identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A5747B12121212635DEEFD47FD7FFE62.text	A5747B12121212635DEEFD47FD7FFE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hirudisoma roseum (Victor 1839) Victor 1839	<div><p>Hirudisoma roseum (Victor, 1839)</p><p>Figs 1–3, 9</p><p>Leiosoma rosea (recte: roseum) Victor, 1839: 46 (D).</p><p>Polyzonium roseum: Lignau, 1907: 199 (R); Muralewicz, 1911: 3, 10 (M).</p><p>Leiosoma roseum: Lignau, 1911: 54 (D, R); 1915: 389 (D, R); Lohmander, 1936: 170 (M), 1939: 144 (D); Kobakhidze, 1965: 395 (R); Ghilarov, 1965: 143, 144 (R).</p><p>Leiosoma ponticum Lohmander, 1939: 142 (D), syn. n.</p><p>Leiosoma (Polyzonium) roseum: Lang, 1959: 1792 (M).</p><p>Hirudisoma roseum: Lokšina and Golovatch, 1979: 382 (M); Talikadze, 1984: 143 (R).</p><p>Hirudisoma ponticum: Enghoff, 2006: 178 (M).</p><p>Material examined. Neotype (here designated): male (ZMUM ρ2634), Georgia, Lagodekhi Nature Reserve, 600– 700 m a.s.l., Fagus, Fraxinus, Acer etc. forest., litter, under bark &amp; stones, 5–6.V.1983, leg. S. Golovatch.</p><p>4 females, 4 juveniles (ZMUM ρ2591), RUSSIA, Krasnodar Prov., near Gelendjik, 28.IV.1984, leg. A. Viktorov; 2 females (ZMUM ρ2592), Krasnodar Prov., Goryachiy Klyuch, 10 km S of Fanagorskoye, near Cave Fanagoriyskaya, mixed Fagus, Quercus, Picea etc. forest, litter, under stones &amp; in rotten logs, 30.X.1981; 3 females (ZMUM ρ2593), same locality, Fagus, Acer etc. forest, litter &amp; logs, 19.V.1983; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2594), Krasnodar Prov., Severskaya Distr., 2–10 km S of Ubinskaya, Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus etc. forest, 300–450 m a.s.l., litter &amp; under bark, 3–4.VII.1986; 1 male (ZMUM ρ2595), Krasnodar Prov., Sochi, Dagomys, 250 m a.s.l., Quercus, Carpinus, Fagus etc. shrub, litter, logs, 18.V.1983, all leg. S. Golovatch; 2 males (ZMUM ρ2596), environs of Sochi, Krasnaya Polyana, 6–8.Vl.1978, leg, V. Dolin; 4 females (ZMUM ρ2597), Krasnodar Prov., 5.5 km NE of Krasnaya Polyana, lower course of Achipse River, ca 600 m a.s.l., N 43 43' 10", E 40 15' 25", mixed deciduous forest, 19–23.VIII.2014, leg. K. Makarov &amp; A. Matalin; 1 male, 1 female (ZMUC), Krasnodar Prov., ca 4 km NW of Krasnaya Polyana, SE slopes of Mt Achishko, N43°42.516’, E40°10.534’, 1000 m a.s.l., Castanea &amp; Fagus forest, sifted litter, 19.VII.2011, leg. A. Solodovnikov &amp; M. Kaae; 1 male (ZMUC), same locality, N43°42’23”, E40°09’41”, 1150 m a.s.l., Fagus &amp; Rhododendron forest, sifted litter, 19.VII.2011, leg. A. Solodovnikov, 1 male (ZMUM ρ2598), Krasnodar Prov., Caucasian Nature Reserve, near Pslukh, ca 20 km E of Krasnaya Polyana, Mt Kogot, ca 1000 m a.s.l., Fagus &amp; Abies forest, litter, under bark &amp; stones, 18–20.V.1985; 4 females (ZMUM ρ2599), same locality, Fagus, Quercus, Abies, Picea etc. forest, 1000 m, litter, 11–12.VIII.1986; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2600), same locality, 1400 m, litter, under bark &amp; stones 18–20.V.1985; 5 males, 15 females, 2 juveniles (ZMUM ρ2601), Krasnodar Prov., Caucasian Nature Reserve, Pasture Abago near Guzeripl, 1100 m a.s.l., Abies &amp; Fagus forest, Rhododendron thicket, litter, under bark &amp; stones, 24–26.V.1985; 1 male, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2602), same locality, Abies &amp; Fagus forest, 1350–1400 m, 24–26.V.1985; 5 males, 17 females, 6 juveniles (ZMUC), Krasnodar Prov., ca 9 km SW of Mt Fisht, Babuk-Aul, N43°53’26”, E39°49’11”, 560 m a.s.l., Castanea &amp; Fagus forest, sifted leaf litter, 11.VII.2011; 2 females, 5 juveniles (ZMUC), same locality, N43°54.214’, E39°50.507’, 1200 m a.s.l., Fagus &amp; Rhododendron forest, sifted leaf litter, 14.VII.2011, all leg. A. Solodovnikov; 1 female (HR), Krasnodar Prov., Urushten River valley: right side, 1 km upstream of bridge at Kordon Chernorechye, Acer – Fagus forest with Sambucus, Corylus, Alnus, Ulmus in understorey, N43.9319 E40.6778, 850 m a.s.l., 18.IX.2012; 18.IX.2012; 1 male (AE), Krasnodar Prov., near Mezmai, Zauda Mt., under stones &amp; barks, 23.VII.2011, leg. D. Khisametdinova &amp; Yu. Kotchetov; 1 male, 1 female (AE), near Mezmai, under stones &amp; barks, 23.VII.2011, leg. D. Khisametdinova &amp; Yu. Kotchetov; 1 female (HR), Adygea, Guzeripl: Molchepa riverside 6 km SE (right tributary of Belaya River), N41.6494 E41.7731, 730 m a.s.l., 01.X.2012, all leg. F. Walther; 24 males, 24 females, 4 juveniles (AE), Adygea, Kamyshovaya Polyana, under stones, 24.VI.2011, leg. D. Khisametdinova &amp; S. Kurshakov; 1 female (AE), Adygea, near Nikel, rotten logs, 10.V.2013, leg. D. Khisametdinova &amp; Yu. Kotchetov; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2603), Karachaevo-Cherkessia, ca 30 km S of Kurdjinovo, 4 km N of Damkhurts, Laba River Valley, 1050–1100 m a.s.l., Fagus, Acer, Picea etc. forest, litter &amp; bark, 4.VIII.1986; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2604), Kabardino-Balkaria, Chegem Distr., 5 km S of Upper Chegem, 1700 m a.s.l., Betula, Pinus &amp; Juniperus forest, litter, 12.VII.1986; 3 females (ZMUM ρ2605), North Ossetia, S of Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz), between Chmi &amp; Baltik, Quercus &amp; Alnus on slope, litter &amp; under stones, 2.VI.1982, all leg. S. Golovatch; 1 male, 1 female (AE), North Ossetia, near Dzinaga, Urukh Canyon, under stones &amp; barks, 12.VIII.2010, leg. A Evsyukov &amp; D. Khisametdinova.</p><p>2 females (ZMUM ρ2610), ABKHAZIA, Gumista Nature Reserve, forest litter, 6.VI.1982, leg. J. Boháč; 2 males, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2606), Sukhumi Distr., Lake Amtkel ca. 16 km N of Tsebelda, 550 m a.s.l., Alnus forest, litter &amp; under bark, 19.VIII.1986; 2 females (ZMUM ρ2607), Lake Ritsa, 950–1100 m, Fagus, Abies, Picea, Acer etc. forest, litter, under bark &amp; stones, 13–14.VIII.1986; 4 males (ZMUM ρ2608, ρ2609), Sukhumi Distr., Bzyb River valley, Pskhu, 700–950 m, Fagus, Quercus, Castanea etc. forest, litter, under bark &amp; stones, 15– 16.VIII.1986, all leg. S. Golovatch; 2 males (ZMUM ρ2611), near Shroma, under bark, 1.V.1971, leg. N. Zalesskaja.</p><p>1 juvenile (ZMUM ρ2612), GEORGIA, Ajaria, E of Kobuleti, 3 km SE of Chakhati, deciduous forest near spring, litter &amp; under stones, 14.X.1981; 1 male (ZMUM ρ2613), Ajaria, Zelenyi Mys, Batumi Botanical Garden, 13.X.1978, all leg. S. Golovatch; 3 males, 5 females (ZMN), same locality, Betula &amp; Rhododendron forest, 8– 10.IV.1988, leg. D. Logunov; 1 male, 1 female, 1 juvenile (ZMUM ρ2614), same locality, 10.X.1981, leg. J. Boháč; 8 males, 10 females (ZMUM ρ2615), same locality, 20–150 m, 30.V.–7.VI.1981; 1 male, 2 females (ZMUM ρ2616), Ajaria, between Tsikhisdziri &amp; Batumi, gardens, 100 m a.s.l., 30.V.1981, all leg. S. Golovatch &amp; J. Martens; 3 females (ZMUM ρ2617), Ajaria, Kintrish Nature Reserve, Khekpara River Canyon, 12.X.1984; 3 females (ZMUM ρ2618), same locality, 2300 m a.s.l., X.1984, all leg. E. Kvavadze; 2 males, 1 female (ZMUM ρ2619), Kintrish Nature Reserve, Zeraboseli, Rhododendron thicket, 600–800 m a.s.l., 2.VI.1981, leg. S. Golovatch &amp; J. Martens; 3 males, 3 females, 7 juveniles (ZMUM ρ2620, ρ2621), same locality, Zeraboseli, 800 m a.s.l., Rhododendron thicket, litter, 13.X.1981; 3 males, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2622, ρ2623), same locality, Zeraboseli, 450–600 m, deciduous forest, litter &amp; under stones, 13.X.1981, all leg. S. Golovatch; 2 females (ZMUM ρ2624), Ajaria, 10 km E of Chakva, near Chakvistavi, litter, 8.V.1987, leg. S. Kurbatov; 1 juvenile (inadvertently lost), Ajaria, near Keda, Picea, Quercus, Fagus etc. forest, litter, X.1975, leg. A. Druk; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2625), Kutaissi Distr., environs of Tskhaltubo, Sataplia Nature Reserve, near entrance to Cave Sataplia I, litter, 27.I.1984, leg. V. Dushenkov; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2626), Sataplia Nature Reserve, forest litter, 27.I.1984 leg. K. Makarov; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2627), same locality, forest litter &amp; under stones, 25.X.1981, leg. S. Golovatch; 2 females (ZMUM ρ2628), same locality, IV.1973, leg. A. Krivolutsky; 4 males, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2629), Kutaissi, old Pinus platations on slope, litter, 1.II.1987, leg. K. Makarov; 2 males, 2 females (ZMUM ρ2630), Svanetia, Nenskra River Canyon, Luki N of Khaishi, ca 800 m a.s.l., forest litter, 2.IX.1986, leg. A. Ryvkin; 2 males, 2 females (HR), Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Djvari: road Zugdidi–Mestia at km 33/165, N42.7514 E42.0472, 470 m a.s.l., 26.IX.2012, leg. F. Walther; 14 males, 13 females, 6 juveniles (ZMUM ρ2631), Georgia, Surami Mt Ridge, Pass Djvari between Gomi &amp; Sachkhere, Alnus, Fagus, Rhododendron etc. forest, 850 m a.s.l., litter, 7.V.1987, leg. S. Golovatch &amp; K. Eskov; 1 male, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2632), Georgia, environs of Mtskheta, 10 km N of Djvari, 800 m a.s.l., Buxus, Fagus, Picea, Taxus etc. forest, litter, 20–21.VIII.1986, leg. S. Golovatch; 2 females (ZMUM ρ2633), Georgia, Mukhura ca 15 km E of Tkibuli, 700–800 m a.s.l., Castanea, Fagus, Carpinus etc. forest, litter, under bark &amp; stones, 7–9.V.1987, leg. S. Golovatch &amp; K. Eskov; 1 female (HR), Racha- Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Isunderi, road Tsageri–Tskhaltubo, from junction to Isunderi 4.3 rkm towards Tskhaltubo, N42.5119 E42.6372, 320 m a.s.l., 23.IX.2011, leg. F. Walther; 1 male, 4 females (ZMUM ρ2635, ρ2636), Lagodekhi Nature Reserve, 600–700 m a.s.l., Fagus, Fraxinus, Acer etc. forest., litter, under bark &amp; stones, 5–6.V.1983, leg. S. Golovatch.</p><p>1 male (ZMUM ρ2589), AZERBAIJAN, Zakatali Nature Reserve, 700 m Katekh-Chay River valley, 23.V.1981, leg. S. Golovatch &amp; J. Martens; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2590), NW above Bash-Layski, ca 20 km NWW of Sheki, 1250 m a.s.l., Fagus, Carpinus, Acer etc. forest, litter. 5.V.1987, leg. S. Golovatch &amp; K. Eskov.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Length of adults 6.0–13.0 mm, width 1.6–2.7 mm, with 26–49 podous + 3–2 apodous segments + telson, regardless of sex. Neotype male (from Lagodekhi Nature Reserve, NE Georgia) with 33p + 2a + T, length ca 7.0 mm, maximum width 1.6 mm. Length to width ratio ≤ 6:1.</p><p>Live coloration often pink, alcohol material usually light yellow-brown with a very broad yellowish axial stripe and lighter paraterga (Figs 1, 2). Only antennae darker, usually rusty to purplish brown. Body hirudiform, very clearly flattened dorsoventrally, strongly, but regularly broadened until segment 6 or 7, strongly, but regularly narrowing towards telson on last 6 or 7 segments. Head small, about half as broad as collum, subtriangular, only slightly longer than broad, rostrum subtruncate and short. Ocelli black, convex, 2+ 2 in smaller/younger specimens or 3+ 3 in larger/older samples, on each side of head arranged in a nearly longitudinal line (Fig. 2 B, D), each ocellus with a long seta at base (Fig. 2 A). Antennae short, erect, rod-shaped, only very slightly clavate; antennomeres 2–6 subequal in length, 6th thickest.</p><p>Collum biconvex, clearly transverse, paraterga almost sharp. Following paraterga mostly subrectangular and narrowly rounded, each with a narrow, slightly sinuate, lateral peritreme delimited by a weak sulcus only dorsally. Tegument smooth, shining, glabrous and translucent. Caudal margin of metaterga very slightly elevated. Ozopores entirely dorsal, small, inconspicuous, lying lateral to peritremal sulcus at about 2/3 of paratergal length, starting from segment 5. Telson coniform, completely concealed from above by plate-like and medially fused last paraterga (Figs 1, 2 A–C).</p><p>Sterna large, but coxae almost in touch medially (Fig. 1 B, 2B, D). Legs 6-segmented. Male coxae 1 and 2 each with a ventral brush of short, but stiff setae (Fig. 3 A, B). Male coxa 2 with a short, tube-shaped, simple, basal, caudomediad directed gonapophysis (g) (Fig. 3 B). Claws often, but not always phylloid, devoid of accessory structures (Fig. 3 A, B). Coxal sacks starting from leg 3.</p><p>Both anterior (a) and posterior (p) gonopods (Fig. 3 C–E) 5-segmented. Anterior ones incrassate and stout, tarsus with a short, acuminate, tooth-shaped tip forming a caudomedial gutter for accommodation of a particularly long, subflagelliform, distally serrate posterior gonopod tarsus.</p><p>Remarks. This species was originally described from “Natlim-Zéméli en Kahétie” by Victor I. Motschoulsky under his pseudonym T. Victor (Victor 1839). Eventually, this locality represents a slightly misspelled “Natlismtsemeli”, in Georgian meaning “St. John’s”. There are numerous localities across Georgia named “Natlismtsemeli”. In Kakhetia alone, which is the eastern part of Georgia, at least four such localities can easily be traced (https: // maps.google.com/). It is thus impossible to state where exactly Motschoulsky collected the type or types except that it or they came from eastern Georgia. Since the type material of H. roseum is absent from the Motschoulsky Collection, currently kept in ZMUM (Golovatch 2014), a neotype designation is required from among the near-topotypes stemming from Kakhetia. This is especially necessary so as to be able to verify the species’ identity versus the samples described from Abkhazia by Lignau (1911). Thus, Lohmander (1936) noted the present uncertainty by referring to this species as “ Leiosoma roseum (Victor) Lignau ”.</p><p>Since the name Leiosoma Victor, 1839, established for L. roseum by monotypy, is preoccupied by Leiosoma Stephens, 1829 (Coleoptera) (Jeekel 1971), all subsequent mentions of L. roseum (e.g. Lignau 1911; Lohmander 1936; Kobakhidze 1965) are incorrect. Brandt (1840) and Latzel (1884) listed Leiosoma Victor, 1839 as a questionable synonym of Polyzonium Brandt, 1837; hence a few references to Polyzonium roseum or Leiosoma (Polyzonium) roseum . Gervais (1847) listed L. roseum among the junior synonyms of the common European Polyzonium germanicum Brandt, 1837 . In contrast, Lignau (1911, 1915) believed that L. roseum was a senior subjective synonym of both Heterozonium hirsutum Verhoeff, 1901 and Polyzonium pallidum (Fanzago, 1875) . The former species had been quite poorly described from near Istanbul, Turkey (Verhoeff 1901), now also known in Greece and Bulgaria (Enghoff 2006; Kime and Enghoff 2011). The latter species had been beautifully redescribed from Italy by Berlese (1883). Lohmander (1939) rejected Lignau’s synonymies and described the second Leiosoma species, from northeastern Turkey: L. ponticum Lohmander, 1939 . In addition, he emphasized the synonymy of Heterozonium Verhoeff, 1901 under Hirudisoma Fanzago, 1881, which Verhoeff (1941) also accepted.</p><p>The use of Leiosoma Victor, 1839, being banned since Jeekel (1971), the oldest available generic name to incorporate L. roseum and L. ponticum is Hirudisoma . Regrettably, neither has been considered in the latest review of Hirudisoma (see Mauriès 1964). Lokšina &amp; Golovatch (1979) and Enghoff (2006) seem to have been the first to transfer L. roseum and L. ponticum to Hirudisoma, respectively.</p><p>If Lohmander (1939) was definitely right when rejecting the synonymy of roseum with hirsutum, at least because the latter species is hirsute as explicitly implied by its name, his creation of ponticum seems to have been ill-founded. Thus, the characters used for the separation of ponticum from roseum were stated to lie in the former’s more strongly rounded paraterga, simple (non-phylloid) claws, shorter antennae, as well as a lower inner lobe of the coxa and a slightly differently shaped tarsus of the anterior gonopod. Apparently, because Lohmander based his ponticum on a single (and incomplete) male holotype, whereas our abundant material from the Caucasus shows all possible variations and transitions in the above features, we are inclined to formally consider H. ponticum as a junior subjective synonym of H. roseum, syn. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5747B12121212635DEEFD47FD7FFE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Golovatch, Sergei;Evsyukov, Aleksandr;Reip, Hans S.	Golovatch, Sergei, Evsyukov, Aleksandr, Reip, Hans S. (2015): Colobognatha millipedes in the Caucasus (Diplopoda: Polyzoniida, Platydesmida, Siphonocryptida). Zootaxa 3972 (2): 250-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.2.6
A5747B121214126D5DEEFD4AFDCBF936.text	A5747B121214126D5DEEFD4AFDCBF936.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fioria hyrcana Golovatch 1980	<div><p>Fioria hyrcana Golovatch, 1980</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 9</p><p>Fioria sp.: Lokšina &amp; Golovatch, 1979: 382 (M).</p><p>Fioria hyrcana Golovatch, 1980: 459 (D).</p><p>Fioria hyrcana: Golovatch, 1981: 425 (R); Bababekova, 1996: 90 (M); Enghoff &amp; Moravvej, 2005: 62 (M).</p><p>Material examined. 1 female (ZMUM ρ2637), AZERBAIJAN, Istisu ca 8 km SW of Masally, Quercus, Acer, Carpinus etc., 80–140 m a.s.l., litter, under bark &amp; stones, 19–20.X.1983; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2638), Lenkoran Distr., Apo ca 8 km SW of Alekseevka, Hyrcan Nature Reserve, Quercus, Acer, Carpinus, Parrotia etc. forest, 250–370 m a.s.l., litter, rotten wood &amp; under stones, 14–16.X.1983; 9 males, 4 females, 2 juveniles (ZMUM ρ2639, ρ2640), Lenkoran Distr., Alekseevka, Hyrcan Nature Reserve, 50 m a.s.l., Quercus, Parrotia, Carpinus etc. forest, litter, rotten wood, 13.X.1983, all leg. S. Golovatch; 1 female (ZMUM ρ2641), same locality, litter, 26.I.– 4.II.1985, leg. A. Druk; 1 male, 1 juvenile (HR), Lerik Distr., Hyrcan Nature Reserve, Piran, northwestern town exit, N38.7340, E48.6441, 230 m a.s.l., pasture with single trees ( Parrotia, Zelkova, Crataegus), under logs, 26.III.2015; 1 male, 2 females (HR), one female (UBS), Lerik Distr., Hyrcan Nature Reserve, road Lǝnkǝran–Lerik at road-km 32, N38.7638, E48.5819, 400 m a.s.l., small side valley, forest of Parrotia trees with some Quercus, in thick leaf litter, 26.III.2015; 4 males, 1 female, 1 juvenile (HR), one male, one female and one juvenile (UBS), Astara Distr., Hyrcan Nature Reserve, SW of Zünqüləş, N38.4480, E48.7597, 130 m a.s.l., end of small valley, steep slope, Parrotia, Quercus, Acer trees, in leaves, under tree trunks, 27.III.2015; 2 females (HR), Astara Distr., Hyrcan Nature Reserve, W of Zünqüləş, N38.4575, E48.7477, 50 m a.s.l., open valley with single Parrotia &amp; Populus trees, meadow, under logs, 27.III.2015; 3 males, 4 females, 1 juvenile (HR), Lǝnkǝran Distr., Hyrcan Nature Reserve, SW of Aşağı Apu, N38.6726, E48.7362, 180 m a.s.l., Quercus forest, in leaves and rotten wood, 27.III.2015, all leg. H. Reip, D. Antić &amp; F. Walther.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Length of adults 4.5–10.0 mm, width.0.8–1.0 mm, with 23–43 podous + 3–1 apodous segments + telson, regardless of sex. Length to width ratio (except for smallest juveniles)&gt; 8:1.</p><p>Live coloration uniformly red-brown to yellow, alcohol material usually somewhat faded (Fig. 4). Body only moderately flattened dorsoventrally, vermiform, regularly and modestly broadened until segment 4, similarly regularly and modestly narrowing towards telson on last 3 segments. Head small, subtriangular, only slightly narrower than collum and longer than broad, labrum broadly and regularly rounded, without a rostrum (Fig. 4 A, C). Ocelli absent. Antennae short, C-shaped, strongly clavate; antennomere 6 largest (Figs 4 A, 5A).</p><p>Collum ovoid, paraterga small, broadly rounded, dorsal surface with two transverse rows of 2+2 large, rounded tubercles. Following paraterga much larger, mostly set at about half of body height, broadly rounded and obtuseangled anteriorly, more narrowly rounded and acute-angled posteriorly, somewhat drawn behind tergal margin only in penultimate segment (Fig. 4). Each metatergum likewise clearly domed and with two transverse rows of 2+2 (segments 2–4) or 3+3 (all following segments before telson) large, rounded tubercles. Tegument extremely densely micro-hirsute and dull all over. Ozopores lateral, small, inconspicuous, lying at bottom of a small incision at about half of paratergal length, starting with segment 5. Telson coniform, completely exposed in dorsal view (Fig. 4 A, F).</p><p>Sterna large, but coxae almost in touch medially, mostly divided by a small, but evident, elongated elevation (Fig. 4 E). Legs 6-segmented. Male coxa 2 with a short, tube-shaped, simple, basal gonapophysis directed caudomesad. Claws usually simple, only a few anteriormost ones each with a minute accessory claw at base. Coxal sacks starting with leg 3.</p><p>Anterior gonopods (Fig. 5 B, C) plate-shaped, 6-segmented, strongly incrassate and stout. Posterior gonopods (Fig. 5 D) 7-segmented, much slenderer, tarsus longest, with a long, midway, spiniform filament and a slightly expanded tip.</p><p>Remarks. This species, originally described from the Hyrcan Nature Reserve in SE Azerbaijan (Golovatch 1980), seems to be endemic to Hyrcania within both the Republic of Azerbaijan’s southeastern part and northwestern Iran (Golovatch 1980, 1981).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5747B121214126D5DEEFD4AFDCBF936	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Golovatch, Sergei;Evsyukov, Aleksandr;Reip, Hans S.	Golovatch, Sergei, Evsyukov, Aleksandr, Reip, Hans S. (2015): Colobognatha millipedes in the Caucasus (Diplopoda: Polyzoniida, Platydesmida, Siphonocryptida). Zootaxa 3972 (2): 250-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.2.6
A5747B12121912685DEEFF57FA2FFA64.text	A5747B12121912685DEEFF57FA2FFA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hirudicryptus abchasicus	<div><p>Hirudicryptus abchasicus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6–10</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male (ZMUM ρ2583), ABKHAZIA, Gumista Nature Reserve, forest litter, 4.VI.1982, leg. J. Boháč. Paratype female (ZMUM ρ2584), same data, together with holotype.</p><p>Name: To emphasize Abkhazia, the terra typica; adjective.</p><p>Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners but H. canariensis (Loksa, 1967) by the much shorter antennae which are only about as long as collum width, as well as by the smaller and much shorter collum which only forms a quite inconspicuous casque-like shield to cover the head. Differs from H. canariensis by the concave last tergum and less numerous, 9–11 + 9–11 vs 14–15 + 14–15, tubercles at the caudal margin of midbody terga. See also Key below.</p><p>Description: Length about 8.5 (holotype) or 7 mm (paratype), width ca 0.9 and 1.0 (holotype) or 0.8 and 0.9 mm (paratype) on midbody pro- and metazonae, respectively. Holotype with 48 podous + 1 apodous segment + telson, paratype with 43p + 1a + telson. Length to width ratio&gt; 10:1.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol rather uniformly red- or grey-brown to yellowish with a narrow light axial line (alcohol material), anterior part of body in paratype darker, marbled grey; metatergal bosses/tubercles at caudal margin and antennae mostly dark grey-brown while a very wide mid-dorsal stripe lighter both in holo- and paratype (Fig. 6 A, C). Ocelli inside a black ocular field. Body very clearly flattened dorsoventrally, hirudiform, regularly, but strongly broadened until segment 6 or 7, similarly regularly and clearly narrowing towards telson on last 4 or 5 segments. Head very small and rather narrow, coniform, about 1/3 as broad as collum and about twice as long as broad; rostrum narrowly rounded (Figs 6 A, 7A). Ocelli large, convex, 2+2 on each side of head arranged in a nearly longitudinal line, each ocellus with a long seta at base. Antennae short, stout, erect, rod-shaped, not clavate, about as long as collum width; antennomere 6 largest (Figs 6 A, B, 7A).</p><p>Collum biconvex, short and broad (Fig. 7 A), like head characteristically strongly inclined forward to form a small casque-like shield, also distinctly separated from next tergum (Fig. 6 B, D); paraterga on collum small, strongly declined, subvertical, each delimited by an oblique sharp bend; dorsal surface rather flat, only slightly impressed medially; caudal margin with a transverse row of several small grains/tubercles (Fig. 7 A) and a considerable lighter gap between paramedian pair (Fig. 6). Axial suture inconspicuous, but visible starting with collum. Following paraterga nearly acute at caudal corner, especially clearly drawn behind tergal margin only in 2nd and a few caudalmost segments, paraterga of penultimate segment fused medially into a broad, terminally slightly concave plate with two caudolateral denticles and a vestigial axial suture (Figs 6 C, 7C). Lateral peritremes on paraterga evident, delimited by a sulcus both dorsally and, to lesser degree, ventrally. Metaterga slightly, but clearly elevated caudally, each with 9–11 + 9–11 small bosses/tubercles at caudal margin, like collum with a considerable lighter gap between paramedian pair. Surface of collum and following metaterga faintly rugulose and microtuberculate, dull all over. Ozopores lateral, starting with segment 5, small, inconspicuous, each lying at bottom of a small oblong groove in front of caudolateral corner of a clearly thickened, nearly porostele-shaped peritreme (Fig. 7 B). Telson small, completely concealed in dorsal view by caudal plate of penultimate segment’s fused paraterga (Figs 6 A, C, D, 7C).</p><p>Sterna about 2/3 as wide as coxae, the latter almost in touch medially (Fig. 6 A, C, E). Legs 6-segmented. Male coxa 2 with a short, tube-shaped, simple, basal gonapophysis directed caudomesad. Claws simple (Fig. 8 A). Coxal sacks starting with leg 3.</p><p>Anterior gonopods (Fig. 8 B) apparently 5-segmented, C-shaped, strongly incrassate and stout. Tarsus with a strong apical stylet and a gutter for accommodation of posterior gonopod tarsus (Fig. 8 B, C). Posterior gonopods (Fig. 8 D) apparently 6-segmented, much slenderer; tarsus longest, flagelliform, very simple.</p><p>Remarks. The order Siphonocryptida has hitherto been known to contain only six species in two genera and a single family (Enghoff and Golovatch 1995; Korsós et al. 2008, 2009; Enghoff 2010). The group’s highly peculiar distribution only emphasizes its relictual status (Shelley and Golovatch 2011). Thus, the genus Siphonocryptus Pocock, 1894, comprises three species, one in Sumatra, Indonesia, the other two in continental Western Malaysia (Enghoff and Golovatch 1995; Enghoff 2010). In contrast, the distribution pattern of Hirudicryptus Enghoff &amp; Golovatch 1995 is trans-Palaearctic (Fig. 10). The type species, H. canariensis (Loksa, 1967), occurs only on Madeira and the Canaries, where it is largely confined to the relict laurisilva biome. The second species, H. taiwanensis Korsós, Enghoff &amp; Chang, 2008, is endemic to Taiwan, whereas the third, H. quintumelementum Korsós, Geoffroy &amp; Mauriès, 2009, is only known from a few females collected at a 2500 m elevation in Nepal, Himalayas (Enghoff and Golovatch 1995; Korsós et al. 2008, 2009). It may well be that the distribution pattern under consideration dates back at least to the Oligocene times of the so-called “Warm Earth” to have highly probable explanations rooted in palaeobotanical evidence. These imply a gradual shrinkage and disruption ever since of the previously dominating and continuous subtropical biome (Golovatch 1997; Zherikhin 2003). Being so vastly disjunct, the present-day distribution of Siphonocryptida is best accounted for by extinction events (Shelley and Golovatch 2011).</p><p>The discovery of H. abchasicus sp. nov. in the Caucasus very nicely bridges the huge gap between Macaronesia and the Himalayas (Fig, 10). This species is clearly a highly relictual element in the Caucasian fauna. Luckily, it stems from a nature reserve, thus demanding no other special measures of protection.</p><p>The following key can be offered to separate all four presently known species of Hirudicryptus .</p><p>1. Caudal margin of last tergum straight, devoid of lateral prongs.................................................. 2</p><p>- Caudal margin of last tergum clearly concave, flanked by small lateral prongs (Figs 6 C, 7C).......................... 3</p><p>2. Midbody terga with 14–15 + 14–15 tubercles at caudal margin. Macaronesia........................... H. canariensis</p><p>- Midbody terga with 9–11 + 9–11 tubercles at caudal margin. Nepal ............................. H. quintumelementum</p><p>3. Midbody terga with 6–8 + 6–8 tubercles at caudal margin Adults larger: length 10.5–16.8 mm (males), up to 19.4 mm (females), width 1.2–2.0 or 1.3–2.5 mm, respectively. Taiwan ....................................... H. taiwanensis</p><p>- Midbody terga with 9–11 + 9–11 tubercles at caudal margin (Fig. 6 C). Adults smaller, 7–8.5 mm long, 0.9–1.0 mm wide. Cau- casus.............................................................................. H. abchasicus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5747B12121912685DEEFF57FA2FFA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Golovatch, Sergei;Evsyukov, Aleksandr;Reip, Hans S.	Golovatch, Sergei, Evsyukov, Aleksandr, Reip, Hans S. (2015): Colobognatha millipedes in the Caucasus (Diplopoda: Polyzoniida, Platydesmida, Siphonocryptida). Zootaxa 3972 (2): 250-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.2.6
