taxonID	type	description	language	source
A458FF36FFC47C566D5D61D876ACF90B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Hooper & Maldonado 2002) Massive, lamellate stalked-palmate, or paddle-shaped sponges, with a relatively smooth, granular, or fleshy, slightly conulose surface. Ectosomal skeleton a skin-like membrane packed with microstrongyles. Choanosomal skeletal architecture a core of megascleres, which are straight, curved, sinuous, or contort oxeas, frequently modified with one or both ends rounded as in strongyloxeas. These radiate through the stalk and fan. Straight oxeas arise as short subectosomal tracts that emerge oblique to the surface. Roughened microstrongyles or microxeas and streptasters (amphiasters, metasters, and spirasters) scattered throughout the body.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C566D5D61D876ACF90B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Lamellomorpha strongylata Bergquist, 1968 (by monotypy).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C566E506621770BFBD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Cárdenas et al. 2011)	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C566E506621770BFBD4.taxon	discussion	Astrophorina with calthrops, short-shafted triaenes or long-shafted triaenes, in addition to large oxeas and contort or sinuous strongyloxeas. Aster microscleres include several categories of streptasters (spirasters, metasters, amphiasters, and plesiasters). Monaxonic spicules consist of one to three categories of spiny microxeas or microstrongyles.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 2, 6; Tables 1 – 2	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Northeast of Three Kings Islands, NZOI Station B 93; 33.983 ° S, 172.350 ° E; depth 54 – 109 m; 22 Oct. 1958; NIWA 356 (NZOI H – 33) leg.; beam trawl; UPSZTY 178600 (a piece of the holotype preserved in 70 % ethanol, as well as a spicule preparation), NIWA. Other material examined NEW ZEALAND – Northeast of Three Kings Islands, NIWA Station Z 9678 (KAH 9901 / 27); 34.360 ° S, 172.712 ° E; depth 48 m; 26 Jan. 1999; NIWA 51169 and 51172 leg.; UPSZMC 178601 (fragment of NIWA 51172 leg. preserved in 70 % ethanol), NIWA • Northeast of Three Kings Islands, NIWA Station Z 9686 (KAH 9901 / 43); 34.361 ° S, 172.686 ° E; depth 48 m; 27 Jan. 1999; NIWA 51267 leg.; UPSZMC 178603 (fragment preserved in 70 % ethanol), NIWA • Northeast of Three Kings Islands, NIWA Station Z 9699 (KAH 9901 / 67); 34.360 ° S, 172.673 ° E; depth 41 m; 28 Jan. 1999; NIWA 51438 leg.; NIWA • Northeast of Three Kings Islands, NIWA Station Z 9710 (KAH 9901 / 85); 34.353 ° S, 172.765 ° E; depth 54 m; 28 Jan. 1999; NIWA 51582 leg.; dredge; NIWA • Three Kings Islands, 2.5 nm east of Great Island, NIWA Station Z 15944; 34.170 ° S, 172.210 ° E; depth 200 m; 16 Apr. 1999; CRRF, NIWA 93474 leg.; dredge; NIWA • Spirits Bay, Northland, NIWA Station KAH 0606 / D 3; 34.36 ° S, 172.847 ° E; 15 May 2005; NIWA 52375 leg.; dredge; NIWA. • Middlesex Bank, Three Kings Rise, NIWA Station TAN 1105 / 43; 33.988 ° S, 171.751 ° E; depth 170 – 174 m; 28 Mar. 2011; NIWA 73243, 73253 leg.; beam trawl; NIWA • Western Continental Slope, Northland, NZOI Station J 954 (I 808); 34.633 ° S, 172.225 ° E; depth 204 – 192 m; 18 Jun. 1981; collected by rock dredge; specimen now lost, donated by Dame P. R. Bergquist to Dr P. Karuso, Macquarie University, Sydney.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	description	Description The holotype was described by Bergquist (1968) as a “ massive, thick, sometimes folded and incurved lamellate sponge ”, 130 mm high, 102 mm wide, and 18 – 22 mm thick, supported by a stout stalk 30 mm in diameter. The surface was described as smooth where the dermal membrane was intact, otherwise ragged due to projecting clumps of oxeas and strongyles. Oscules, 1 – 2.6 mm in diameter, were found on the convex surface of the lamella and lie flush with the surface (Bergquist 1968). Examination of the numerous preserved specimens in NIC reveal occasional membranous oscules, but it is difficult to tell whether they are restricted to one side of the sponge. However, in the holotype, pores were observed on the opposite side to the oscules, in cribriporal areas, separated by small ridges, or with no boundaries, making a continuous pore surface; each pore is 40 – 80 µm in diameter. The texture was described as, “ firm but compressible, crisp, easily broken ”. The colour in life was described as “ bright green ” and the colour in spirit, “ blue green or yellowish green ” (Bergquist 1968). The most recent collection was by the Coral Reef Research Foundation in 1999 (NIWA 93474 leg.; Fig. 2 A), who described a “ dark, royal blue (not navy blue), (palmate) fan sponge with pointed tips, 20 cm high and about 1 cm thick, that tears easily, and which has a fleshy surface ”. Skeleton The description by Bergquist (1968) of the choanosome as “ lax and confused with slight traces of radiate construction discernible ”, is accurate, but in NIWA 93474 leg. the contort strongyles strongly radiate through the plane of the fan. Bergquist described a “ subectosomal region ”, in which there were tracts of megascleres, variable in thickness, that curved outward and intersect with the surface at an acute angle; in NIWA 93474 leg. these are predominantly oxeas (Fig. 6 A). The ectosome is densely packed with microstrongyles and streptasters, which also occur throughout the sponge, but in much less abundance. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Table 1; Fig. 2 D) Bergquist (1968) considered the megascleres of L. strongylata (Bergquist 1968: 31, 32 (table of spicule dimensions )) to be “ strongyles, oxeas and strongyloxeas ”, all of similar range in length and width, varying only in relative frequency in the two specimens (presumably the Three Kings holotype and the NZOI Station B 176 specimen from Campbell Plateau), with oxeas being dominant in the latter. Re-examination of the holotype megascleres, and those of more recent collections, indicate that there are probably two forms of megascleres: 1) straight to slightly curved oxeas that are common in the subectosomal tracts, ranging from about 1500 – 1750 µm long and up to 25 µm thick; and 2) massive sinuous or contort oxeas that are usually very thick and frequently modified with one or both ends rounded as in strongyloxeas, rarely as in true strongyles, ranging from about 1600 – 2375 µm long and up to 40 µm thick. However, it is difficult to distinguish the various megascleres in some specimens, and in some the spicules are much less contort. MICROSCLERES (Table 2; Fig. 2 C – F) Microstrongyles are “ squat, evenly rounded spicules, slightly roughened and occasionally centrotylote ” (Bergquist 1968: 31, 32 (table of spicule dimensions )) and range from about 21 – 34 µm long (Table 2). Bergquist described the streptaster microscleres of L. strongylata (Bergquist 1968: 31, 32 (table of spicule dimensions )) as “ plesiasters, small spicules with 3 – 12 smooth, sharply pointed rays ”. A reexamination of the holotype (Fig. 2 E – F) using scanning electron microscopy has revealed that the streptaster microscleres are metasters and occasionally amphiasters with relatively long microspined rays, all in one size category, following the definition of Sollas (1888), and as used in Cárdenas & Rapp (2012). We describe these spicules as metaster- to amphiaster-like streptasters with heavily spined, relatively long rays in one size category, ranging in length from about 7 – 15 µm long (Table 2).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northeast of New Zealand.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached to rocky reefs and sediment and rubble-covered rocky platforms, depth 41 – 200 m.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	description	DNA barcodes COI. NIWA 51172 leg. (minibarcode, MK 033624) and NIWA 51267 leg. (MK 033623): no bp differences. 28 S (C 1 - C 2). NIWA 51172 leg. (MK 033143) and NIWA 51267 leg. (MK 033142): no bp differences. We failed to get sequences from the holotype.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC47C5B6D1563BF74C2FC9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Lamellomorpha strongylata was originally described in considerable detail by Bergquist (1968), and the holotype was redescribed without re-examination more recently by Hooper & Maldonado (2002). No further material was examined. Here, for the first time, we illustrate the sponge as it appears upon collection, showing the beautiful royal blue colouration (Fig. 2 A), and illustrate the detail and ornamentation of the microscleres (Fig. 2 C – F) using scanning electron microscopy. There is little to add to the original description, consequently the description and skeletal details are provided in comparative prose. Lamellomorpha strongylata is restricted to the northernmost tip of New Zealand and beyond to the Three Kings Rise, and is easily recognised in the field by the palmate, tree-like shape and the deep blue to green colouration.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 A 7459 B 3 - 0 FBA- 441 B- 806 C- 7 C 988075843 A Figs 1, 3, 6; Tables 1 – 2	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for the Chatham Rise and Subantarctic New Zealand distribution of this species (‘ australis ’, south, Latin).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Bounty Platform, NZOI Station A 751; 47.743 ° S, 179.124 ° E; depth 155 m; 16 Nov. 1962; NIWA 89736 leg.; Agassiz medium trawl; UPSZTY 178605 (a small piece of the holotype preserved in 70 % ethanol, as well as a spicule preparation), NIWA. Paratypes NEW ZEALAND – same collection data as for the holotype; NIWA 92896 to 92900, 93483, 93484, and 93487 leg.; NIWA • same collection data as for preceding; NIWA 93485 leg.; UPSZTY 178606 (a small piece of the paratype preserved in 70 % ethanol), NIWA • same collection data as for preceding; NIWA 93486 leg.; UPSZTY 178607 (a small piece of the paratype preserved in 70 % ethanol), NIWA. Type locality Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Bounty Platform; depth 155 m. Other material examined NEW ZEALAND • Bounty Platform, NZOI Station I 711; 47.833 ° S, 179.250 ° E; depth 139 m; 22 Mar. 1979; NIWA 89717 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Bounty Platform, NZOI Station A 714; 47.725 ° S, 179.067 ° E; depth 165 m; 5 Nov. 1962; NIWA 86733 leg.; cone and mesh dredge; NIWA • Bounty Platform, NZOI Station A 715; 47.683 ° S, 179.051 ° E; depth 121 m; 5 Nov. 1962; NIWA 89720 leg.; cone and mesh dredge; NIWA • Bounty Platform, NZOI Station A 757; 47.693 ° S, 179.058 ° E; 17 Nov. 1962; NIWA 113894 leg.; NIWA • Solander Trough, NZOI Station D 39; 50.967 ° S, 165.750 ° E; depth 549 m; 7 May 1963; NIWA 44388 leg.; gear dredge, cone mesh with bag; NIWA • Campbell Platform, NZOI Station B 184; 52.615 ° S, 169.117 ° E, depth 344 m; 11 Oct. 1959; NIWA 93499 leg.; dredge; NIWA • Macquarie Ridge, NIWA Station TAN 0803 / 69; 52.398 ° S, 160.657 ° E; depth 451 – 438 m; 9 Apr. 2008; NIWA 40328 leg.; epibenthic sled; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 427; 43.077 ° S, 175.272 ° E; depth 180 – 237 m; 20 Feb 1995; NIWA 44240 leg.; Agassiz Trawl; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 446; 43.245 ° S, 175.444 ° E; depth 71 – 76 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44261 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 447; 43.245 ° S, 175.458 ° E; depth 80 – 85 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44263 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 448; 43.240 ° S, 175.458 ° E; depth 74 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44267 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 446; 43.247 ° S, 175.444 ° E; depth 71 – 76 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44272 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 435; 43.172 ° S, 175.340 ° E; depth 108 – 113 m; 20 Feb 1995; NIWA 137202 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, North Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 446; 43.247 ° S, 175.444 ° E; depth 71 – 76 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 137201 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, South Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 452; 43.450 ° S, 175.135 ° E; depth 120 – 180 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44241 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA • Chatham Rise, South Mernoo Bank, NIWA Station W 454; 43.451 ° S, 175.109 ° E; depth 126 – 130 m; 22 Feb 1995; NIWA 44262 leg.; rock dredge; NIWA.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	description	Description Uni- to bilamellate fan sponge, table tennis bat-shaped (Fig. 3 A) or club-shaped (Fig. 3 B), 130 – 200 mm high with a short, broad stalk, 2 – 3 cm thick, and a relatively thick lamella (up to 2 cm thick in places), attenuating towards the margins, which are frequently incised. The specimen from NZOI Station B 176 was described by Bergquist (1968) as being 160 mm high, 89 mm wide, and 32 – 58 mm thick, supported by a stalk that was broken and thus was not measured. Oscules were not visible in the holotype or any other specimen. Pores are inconspicuous and compressed (probably due to the fixation) and were 40 – 80 µm in diameter (measured on the holotype). Surface relatively smooth with low ridges radiating from the stalk to the fan margins. Texture, relatively soft, compressible. Colour in life and preservative, tan. Skeleton Choanosome disorganised, with megascleres orientated more or less parallel with the axis of the fan and stalk (Fig. 6 B – D), with single or a couple of megascleres extending beyond the surface from the subectosome. The ectosome is extremely thick and packed with microstrongyles and streptasters, which also occur in great density throughout the sponge. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Table 1; Fig. 3 C) Bergquist (1968) considered the megascleres of the “ subantarctic specimen ” (presumably the NZOI Station B 176 specimen from Campbell Plateau) to have, “ predominantly oxeas, some of which are curved, but most are contort ”. Our examination of new material reveals that oxeas dominate the megasclere complement; these are rarely to never modified; all have sharp attenuated tips. The majority are straight to slightly curved and contort, but not to the degree seen in L. strongylata. The megascleres reach their greatest length in L. australis sp. nov., up to 3575 µm long in the specimen NIWA 93486 leg. (paratype). MICROSCLERES (Table 2; Fig. 3 D – F) Bergquist did not differentiate between the microscleres of the holotype of L. strongylata (from the Three Kings) and the subantarctic Campbell Plateau specimens (L. australis sp. nov.), calling them all “ plesiasters ” in the table of spicule dimensions. However, in pl. 11, figs E 2 and F 2 – 3, a clear difference is obvious between the illustrations of the streptasters: they are metasters in pl. 11, fig. E 2 (L. strongylata) and larger metasters (pl. 11, fig. F 3) and “ abnormal microrhabds ” in pl. 11, fig. F 2 (L. australis sp. nov.). The “ abnormal microrhabds ” of Bergquist (1968: pl. 11, fig. F 2) are most likely spirasters (as in our Fig. 3 F), the ornamentation of which would not have been visible under light microscopy available at the time. Thus, L. australis sp. nov. has three forms of microsclere: a microxea (Fig. 3 D) with attenuating, hastate ends that is usually straight, but may be slightly curved, ranging in length from about 19 – 40 µm; metaster-like streptasters with heavily spined, relatively long rays (Fig. 3 E), ranging in length from about 7 – 15 µm; spirasters with abundant, short, microspined rays that emanate from a long, spiral axis (Fig. 3 F), ranging in length from about 8 – 14 µm.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution Subantarctic region of New Zealand: Mernoo Bank (depth 71 – 237 m), north-western Chatham Rise (Dumdei et al. 1997; Li et al. 1998); Bounty Platform (depth 121 – 165 m), Solander Trough (depth 549 m), Campbell Platform (depth 344 m), and Macquarie Ridge (depth 451 – 438 m).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	biology_ecology	Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached by a thick stalk to sediment covered rocky substrate, depth 71 – 549 m.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	description	DNA barcodes COI. Holotype (minibarcode, MK 033625), no bp differences with the COI minibarcode of L. strongylata.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFC97C5F6EE66623710EF9FC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Bergquist (1968) listed two specimens from Campbell Plateau in the Subantarctic region of New Zealand, from NZOI Station B 176 (46 fathoms = 84.12 m) and NZOI Station B 184 (103 fathoms = 188.4 m). Unfortunately, neither specimen was found in the NIWA collections and both are presumed lost. However, we did find a specimen from NZOI Station B 184 (NIWA 93499 leg.) from a depth of 344 m. Bergquist (1968) considered the two specimens she examined to be conspecific with L. strongylata, despite the obvious disjunct distribution, but noted that the subantarctic specimens had predominantly oxeas, an observation we agree with. Examination of numerous specimens uncovered in NIC allows us to convincingly separate L. australis sp. nov. from the type species on geographic distribution, morphology, and skeletal details, despite the COI minibarcodes not differentiating them (Fig. 7). The most obvious difference that separates L. australis sp. nov. from L. strongylata is the markedly disjunct distribution and depth ranges: L. strongylata has only been recorded to the north of New Zealand, 41 – 200 m depth, while L. australis sp. nov. is only found on and south of Mernoo Bank on the Chatham Rise, ranging in depth from 71 m on Mernoo Bank, to 549 m in the Solander Trough. In terms of morphology and colouration in life, L. strongylata forms a relatively soft, dark royal blue, palmate sponge, supported by a relatively narrow stalk, while L. australis sp. nov. forms a distinctive, tan, paddle-shaped sponge, with thin, incised margins, on a thick, short stalk. In terms of skeletal architecture, the choanosome of L. australis sp. nov. is much more densely packed with microscleres than L. strongylata, and the former species lacks the relatively distinct subectosomal tracts of the latter. As noted by Bergquist (1968), the megascleres of L. australis sp. nov. differ from those of L. strongylata in being predominantly oxeas (straight and contort) with no modifications of the tips to strongyloxeas as in L. strongylata. In addition, we note that the contort forms are much longer on average, and have a greater size range, than in L. strongylata. Finally, microscleres also discriminate L. australis sp. nov. from L. strongylata. Lamellomorpha strongylata has stubby, often centrotylote roughened microstrongyle, while L. australis sp. nov. has a relatively fine, curved, slightly longer roughened microxea. Lamellomorpha strongylata has metaster- to amphiaster-like streptasters with heavily spined, relatively long rays in one size category, while L. australis sp. nov. has metaster-like streptasters with heavily spined, relatively long rays and spirasters with abundant, short, microspined rays that emanate from a long, spiral axis. Spirasters are absent in L. strongylata. As part of their ongoing investigations into New Zealand marine natural products in sponges, professors Murray Munro and John Blunt and their group in the Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, collected what was identified by the late professor Patricia Bergquist as L. strongylata, from Mernoo Bank on the Chatham Rise. Vouchers of these sponge specimens were donated to NIC for their preservation and future study and have been re-identified here as L. australis sp. nov., extending the known distribution of L. australis sp. nov. north to the Chatham Rise. Thus, it is L. australis sp. nov., and not L. strongylata, from which biologically active secondary metabolites were isolated by the University of Canterbury group, including calyculins (A, B, E, and F), calyculinamides (A and B), swinholide H (Dumdei et al. 1997), and theonellapeptolides (Li et al. 1998; Hickford 2007); identical and related compounds are found in sponges in the genus Theonella Gray, 1868 and Discodermia du Bocage, 1869 (family Theonellidae). It has been shown that calyculins and its derivatives (e. g., calyculinamides) could be produced by the filamentous bacteria ‘ Entotheonella ’ spp. in Discodermia (Wakimoto et al. 2014). ‘ Entotheonella ’ spp. are especially abundant in Theonella swinhoei, as well as in many other demosponges (Wilson et al. 2014). In her PhD thesis, Hickford (2007) noticed that filamentous heterotrophic (Gram positive) bacteria were very abundant in L. australis sp. nov. and were associated with several theonellapeptolides. The producer of theonellapeptolides is currently unknown but the results of Hickford (2007) suggest that L. australis sp. nov. may be a host for theonellapeptolides-producing ‘ Entotheonella ’ - like bacteria. Hickford (2007) also isolated unicellular bacteria from the same specimens and showed these were associated with swinholide H. This result concurs with previous results from Bewley et al. (1996), who identified swinholide A in unicellular bacteria isolates from Theonella swinhoei from Palau. However, it is an apparent contradiction with Ueoka et al. (2015) who convincingly show that misakinolide A (swinholide-like compound) from another Theonella swinhoei chemotype (chemotype WA from Japan) is produced by ‘ Entotheonella serta ’. Therefore it seems that swinholide-type compounds may be produced by bacteria other than ‘ Entotheonella ’ in L. australis sp. nov. and Theonella swinhoei (chemotype Palau). Hickford (2007) further states that specimens from the “ northern population of L. strongylata ” (L. strongylata) not only had very low quantities of filamentous bacteria (apparently limited to the surface of the sponge), but also missed the biological activity, and therefore may not produce the above mentioned compounds. Thus, to conclude, L. strongylata and L. australis sp. nov. also clearly differ in terms of natural products and microbial communities.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCD7C5F6D8363317133F85F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (Cárdenas et al. 2011) Vulcanellidae with spiny microxeas in a single category, triaenes are pseudocalthrops or short-shafted triaenes.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCD7C5F6D8363317133F85F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866: 55) (by original designation).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 3 C 570 FA- 832 A- 4 FDB- 97 D 3 - 5 CDA 250 A 3797 Figs 1, 4, 6	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for the possession of triaenes in addition to the apparent spiculation of Lamellomorpha, and their guide to the phylogenetic origins of this species (‘ duci - ’ in the sense of a guide).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Subantarctic region of New Zealand, east of Snares Island Platform, NIWA Station TRIP 3072 / 8; 48.5 ° S, 168.0 ° E; depth 125 – 213 m; 21 Oct. 2010; NIWA 61944 leg.; fish bottom trawl; UPSZTY 178604 (a small piece of the holotype preserved in 70 % ethanol, as well as a spicule preparation), NIWA. Type locality Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Snares Island Platform, depth 125 – 213 m.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	description	Description Multilamellate, foliose, fan sponge (Fig. 4 A), 160 mm high, 104 mm wide, with a short thick stalk about 2 cm thick. Lamella up to 2 cm thick in places, attenuating to curled margins. Oscules were not visible on the holotype. Cribriporal pore areas are widespread between parallel tangential tracts of oxeas; individual pores 80 – 160 µm in diameter, on both sides of the lamella. Texture firm, compressible, flexible, granular and smooth to the touch. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Choanosome composed of huge swathes of long straight oxeas, radiating through the lamella, terminating below the surface (Fig. 6 E). Contort oxeas are found in the stalk. Ectosome, relatively thick, packed with microxeas and perforated by ostia. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 4 B – C) Oxeas with long fine attenuated tips, 1725 (1150 ‾ 2271) × 16 (8 ‾ 22) µm; contort oxeas in the stalk, 1801 (1095 ‾ 2671) × 13 (5 ‾ 17) µm; short-shafted triaenes, relatively uncommon, rhabd straight, attenuating, 290 (260 ‾ 300) µm, clads curved or acutely bent, occasionally with bifurcating tips, 232 (200 ‾ 250) µm, cladome width 400 ‾ 500 µm long. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 4 D – F) Microxeas, heavily microspined, sometimes faintly centrotylote and acutely centrally bent, sharp ended, abundant, 38 (28 ‾ 46) × 3 (2 ‾ 4) µm; metaster- to amphiaster-like streptasters with long, microspined rays, rare, 8 (5 ‾ 12) µm long; spirasters with dense, short rays, rare, 5 ‾ 7 µm long.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	distribution	Distribution East of Snares Island Platform.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	biology_ecology	Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached by a thick stalk to sediment covered rocky substrate, depth 125 ‾ 213 m.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	description	DNA barcodes COI. Holotype (MK 033626); 28 bp difference with the COI of L. strongylata; 24 bp difference with the COI of Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) (HM 592675). 28 S (C 1 - C 2). Holotype (MK 033144); 5 bp difference with the 28 S (C 1 - C 2) of L. strongylata; 3 bp difference with the 28 S (C 1 - C 2) of Poecillastra compressa (HM 592757).	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFCE7C426EEE64437714FB88.taxon	discussion	Remarks This remarkable sponge was first identified as a third species of Lamellomorpha, as it appeared to have an almost identical form (stalked, multilamellar fan), a megasclere complement of straight and contort oxeas (more or less restricted to the stalk), small centrotylote microxeas, and metasters (albeit rare). Because the short-shafted triaenes were relatively uncommon, it was initially hypothesised that this was a species of Lamellomorpha with rudimentary triaenes that ‘ showed the way’ to the true affinity of the genus with other triaene-bearing Tetractinellida. However, molecular sequencing consistently linked Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. with other Poecillastra species (Fig. 7). Despite its consistency with two independent markers, we note that this grouping is not supported (bootstrap of 60 for COI, of 10 with 28 S). This may be due to the absence of other subantarctic Poecillastra species in our sampling which Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. may be closer to (P. Cárdenas, unpublished results). Although not fully documented (Kelly et al. 2009), our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable and includes what we consider to be Poecillastra laminaris (Sollas, 1886) (Zeng et al. 2016) and Poecillastra schulzei (Sollas, 1886). While several undescribed species are known from the New Zealand EEZ, no specimens are known that contain the characteristic contort oxeas of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 78 B 12 A 37 - 93 E 0 - 4 CA 9 - 9317 - 81 F 835 B 112 FE Fig. 5	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for the type location of this species, the Macquarie Ridge.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Seamount 5, Macquarie Ridge, NIWA Station TAN 0803 / 48; 51.096 ° S, 161.976 ° E; depth 462 – 524 m; 4 Apr. 2008; NIWA 52640 leg.; epibenthic sled; NIWA.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	description	Description Solid stalk of sponge of unknown morphology, 15 mm in diameter, 20 mm high, expanding on the broken, upper surface, sides of stalk sculpted, attachment base contains patches of substrate (Fig. 5 A). Surface hispid and scratchy to the touch; texture firm, incompressible. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Stalk composed of huge swathes of contort oxeas and triaenes between which are abundant microscleres. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 5 D – E) Abundant contort to sinuous oxeas (Fig. 5 D) with slightly rounded tips, 3725 (2125 ‾ 5750) × 53 (30 ‾ 70) µm; medium-shafted triaenes (Fig. 5 E), rhabd slightly curved, tapering to a sharp tip, 852 (550 ‾ 1225) µm, clads of slightly uneven length, slightly curved downwards, 578 (450 ‾ 680) µm, overall cladome width, about 900 ‾ 1360 µm long, ranging to pseudocalthrops. Broken true oxeas are evident but unmeasurable. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 5 B – C, F – G) Microxeas (Fig. 5 B – C), straight to slightly curved, roughened, abundant, 332 (260 ‾ 420) × 7 (5 ‾ 8) µm, n = 20; plesiasters (Fig. 5 F), with 3 ‾ 5 microspined blunt-tipped rays, overall 67 (50 ‾ 100), ray length 37 (25 ‾ 60) µm, n = 10; metaster- to amphiaster- to spiraster-like streptasters (Fig. 5 G), with long, microspined rays, abundant, 19 (15 ‾ 20) µm long.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	distribution	Distribution Macquarie Ridge.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	biology_ecology	Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached to rock substrate; depth 462 – 524 m.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
A458FF36FFD07C416EDD61307774FAA5.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimen is the attachment base of a sponge of unknown morphology, but it clearly differs from the holotype of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in having a very hispid, crisp, scratchy surface, indicating a reduction of the ectosomal crust of microscleres, and the abundance of large megascleres. It is similar to Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in the possession of abundant contort oxeas in the stalk, but differs in the lack of straight oxeas in the stalk and the much larger dimensions of all the spicules: the contort oxeas are up to 2000 µm longer, on average, in Poecillastra macquariensis sp. nov., and the triaenes are about double the size of those in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov., and much more abundant, the microxeas are about ten times larger, and the sponge contains plesiasters, absent in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. Because our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable (see above), we have made the decision to record and name this second Poecillastra species, despite our lack of information on the body shape, and because surface texture, spicule types and dimensions are so different from those of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov.	en	Kelly, Michelle, Cárdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike, Bell, Lori J. (2019): Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 506: 1-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506
