identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A62A87E34B2CFFC511B1F8D59F0FFDC5.text	A62A87E34B2CFFC511B1F8D59F0FFDC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterolaophonte Lang 1948	<div><p>Genus Heterolaophonte Lang 1948</p><p>Type species. H. stroemii (Baird, 1837)</p><p>Other species and subspecies. Heterolaophonte bisetosa Mielke, 1975; H. brevipes Roe, 1958; H. campbelliensis (Lang, 1934); H. curvata (Douwe, 1929); H. c. micarthros Marcus &amp; Por, 1960; H. denticulata Roe, 1958; H. discophora (Willey, 1929); H. furcata Noodt, 1958; H. hamatus Jakobi, 1954; H. hamondi Hicks, 1975; H. heejinae Bang, Lee &amp; Lee, 2011; H. lalanai Varela &amp; Ortiz, 2008; H. letovae Huys, 1990; H. littoralis (T. &amp; A. Scott, 1893); H. livingstoni Apostolov &amp; Pandourski, 2001; H. longisetigera (Klie, 1950); H. manifera (Wilson, 1932); H. mendax (Klie, 1939); H. minuta (Boeck, 1873); H. murmanica Letova, 1982; H. norvegica Drzycimski, 1968; H. oculata (Gurney, 1927); H. pauciseta (Lang, 1936); H. serratula Mielke, 1981; H. stroemii (Baird, 1834); H. s. brevicaudata (Monard, 1926); H. s. paraminuta Noodt, 1955; H. s. stroemii (Baird, 1834); H. tenuispina (Lang, 1934); H. uncinata (Czerniavski, 1868); H. variabilis Lang, 1965 .</p><p>Species incertae sedis. Cleta setigera Kričagin, 1873; Heterolaophonte australis (T. Scott, 1912); H. exigua (T. Scott, 1912); H. insignis (T. Scott, 1914); H. manifera sulamericana Jakobi, 1954; H. rottenburgi (T. Scott, 1912); Laophonte laurentica Nicholls, 1939 .</p><p>Species inquirendae. H. curvata micarthros Marcus &amp; Por, 1960; H. phycobates (Monard, 1935); H. pygmaea (T. Scott, 1893); H. tupitskyi Chislenko, 1976; Heterolaophonte sp. Roe, 1960; Heterolaophonte sp. Wells, 1961; Heterolaophonte sp. Yoo &amp; Lee, 1995.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A62A87E34B2CFFC511B1F8D59F0FFDC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karaytuğ, Süphan	Karaytuğ, Süphan (2014): Systematics of the genus Heterolaophonte (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida), with redescription of H. uncinata and H. curvata. Zootaxa 3780 (3): 503-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.4
A62A87E34B2DFFC811B1FD549FD5FE9A.text	A62A87E34B2DFFC811B1FD549FD5FE9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterolaophonte uncinata (Czerniavski 1868) Czerniavski 1868	<div><p>Heterolaophonte uncinata (Czerniavski, 1868)</p><p>(Figs. 2–9)</p><p>Synonymy. Cleta uncinata Czerniavski, 1868, p 42, plate I, Figures 19 –29.</p><p>Neotype designation. With the type materials lost, a neotype is designated here in order to clarify the taxonomic status of H. uncinata . Neotype is a female, collected on 10.09.2002 from Tirebolu Beach (St. 9), Giresun province, Turkey (41º00.249'N 38º48.473'E), dissected on eight slides (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.1).</p><p>Material examined. St.9, one ♀ dissected on two slides (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.2), two ♀, (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.3–4), one adult ♂ dissected on eight slides (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.5), one ♂ (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.6); St.1, two ♀ (16.09.2001), three ♀ (10.08.2002); St.5, two ♀ and two ♂ (09.07.2001), two ♀ (13.09.2002); St.6, two ♀, two ♂ (13.09.2002); St.7, one ♀ (11.09.2002); St.10, one ♀, two ♂ (10.09.2002); St.15, one ♀ (14.04.2007); St.17, five ♀ (27.11.2007); St.20, four ♀ (07.04.2007) deposited in the collection of Zoological Museum at the Biology Department of Mersin University. Undissected materials are whole mounted on slides.</p><p>Redescription of female (based on neotype). Body (Fig. 2 A, B). Total body length 518–656 µm (n = 10, mean = 563 µm). Largest width at posterior margin of cephalic shield. Urosome gradually tapering posteriorly. All somites covered with hardly visible minute spinules (as arrowed in Fig. 2 A). Rostrum triangular (Fig. 2 A), with pair of sensilla near apex; midventral tube-pore in subapical position; completely defined at base. Cephalothorax with posterior margin fringed with small spinules; pleural areas well developed and rounded with lobate posterolateral angles; and pattern of sensillae as in Fig. 2 A, B. All prosomites without defined hyaline frills; posterior margins fringed with small spinules. Urosome (Fig. 2 A, B) 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite and 3 free abdominal somites. Ventral surface of abdominal half of genital double-somite, second and third abdominal somites with rows of spinules (Fig. 3 A). Hyaline frills of urosomites not distinct. Genital double-somite with transverse surface ridge dorsally and laterally (Fig. 2 A, B), 2 pairs of pores located ventrally in the middle; completely fused ventrally (Fig. 3 A). Genital field (Fig. 3 A) with medium-sized copulatory pore located in median depression; gonopores fused medially forming single genital slit covered on either side by operculum derived from sixth leg; P6 with small protuberance bearing 2 bare setae. Anal somite with 2 pairs of ventral tube-pores (Fig. 3 A); anal operculum flanked by pair of sensilla; anal opening bordered by well-developed frill bearing long setular extensions (Fig. 3 B).</p><p>Caudal rami (Fig. 3 A, B) short, cylindrical, slightly longer than wide; each ramus with 7 bare setae: seta I inserted subventrally, bare and shortest; setae II and III bare; setae IV and V fused basally, and with fracture planes; seta VII tri-articulate at base; each ramus with small spinules on dorsal surface; additional spinular ornamentation present around ventral and dorsal distal margins; long tube-pore present near ventral distal margin.</p><p>Antennule (Fig. 4 A, B) seven-segmented; spinular ornamentation on segments 1–4 as figured. Segments 1–2 without spinous processes. Segment 4 with aesthetasc fused basally to seta and arising from distinct pedestal. Armature formula: 1-[1], 2-[8], 3-[7], 4-[1 + (1 + ae)], 5-[1], 6-[2], 7-[7 + acrothek]. Apical acrothek consisting of small aesthetasc fused basally to 2 naked setae.</p><p>FIGURE 6. Heterolaophonte uncinata, ♀. A, P1, anterior; B, P4, anterior.</p><p>FIGURE 7. Heterolaophonte uncinata, ♀. A, P2, anterior; B, P3, anterior.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 5 A). Three-segmented, comprising coxa, allobasis and free 1-segmented endopod. Coxa small, with row of small spinules. Allobasis not elongate; without distinct surface suture marking original segmentation; with 1 abexopodal bipinnate seta near middle, with patch of fine spinules proximally near base of exopod. Exopod very small, with 4 naked small setae (2 apically and 2 subapically); 1 row of coarse spinules on posterior surface. Endopod about as long as allobasis; lateral armature inserted in distal half, consisting of 1 seta flanked by 2 strong spines; apical armature consisting of 2 strong spines and 3 geniculate setae (one geniculate seta fused basally to a short seta). Endopod with 1 row of long spinules in proximal half and row of spinules subapically.</p><p>Labrum well developed; spinular ornamentation on anterior surface as in Figure 2 C. Mandible (Fig. 2 D) with well developed gnathobase bearing several multicuspidate teeth on distal margin as figured and 1 unipinnate seta at dorsal corner; palp elongate bearing 4 naked and 1 apical plumose seta, with spinules near base.</p><p>Maxillule (Fig. 5 C, D); praecoxa with several spinules around outer margin; arthrite strongly developed, with 1 naked seta on dorsal surface and 8 spines/setae around distal margin; 1 transverse row of long spinules on posterior surface. Coxa with cylindrical endite bearing 1 naked seta and 1 curved pinnate spine; with 1 spinular row on outer margin. Basis with cylindrical endite bearing 1 naked, 1 plumose setae and 1 pinnate spine. Endopod completely incorporated into basis, forming cluster of 2 tube-like and 1 naked setae; exopod 1-segmented but fused to basis, with 1 tube-like and 1 naked setae.</p><p>Maxilla (Fig. 4 D). Syncoxa with 3 endites; with several rows of spinules on posterior surface as figured; praecoxal endite small and cylindrical, with 1 plumose seta; both coxal endites with 2 pinnate setae and 1 naked seta; proximal coxal endite with 1 row of spinules posteriorly. Allobasis drawn out into 1 strong, slightly curved, distally pinnate claw; accessory armature consisting of 2 setae. Endopod represented by 3 naked setae, surrounded by spinules near base.</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 4 C). Syncoxa elongate, with 2 plumose setae and 3 rows of spinules. Basis with row of strong spinules along palmar margin next to patch of fine spinules. Endopod drawn out into 1 long distally pinnate claw; with 1 short accessory seta anteriorly.</p><p>Swimming legs. P1–P4 (Figs. 6A, B; 7A, B), with wide naked intercoxal sclerites and triangle praecoxae. Praecoxae with spinules along outer margin. Exopods 3-segmented, endopods 2-segmented.</p><p>P1 (Fig. 6A). Coxa large; with 2 spinular rows on anterior surface and 1 spinular row along outer margin. Basis with strong unipinnate seta near insertion of endopod, long spinules along inner margin, 1 spinular row on anterior surface and 1 bipinnate spine and 1 spinular row along outer margin. Exopodal segments with spinules along outer margins. Exp-1 with 1 bipinnate spine; exp-2 with 1 naked outer spine; exp-3 with 2 naked outer spines and 2 geniculate apical setae. Enp-1 about 4.5 times as long as wide, and about twice as long as exopod, with long spinules along proximal half of inner margin, and with spinules along outer margin; enp-2 with 1 strong, minutely denticulate claw, and 1 small naked seta; several spinules along outer margin and around inner distal corner. P2–P4 (Figs 6B; 7A, B). Coxae and bases with spinular rows along outer margin, on anterior and posterior surfaces; basis with tube-pore on anterior surface (P2,P3); exopods with 3 segments, exopodal segments with similar width/length ratio; outer margin of basis with naked seta; exopodal and endopodal segments with elaborate spinular/setular ornamentation as figured. P2–P4 enp-1 shorter than enp-2 (P2 enp-1 as long as enp-2) and without seta; enp-2 with tube pore. Spine and setal formulae of swimming legs as follows:</p><p>Fifth pair of legs (Fig. 5 B). Baseoendopods not fused medially. Exopod and baseoendopod discrete, each with pattern of spinules on anterior surface as figured. Baseoendopod forming, outer setophore bearing basal naked seta; with 2 tube pores on anterior surface; endopodal lobe extending middle of exopod, with 2 apical and 3 medial bipinnate setae, two proximal setae with small pinnules. Exopod with 2 plumose terminal setae, 2 naked terminal setae and 2 subapical outer naked setae.</p><p>Redescription of male (based on material from St.9). Body (Fig. 8 A). 495–574 µm (n = 5; mean 524 µm). Largest width at posterior margin of cephalic shield. Urosome narrower than prosome. Prosome (Fig. 8 A) 4- segmented, comprising cephalothorax and 3 free pedigerous somites. Free pedigerous somites with spinulate posterior margin; whole surface covered with tiny spinules as in ♀. Rostrum, antenna, mouth parts and P1 as in female. Urosome 6-segmented (Fig. 8 A), comprising P5-bearing somite, genital somite and 4 abdominal somites, ornamented with spinular rows ventrally as figured. All urosomites with surface ornamentation consisting of tiny spinules dorsally and laterally.</p><p>Antennule (Fig. 8 B, C). Eight-segmented, subchirocer. Segment 1 covered with groups of spinules along anterior margin as figured. Segment 5 swollen (Fig. 8 B, C). Segmental homologies: 1-(I), 2-(II–VIII), 3-(IX–XII), 4-(XIII), 5-(XIV–XX), 6-(XXI–XXII), 7-(XXIII), 8-(XXIV–XXVIII). Armature formula: 1-[1], 2-[9], 3-[5], 4-[2], 5-[8 + 5 modified + (1 + ae)], 6-[1 + 2 modified spinous elements], 7-[1], 8-[7 + acrothek]. Apical acrothek consisting of aesthetasc and 2 naked setae.</p><p>Swimming legs P2–P4 (Fig. 9 A, B, C) with 2-segmented endopods and 3-segmented exopods. Surface ornamentation of intercoxal sclerites and protopods generally as in ♀. Many modifications on P2-P4 exopodal and endopodal segments. P2-P3 (Fig. 9 A, B). All exopod segments more robust; inner setae and outer spines naked. Exp-3 curved and sclerotised, outer spines naked and robust, outer terminal seta modified into 1 naked spine, inner terminal setae reduced as 2 smaller naked setae.</p><p>P2 (Fig. 9 A). Enp-1 elongated with long spinules along inner and outer margins, enp-2 with long spinules along outer margin, innermost seta transformed into 1 naked spine (arrowed in Fig. 9 A).</p><p>P3 (Fig. 9 B). Enp-1 with long spinules along inner and outer margins. Enp-2 with long fine spinules along inner margin; with very stout spinular row near outer margin; with 3 tube-pores on anterior surface. Enp-2 produced distally into short, spiniform outer apophysis (homologous with outer spine of enp- 2 in ♀, arrowed in Fig. 9 B); innermost seta lost.</p><p>P4 (Fig. 9 C). Enp-1 with 2 spinules on inner and outer distal margins. Enp-2 with spinules on inner and outer margins; inner seta reduced to 1 small spine (arrowed in Fig. 9 C).</p><p>Fifth pair of legs (Fig. 3 C). Baseoendopods fused medially, with setophore bearing outer naked basal seta and with 5 setae; with 2 pair of tube-pores.</p><p>Sixth pair of legs (Fig. 3 C). Symmetrical; represented by 1 plate fused to ventral wall of supporting somite; outer distal corner produced into small process bearing several spinules at base, 1 bipinnate inner and 1 naked outer seta.</p><p>Variability. No significant variation was observed among the examined specimens.</p><p>Distribution. Based on the examined materials, it can be assumed that H. uncinata has a wide distribution both in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>Remarks. Heterolaophonte uncinata was originally described as Cleta uncinata from Cape St. John in the Black Sea. Cape St. John (now more often called "Cape Monastery"), located in Yalta, in the Crimea peninsula (Czerniavski 1868) and it has been reported from few localities since then (Lang 1948; Bodin 1997). Heterolaophonte uncinata is one of the species of the genus Heterolaophonte which requires urgent redescription. Unfortunately the type material is lost (personal communication with Prof. Dr. Rony Huys) and therefore a neotype is designated here to help in solving the taxonomic problem surrounding H. uncinata . Unfortunately figures of the original description lack sufficient detail to make meaningful comparisons with the present redescription. On the other hand, the old figures prepared by Czerniavski (1868) can still provide us many surprising details which are overlooked even in some recent publications. For example, the structure of the modified inner spine on P2 enp-2 of the male was well documented and figured. We believe that structure of this modified spine is a diagnostic feature for H. uncinata (arrowed in Figure 9 A) and provides strong support that the redescribed specimens are conspecific with Czerniavski’s specimens.</p><p>There is some significant degree of variation among some previous reports (Petkovski 1954; Marcus &amp; Por 1960; Apostolov &amp; Marinov 1988). Petkovski (1954) recorded H. uncinata from the Adriatic, but this species cannot be attributed to Heterolaophonte as it has very unusual characteristics. For example, P4 exp-2 has an abnormal process terminally carrying a plumose seta on the second exopodal segment; this is not found in any harpacticoid species. Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988) provided a supplementary description of H. uncinata from the Black Sea. According to Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988) the first seta on the plate of male P5 exopod is longer than the second seta, and the third seta is given as very long. In the present description of H. uncinata the first outer seta is shorter than the second seta, and the third seta is shorter than the second. The first inner lateral seta of P5 endopod lobe is given as naked but it is pinnate in the present specimen. The unipinnate spine of P1 basis was possibly overlooked by Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988). Another report of H. uncinata from the Black Sea (Yalta, Crimea) was provided by Marcus &amp; Por (1960). But this report almost certainly represents a different species since it has 5 setae/spines on P2-P4 exp-3 of the female instead of 6 setae/spines in the present redescription, and also has 5 setae/spines on P2-P3 exp-3 and 4–5 setae/spines on P4 exp-3 of the male. In conclusion, the variation among previous H. uncinata reports (Petkovski 1954; Marcus &amp; Por 1960; Apostolov &amp; Marinov 1988) is noteworthy. It can be speculated that H. uncinata may well be a species complex in which each population can only be separated from each other by the detailed comparisons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A62A87E34B2DFFC811B1FD549FD5FE9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karaytuğ, Süphan	Karaytuğ, Süphan (2014): Systematics of the genus Heterolaophonte (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida), with redescription of H. uncinata and H. curvata. Zootaxa 3780 (3): 503-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.4
A62A87E34B20FFDD11B1FE729E4FFB3D.text	A62A87E34B20FFDD11B1FE729E4FFB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterolaophonte curvata (Douwe 1929) Douwe 1929	<div><p>Heterolaophonte curvata (Douwe, 1929)</p><p>(Figs. 10 –21)</p><p>Synonymy. Laophonte curvata, Douwe (1929), p. 286, figs. 4–9.</p><p>Neotype designation. With the type materials lost, a neotype is designated here in order to clarify the taxonomic status of H. curvata . Neotype is a female, collected on 10.09.2002 from a beach in Yaroz Feneri Village (St. 11), Trabzon province, Turkey (41º05.677'N 39º23.718'E), dissected on 8 Slides (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.7).</p><p>Material examined. St.11 (10.09.2002), one ♀ and one ♂, each dissected on eight slides (deposited in the NHMUK reg. no. 2014.8-9); St.2, one ♀ dissected on four slides, four ♀, one ♂, (01.05.2001); St.4, three ♀, two ♂ (13.09.2002); St.7, three ♀ (11.09.2002); St.8, six ♀ (1 ♀, dissected on 1 slide) and one ♂ (11.09.2002), St.12, one ♀ (dissected on 2 slides), three ♂ (10.09.2002); St. 13, two ♀ (09.09.2002); St. 14, three ♀, one ♂ (14.09.2002); St. 16, one ♂ (29.11.2007); St. 18, one ♀ (26.11.2007); St. 19, two ♀, one ♂ (08.04.2007), one ♀ (25.11.2007); St.20, two ♀ (24.11.2007); St. 21, one ♂ (24.11.2007); St. 22, one ♀ (24.11.2007). All other materials are deposited in the collection of Zoological Museum at the Biology Department of Mersin University. Undissected materials are whole mounted on slides.</p><p>Redescription of female (based on neotype). Body (Fig. 10 A, B). Total body length 686–706 µm (n = 20; mean = 694 µm). Shape, ornamentation and structure of body, rostrum and cephalothorax as in H. uncinata . Entire surface covered with tiny spinules (see insert on Fig. 10 A). Rostrum triangular (Fig. 12 A), with 1 pair of welldeveloped sensilla near apex; midventral tube-pore in subapical position; with transverse incomplete surface ridge dorsally indicating original articulation; with ovoid patch of fine spinules located centrally. All prosomites without defined hyaline frills; posterior margins fringed with small spinules. Urosomites (Fig. 11 A) with several rows of spinules on ventral surface extending laterally (Fig. 10 B). Genital double-somite with transverse surface ridge dorsally and laterally (Fig. 10 A, B), 2 pairs of pores located medially; completely fused ventrally (Fig. 11 A). Copulatory pore located in proximal depression; gonophores fused medially forming single genital slit covered on either side by operculum derived from sixth leg; P6 with small protuberance bearing 1 bare seta (Fig. 11 A). Anal somite (Fig. 11 A, B); anal operculum flanked by 1 pair of sensilla; anal opening bordered by 1 frill bearing fine setular extensions. Caudal rami (Fig. 11 A, B). Divergent, cylindrical, about twice as long as wide; each ramus with 7 bare setae: seta I subventral, bare and shortest; setae II and III bare; setae IV and V fused basally, and with fracture planes; seta VII tri-articulate at base with spinular row near insertion. Each ramus covered with hardly visible spinules on dorsal surface; additional spinular ornamentation present around ventral and dorsal distal margins; long tube-pore present near ventral distal margin.</p><p>Antennule (Fig. 12 B) 7-segmented; segmentation, setation and ornamentation as in H. uncinata except for 1 plumose seta on segment 2. Antenna (Fig. 17 C); segmentation, setation and ornamentation as in H. uncinata except for allobasis with 1 transverse proximal spinular row near base of exopod. Mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped as in H. uncinata .</p><p>Swimming legs P2–P4 (Fig. 14B; 16A, B) with wide intercoxal sclerites bearing hardly visible spinules and with well developed praecoxae. Praecoxae with spinules along outer margin. Exopods 3-segmented, endopods 2- segmented.</p><p>P1 (Figs. 14A; 15A, B, C) with 2-segmented exopod. Ornamentation of intercoxal sclerite and praecoxae as in other swimming legs. Coxa large; with 3 spinular rows on anterior surface, inner and outer margins as figured. Basis with bipinnate seta near insertion of endopod; with spinular rows on anterior surface, along inner and outer margins; with bipinnate seta at outer margin. Exopodal segments with spinular rows as figured. Exp-2 (Figs. 14A; 15C) about twice as long as exp-1. Enp-1 about 5 times as long as width (Fig. 15 A), and about 3 times as long as exopod, with spinular row located medially on anterior surface; enp-2 with one strong, minutely denticulate claw, and 1 small naked seta (arrowed in Fig. 15 B); several spinules along outer margin and around inner distal corner.</p><p>P2–P4 (Figs 14B; 16A, B). Coxae and bases with spinular rows along outer margin and on anterior surface; basis with tube-pore on anterior surface; outer margin of basis with bipinnate seta; exopodal and endopodal segments with elaborate spinular/setular ornamentation along outer margins as figured; outer half of endopod segments of P2-P3 covered with fine spinules. P3–P4 enp-1 shorter than enp-2, P3 enp-2 about as long as enp-1, P2-P4 enp-1 without seta; P2 and P4 enp-2 with tube pore located terminally on anterior surface. Spine and setal formulae of swimming legs as follows:</p><p>Fifth pair of legs (Fig. 17 B). Similar to that of H. uncinata . Exopod and baseoendopod each with pattern of spinules on anterior surface as figured. Baseoendopod with 3 tubepores on anterior surface; endopodal lobe extending to middle of exopod, with 2 apical and 3 medial bipinnate setae, outermost minutely pinnate seta shortest, 2 proximal setae minutely pinnate. Exopod with 6 setae (one of which naked).</p><p>Redescription of male (based on material from St.11). Body (Figs. 17 A; 18A) similar to H. uncinata . Body length 638–670 µm (n=10; mean 650 µm). Rostrum narrower than female (Fig. 12 C) with 1 pore (arrowed in Fig. 18 B), surface with 1 group of spinules on anterior surface as figured. All urosomites with several spinular rows centrally, some rows extending laterally. Caudal rami as in female (Figs. 11 C, D; 18A, D).</p><p>Antennule (Fig. 12 C; 13A, B, C) 8-segmented; subchirocer with geniculation between segments 5 and 6. Segment 1 with spinules along anterior margin and covered with tiny spinules dorsally as figured. Segment 5 swollen with 1 robust spinulose seta swollen at base (Fig. 12 C; arrowed in Fig. 13 A) with 1 long aesthetasc (arrowed in Fig. 13 C) and 1 semispinulose seta. Segment 6 with 2 modified spinous element (arrowed in Fig. 13 B). Segmental homologies: 1-(I), 2-(II–VIII), 3-(IX–XII), 4-(XIII), 5-(XIV–XX), 6-(XXI–XXII), 7-(XXIII), 8- (XXIV–XXVIII). Armature formula: 1-[1], 2-[9], 3-[6], 4-[2], 5-[11 + 1 modified + (1 + ae)], 6-[2 modified spinous elements], 7-[1], 8-[7 + 1 modified + acrothek]. Apical acrothek consisting of 1 aesthetasc and 2 naked setae (Fig. 12 C). Surface ornamentation of intercoxal sclerites and protopods of P1–P4 (Figs 16 C; 19A, B) generally as in ♀. Many modifications on P1-P4.</p><p>P2 (Fig. 19 A). Exopod segments more robust than female. Exp-3 more sclerotised, outer spines stouter and naked, innermost spine remarkably shorter and stouter (homologous to terminal bipinnate spine of female). Enp-1 terminally elongated as 1 apophysis carrying 1 pore at tip and with 1 group of spinules along inner and outer margins. Enp-2 with longer spinules along outer margin, terminal seta longer and bipinnate, proximal inner seta transformed into 1 naked spine (arrowed in Fig. 19 A; indicated with upper right arrows in Fig 20 A).</p><p>P3 (Fig. 19 B). Exp-3 slightly curved and sclerotised, outer spines naked and robust (posterior fine spinular ornamentations only visible with SEM, arrowed in Fig. 20 D), middle outer spine modified into 1 longer naked spine, outer terminal spine modified into 1 shorter naked spine. Enp-1 with long setules along inner margin. Enp-2 with long spinules along inner margin, outermost seta transformed into 1 apophysis (arrowed in Fig. 19 B; indicated with lower left arrow in Fig. 20 A), anterior surface with 2 stout spinules.</p><p>P4 (Fig. 16 C). Inner seta of exp-2 minutely pinnate and smaller than that of female. Terminal inner spine of female reduced to 1 small naked seta. Enp-1 with 2 small inner spinules. Enp-2 ornamented with long spinules along outer margin and 1 patch of anterior minute spinules near base of tube pore; with small pinnate inner seta; terminal seta semispinulose about twice longer than outer terminal seta.</p><p>Fifth pair of legs (Fig. 11 C). Baseoendopods fused medially (Figs. 11 C; 18C), with setophore bearing outer naked basal seta; endopodal and exopodal lobes vestigial bearing 2 and 4 small naked setae respectively; with spinules and 1 tube-pore near base of setophore (indicated with upper arrow in Fig. 20 B). Sixth pair of legs (Fig. 11 C) symmetrical; represented by 1 plate fused to ventral wall of supporting somite (Figs. 11 C; 18C); outer distal corner produced into small process bearing several spinules at base and 2 naked setae (indicated with lower arrow in Fig. 20 B).</p><p>Variability. No significant variation was observed among the examined specimens.</p><p>Distribution. Based on the examined materials and confirmed records, it can be assumed that H. curvata has a wide distribution both in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>Remarks. Heterolaophote curvata was originally described from Bay of Cavaliere and Cette along the Mediterranean French coast by Douwe (1929). The present specimens differ from the original description in the presence of four setae (instead of one) on antennary exopod and in having one small inner terminal seta on the third exopodal segment of the male P3. But, it is highly possible that these setae have been overlooked by Douwe (1929). Further comparisons about the spinular ornamentation on the appendages cannot be made since the original FIGURE 14. Heterolaophonte curvata, ♀. A, P1, anterior; B, P3, anterior.</p><p>figures lack sufficient detail. On the other hand our specimens match well with the previous descriptions (Lang 1948; Apostolov 1990; Apostolov &amp; Marinov 1988). But, the setation on the figures and the setal formulae given in the text by Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988) contain several discrepancies which might have resulted from typing errors. Therefore the population reported by Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988) from the Black Sea is accepted as conspecific with the present species presented herein.</p><p>The subspecies H. curvata micrarthros has an interesting history of description. This subspecies was originally created as a new variety of H. curvata from Yalta (Crimea) by Marcus &amp; Por (1960). But, they determined that a previous report of H. curvata by Por (1960) from Romanian Black Sea coast (Eforie) was conspecific with the specimens from Yalta. Although Por (1960) noted some differences between Romanian specimens and the typical H. curvata he decided at that time that creating a new variety was not justified since he had only male specimens from a single locality. Later Marcus &amp; Por (1960) found female specimens in Yalta (Crimea) and created H. curvata var. micrarthros and concluded that their specimens differed from typical H. curvata by the following five features: i) Exopod of the antenna more developed than as that described by Douwe (1929) and bearing 4-5 setae instead of one, ii) terminal exopod segment of P3 has an extra seta and the P3 enp-2 a very weak thumb-shaped spine, iii) anal operculum with spinules on free border, iv) inner modified spine of P2 enp-2 of the male is less chitinized and weaker, v) the P4 endopod of the male is 2-segmented instead of one. But, these diagnostic features of H. curvata micrarthros are also found in the present redescription of H. curvata . On the other hand, several new differences can now be defined between H. curvata micrarthros and presently redescribed H. curvata; i) caudal rami shorter in female, ii) terminal exopodal segment of P4 with 5 setae/spines in male, iii) P4 enp-2 of male with one long seta, iv) structure and the ornamentation of setal elements of female P5 are different. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that the setal formula of P4 differs between female and male of H. curvata micrarthros, viz, terminal exopodal segment of P4 with 5 setae/spines in female but with 4 setae/spines in male and P4 enp-2 of male with one long seta in female but with 2 setae in male. This might mean that H. curvata micrarthros was described on the basis of male and female specimens belonging to different species. As mentioned above, the female specimens of H. curvata micrarthros were collected from Eforie (Romania) but the male specimens were obtained from Yalta. The description of the male possibly belongs to a taxon closely related to H. curvata (Por, 1960) but the female specimens described from Yalta (Marcus &amp; Por 1960) may not even belong to the genus Heterolaophonte but another genus such as Paralaophonte . Therefore, the position of H. curvata micrarthros within the genus should provisionally be considered doubtful. The reports of H. curvata micrarthros given by Marinov (1971) and Apostolov &amp; Marinov (1988) should also be confirmed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A62A87E34B20FFDD11B1FE729E4FFB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karaytuğ, Süphan	Karaytuğ, Süphan (2014): Systematics of the genus Heterolaophonte (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida), with redescription of H. uncinata and H. curvata. Zootaxa 3780 (3): 503-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.4
