctures (Fig. 201).</p> <p>Scutellar shield weakly elongate, prominent, with median furrow.</p> <p>Elytra oval, widest in middle, with prominent humeri, basally joining with a multituberculate lock (Fig. 206), gently convex (Fig. 198), in dorsal outline with well separated caudal part; interval 3 at base with aggregation of small punctures and tuft of semi-recumbent light piliform scales; striae weakly impressed, without sharp edges, 2–3 × narrower than intervals, catenulate-punctate, with row of short piliform scales touching each other; intervals nearly flat at base, becoming convex since one-third of elytron, microreticulate and with dual punctuation, larger punctures ordered, hosting long erect setae, on the declining apical part of elytra all settled on small asperities; minute punctures irregularly disposed; sutural interval completely flat and depressed as long as it covers basal sutural lock, becoming transversely raised towards suture at beginning of sutural shelf/slot; apex of interval 5 elevated to form a low tubercle; specialized setae indistinguishable.</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 199, similar as in Rhynchitapion; radial window narrow; cubito-anal vein remnants distinct, paired, straight; main anal vein (2A) straight or slightly angled in middle, simple; subsequent 3A vein barely discernible; anal notch deep and narrow.</p> <p>Mesoventrite largely impunctate in middle, with several setiferous punctures on sides and base of intercoxal process; mesepimeral sulcus well impressed, sharply edged on mesoventrite side, widening upwards, with setiferous punctures; anapleural sutures indiscernible; mesepimera impunctate, bare. In septum of mesocoxae, mesoventral process several times longer than metaventral one (Fig. 204). Metaventrite barely longer than mesocoxal cavities, flattened in middle, coarsely punctate and setose except for small median area, on projection between metacoxae with deep, elongate median pit; intermesocoxal process short, raised (Fig. 204). Abdominal ventrites as in Figs. 213 &amp; 214; punctures varying in size, smaller and sparser on ventrites 1–2, specifically in their middle, coarser on basal part of ventrite 5 and on sides of ventrites 3–4; ventrite 5 twice as broad as long (2.00–2.25 ×) and gently convex on both sexes, with apical margin broadly rounded laterally and nearly straight in middle.</p> <p>Legs short and robust. Procoxae sparsely covered with semi-recumbent setae, in inflated basal part strongly scale-like microsculptured, in contrast to polished narrowed apices. Femora markedly inflated; entire profemur both coarsely punctured and irregularly transversely wrinkled, 2.6–2.7 × as long as high. Tibiae all widening apicad, subcylindrical, with enlarged dense apical tuft of long yellowish setae, specifically on meso- and metatibiae (Fig. 196); protibia along inner side with unordered semi-recumbent setae; tibial apex with ring of dense, yellowish thin setae, lacking pair of distinct setae (Fig. 195). Tarsi short, with weakly elongate two basal tarsomeres; tarsomere 1 subtruncate, tarsomere 2 shallowly emarginate (Fig. 212); protarsus 2.5–2.8 × as long as wide; length/width ratio of tarsomeres: 1st—1.2–1.6, 2nd—1.0–1.2, 3rd 0.6–0.7; onychium protruding beyond 3rd tarsomere by half its length, without projecting special setae; adhesive sole distinct, composed of relatively long and fine yellowish setae; claws with broad, lamelliform teeth (Fig. 208).</p> <p>Male. Mucro on mesotibia spine-like (Fig. 210), on metatibia falciform or truncate (Fig. 211). Pygidium transversely rectangular, short, lacking any marginal ridge, but densely punctate-setose in apical one-fourth of length (Figs. 215, 216). Sternite VIII broadly divided into narrow, crescentic hemisternites (Fig. 222). Spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, short, slightly asymmetrical, with apodeme about 1.6 × as long as the basally expanded fork. Tegmen as in Figs. 220 &amp; 221, subarticulated; basal piece short and broad, with rounded arms; apodeme 2.5–2.7 × longer than basal piece, in lateral view attached at distinct angle; tegminal plate short, 1.1–1.2 × as long as wide, broadest at connection with basal piece, not produced latero-ventrally; parameral lobes short, broadly rounded, divergent; suprafenestral sclerites narrowly crescentic, lacking membranous extensions, bearing 4–5 very short macrochaetae at most as long as sclerite; fenestrae large, well delimited by sclerotized margins, shortly oval, in middle fully separated by narrow median sclerotization, laterally with narrow openings about one-third of fenestra length; postfenestral plate undivided, expanded laterally; prostegium short, weakly surpassing tegminal articulation, with lateral stripes of sclerotization much narrower than transparent middle. Penis short, 2.2–2.3 × as long as wide (Fig. 218), in side view as in Fig. 219; apodemes 1.2–1.3 × as long as pedon, dichotomous basally, broadly connected with tectum, subarticulated with pedon; tectum evenly sclerotized, two-thirds as long as pedon; pedon swollen at base, with lateral margins sinuate in dorsal outline, apically narrowed, radiately canaliculate; endophallus small, weakly projecting between penile apodemes in repose, entirely densely microspinose, without any sclerites besides bar-like frena, receiving broad ejaculatory duct in about mid-length of exposed part.</p> <p>Female. Tergite VII almost entire, evenly sclerotized, densely punctate and setose (Fig. 225). Tergite VIII narrowly divided into hemitergites. Spiculum ventrale straight, ca. 2.5 × as long as gonocoxite, with strongly transverse, microsetose and weakly sclerotized sternal plate (Fig. 224). Coxites strongly divergent in repose, small, ovoid, narrowed and truncate basally, about twice as long as wide; styli stout, twice as long as wide, sub-perpendicular to coxite, shortly setose apically (Fig. 226). Bursa short and broad, its membrane densely microspinose in distal third (Fig. 223). Spermatheca c-shaped, thin, with small corpus and long cornu (Figs. 227, 228).</p> <p>Biology. The host plant in South Africa is Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. (Metteniusaceae), larval development probably in generative parts.</p> <p>Distribution. Northern Tanzania (Ukerewe Is. on Victoria Lake), Eastern R.S.A. (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape).</p> <p>The type species of this monotypic genus is actually represented by two probably allopatric subspecies recorded from different parts of South Africa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E862CD7DFF6B2897FDDF6AD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E864CD7CFF6B2E7FFBD86FB5.text	A40A5638E864CD7CFF6B2E7FFBD86FB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomus crinalis subsp. crinalis crinalis Balfour-Browne 1945	<div><p>Lepanomus crinalis crinalis Balfour-Browne, 1945</p> <p>(Figs. 190, 192, 194, 213, 214, 228, 294)</p> <p>Material examined. Eastern Cape: Katberg, 11- 18.02.1933, 1 ex., leg. R. E. Turner (BMNH); Pondoland: Port St. Johns, 15- 31.05.1923, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ —leg. R. E. Turner (BMNH); Silaka Reserve nr. Port St Johns, - 31.6532S / 29.5068E, 10-20 m alt., 13.11.2013, 1 ex., leg. R. Ruta; nr. bridge on Gxwaleni river, - 31.6527S /29.5064, 12 m alt., 28.11.2019, 1 ex.; main road to beach camp, - 31.6536S / 29.5057E, 15 m alt., 29.11.2019, 20 exs, 1- 2.12.2019, 68 exs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6536" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5057/lat -31.6536)">Jongelwandle</a> trail, - 31.6561S / 29.5049E, 15 m alt., 1.12.2019, 7 exs—all beaten from Apodytes dimidiata, leg. MW (MWC, TMSA, SANC, ISAM, DNSM, CGC). Western Cape: Wilderness Nat. Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.618&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.618/lat -33.9945)">Serpentine river</a> valley, - 33.9945S / 22.6180E; 5 m alt., riverine fynbos, 29.11.2013, 1 ♂, leg. MW (MWC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Prorostrum distinctly narrowing apicad, measured in its mid-length in ♂ 0.90 ×, in ♀ 0.80 × as broad as metarostrum (Figs. 190, 192). Third elytral interval between middle and posterior two-thirds raised to form low rib evidently higher than neighbouring intervals (Fig. 194), the rib ending abruptly at small yellowish patch of integument. Spermatheca as in Fig. 228.</p> <p>The remaining characters as in the above genus description.</p> <p>Remarks. Variation. The only specimen from Western Cape (Wilderness) differs from locotypical series in the much larger basal lightening of elytra, fully encompassing humeral calli and elytral base, and extending apicad as a uniform triangular yellowish fleck, narrowly contiguous with the median crescentic mark along the sutural interval. It is not distinct from the series from Port St. Johns in the shape of rostrum, and it shares the presence of an elevated rib on the 3 rd elytral interval. Further material from the most southern part of the area of L. crinalis is necessary to shed more light on the taxonomic relevance of this difference in colour pattern.</p> <p>Biology. In the locus typicus (Port St Johns: Silaka Reserve) this species was recently collected in numbers from flowering Apodytes dimidiata, while practically absent from non-flowering trees. This suggests its development occurs in generative parts of the plant, but it has not yet been confirmed by direct observations and the preimaginal stages await discovery.</p> <p>Distribution. South-eastern R.S.A. (Eastern Cape, Western Cape) (Fig. 294).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E864CD7CFF6B2E7FFBD86FB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E865CD7CFF6B2A9FFE296BA1.text	A40A5638E865CD7CFF6B2A9FFE296BA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomus crinalis subsp. zuluensis Wanat 2021	<div><p>Lepanomus crinalis zuluensis ssp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 187–189, 191, 193, 195–212, 215–227, 294)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: a) RSA (NE) KwaZulu-Natal /- 27.3308S / 32.7468E / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.7468&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.3308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.7468/lat -27.3308)">Mabibi Camp</a> 50 m / ex Apodytes dimidiata / 4.12.2012 leg. M. Wanat (TMSA) [dissected, genitalia in glycerol in the microvial pinned under specimen]. Paratypes (4 ♂ 7 ♀): same data as in the holotype, 3 ♂ 5 ♀ (TMSA, MWC). KwaZulu-Natal: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.6667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.5333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.6667/lat -27.5333)">Sodwana Bay</a>, 27.32S 32.40E [-27.5333 / 32.6667], 8- 10.11.1984, 1 ♀, 22.12.1991, 1 ♀ —leg. R. Oberprieler (MWC, SANC); Mtubatuba-Dukuduku, 17- 21.12.1997, 1 ♂, leg. I. Jeniš (MWC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinct from the nominotypical subspecies in just two subtle external characters: Rostrum in both sexes is more robust and in dorsal view prorostrum is subparallel-sided, measured in mid-length in ♂ 0.95 ×, in ♀ 0.90 × as broad as metarostrum (Figs. 189, 191); the third elytral interval does not form an elongate rib-like elevation as in L. c. crinalis, being not more convex than neighbouring intervals (Fig. 193).</p> <p>Other external and internal characters of the new subspecies zuluensis do not differ from those listed above in the genus description, except perhaps the shape of the spermatheca having a slightly larger corpus (Fig. 227). However, the variation of the spermatheca was not thoroughly analysed during this study.</p> <p>Biology. Like the nominotypical subspecies, the specimens of L. c. zuluensis were beaten from the flowering old tree of Apodytes dimidiata in the Mabibi Camp.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern R.S.A. (KwaZulu-Natal) (Fig. 294).</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the Zululand, historical fatherland of the Zulu people inhabiting the type area of the new subspecies.</p> <p>Remarks. Balfour-Browne (1945) noticed and commented on the variation of Lepanomus crinalis, but he finally classified it as infraspecific, concerning mainly pronotal punctuation and coloration of elytra. In his original description of L. crinalis he designated the type locality as Port St. Johns in Pondoland and mentioned the presence of ‘costiform elevation of the 3 rd interstria at the beginning of declivous part of elytra’, thus unambiguosly identifying the nominotypical subspecies. Actual ranges of the two subspecies of L. crinalis in South Africa should be investigated, like the taxonomic status of the specimens from Tanzania, which were not examined by me for the purpose of the present paper.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E865CD7CFF6B2A9FFE296BA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E866CD73FF6B29DBFEE26E2D.text	A40A5638E866CD73FF6B29DBFEE26E2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomidius Wanat 2021	<div><p>Lepanomidius gen. n.</p> <p>Type species: Lepanomidius ruthmuellerae sp. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized or large species, body length 3.2–4.5 mm. Erect setae pointed apically, present on head, pronotum, elytra and outer side of tibiae, on elytra ordered, not longer than 1.5 × interval’s breadth, on intervals of elytral disc not accompanied by appressed setae or piliform scales; on pronotum, head and rostrum base protruding setae shorter and sparser, forward-directed, admixed to short semi-recumbent setae. Integument uniformly dark testaceous to black or with outstandingly red elytra, lacking markings. Rostrum porrect, ca. 1.8–2.6 × as long as wide; scrobes separated by broad, gently elevated septum not forming tooth in profile as in Lepanomus. Antennae long to moderately long, 0.5–0.7 × as long as elytra; scape clearly shorter than combined length of funicular segments 1 and 2; all funicular segments elongate; club loosely segmented, pointed apically. Pronotum markedly convex and rounded on sides, with distinct subapical constriction and narrow basal flange, on prominent basal corners with short setae protruding laterad; disc entirely coarsely punctate, with obsolescent prescutellar fovea. Elytral suture apically straight and simple; elytra at base with narrow, low rim vanishing at level of stria 5; only subapical remain of separate stria 10 present; striae apically joining (1+10)+(2+9), 3+8, striae 4–7 disconnected or their connections indistinguishable. Mesoventrite with long mesocoxal process joining raised metaventral one. Legs all subequally long or, in males, fore legs slightly longer than others. Procoxae pear-shaped; pro- and mesocoxal dentiform processes low and obtuse. Trochanters shortly elongate (Fig. 241). Femora unarmed, without transverse wrinkles and asperities. Tibiae with inconspicuous apical tuft, shortly protrudingly setose on outer side.</p> <p>In male of the type species, only meso- and metatibiae with mucro; pygidium concealed, with long anterior apodemes, lacking both marginal ridge and tongue-like internal process; membrane between sternites VIII and IX without additional sclerites; sternite VIII undivided; spiculum gastrale with short fork incorporated into rounded, slightly asymmetrical sclerotized plate; tegminal plate with narrow, T-shaped confluent fenestrae; apex of pedon not canaliculate, extended into thin process; endophallus without typical frena, instead with indefinite weak sclerotizations. In female, tergite VII broadly sclerotized and rounded apically, not carinate along apical margin; tergite VIII undivided.</p> <p>See also the key to South African genera below.</p> <p>Description. Protruding setae thin and more or less bent, moderately dense; on pronotum, head and rostrum base vestiture dual, besides sparse semi-erect setae consisting of evenly disposed inconspicuous semi-recumbent light setae not longer than double diameter of hosting puncture.</p> <p>Rostrum straight, stout, inserted in upper half of head profile, shorter than pronotum, lacking sulci and defined rows of punctures, coarsely punctate except on dorsal side of prorostrum; metarostrum without tooth-like expansions; punctuation dense and confused on rostrum base, sides and entire venter, punctures setiferous, length of setae proportional to diameter of hosting puncture, longer in basal half of rostrum, becoming minute on dorsum and sides of prorostrum; upper side of prorostrum naked, shiny and barely punctate; scrobes short, vanishing in front of head, their convex septum with several longer setae.</p> <p>Mouthparts not examined.</p> <p>Head slightly to strongly transverse, with genae coarsely punctate or asperate and shortly setose, subocular setae recumbent or semi-recumbent; epifrons punctate, with rather indefinite shallow median fovea; temples only narrowly microsculptured behind eyes, with 1–2 rows of setiferous punctures along eye margin, the setae protruding only in the most upper part; gular sector convex.</p> <p>Antennae inserted in about basal third of rostrum, much longer than pronotum and at least half as long as elytra, with short scape, markedly elongate basal funicular segments and large, loose pseudotetramerous club, approximately 4 × as long as wide.</p> <p>Pronotum elongate; disc densely punctate, punctures coarse, distant from each other by less than their diameter and partially confluent, with short, semi-recumbent, forward-directed setae; notosternal suture ending in small pit close to anterior prothoracic margin; postcoxal side without impression or lateral fovea; prosternum with fringe of forward-projecting setae; sub-basal line present, though often vanishing medially and obscured by dense punctures.</p> <p>Elytra subrectangular in dorsal outline, with prominent humeri and weakly separated caudal part; five striae present between suture and humeral callus, stria 1 distinctly shortened; striae catenulate-punctate, without sharp edges, strial setae hardly discernible; intervals evenly convex, with regular row of punctures; specialized setae indiscernible.</p> <p>Wings functional; radial window very small; main anal vein (2A) straight, lacking spurs; anal notch deep and narrow.</p> <p>Mesoventrite largely impunctate, with weakly impressed and unedged mesepimeral sulcus; anapleural sutures discernible. Mesocoxal cavities with low and thin posterior rim. Metaventrite longer than mesocoxal cavities, with punctuation much finer and sparser than on pronotum, with distinct median pit near posterior margin. Abdomen short, at most slightly longer than broad; ventrite 1 in middle with obsolescent curved transverse wrinkles obscured by punctuation; ventrite 5 broadly rounded to nearly sub-truncate apically, similar in both sexes.</p> <p>Legs slender, all of similar length in female; in male forelegs slightly longer than others. Femora moderately inflated. Tibiae straight, with sharp or obtuse outer edge obscured by punctures, apical tuft without pair of distinct setae. Tarsi short; protarsus less than 3.0 × longer than wide; both basal tarsomeres emarginate (L. ruthmuellerae sp. n.) or tarsomere 1 subtruncate (L. magdaloides sp. n.); bilobed tarsomere 3 strongly transverse, not enlarged; onychium well protruding beyond 3 rd segment, without special setae; claws with low triangular teeth.</p> <p>For male characters, see description of the type species.</p> <p>Female postabdomen largely different in the two considered species. In the type L. ruthmuellerae sp. n. tergite VII is 1.4 × as broad as long, tergite VIII sub-isodiametric, campaniform in shape and narrowly rounded apically, spiculum ventrale barely dilated at base and spermatheca with a short cornu, not much narrower than corpus. In L. magdaloides sp. n. tergite VII is more than 2.5 × as broad as long, tergite VIII transversely rectangular in shape and 2.5 × as broad as long; spiculum ventrale with large, anchor-shaped sternal plate, and spermatheca with long, narrow cornu.</p> <p>Biology. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern R.S.A.</p> <p>Etymology. The name reflects morphological resemblance of the new genus to related Lepanomus. Gender masculine.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E866CD73FF6B29DBFEE26E2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E86ACD75FF6B2B26FD546BE9.text	A40A5638E86ACD75FF6B2B26FD546BE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomidius ruthmuellerae Wanat 2021	<div><p>Lepanomidius ruthmuellerae sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 229–267, 295)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂: a) S.Afr.; Gauteng /Ezemvelo Nat. Res/ 25.42 S – 29.00 E, b) 25– 27.2.2009 /leg. Mac- Fadyen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.0/lat -25.42)">Müller</a> (TMSA) [-25.70/29.00, actually Telperion Res. in Mpumalanga; abdominal ventrites glued near specimen, hind wing glued to separate card below, genitalia in glycerol—microvial pinned under specimen]. Paratypes (2 ♂♂): Mpumalanga: a) S. Afr.; Tvl. Nelspruit / Nat. Res, rivulet val./ 25.29 S – 30.55 E, b) 9.2.1987, E-Y: 2433/beating/leg. Endrödy-Younga [-25.4833 / 30.9167] (1 ♂, TMSA); a) South Africa: KZN/ Vryheid Hill Nature Res. / Ntinginono Eco Centre / 27°45’14”S 30°47’11”E /c. 1259m 30.i-02.ii.2007 / E. Grobbelaar, b) Collecting technique/ Collected at light trap, c) Collecting technique/Collected by/beating and sweeping [-27.7539 / 30.7864] (1 ♂, SANC).</p> <p>Additional material. The female labelled a) S. Africa./ R. E.Turner./Brit. Mus./1923–332, b) Port St. John,/Pondoland/May 15-31.1923. [Eastern Cape] (BMNH).</p> <p>Remarks. The female, collected alone far to the south from the localities of the males, is intentionally not included among the paratypes. Its fore, and to a lesser extent also middle tarsi have two basal segments flattened and distinctly broader than in the male, which is an unusual situation in the weevils (although known in the apionine Antliarhis zamiae (Thunberg) and A. signatus (Gyllenhal), in which the expanded adhesive protarsomere 1 is apparently serving females by helping to stabilise their position while drilling a hole for oviposition with their extremely long rostra). It is accompanied by some less evident differences in the structure of the rostrum, antennae, pronotum and legs, thus raising doubts if this female is conspecific with the holotype and other male paratypes, despite the great overall similarity in external morphology. Moreover, the female is mysteriously devoid of an ovipositor (possibly the specimen was collected during oviposition), thus the characters of the gonocoxites and styli remain unknown. Regardless, it is provisionally included in the species description below, with all the differences from the males listed, and all the measurements given separately, even if falling into the male variation ranges.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body length 4.1–4.6 mm. Elytra dark brown or black, as rest of body. Erect setae absent from recumbently pilose femora. Rostrum 2.2–2.6 × as long as wide, in dorsal view with parallel-sided apical part distinctly narrower than cylindrical basal part, in profile distinctly narrowing apicad. Head narrow and weakly transverse; eyes large; epifrons markedly narrower than rostrum base, with V-like fovea; gular sector between eyes coarsely punctate laterally, glabrous in middle. Antennae 0.6–0.7 × as long as elytra, thick. Pronotum not trilobate, with subapical constriction close to anterior margin and sub-basal constriction missing; basal corners acutely projecting outwards. Scutellar shield prominent. Elytral intervals markedly convex and heavily sculptured, with transverse scratches and furrows separating flattened tubercles; host punctures of erect setae large and, specifically in basal part of elytra, slightly declivitous posterad due to settlement on hind slope of a tubercle. Tarsi broad; protarsus with tarsomeres 1 and 2 emarginate, tarsomere 3 strongly transverse and barely broader than tarsomere 2.</p> <p>Description. Erect setae predominantly brownish, on elytra with admixed whitish setae, dominating outside of elytral disc; on two marginal intervals erect setae missing, replaced with sparse semi-recumbent light ones; femora with fully recumbent and relatively dense thin light setae parallel to long femoral axis. Integument dull black (holotype) or dark brown (remaining males and the female).</p> <p>Morphological indices (n=4): rl/pl: ♂ 0.79–0.88 (M 0.82), ♀ 0.91; rl/mxrw: ♂ 2.17–2.37 (M 2.24), ♀ 2.58; scl/msrw: ♂ 0.56–0.69 (M 0.62), ♀ 0.55; msrw/mtrw: ♂ 1.05–1.08, ♀ 1.04; msrw/arw: ♂ 1.45–1.50, ♀ 1.45; msrw/minrw: ♂ 1.45–1.50, ♀ 1.45; msrw/eyl: ♂ 0.97–1.00, ♀ 1.09; brl/eyl: ♂ 0.66–0.70, ♀ 0.91; eyl/hl: ♂ 0.69–0.76 (M 0.72), ♀ 0.66; frw/mtrw: ♂ 0.54–0.60 (M 0.57), ♀ 0.71; hl/hw: ♂ 0.79–0.85, ♀ 0.77; mpw/hw: ♂ 1.38–1.57, ♀ 1.54; bpw/apw: ♂ 1.13–1.23, ♀ 1.15; pl/mpw: ♂ 1.09–1.11, ♀ 1.10; mew/mpw: ♂ 1.54–1.62, ♀ 1.56; el/pl: ♂ 2.45–2.56, ♀ 2.45; el/mew: ♂ 1.70–1.77, ♀ 1.73; mew/bew: ♂ 1.09–1.14, ♀ 1.16; bew/mpw: ♂ 1.37–1.49 (M 1.43), ♀ 1.34; pft/msrw: ♂ 0.84–0.91, ♀ 1.00; ptbl/pl: ♂ 1.07–1.08, ♀ 0.95; ptbl/ptbmw: ♂ 6.36–6.71 (M 6.50), ♀ 5.68.</p> <p>Rostrum in dorsal outline parallel-sided but with distinctly narrowed and flattened apical part (Fig. 230), in profile distinctly narrowing from base to apex, in male chisel-shaped (Fig. 232), in female with short parallel-sided apex (Fig. 259); punctuation dense and irregular, punctures much smaller and sparser on shiny dorsum of prorostrum apex, on prorostrum sides some punctures often arranged in regular row; underside of rostrum with dense and coarse, confused setiferous punctures; scrobes shallow, not meeting on head, with sharp but irregular outer edges, convergent in male (Fig. 231), almost parallel in female (Fig. 258).</p> <p>Head narrow, weakly transverse; epifrons between eyes punctate as vertex and rostrum base, with V-like fovea; vertex flat, densely punctate over a distance equal to about one-third of eye length; recumbent setae on head fine, not longer than 2 ommatidia, all more or less forward-directed, only few on metarostrum longer and semi-erect; temples weakly divergent, with confused double row of small setiferous punctures along eye margin, lacking protruding setae; head venter weakly convex; genae and sides of gular sector with small punctures and completely appressed small whitish setae directed antero-inwardly; triangular middle area of gular sector impunctate and shiny, with fine transverse wrinkles (Figs. 230–232).</p> <p>Antennae as in Figs. 240 &amp; 263, their insertion ♂: 0.28–0.31, ♀: 0.30; funicle with weakly protruding dark setae; length/width ratio: scape ♂ 2.1–2.2 ♀ 2.6, fun 1 ♂ 1.85–2.15 ♀ 2.25, fun 2 ♂ 2.2–2.4 ♀ 2.9, fun 3 ♂ 1.70–1.85 ♀ 2.45, fun 6 ♂ 1.3 ♀ 1.4, fun 7 ♂ 1.0–1.1 ♀ 1.3, club ♂ 4.10–4.15 ♀ 4.45; length of scape/fun 1 ♂ 1.2–1.4 ♀ 1.3, fun1/fun 2 ♂ 0.85–0.95 ♀ 0.80; fun 3 in ♂ 0.8–0.9 ×, in ♀ as long as fun1; fun4 to fun7 of about same length in female, while in male fun7 discernibly shorter than preceding ones; club distinctly pseudotetramerous, fusiform, as long as 5 distal funicular segments combined, recumbently pilose with few short, protruding setae.</p> <p>Pronotum weakly elongate, markedly convex and almost regularly rounded at sides (Figs. 233, 234); subapical constriction in about 0.15–0.20 of pronotum length, posterior constriction almost basal, separating only prominent basal angles; disc not flattened apically and basally, with narrowly raised basal margin; setiferous punctures on disc and sides very dense and in part confluent, the interspaces between punctures much narrower than half puncture diameter, convex and uneven; postcoxal side occasionally with 1–2 fine oblique carinae along posterior margin; prosternum declining, about half as long as hypomeron; prosternellum triangular, weakly prominent; posterior rim of procoxae only lateral, obliterated in middle; hypomeron flat, with superficial median suture.</p> <p>Scutellar shield isodiametric, tuberculiform, usually with transverse furrow in posterior part.</p> <p>Elytra broadest in middle, with short, narrowly rounded caudal part, moderately convex (Figs. 229, 234); striae with well-defined margins, catenulate-punctate, with punctures and their impressed interspaces of similar length; strial setae short, separated by less than their length; apical connections of striae 4–7 variable, part of them seem to enter either 3 or 8; intervals on elytral disc twice as broad as striae, highly convex and subdivided to low angular tubercles by irregular scratches and furrows, with regular punctures hosting erect setae larger than one-third of interval’s breadth and not horizontal but declining posterad; intervals occasionally with variably disposed additional smaller punctures, specifically on sutural and outermost intervals.</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 251; cubito-anal vein remnants paired, both distinct, the outer one with proximal flag-like expansion; subsequent anal vein (3A) forming a straight, well visible rudiment.</p> <p>Mesoventrite impunctate in middle, with several punctures on each side of horizontal part uncovered by pronotum; mesepimeral sulcus not impressed, as a double confused row of setiferous punctures; intermesocoxal process long, covered with light setae. Metaventrite ca. 1.5 × as long as mesocoxal cavity, entirely punctate and setose; posteriorly with deep median pit (Fig. 236). Abdominal ventrites barely longer than broad; ventrites 3–4 distinctly convex, on declined posterior half in middle with single row of punctures larger from those on ventrites 1–2; ventrite 5 in both sexes broadly rounded apically and gently convex, with punctures partly confluent, much denser than on ventrites 1–2, in middle of anterior part 3–4 × larger than around apical margin, somewhat polygonal.</p> <p>Legs having procoxae clothed with light recumbent setae (Fig. 241). Femora weakly inflated, sparsely clothed with completely appressed white setae, smooth, only on narrowed apex with several large punctures and 1–2 semi- erect setae. Tibiae with sharp outer edge partly obscured by coarse elongate punctures; protibia on inner side with multiplied row of white semi-recumbent setae extending on some 0.7–0.8 of tibia length. Tarsi broad; in the only studied female, protarsomeres 1 and 2 expanded and distinctly broader than in male; basal tarsomere elongate, third one broadly bilobed, 0.6–0.7 × as long as wide, onychium exceeding tarsomere 3 by 0.5–0.6 × length; setose sole well-developed, cream-white (Fig. 239); claws as in Fig. 235.</p> <p>Male. Prorostrum relatively shorter and less flattened. Eyes more convex. Antennae 1.7–1.8 × as long as pronotum. Legs longer and slenderer; profemur 3.3–3.6 × as long as high; protibia longer than pronotum; protarsus 2.7–2.9 × as long as wide, first two tarsomeres subsequently 1.20–1.35 × and 0.90–0.95 × as long as wide, tarsomere 2 with straight narrowing sides (Fig. 238); mucrones short and stout, largely covered by apical tuft of yellowish setae; mucro on mesotibia pointed (Fig. 242), on metatibia widened apicad and truncate (Fig. 243). Abdomen as in Fig. 237, entire coarsely punctate and semi-recumbently setose; combined first two ventrites 1.65–1.70 × as long as ventrites 3+4+5; in middle of ventrites 1–2 the distance between punctures usually not exceeding their double diameter; the last ventrite 2.05–2.15 × as broad as long, with dense punctures, in middle less than half diameter apart. Tergite VII as in Fig. 255. Pygidium markedly convex, with vertical and densely setose apical wall (Figs. 252–254). Sternite VIII deeply emarginate, its lateral lobes connected with a narrow, sclerotized, slightly arched bar (Fig. 250). Spiculum gastrale with broadly open fork and straight or curved apodeme about 2.5 × as long as sternal plate, at border between fork and apodeme with small, tooth-like expansion. Tegminal apodeme longer than forked basal piece; tegminal plate connected with basal piece arms by long and thin sclerotized filaments; tegminal plate 1.7–1.8 × as long as wide, not developed latero-ventrally (Figs. 248, 249), with short and broad sclerotized suprafenestral sclerites and extremely shallow median notch; membranous apical lobes absent; parameral lobes with 9–10 short macrochaetae; fenestrae narrow, closed laterally, medially confluent with a larger transparent field to form jointly Tshaped transparent window, the latter in middle with minute asperities on its membrane; postfenestral plate sharply margined, in middle about twice as long as suprafenestral sclerites, laterally confluent with broadly sclerotized fenestral sector; prostegium with narrow transparent median stripe and broader sclerotized sides extended into long, tapering tails. Penile apodemes slightly longer than pedon, bent in middle and weakly expanded apicad (Fig. 247); tectum broad and evenly weakly sclerotized, apically broadly triangular; pedon about 3 × as long as wide, gently widening from base to the level of orifice, then abruptly rounded and extended into long and narrow median process (Fig. 245), in profile regularly arched and narrowed (Fig. 247); endophallus in repose projecting between apodemes, not exceeding beyond their apices, irregularly finely microspinose on whole length, with indefinite transfer apparatus consisting of several differently shaped and poorly sclerotized parts, including paired round small sclerotizations closest to the gonopore, subterminal large falciform sclerotization, and unshaped, densely microspinose fields close to pedon base (Fig. 246); inside pedon basally with a pair of longitudinal poorly sclerotized lamellae (Fig. 245); endophallus without typical frena and other well defined sclerites; ejaculatory duct relatively thick, entering endophallus terminally.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum more elongate, its narrowed apical portion longer and more flattened. Eyes hardly protruding from dorsal head outline (Fig. 257). Antennae 1.6 × as long as pronotum. Pronotum stronger and somewhat irregularly convex, highest behind its mid-length (Fig. 256). Legs shorter; profemur 2.9 × as long as high; protibia shorter than pronotum; protarsus 2.6 × as long as wide; first protarsomere isodiametric, expanded and with rounded lateral margins, second tarsomere only 0.65 × as long as wide and almost equally as broad as bi-lobed tarsomere 3 (Fig. 260). Abdomen as in Fig. 264, with much finer pilosity and punctuation; ventrites 1+2 1.55 × as long as ventrites 3+4+5; in middle of ventrites 1–2 the distance between punctures mostly exceeding 3–4 combined puncture diameters; ventrite 5 slightly longer, 1.9 × as broad as long. Tergite VII trapeziform, with the sclerotized part twice as broad as long (Fig. 265). Tergite VIII slightly longer than broad, narrowed and rounded in apical half, with continuous apical sclerotization extended basad along lateral margins, in middle of apical part with small, circular transparent window (Fig. 266). Spiculum ventrale as in Fig. 267, with narrowly triangular sternal plate and long apodeme. Bursal membrane in distal part regularly covered with rows of transverse microplates (Fig. 261). Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 262.</p> <p>Biology. Unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. North-eastern R.S.A. (Fig. 295).</p> <p>Etymology. The new species is fondly dedicated to Ruth Müller, a great enthusiast of South African nature, experienced coleopterist, long-standing curator of entomological collections at the former Transvaal Museum of South Africa, and the collector of the holotype.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E86ACD75FF6B2B26FD546BE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E86FCD6AFF6B29DBFCF16FD9.text	A40A5638E86FCD6AFF6B29DBFCF16FD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomidius magdaloides Wanat 2021	<div><p>Lepanomidius magdaloides sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 268–288, 296)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♀ (labels as in Fig. 288): a) Malvern / Natal 7.97/8441., b) beating/ Umhlatuzane R. [both handwritten], c) Captured /by G. A. K. Marshall, d) Brit. Mus./1946-272 [both printed], e) type label by M. Wanat (BMNH) [KwaZulu-Natal: Durban, collected in 1897; original mounting, not dissected]. Paratypes (5 ♀): Kwa- Zulu-Natal: a) S. Africa. / R. E. Turner. / Brit. Mus. /1926–277, b) Zululand:/ Gingindhlovu / 9. VI.1926. (1 ♀, BMNH); a) Umtentveni / Natal 7.7.53 [handwritten], b) Museum Frey / München (2 ♀, NMB). Eastern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5065&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6552" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5065/lat -31.6552)">Silaka Reserve</a>, beach &amp; sea shore, -31.6552 / 29.5065, 0-5 m, 1.12.2019, leg. M. Wanat (1 ♀, MWC). Western Cape: Tsitsikamma N. P., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.6018&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9484" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.6018/lat -33.9484)">Bloukrans Indig. Forest</a>, - 33.9484S / 23.6018E, 260 m, 23.11.2013, leg. M. Wanat (1 ♀, MWC).</p> <p>Remark. Unluckily, only six females were known hitherto in this undoubtedly sexually reproducing species, hence its placement in Lepanomidius is provisional, based primarily on the nature of dorsal vestiture, short and stout rostrum, structure of prothorax and arrangement of elytral striae, all characters shared with L. ruthmuellerae sp. n. However, considering several other external characters and, specifically, significant differences in female terminalia, L. magdaloides sp. n. may well represent a distinct new genus.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Characteristic bi-colored, compact, medium-sized species, with intensely red elytra contrasting with piceous-black remaining parts of body (Fig. 269). Erect setation as in L. ruthmuellerae sp. n. but present also on femora and the most outer elytral intervals, in both cases not accompanied or replaced with recumbent clothing. Rostrum much shorter than pronotum and 1.8– 2.1 × as long as wide, in dorsal view gently narrowing from base to apex, in profile subparallel-sided, not flattened apically nor chisel-like. Head transversely rectangular in dorsal outline due to small, prominent eyes and short temples; epifrons at most with indefinite, simple median fovea; gular sector between eyes entirely rough, with irregularly transverse elongate asperities, impunctate. Antennae 0.50–0.55 × as long as elytra, thin. Pronotum trilobate, with anterior constriction much deeper than posterior one; basal fourth of pronotum parallel-sided, with barely prominent corners and 2–3 setae protruding perpendicularly to body axis. Scutellar shield very small, not prominent. Elytral intervals gently convex and smooth; punctures hosting setae small, not larger than single ommatidium. Tarsi narrow, with tarsomere 1 subtrunctate and tarsomere 3 at least 1.5 × as broad as shallowly emarginate tarsomere 2.</p> <p>Description (female). Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. Erect setae short and thin, on elytral intervals exclusively light, arranged in a regular row, spread in distances longer than their length and shorter than the interval’s breadth; on pronotum and head setae shorter, semi-erect and forward-directed; femora and outer side of tibiae with sparse semi-erect setae as long as on elytra. Elytra with darker red sutural and two outer intervals.</p> <p>Morphological indices (♀, n=4): rl/pl: 0.68–0.71; rl/mxrw: 1.81–2.11; scl/msrw: 0.63–0.70; msrw/mtrw: 0.98–1.07; msrw/arw: 1.05–1.15; msrw/minrw: 1.08–1.15; msrw/eyl: 0.92–1.00; brl/eyl: 0.71–0.80; eyl/hl: 0.61–0.73; frw/mtrw: 0.84–0.98; hl/hw: 0.61–0.71; mpw/hw: 1.34–1.50; bpw/apw: 1.15–1.22; pl/mpw: 1.01– 1.07; mew/mpw: 1.69–1.81; el/pl: 2.49–2.76; el/mew: 1.51–1.57; mew/bew: 1.15–1.21; bew/mpw: 1.45–1.49; pft/msrw: 1.04–1.14; ptbl/pl: 0.90–0.98; ptbl/ptbmw: 5.76–6.36.</p> <p>Rostrum inserted slightly above middle of head profile (Fig. 276), widened at base, dorsally shiny and finely punctate except on extreme base (Fig. 274); punctures on underside of prorostrum and septum of scrobes largest, bearing some ruffled setae (Fig. 275); punctures on sides of metarostrum vanishing and partly replaced with asperities; scrobes impressed only near antennal pits, then superficial and vanishing on front part of head, their septum gently convex, in profile visible at most as obsolescent swelling.</p> <p>Head strongly transverse; eyes small and markedly convex; epifrons weakly elevating posterad, flat, only slightly narrower than metarostrum, with punctures larger than single ommatidium, in middle usually with variably expressed and shaped superficial fovea; vertex gently convex, with coarse punctures less than half diameter apart, punctuation sharply bordered very shortly behind eyes; temples with a single row of setiferous punctures along eye margin, setae curved anterad, covering eye with their apical parts; ventral outline often slightly angulate in profile due to markedly convex gular sector between eyes.</p> <p>Antennae 1.25–1.45 × as long as pronotum (Fig. 273), inserted at basal 0.32–0.36 length; scape and funicle slender; finely protrudingly setose, as all club segments; length/width ratio: scape 3.0–3.2, fun1 2.5–2.6, fun2 1.9–2.1, fun3 1.8–1.9, fun6 1.15–1.25, fun7 1.10–1.25, club 3.8–4.2; length of scape/fun1 1.35–1.40, fun1/fun2 1.25–1.30, fun3 0.65–0.70 × as long as fun1, fun5 slightly shorter than fun4, 6, 7; club elongate fusiform, distinctly pseudotetramerous, about as long as 5 distal funicular segments combined.</p> <p>Pronotum barely longer than broad, with subapical and sub-basal constrictions in 0.25–0.30 of length, between them distinctly rounded and convex (Fig. 271); disc flattened subapically and sub-basally, densely punctate, punctures as large as ca. 3 combined ommatidia, the interspaces between them as broad as half a punctures diameter or narrower, convex, microreticulate; prescutellar fovea indistinct, long but shallower than punctures and often irregular, occasionally almost completely reduced; transverse sub-basal line discernible, partially vanishing on disc, extended to pronotal sides; basal corners rectangular or slightly widening outwards, with short protruding setae; prosternum at least 3 × shorter than hypomeron, convex; posterior rim of procoxae complete; prosternellum prominent; hypomeron flat behind coxal rim, with no trace of median suture.</p> <p>Elytra broadly rounded apically; markedly convex (Figs. 269, 270); striae with blunt margins, catenulate punctate, with small setiferous punctures separated by longer, impressed interspaces and surrounded by round cuticular chambers, in oblique view visible through integument as joining darker circles; setae in striae hardly discernible, well separated from each other; no trace of subhumeral remnant of stria 10 (Fig. 278); apical strial junctions as in Fig. 279, inner striae 4–7 varying apically and expressing nearly all possible patterns of apical connections/disconnections; intervals on elytral disc 3–4 × as broad as striae, convex, with regular row of small punctures bearing erect setae, even, irregularly finely scratched.</p> <p>Wing as in Fig. 277; radial window vestigial; cubito-anal vein remnant single, simple and poorly sclerotized; subsequent anal vein (3A) obsolescent.</p> <p>Mesoventrite almost straight-angled in profile, largely impunctate, with several setae at base of intercoxal process; anapleural sutures discernible; mesepimeral sulcus shallow, without sharp margins, as a row of setiferous punctures confusedly multiplied in upper part. Septum of mesocoxae broader than in L. ruthmuellerae sp. n. Metaventrite 1.4 × as long as mesocoxal cavity, distinctly convex, entirely punctate and shortly setose (Fig. 280), setae semi-erect in middle, semi-recumbent on sides; base of raised intermesocoxal process impressed; intermetacoxal process with large and deep pit. Abdomen as long as wide (Fig. 281); ventrites 1+2 about 1.8 × as long as ventrites 3+4+5; ventrites 3–4 flat, with punctures smaller than on ventrites 1–2, in two or three confused rows; ventrite 5 sub-truncate apically, ca. 3 × as broad as long, flattened in middle, with punctuation in middle finer and sparser than on sides; punctures on first two ventrites about 2–3 combined puncture diameters apart, interspaces finely microreticulate; ventrite 1 in middle with some raised wrinkles broken and obscured by punctuation; setae on abdominal ventrites evenly disposed, fine and sparse, semi-recumbent.</p> <p>Femora clavate, with elongate narrowed base, clothed with sparse erect setae on ventral side; profemur 2.5–2.7 × as long as high, smooth and not evidently punctate. Tibiae with obtuse outer margin, finely punctate, with sparse semi-recumbent setae along inner margin and inconspicuous apical tuft. Tarsi short but narrow; protarsus 2.5–2.7 × as long as wide (Fig. 272), first tarsomere, 1.6–1.7 ×, second tarsomere 0.9 × as long as wide, both weakly widening distad, the first one barely emarginate; third tarsomere 1.5–1.7 × broader than second one; onychium exceeding tarsomere 3 by 0.4–0.5 × length; claws as in Fig. 268.</p> <p>Tergite VII softly sclerotized, strongly transverse and broadly rounded (Fig. 282). Tergite VIII about twice as broad as long, rectangular in shape, with continuous weak sclerotization on half length (Fig. 283). Spiculum ventrale with large, transverse, anchor-shaped sternal plate, as broad as about 1.3 × length of short apodeme (Fig. 284). Genital sheath of ovipositor composed of fine, transparent membrane. Coxite sub-rectangular, only 2.2 × as long as wide, truncate apically and with short basal prominence, evenly sclerotized and punctate throughout (Fig. 285). Styli attached obliquely to coxites, narrow and cylindrical, 2.5 × as long as wide, shortly setose apically. Bursa simply membranous, unilobed. Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 286 (in Fig. 287 more slender after its intact contents had been released to water through the hole in corpus appeared during preparation), without prominences on corpus, spermathecal duct short and thin; spermathecal gland variably shaped depending on its osmotic state.</p> <p>Biology. Unknown. Collected by the author from in a tall wet forest (Tsitsikamma) and from the coastal beach shrubby vegetation (Silaka).</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern R.S.A. (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape) (Fig. 296).</p> <p>Etymology. The name reflects the overall similarity in body and rostrum shape to the curculionid genus Mag- dalis Germar, in particular to its subgenus Edo Germar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E86FCD6AFF6B29DBFCF16FD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E873CD6DFF6B2D73FA6E6933.text	A40A5638E873CD6DFF6B2D73FA6E6933.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apioninae Schoenherr 1823	<div><p>Key to the basal genera of South African Apioninae</p> <p>[supplementary diagnostic information added in square brackets]</p> <p>1 Elytral suture sinuately distorted apically due to development of a pocket-like apical elytral lock; sutural slot on left elytron open; striae joining apically according to the 1+2+9 or (1+9) (2+8) formula, never with longer remains of stria 10 separate from stria 9. Procoxae conical, without dentiform process limiting rotation of trochanter. Mesoventral and metaventral processes separating mesocoxae of similar length or both reduced and not meeting............... derived Apioninae (tribe Apionini)</p> <p>- Elytral suture straight and not modified apically, sutural slot on left elytron closed (Fig. 138); striae joining apically in a different way. Procoxae pyriform, pro- and mesocoxae with variably developed dentiform process limiting rotation of trochanter (Fig. 201). Mesocoxal septum complete, consisting mainly of mesoventral process at least twice as long as metaventral process................................................................................................. 2</p> <p>2 Procoxal cavities fully separated by flattened process of prosternum joining prosternellum. Procoxae not or slightly projecting beyond prothorax outline in lateral view. [Body broad and flattened. Elytral striae mostly confused and apically not connecting. On cycad genus Encephalartos]......................................................................... 3</p> <p>- Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae strongly projecting beyond prothorax outline in lateral view.................... 4</p> <p>3 Rostrum in male over 2.5 × as long as wide, in female over 2 × as long as pronotum. Profemora in males with angular protuberance on ventral side, usually covered with dense light setae. Protibiae without outer apical teeth............................................................................................................. Antliarhis Billberg</p> <p>- Rostrum in male less than twice as long as wide, in female not longer than pronotum. Profemora in males even and bare ventrally, globose on dorsal side. Protibiae modified apically, double-toothed on outer edge............................................................................................................... Platymerus Schoenherr</p> <p>4 Fore femora enlarged (bizarre in males), on whole length with multiple rows of numerous small tubercles varying in height. Bi-lobed tarsomere 3 of all legs enlarged and encompassing onychium, the latter with a pair of straight dorsal setae, close to each other and projecting far beyond claws. [Body length&gt; 4.5 mm].......................... Mecolenus Schoenherr</p> <p>- Fore femora not or only slightly enlarged, at most with a few small spines close to knee or unarmed. Tarsal onychium distinctly protruding from not conspicuously enlarged tarsomere 3, without forward-projecting paired setae or with setae broadly separated and not surpassing apex of onychium................................................................. 5</p> <p>5 Body 6.5–9.0 mm long, flattened, strongly elongate. Pronotum with a peculiar, very short basal flange, which is retracted on sides and much narrower than rounded sides of pronotal disc. All tibiae clearly shorter than pronotum. [In inflorescences of several Protea spp.]..................................................................... Tanaos Schoenherr</p> <p>- Body smaller (1.4–5.0 mm), not distinctly flattened. Pronotum subcylindrical, its basal flange absent or ill-defined and not retracted. Tibiae not shorter than pronotum................................................................. 6</p> <p>6 Pronotal disc coarsely tuberculate, lacking punctures........................................ Apiomorphus Wagner</p> <p>- Pronotal disc entirely or in part with punctures.............................................................. 7</p> <p>7 Elytra 9-striate, stria 10 entirely absent; striae joining apically 1+9, 2+7, stria 8 apically free, ending far before elytral apex. Antennal scape as long as about 0.7 of funicle. [On Brabejum (Proteaceae)]................... Setapion Balfour-Browne</p> <p>- Elytra with at least apical portion of stria 10 present, striae joining apically (1+10)+(2+9), stria 8 not shortened apically. Antennal scape not longer than half of funicle, usually much shorter................................................. 8</p> <p>8 Head, pronotum and elytra with moderately dense vestiture consisting of appressed whitish hair-like scales, on elytra present in one row within striae and 1–2 confused rows on intervals, not aggregated in fasciae. Epifrons between eyes with 3 low keels. Pronotum 1.28–1.35 × as long as wide. [Erect setae absent. Subhumeral portion of the 10 th elytral stria present.].............................................................................................. Turnerapion gen. n.</p> <p>- Body naked, setose, or with irregular patches of recumbent hair-like scales accompanied with long erect setae on whole body. Epifrons between eyes glabrous, punctate or irregularly sulcate. Pronotum 1.1–1.2 × as long as wide................... 9</p> <p>9 Antennae long: all segments of funicle elongate, club loose. Apical setal tufts on tibiae uniform...................... 10</p> <p>- Antennae short, at least three distal funicular segments isodiametric or transverse, club compact.Apical setal tufts on tibiae with a pair of outstanding white setae.................................................. Afrotibicina Alonso-Zarazaga</p> <p>10 Head, pronotum, elytra and legs with numerous erect setae, on tibiae protruding from outer margin................... 11</p> <p>- Erect setation missing except for several minute specialized setae on elytral intervals. [Elytra usually bi-colored, each black with a red stripe on intervals 4–6. On Apodytes dimidiata.].................................... Apodytapion gen. n.</p> <p>11 Erect setae very long, partly ruffled and varying in length, usually at least 2–3 × longer than breadth of elytral intervals, on pronotum and head mostly forward-directed. Appressed pilosity on pronotum and elytral intervals absent. Subhumeral portion of the 10 th elytral stria present. Rostrum thin, in profile subparallel-sided. Male protibia with mucro....................................................................................................... Rhynchitapion gen. n.</p> <p>- Erect setae shorter, on elytra at most 1.5 × as long as breadth of interval or, if longer, accompanied with recumbent pilosity. Subhumeral portion of the 10 th elytral stria absent. Rostrum short and stout. Male protibia without mucro.............. 12</p> <p>12 Elytra red with darkened sutural and marginal intervals, well contrasting with piceous-black rest of body. Erect setae on elytra all light and fine, slightly shorter than breadth of interval. Appressed pilosity absent. Rostrum profile in female subparallelsided. [Femora with protruding setae.].......................................... Lepanomidius magdaloides sp. n.</p> <p>- Body uniformly dark testaceous to piceous-black, or elytra with transverse crescentic flavescent mark. Erect setae on elytra longer than breadth of interval. Appressed pilosity present at least on outermost intervals and pronotum sides. Rostrum profile tapering in both sexes................................................................................. 13</p> <p>13 Body piceous-black with flavescent markings on elytra. Elytral clothing consisting of appressed hair-like scales arranged in irregular patches and mixed dark and light erect setae bifid or truncate apically. Pronotum densely covered with appressed hairlike scales; prescutellar fovea distinct. Rostrum short, 1.3–1.5 × as long as wide and 0.60–0.65 × as long as pronotum, in profile with tooth-like ventral prominence. Femora with numerous sub-erect setae. Body length &lt;3.6 mm................................................................................................... Lepanomus Balfour-Browne</p> <p>- Body uniformly dark testaceous to piceous-black, without markings. Elytra and pronotum with inconspicuous, evenly distributed appressed pilosity only on sides; erect setae thin, pointed apically. Pronotal prescutellar fovea obsolescent. Rostrum longer, 2.2–2.6 × as long as wide and 0.8–0.9 × as long as pronotum, in profile gently angulate ventrally. Femora only with appressed pilosity. Body length&gt;4.0 mm.......................................................... Lepanomidius gen. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E873CD6DFF6B2D73FA6E6933	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E876CD6FFF6B2A71FAE569EB.text	A40A5638E876CD6FFF6B2A71FAE569EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apiomorphini Legalov 2018	<div><p>Apiomorphini Legalov, 2018</p> <p>Genus included: Apiomorphus Wagner, 1912.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body asetose or with simple erect setae. Temples and genae only transversely wrinkled, impunctate. Antennal scrobes foveiform, lateral. Antennae inserted on rostrum sub-basally, shorter than half length of elytra; scape as long as three proximal-most funicular segments combined; two most distal segments of funicle barely elongate or transverse; antennal club compact. Pronotal disc tuberculate. Subhumeral portion of separate elytral stria 10 present, apical portion absent or present, striae joining apically 1+9, 2+7, stria 8 free apically (e.g., Apiomorphus eximius (Beguin-Billecocq), A. oberprieleri Alonso-Zarazaga) or striae joining (1+10)+(2+9), 3+4, 5+6, 7+8 (e.g., A. mar- shalli Balfour-Browne). Front legs weakly enlarged. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae strongly prominent, anteriorly with a transverse subapical rim. Mesocoxae narrowly separated (less than 0.15 width of coxa). Dentiform process of pro- and mesocoxae tooth-like. Trochanters short, broader than long. Femora with several spines (reduced in some species or even individuals within a species). Tibiae with sharp outer edge, lacking outwardly erect setae. Tarsi unmodified; basal protarsomere 1 emarginate.</p> <p>Male: all tibiae with mucrones; pygidium with tongue-like internal process and anterior apodemes; membrane of tergite VII with median pocket-like invagination; sternite VIII evenly sclerotized, with extremely short lobes; membrane between sternites VIII and IX without small sclerites; endophallic frena absent or present (A. marshalli); endophallus with transfer apparatus composed of paired long sclerites (A. marshalli) or more complex.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E876CD6FFF6B2A71FAE569EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E877CD6EFF6B2D59FDF46A72.text	A40A5638E877CD6EFF6B2D59FDF46A72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchitapiini Wanat 2021	<div><p>Rhynchitapiini trib. n.</p> <p>Type genus: Rhynchitapion gen. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body with long, simple erect setae. Temples and genae punctate, not transversely wrinkled. Antennal scrobes sulciform, latero-ventral. Antennae inserted on rostrum near middle, much longer than half length of elytra; scape shorter than 2 proximal segments of funicle combined; all funicular segments elongate; antennal club long and loose. Pronotal disc punctate. Subhumeral and apical portions of elytral stria 10 present, striae joining in a formula (1+10)+(2+9). Front legs not enlarged. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae prominent, anteriorly without a transverse subapical rim. Mesocoxae narrowly separated (less than 0.15 width of coxa). Dentiform process of pro- and mesocoxae low and obtuse. Trochanters elongate (up to 2 × as long as wide). Femora unarmed. Tibiae lacking sharp edges, with long erect setae on outer side. Tarsi unmodified; protarsomere 1 subtruncate or rounded apically.</p> <p>Male: all tibiae with mucrones; membrane of tergite VII without median pocket-like invagination; pygidium with a tongue-like internal process, lacking anterior apodemes; sternite VIII carinate, with well-developed lobes; membrane between sternites VIII and IX with a pair of small sclerites; endophallic frena present, modified; additional sclerites present or absent.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E877CD6EFF6B2D59FDF46A72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E877CD61FF6B2FD4FD5F6D51.text	A40A5638E877CD61FF6B2FD4FD5F6D51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apodytapiini Wanat 2021	<div><p>Apodytapiini trib. n.</p> <p>Type genus: Apodytapion gen. n.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body naked. Temples and genae punctate, not transversely wrinkled. Antennal scrobes sulciform, lateroventral. Antennal insertion on rostrum submedian; antennae much longer than half length of elytra; scape shorter than 2 proximal segments of funicle combined; all funicular segments elongate; antennal club long and loose. Pronotal disc punctate. Subhumeral portion of elytral stria 10 absent, apical portion present, striae joining in a formula (1+10)+(2+9). Front legs not enlarged. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae prominent, anteriorly without a transverse subapical rim. Mesocoxae narrowly separated (less than 0.15 of coxa breadth). Dentiform process of pro- and mesocoxae low and obtuse. Trochanters shortly elongate (ca. 1.5 × as long as wide). Femora unarmed. Tibiae lacking sharp edges and erect setae on outer side. Tarsi unmodified, protarsomere 1 subtruncate.</p> <p>Male: only mid and hind tibiae with mucrones; membrane of tergite VII without median pocket-like invagination; pygidium with a tongue-like internal process and anterior apodemes; sternite VIII carinate, with well-developed lobes; membrane between sternites VIII and IX lacking additional sclerites; endophallic frena absent, endophallus with paired weakly sclerotized laminae.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E877CD61FF6B2FD4FD5F6D51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
A40A5638E878CD60FF6B28FAFBDA6D75.text	A40A5638E878CD60FF6B28FAFBDA6D75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepanomini Wanat 2021	<div><p>Lepanomini trib. n.</p> <p>Type genus: Lepanomus Balfour-Browne, 1945</p> <p>Genus included: Lepanomidius n. gen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body with simple erect setae (Lepanomidius) or vestiture dual: truncate erect setae + appressed setae (Lepanomus). Temples and genae punctate, not transversely wrinkled. Antennal scrobes sulciform, latero-ventral. Antennae inserted on rostrum in its basal third, distinctly longer than half length of elytra; scape shorter than 2 proximal segments of funicle combined; three most distal funicular segments barely elongate or transverse; antennal club long and loose. Pronotal disc punctate. Subhumeral portion of elytral stria 10 absent, apically striae joining in a formula (1+10)+(2+9). Front legs not enlarged. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Procoxae prominent, anteriorly without transverse subapical rim. Mesocoxae narrowly separated (less than 0.15 width of coxa). Dentiform process of pro- and mesocoxae low and obtuse. Trochanters shortly elongate (less than 1.5 × as long as wide). Femora unarmed. Tibiae lacking sharp edges, with long erect setae on outer side. Tarsi unmodified; protarsomere 1 subtruncate or emarginate.</p> <p>Male: mucrones present on mid and hind tibiae; membrane of tergite VII without median pocket-like invagination; pygidium lacking tongue-like internal process, with long anterior apodemes; sternite VIII carinate, with welldeveloped lobes; membrane between sternites VIII and IX without additional sclerites; typical endophallic frena absent, additional sclerites present.</p> <p>All the above tribes represent an ancient fauna of Apioninae, currently restricted in its distribution to the southern hemisphere. Poorly diverse taxonomically, the tribes often comprise single genera that are markedly divergent morphologically. They well conform to the overall idea of the Apionidae phylogeny presented by Wanat (2001), although with a limited taxon sampling. In the phylogenetic trees obtained for Brentidae sensu lato, all the subgroups of derived apionines were resolved in the clade Apionitae + Aspidapiitae, later merged by Bouchard et al. (2011) and Alonso-Zarazaga &amp; Wanat (2014). The latter decision was subsequently corroborated in molecular phylogenetic analyses performed by Winter et al. (2017). Contrary to the morphologically well-defined supertribe Apionitae in the current sense, supported by non-homoplastic synapomorphies like the pocket-like lock of the elytral suture at the apex or the wrinkled and thin-walled spermatheca, all the remaining apionid lineages studied by Wanat (2001) are much weaker and more ambiguously supported by homoplasies. They largely form a grade on the phylogenetic tree, particularly in its basal region. Therefore, they were given the same taxonomic rank as the current Apionitae, to comply with the rules of cladistic classification. This resulted in a division of Apioninae of the current rank into 6 more supertribes (subfamilies in Wanat, 2001). That major division of the Apioninae was clearly considered temporary in 2001, knowing that some relevant basal genera could not be sufficiently studied, and others remained then undescribed.</p> <p>The three new genera described herein together with Lepanomus Balf. -Br., require tribes of their own, based on remarkable morphological differences. This decision increases the problem of imbalance in the Apioninae supertribal classification. Considering the mosaic distribution of many relevant characters between newly added ‘primitive tribes’, as well as the previously unstudied genera Afrotibicina and Setapion, it becomes evident that newly described genera and tribes cannot be simply incorporated into the existing supertribes. It concerns both the African basal taxa, and some other genera from remaining Austral Gondwanan refuges, like the New Zealand Zelapterus Kuschel, Strobilobius Kuschel and Cecidophyus Kuschel, and South American Noterapion Kissinger and Chilapion Kissinger. They represent relict apionine clades and cannot be simply assigned either to Rhadinocybitae or Apionitae, because of remarkable sets of plesiotypic morphological characters, and lack of autapomorphies of these two supertribes. One more such problematic relictual genus yet to be described occurs in Madagascar, and another one in Tasmania (Wanat, unpublished obs.). In the current stage of knowledge, the most reasonable solution concerning the higher classification of the Apioninae seems to abandon the provisional supertribal division proposed by Wanat (2001), at least until a comprehensive combined morphological and molecular phylogeny of the Apioninae has been carried out. An example of a similar approach was recently given by Alonso-Zarazaga et al (2017) in the catalogue of the Palaearctic Curculionoidea, and I follow this approach in the present study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40A5638E878CD60FF6B28FAFBDA6D75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek	Wanat, Marek (2021): New basal taxa of South African Apioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Brentidae). Zootaxa 5035 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5035.1.1
