identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A02F87F5FF91F9701730FD41FD95FB0F.text	A02F87F5FF91F9701730FD41FD95FB0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes Schoenherr 1823	<div><p>Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823</p> <p>Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823: 1135 (non Ptychoderes sensu Schoenherr, 1833); Schoenherr, 1833: 3, 120 (description); Dejean, 1837: 256 (cat.); Schoenherr, 1839: 156; Labram &amp; Imhoff, 1842: fasc. 10; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.); Jekel, 1855: 41; Lacordaire, 1866: 488; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Jordan, 1906: 302; Wolfrum, 1929: 5 (cat.), 1953: 3 (cat. supl.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Alonso­Zarazaga &amp; Lyal, 1999: 33 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Anthribus (Ptychoderes); Schoenherr, 1826: 34.</p> <p>Type species: Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795, by original designation.</p> <p>Size variable (7–24 mm). Body elongate, about three times as long as width across humeri; dorsally depressed, height at metathorax level slightly less than humeral width.</p> <p>Integument black to reddish­brown, antennae and legs concolorous or slightly lighter. Dorsal vestiture: dorsum of rostrum, frons, pronotum and elytra with a wide, longitudinal median vitta formed by dense, moderately long, cylindrical­depressed scales truncate at apex; dorsal vitta usually lighter than sides of pronotum and epipleura, and suddenly narrowed just behind the middle of elytra (Figs. 208–219, 221–227) (except P. bivittatus, Fig. 220). Blackish­brown scales forming: two irregular vittae, one at either side of vertex extending to basal third of pronotum, another from posterior third of pronotum reaching to elytral base; numerous spots at sides of pronotum and elytra, intermingled predominantly with light­brown scales (except P. brevis, P. viridanus, P. jekeli, P. callosus and P. jordani, with prevalenct green scales). Pygidium with sub­erect scales, not forming vittae. Sides of rostrum with sparse, blackish­brown, suberects scales. Ventral vestiture: at sides with scales similar to dorsal scales, but yellowish­white to greyish­white, always dense, with setigerous punctures each bearing a semidecumbent scale coloured otherwise; medially finely pubescent, pubescence usually dense, concolorous with the lateral scales (except for P. elongatus). Sides of mentum densely hairy within depressions or grooves. Antennae with fine, whitish pubescence, denser at apex of segments; club with dense, shining, blackish­brown pubescence. Legs with vestiture similar to that of the sides of ventral surface intermingled with blackish­brown or pale scales (except for P. bivittatus). Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora either with two dark spots or with a dark, not ring­like, postmedian strip; profemora with a single spot or lacking both spots and stripes. Anterior side of all tibiae with two spots formed by dense blackish­brown pubescence, one near base, another postmedian, both not ring­like. Apical half of protibiae with a dense strip of brown bristles extending along inner side of tarsi I­II. Tarsal pads of tarsi I­II bicolorous, with dark bristles on inner side, and pale bristles on outer side; III with compact yellowish pilosity, with a golden tint.</p> <p>Head longer than wide; vertex convex or almost flat; surface punctate­rugose at sides behind eyes, punctures dull, interstices shining; posteroventral margin corrugated. Eyes lateral (Figs. 9, 12, 14), almost rounded and weakly prominent, anterior margin obliquely truncate; ommatidia moderately fine, weakly prominent; subocular pit between lower eye margin and distal area of extension of scrobe present (Figs. 9, 18, 22). Gula almost dull. Frons slightly longer than wide, oblique, convex or almost flat, slightly narrower near base of rostrum, with a short carina on each side of median carina (except for P. bivittatus) slightly depressed near ocular margin. Rostrum (Figs. 7, 9, 12–23) cylindrical, thickened, suboblique, dorsally depressed, narrower than head at base, widest at apex, 1.2–2.0 times as long as wide across the base, height at base subequal to basal width. Dorsal carinae three, elongate, thickened, rostrum strongly impressed at base between carinae; median carina extending from apical notch to beyond middle of frons, flattened near apical notch and weakly prominent on frons; lateral carinae slightly thicker, slightly curved and convergent, far from each other at base, extending from anterior margin of eyes to scrobes. Apex (Fig. 13) with wide, deep, almost round notch; dorsally, strongly impressed on each side of the notch, with short, weakly prominent carina between impressed areas and dorsal margin of scrobes. Sides of rostrum (Figs. 9, 14) bicarinate and strongly impressed between carinae (except males of P. virgatus); looking tricarinate in some species because of the careniform upper margin of scrobes. Scrobes (Figs. 9, 17) latero ­ apical, not prominent; anterior region, where the condyle of scape fits, narrow and shallow; posterior region conspicuously wider and deep, with a ventrally directed oblique extension, and with a distal pit for accommodation of apex of 2 nd antennomere. Mentum (Figs. 11, 19–21) with wide, angulate emargination, lateral lobes well developed; groove of anterior margin shallow or vestigial; median region prominent, broad, dull, glabrous, impressed or grooved on each side; maxilar sinus deep. Labrum (Fig. 24) convex, transverse, apical margin almost rounded. Mandibles (Figs.25–27) stout, wider than long, widest at base, weakly, acutely projecting at apex; inner cutting edge with a blunt tooth more developed in left mandible (except P. mixtus); mola developed, strongly concave, dull. Maxillae (Fig. 28): galea cylindrical reaching apical segment of palp, with a basal, weakly sclerotized ring; inner edge densely hairy; apex rounded with long, spatulate setae; lacinia narrow, elongate, rounded at apex, inner margin densely hairy, hairs thickener and shorter apically, apex with spatulate setae; basal segment of maxillary palps short, slightly sclerotized; 2 nd</p> <p>conspicuously thickened, slightly longer than apical segment; 3 rd conical; apical segment elongate, attenuate at apex, 1/3 longer than 3 rd. Labium (Fig. 29): prementum with apical third of palpiger free; labial palps with long, cylindrical segments, 1 st longest, 3 rd about 1/3 longer than 2 nd, rounded truncate at apex; ligula deeply notched, lateral lobes finger­like, densely hairy, reaching apex of basal segment of palps; inner surface with sclerotized median line. Antennae stout, 11­segmented, sexually dimorphic, greatly variable in length in males; scape short, cylindrical, thickened, slightly depressed dorsally;segments II­VIII swelling at apex; II short; club distinct, formed by segments IX – XI; IX almost as long as VIII (except P. crustatus), segments X– XI conspicuously shorter; XI narrowed at apical half, rounded at apex. Prothorax (Figs. 32–33, 37–46, 241–250) from wider than long to slightly longer than wide, declivous behind antebasal carina; sides declivous, slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina (except P. jordani, P. crustatus and P. longicollis). Disk of pronotum with wide medial depression (except P. bivittatus, Fig. 248) tuberculate at middle. Center of pronotum usually with transverse rugae (Fig. 38) not reaching anterior and posterior margins. Antebasal carina (Figs. 37, 39, 41) interrupted at middle. Lateral carina (Fig. 43) elongate, almost reaching anterior margin of prothorax. Secondary carina (Figs. 37, 39–40) elongate, smooth, and laterobasal carina (Figs. 43–44), conspicuously prominent. Antebasal, lateral and laterobasal carinae with bract units, more evident in the latter (Figs. 41–42, 44–45). Posterodorsal margin prominent, with setiferous punctures (Figs. 40, 44). Sides of prosternum with deep setiferous punctures, each provided with a colored scale (Fig. 46). Intercoxal process of prosternum triangular, reaching the middle of anterior coxal cavities; obliquely elevated in relation to prosternum (except P. nebulosus and P. elongatus). Antecoxal prosternal furrow (Figs. 253–262) variable (vestigial in P. nebulosus and P. elongatus, Figs. 261, 262). Procoxae globular, not prominent. Proendosternite (Fig. 30) developed, lateral projections far from each other, upwards directed, somewhat expanded externally at apex. Mesoscutum (Fig. 34) not raised at anterior and lateral margins, the former rounded between lateral projections, these short and tapered; disc minutely, densely granulated. Scutellum reduced, quadrangular to suboval. Mesosternum (Figs. 35, 36) convex, almost dull, with a glabrous vitta on each side, depressed near anterior margin and irregulary impressed near base of intercoxal process (except P. nebulosus and P. elongatus). Mesepisternum developed (Figs. 35, 36). Intercoxal process of mesosternum (Figs. 35, 36) projected, 2/3 as wide as mesocoxa. Mesocoxae globular. Mesendosternite (Figs. 47) elongate, directed towards mesepimeron, slender apically, with well developed projections for tendon insertion. Metasternum (Figs. 35, 36) flat, slightly longer than mesosternum, grooved along anterior margin, groove deeper at middle, shallower on sides (except P. elongatus). Metepisternum (Fig. 36) almost flat, wide and depressed anteriorly. Metendosternite (Figs. 48–50) with a narrow, elongate peduncle, lateral lamina perpendicular to peduncle, slightly longer than lateral arms which are divergent, widely separated and oblique to lateral lamina.</p> <p>Elytra (Figs. 208–227) elongate, about 1.2–2.5 times as long as wide across humeri, subconvex, either slightly impressed along interstriae 2 or strongly depressed between suture and interstriae 3; basal margin prominent and thickened. Humeri prominent and rounded. Surface transversely rugose, punctures organized in rows. Epipleura declivous, deeply grooved at basal third (except P. elongatus), outer margin sinuous, prominent (Fig. 230). Apex almost rounded (except males of P. depressus, P. elongatus and P. nebulosus, Fig. 229), apical margin prominent (except P. viridanus); apical declivity variable, tubercles present or absent, or interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 swollen (Figs. 229–230, 232–234). Wings (Fig. 51) developed, 3 times as long as width at base; apical part, from apex of Rs to apex of wing, about half as long as the basal part from the base of wing to apex of Rs; anal lobe poorly defined; subcosta (Sc) moderately short, about 1/3 as long as the radial (RP); radial cell (Rc), if present, rectangular, poorly developed; radial sector (Rs) developed; transverse radial­media (r­m) sinuous, weakly sclerotized or vestigial; media (M) developed; 1 st branch of 1 st anal (1A 1) at least 1/3 longer than 2 nd branch (1A 2); 2 nd anal (2A) elongate; 3 rd anal (3A) about half as long as 2A, weakly sclerotized or vestigial; 4 th anal (4A) missing; jugal (J) vestigial; anal cell missing.</p> <p>Legs (Figs. 55, 58, 61, 69, 228–230) short. Femora subclavate, club of profemora stronger. Mesofemora slightly longer than pro­ and metafemora. Apical outer half of femora with glabrous areas (Figs. 55–63): somewhat rounded or oval, finely punctate on profemora (except P. brevis and P. jekeli), oval to fusiform, densely, finely punctate on meso­ and metafemora (except P. jekeli). Inner surface of femora with narrow, elongate, glabrous area with a row of fine punctures. Tibiae from weakly to strongly depressed, slightly enlarged apically. Tarsomeres I and II subequal in length. Claws appendiculate, three times as long as the internal process.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I slightly shorter than II; intercoxal process triangular, grooved along anterior margin (except P. elongatus, P. crustatus e P. brevis), this prominent and thickened, groove deeper at middle, shallow and sinuous at sides. Setiferous sex patches of males, if present, variable in shape (Figs. 236–238). Ventrites II – III subequal in length. Ventrite V in males slightly shorter than IV, in females, always longer; lateroapical angles not projected (except females of P.brevis); apex slightly emarginate or truncate. Pygidium (Figs. 52–54, 235) subvertical, subconvex before middle or depressed lenghtwise, truncate or rounded at apex; impressed at middle near apex in females (except for P. brevis). Hindgut with sclerotized rectal plates (Figs. 198–201): dorsal longest; lateral slightly shorter, ventral conspicuously shorter; rectal loop oblique and straight, either conspicuously projected dorsally or not.</p> <p>Male terminalia (Figs. 71–126, 130–184). Tergite VIII as wide as to slightly wider than long, more sclerotized at sides and apex; sides subparallel or convergent. Sternite VIII membranous, transverse, with apical lobes poorly to well defined, pigmented and with long, dense hairs; apodeme triangular, short or very much reduced (vestigial). Sternite IX with apodeme (= spiculum gastrale) variable in length. Tegmen with apodeme about as long as the sclerotized ring, this emarginate before apex; parameres fused, wider at base, variable at apex. Aedeagus elongate, slightly curved, body shorter than half length of apodemes; arc between apodemes present or absent, bridge missing; tectum twice as long as wide, barely shorter and slender than body of pedon; lateral membrane lobed and evenly pigmented; pedon continuous with apodemes, its sides gradually convergent to rounded apex; apodemes weakly enlarged basally. Internal sac variable in length; distal 2/3 spiculated in variable areas; sclerotized pieces from developed to absent; proximal 1/3 spiculated, with minute, weakly pigmented areas.</p> <p>Female terminalia (Figs. 185–192). Tergite IX elongate, barely convergent apically; lateral rods 3 times as long as the ovipositor, strongly narrowed and sclerotized, slightly enlarged at base. Tergite VIII from barely to conspicuously longer than wide; sternite VIII shorter than or about as long as apodeme. Ovipositor with body distinct from lateral rods; apex strongly sclerotized forming a toothed plate, with 3–4 teeth; stylus short, cylindrical; lateroventral lobes membranous at apex; ventral median lobe bilobate or acuminate; median rods narrow or thickened, fused along proximal half; bursa copulatrix developed, ventral lobe present or absent, insertion of spermathecal duct close to median oviduct, insertion region not sclerotized; spermatheca reniform, with short or elongate tubular gland.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Based on the cladistic analysis, Ptychoderes is here defined by the following synapomorphies (character number and states are discussed below in the section "characters"): presence of a pale vitta formed by whitish scales intermingled with differently coloured scales, extending dorsomedially along the rostrum, prothorax and elytra (1 1); anterior side of the tibiae with two not ring­like spots, one near base and another postmedian, formed by dense, dark brown pilosity (6 2); rostrum with a prominent, thickened medial carina, extending from the apical notch, where it is flat, to beyond the middle of frons (9 1); dorsolateral carinae of rostrum thickened, rounded and convergent, far from medial carina at the base of rostrum, slightly curved and closer to medial carina near scrobes (10 2); extension of the scrobe from shallow to deep in both sexes (11 2); mentum without sexual dimorphism, medially widely raised, dull and glabrous, either grooved or impressed at sides (12 1); frons with short carinae (13 1); central depression of pronotum deeper behind middle (18 3); tubercle inside the depression transverse (20 2); prothorax with a prominent second lateral carina (22 2); prosternum deeply grooved in front of procoxae, the anterior margin almost straight or sinuous (23 3); elytra impressed along the interstria 2 (27 1); ovipositor quadridentate, two distal teeth, convex, developed and similarly sized, one proximal dorsolateral moderately developed, and another proximal, ventrolateral, minute (47 1); rectal loop oblique, straight, weakly projected dorsally (50 1).</p> <p>Ptychoderes is the sister group of Unanthribus Mermudes, 2003. They differ in the following features (condition present in Unanthribus indicated in parenthesis): 1) frons near the base of rostrum almost as wide as the maximum width of eye (narrower); 2) rostrum impressed at base between the carinae and at sides, the median carina thickened (weakly impressed only between carinae, median carina narrow); 3) antennae of males slightly longer than body, exceeding the elytral apex by two segments (X+XI), segments II–V cylindrical (twice as long as body, segments II–V thickened and depressed); 4) pronotal depression deep (shallow); 5) prosternal furrow near procoxae (far from procoxae); 6) setigerous punctures at sides of prosternum coarse, as well as those beyond pleural suture (fine beyond pleural suture); 7) elytra depressed dorsally, not raised at base (elytra conspicuously more convex, raised at base); 8) lateral membrane of the internal sac uniformly pigmented (pigmented only at margins).</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. In males, the rostrum is always longer than the width across the base; the antennae are longer, reaching at least, the elytral basal third, at most exceeding the elytral apex; the elytra more evidently depressed; and ventrite V shorter than IV. In addition, males of P. rugicollis, P. callosus, P. viridanus, P. antiquus, P. nebulosus, P. elongatus, P. jordani and P.mixtus with setiferous sex patches on ventrite I.</p> <p>In females, the rostrum is shorter, the distance between scrobe and eye less than the maximum eye width; antennae shorter, segments II–VIII conical, club conspicuously thickener; prothorax from slightly longer than wide to wider than long; elytra more convex; and ventrite V longer than IV. Also, the pygidium is strongly impressed at middle near apex (except P. brevis), and ventrite V expanded at sides in P. antiquus, P. nebulosus and P. elongatus.</p> <p>Variability</p> <p>The variability in both body size and proportional antennal length in males of Ptychoderes has been reported by several authors (Jekel 1855; Lacordaire 1866; Jordan 1906). The present work corroborates these authors mainly with reference to the antennae. Medium sized males with moderately long antennae have the antennal segments slightly shorter, but their proportion (except for the scape) is similar to the observed in large males. Otherwise, the antennae in small males are slightly longer than in females, but the length of the antennal segments is similar to females. Also, some species may have a transverse carina between the lower lateral carina of rostrum and the extension of scrobe. When present, this carina may be entire or incomplete.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>In the Neotropical region, from Mexico to Argentina, reaching Ecuador to the west, and Brazilian Atlantic coast to the east.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>The biology of the species of Ptychoderes is poorly known. Costa et al. (1988) described and illustrated larva and pupa of Ptychoderes elongatus (Germar, 1824). Larvae, pupae and adults of this species were found inside vertical, cylindrical galleries (diameter about 7 mm) excavated in the duramen of newly fallen trunks. The last instar larvae make a thin, pergaminaceous cocoon and the pupal chambers are located underneath the bark. The pupae remain vertically inside the cocoon with the pronotal sclerites directed upwards. Well sclerotized and pigmented adults were found inside the pupal chambers.</p> <p>Howden (1992) observed females of Ptychoderes rugicollis Jordan, 1895 ovipositing inside vertical holes of 10 mm depth, which had been previously bored with the toothed plate of ovipositor. She also reported that the males, before mating, apparently clean the sawdust remains from the females’ abdomen with the protarsi pads. They also protect the females during oviposition, placing the antennae or the rostrum on the females’ back.</p> <p>Gombauld &amp; Duranton (1996) recorded Loreya arborescens, Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae), Eperua rubiginosa (Caesalpiniaceae), Licania alba (Chrysobalanaceae), Ocotea rubra (Lauraceae) e Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae) as host plants of P. viridanus Boheman, 1833. According to Maes (pers. comm.), he collected females of P. bivittatus that emerged from decayed stems of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) previously cut by Acrocinus longimanus (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), and observed adults of that species on branches while they were green.</p> <p>Magno (pers. comm.) colected adults of P. magnus, P. callosus, P. virgatus, P. viridanus, P. jordani and P. nebulosus on trunks of newly cut down trees, in Amapá state, northern Brazil. O’Brien (1998) noticed different ways of collecting specimens of Ptychoderes: P. bivittatus at night, P. tricostifrons attracted by UV and HgV light, and P. rugicollis, with beating umbrella. According to label data, a male of P. nebulosus was collected on Virola (Myristicaceae), a male of P. antiquus, on a dead avocado tree (Persea, Lauraceae), and some specimens of P.crustatus, P. mixtus, P.callosus, P. rugicollis and P. antiquus, in light traps.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF91F9701730FD41FD95FB0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF8FF9741730FA9BFAA7FCD7.text	A02F87F5FF8FF9741730FA9BFAA7FCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes sensu Schoenherr 1833	<div><p>Key to species of Ptychoderes</p> <p>1 Pronotum rugose throughout (Figs. 241–245, 247–249)............................................. 2</p> <p>­ Pronotum not rugose or rugae restricted to definite areas (Figs. 246, 250)............... 15</p> <p>2 Rostrum, sides of the head, vertex and pronotum clothed with a pale vitta of dense, yellowish scales, reaching humeri (Fig. 220). Pronotum convex with a weak median prominence (Fig. 248). Mexico to Costa Rica........................ P. bivittatus Jordan, 1894</p> <p>­ Dorsal vestiture otherwise (Figs. 208–219, 221–227). Pronotum with a central depression provided with a median tubercle (Figs. 241–247, 249–250)................................ 3</p> <p>3 Elytra with prominent anteapical tubercles................................................................. 4</p> <p>­ Elytra either without or with poorly developed anteapical tubercles.......................... 7</p> <p>4 Pale dorsal vitta with whitish scales intermingled with pale olivaceous­green scales (never light­brown). Colour of the sides of pronotum and epipleura weakly contrasting with dorsal vitta (Figs. 221). Prosternal furrow shallow, sinuous, strongly curved in front of procoxae, with a subtriangular projection at middle not interrupting the furrow (Fig. 260). Male ventrite I with a centered, developed setiferous sex patch. French Guiana, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina) and Bolivia...................................................................................................... P. callosus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta with whitish scales intermingled with light­brown scales (never green). Sides of pronotum and epipleura with a vitta of dense, dark­brown scales (Figs. 217, 219, 222). Prosternal furrow otherwise. Male ventrite I without setiferous sex patch; if present then never centered..................................................................... 5</p> <p>5 Elytra dorsally flattened, basal gibbosities and rugae almost inconspicuous (Figs. 217). Male: antennal segments III – IX dorsally sulcate; ventrite I without setiferous sex patch. Peru, Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), Bolivia and Paraguay............. P. depressus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>­ Elytra subconvex, with basal gibbosities; surface conspicuously rugose from base to middle of elytra (Figs. 219, 222). Male: antennal segments cylindrical, not sulcate; ventrite I with setiferous sex patch.............................................................................. 6</p> <p>6 Pale dorsal vitta contrasting with colour of sides (Fig. 222). Rostrum with dense grayish­white scales. Antennal segment XI elongate. Prosternal furrow shallow, sinuous, with a tiny prosternal projection at middle (Fig. 259). Male with a developed, setiferous sex patch near the intercoxal process (Fig. 237). Mexico to Colombia.................................................................................................................. P. rugicollis Jordan, 1895</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta weakly contrasting with colour of sides (Fig. 219). Rostrum with dense light­brown scales. Antennal segment XI short. Prosternal furrow deep, straight, without prosternal projection at middle (as in Fig. 253). Male with a minute setiferous sex patch near posterior margin (Fig. 236). Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and Argentina................................................................................................................ P. mixtus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>7 Prosternal furrow shallow, narrow, sinuous with a minute prosternal projection at middle (Fig. 257)............................................................................................................... 8</p> <p>­ Prosternal furrow very conspicuous, without middle projection (Figs. 253, 254)........ 9</p> <p>8 Prothorax subparallel at sides, conspicuously longer than wide (Figs. 211, 243). Elytra with basal gibbosities almost inconspicuous; anteapical tubercles weakly prominent. Mesosternal process rounded at apex. Male antennae elongate, reaching elytral apices (Fig. 211). Suriname, Colombia and Brazil (Mato Grosso) P. longicollis Jordan, 1894</p> <p>­ Prothorax almost rounded at sides, conspicuously wider than long (Figs. 208, 241). E lytra with prominent basal gibbosities; anteapical tubercles absent. Mesosternal process acuminate at apex. Male antennae short, reaching humeri (Fig. 208). French Guiana and Brazil (Mato Grosso)................................................. P. crustatus Frieser, 1988</p> <p>9 Prosternal furrow wide, anterior margin curved (Fig. 253). Male: antennal segments IV – IX dorsally sulcate; rostrum weakly impressed at sides with vestigial carinae. Female: antennal segments IX –X conspicuously depressed. French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia.................................................................................................................................. P. virgatus Fåhraeus, 1839</p> <p>­ Prosternal furrow narrow, anterior margin straight (Fig. 254). Male: antennal segments not sulcate (or IX and X depressed); rostrum conspicuously carinated and impressed at sides. Female: antennal segments IX and X barely impressed or not........................ 10</p> <p>10 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of green and whitish scales (brownish scales never predominant) (Figs. 209–210, 212–213)......................................................... 11</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta coloured otherwise, never with predominance of green scales (Figs. 214–216)......................................................................................................... 13</p> <p>11 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with pale olivaceous­green scales slightly denser on elytra (Fig. 209). Elytra slightly wider behind middle, sides clothed with pale olivaceous­green scales concolorous with the dorsal scales (209, 230). Colombia and Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso)...... P. brevis Jordan, 1894</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of dark­green scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales (Figs. 210, 212–213). Elytra slightly narrowed apicad from base, sides clothed with scales darker than dorsal scales............................................................. 12</p> <p>12 Prothorax almost rounded (Figs. 212–213, 244). Pronotal depression divided by a transverse tubercle (Fig. 244). Elytra without anteapical tubercles (Figs. 212–213). Female: antennal club short. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia............................... P. jordani Frieser, 1959</p> <p>­ Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina (Fig. 210). Pronotal depression with a median rounded tubercle (Fig. 210). Elytra with weakly prominent anteapical tubercles (Fig. 210). Female: antennal club elongate and thickened (Fig. 210). French Guiana and Brazil (Pará)..................... P. jekeli Mermudes &amp; Napp, 2004.</p> <p>13 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of greenish­ochreous scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales (Fig. 214). Prothorax almost rounded (Figs. 214, 244). Male with setiferous sex patch on ventrite I. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia.................................................................................................................................... P. jordani Frieser, 1959 (pale form)</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with scarce brownish scales (Figs. 215–216). Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina (Figs. 215–216). Male without setiferous sex patch........................................ 14</p> <p>14 Prosternal furrow with a triangular, thickened, strongly developed prosternal projection at middle, reaching the intercoxal process; base of the projection always wider than the intercoxal process (Fig. 255). Prosternum with moderately coarse, shallow punctures, with a weakly impressed area, coarsely, confluently punctate on each side of the disk (Fig. 255). Brazil (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia................................................................... P. magnus Mermudes &amp; Napp, 2004</p> <p>­ Prosternal furrow with a short prosternal projection at middle, not reaching the inter­ coxal process; base of the projection, at most, as wide as the intercoxal process (Fig. 256). Prosternum with dense, coarse, deep punctures (Fig. 256). Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo)............................................................... P. obsoletus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>15 Pronotum transversely rugose at sides and on the median tubercle (rugae absent inside the central depression) (as in Fig. 246)...................................................................... 16</p> <p>­ Pronotum not rugose or with rugae only inside the central depression (as in Fig. 250)..................................................................................................................................... 18</p> <p>16 Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina (Fig. 217). Elytra dorsally flattened; basal gibbosities and rugae almost inconspicuous; with anteapical tubercles (from prominent to weakly evident). Male: antennal segments III – IX sulcate. Peru, Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), Bolivia and Paraguay........................ P. depressus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>­ Pronotum almost rounded (Figs. 208, 212–214, 241, 244). Elytra convex, with prominent basal gibbosities and evidently rugose; anteapical tubercles absent. Male: antennal segments III–IX not sulcate.................................................................................. 17</p> <p>17 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of green or greenish­ochreous (pale form) scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales (Figs. 212–214). Antebasal carinae of prothorax curved (Figs. 212–214, 244). Male with setiferous sex patch on ventrite I. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso), Bolivia.................................................................................................... P. jordani Frieser, 1959</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with brownish scales, sometimes sparse (never with green scales) (Fig. 208). Antebasal carinae of prothorax straight (Figs. 208, 241). Male lacking setiferous sex patch. French Guiana and Brazil (Mato Grosso)........................................................ P. crustatus Frieser, 1988</p> <p>18 Pronotum rugose only inside the depression. Elytra with prominent anteapical tubercles (Figs. 225–227).................................................................................................. 19</p> <p>­ Pronotum lacking rugae (if present, only in front of the tubercle). Elytra lacking anteapical tubercles (Figs. 223–224).................................................................................. 20</p> <p>19 Pronotum rugose inside the depression, in front and behind the median tubercle. Anterior margin of both metasternum and intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply furrowed. Ventral body surface with yellow pilosity throughout (Fig. 261). Mexico to Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Acre, Rondônia, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) and Paraguay............................................................................................ P. nebulosus (Olivier, 1795)</p> <p>­ Pronotum rugose only behind the median tubercle (Fig. 250). Furrow of the anterior margin of both metasternum and intercoxal process of ventrite I, vestigial. Ventral body surface with a median vitta of sparsely brownish pilosity (seeming subglabrous) (Fig. 262). Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina)............................................................................................ P. elongatus (Germar, 1824) 20 Pale dorsal vitta with dense dark­green scales intermingled with whitish scales (predominantly with greenish­ochreous scales in pale forms) (Fig. 223). Pronotal depression divided by a transverse median tubercle (Fig. 223). Prosternal furrow with a small median projection, not interrupting furrow (Fig. 258). Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Espírito Santo) and Bolivia.............. P. viridanus Boheman, 1833</p> <p>­ Pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish scales intermingled with pale green, ochraceus, or brownish scales (Fig. 224). Pronotal depression large, elongate, slightly deeper behind the median, almost rounded tubercle which is flat on top (as in Fig. 250). Prosternal furrow with a small median projection interrupting furrow. French Guiana, Brazil (Rondônia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and Argentina................................................................... P. antiquus Jekel, 1855</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF8FF9741730FA9BFAA7FCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF8BF97A1730FCC3FAA4FB3E.text	A02F87F5FF8BF97A1730FCC3FAA4FB3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes crustatus Frieser 1988	<div><p>Ptychoderes crustatus Frieser, 1988</p> <p>Figs. 208, 241, 263</p> <p>Ptychoderes crustatus Frieser, 1988: 233; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 208): pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish to clay­grayish scales, intermingled with light brown scales, decumbent and denser on rostrum, pronotum and elytral interstriae 1–2 and 4. Pygidium with predominance of brownish scales. Ventral body surface and legs with appressed, dense yellowish­white scales, longer, thicker, conspicuously denser on disk of ventrites II–IV. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a vitta of scales concolorous with those of pronotum. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow, glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, episterna and sides of metasternum with deep setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale; these punctures shallow at sides of the ventrites. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackishbrown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.5 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about half maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due the careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae short, oblique, lower carina slightly longer. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension deep, narrow with a deep distal pit. Mentum sparsely, moderately finely punctate; strongly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae short (Fig. 208), exceeding antebasal carinae of prothorax. Segment II thickened, slightly longer than III; III–IV subequal in length; V–VII subequal, shorter than III–IV; VIII half as long as IX; X slightly shorter than IX and half as long as XI. (II = 0.40; III = 0.30; IV = 0.30; V = 0.20; VI = 0.20; VII = 0.20; VIII = 0.15; IX = 0.30; X = 0.25; XI = 0.40).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 208, 241) slightly wider than long, almost rounded at sides, weakly converging anteriorly from antebasal carina, anterior margin conspicuously narrower. Pronotal depression deep, divided by a prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Rugae more prominent and elongate on median tubercle, less evident at sides near lateral carina, and poorly conspicuous or even missing inside depression. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), almost to barely oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina almost straight (Figs. 208, 241). Secondary carina almost straight, widely interrupted at middle, not reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum almost flat, with dense, fine punctures intermingles with scarce, coarse, shallow punctures; antecoxal furrow shallow, sinuous, with a very small prosternal projection at middle. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and an irregular row of coarse punctures near the intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum impressed apically, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, with evident lateroapical projections. Elytra 1.8 times longer than wide across humeri, subconvex, transversely depressed before middle; basal gibbosities large and prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel at basal half, slightly wider than humeri behind middle. Apex almost rounded without anteapical tubercles, interstriae not swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrites short; ventrite I convex, sex patch absent; groove of the intercoxal process line shaped; disk of ventrites II–IV strongly depressed, clothed with dense, long, thickened pilosity. Ventrite V emarginate at apex. Pygidium longer than wide, depressed, with a short groove to fit elytra, rounded at apex.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum shorter, almost as long as wide across base. Antennae shorter, exceeding the middle of prothorax; segment II longest; III–IV subequal; V–VIII decreasing in length; IX twice as long as VIII; XI one third longer than X. (II = 0.4; III = 0.3; IV = 0.3; V = 0.3; VI = 0.2; VII = 0.2; VIII = 0.2; IX = 0.4; X = 0.2; XI = 0.4). Ventrites weakly convex; II and III subequal in length; IV slightly shorter than III, both without long, thick pilosity; ventrite V truncate at apex. Pygidium wider than long, somewhat convex on disk, rounded­truncate at apex. Terminalia: tergite VIII as long as wide, feebly convergent apically, truncate at apex; sternite VIII feebly shorter than apodeme, truncate at apex. Ovipositor with four teeth: two distal, conchoidal, developed and similarly sized; one proximal, dorsolateral, moderately developed, and one proximal, ventrolateral, minute; median rods thickened, rounded at proximal margin; median ventral lobe bilobated; bursa copulatrix lacking ventral lobe.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 7.4/10.5–11.3; RL = 1.4/ 1.4–1.5; RAW = 1.4/1.3–1.7; RBW = 0.9/1.3–1.4; HW = 1.2/1.8–2.0; DSO = 0.4/0.4; MLO = 0.8/1.0; PL = 2.2/2.7–3.2; PW = 2.4/2.7–3.2; EL = 4.6/6.8–6.9; EW = 2.5/3.3–3.5. Type material</p> <p>Female paratype (ZSMA), examined, labelled as follows: 1) Ptychoderes crustatus sp. n., Paratype, [red]; 2) det. R. Frieser, 1987 [pink]; 3) Guyane Française, Février, 1983, G. Tavakilian leg. [white]; 4) Route de Kaw, PK 33 [white]; 5) Zool. Staatsslg., München [blue]. Male holotype, not examined, deposited in the MNHN (Frieser, 1988). Type locality: French Guiana.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. crustatus is the sister group of the clade P. brevis + P. jekeli by the synapomorphies: sides of prosternum with a vitta of scales concolorous with those of pronotum (4 3); elytra transversely impressed before middle (29 1); and pygidium elongate, depressed, weakly convergent at sides (32 1). P. crustatus differs from P. brevis and P. jekeli, by the vestiture with whitish and light­brown scales, almost rounded prothorax, and prosternal furrow shallow and sinuous. In P. brevis and P. jekeli, the vestiture is formed by green and whitish scales, the prothorax weakly convergent apically from the antebasal carina, and the prosternal furrow deep and straight. In addition, the males of P. crustatus have the disk of ventrites II–IV strongly depressed, with long, dense, thick hairs, autapomorphy of this species.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 263) FRENCH GUIANA and BRAZIL (Mato Grosso).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne (Route de Kaw, 33 Km), 1 M, IV.1993, Marek­Seidl leg. (CPMT). BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Sinop (Faz. Teles), 1 F, X.1974, Silva leg. (MNRJ).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF8BF97A1730FCC3FAA4FB3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF85F9781730FAEAFEFDFA58.text	A02F87F5FF85F9781730FAEAFEFDFA58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes brevis Jordan 1894	<div><p>Ptychoderes brevis Jordan, 1894</p> <p>Figs. 209, 230, 242, 263</p> <p>Ptychoderes brevis Jordan, 1894: 592; Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Female. Vestiture (Fig. 209): pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish scales, intermingled with olivaceous­green scales, decumbent and denser at sides of pronotum, elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4 and apical declivity. Pygidium with predominance of olivaceous­green scales. Ventral body surface and legs with appressed, dense, yellowish­white scales; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a vitta of scales concolorous with those of pronotum (Fig. 230). Sides of mesosternum with a wide, glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, mesepisterna, metepisterna, sides of both metasternum and ventrites with shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a pale, yellowish scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum at least 1.2 times longer than wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about half maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to the careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae long and thick fused with the scrobal margin; with a transverse carina between the margin of scrobe and lower carina. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension deep, narrow with a deep, distal pit, slightly wider than extension. Mentum finely, sparsely punctate; strongly impressed at sides, shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with moderately coarse, shallow, sparse punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae short, reaching antebasal carina of prothorax. Segments III–IV slightly longer than II; V slightly longer than VI–VIII, subequal; IX one third longer than VIII; X the shortest; IX–X weakly expanded at apex; XI one third longer than X (II = 0.56–0.65; III = 0.70–0.72; IV = 0.72–0.75; V = 0.60–0.65; VI = 0.52–0.55; VII = 0.52–0.55; VIII = 0.48–0.50; IX = 0.75–0.76; X = 0.48–0.55; XI = 0.80).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 209, 242) slightly longer than wide; sides converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, with a almost rounded, weakly prominent, median tubercle, not reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum evidently rugose throughout, the rugae prominent and long. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (almost twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina straight (Fig. 230). Secondary carina sinuous, narrowly interrupted at middle, almost reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum raised, with coarse, deep dense punctures; antecoxal furrow straight, deep and entire. Mesosternum with coarse, shallow, sparse punctures; near the intercoxal process with two median, almost rounded, contiguous, deep depressions and coarse punctures at sides. Intercoxal process of mesosternum evidently impressed at apex, swollen at lateral and apical margins, with lateroapical projections. Elytra 1.2–1.9 times longer than wide across humeri, somewhat convex, transversely depressed before middle; basal gibbosities prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel at basal half, slightly wider than humeri behind middle. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae not swollen. Outer apical glabrous area of profemora with a single deep puncture.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with scarce, fine punctures, partially obscured by vestiture; intercoxal process depressed, groove line shaped. Ventrite V one third longer than IV, with lateroapical projections somewhat evident, not acuminated; apex emarginate. Pygidium slightly longer than wide, subconvex, not impressed medially at apex; with a short groove to fit elytra; apex truncate. Ovipositor (apex exposed) with a toothed plate similar to that of P. crustatus.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, female. TL = 14.3–14.5; RL = 2.0–2.1; RAW = 1.7–1.9; RBW = 1.5–1.7; HW = 2.3–2.5; DSO = 0.7–0.7; MLO = 0.7–0.7; PL = 4.2–4.3; PW = 4.0–4.2; E L = 6.0–9.0; EW = 4.7–4.8.</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Female holotype (BMNH) examined, labelled as follows: 1) Type [rounded, white with red border, printed]; 2) Ptychoderes brevis, ♀, Type: Jordan [white, manuscript]; 3) Pará, N. Brazil [white, printed]; 4) Karl Jordan coll., B.M. 1940–109 [white, printed]. Type locality: Brazil (Pará).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Ptychoderes brevis belongs to the P. crustatus + group, being the sister group of P.jekeli Mermudes and Napp, 2004 by two synapomorphies: pronotal depression with a median, somewhat rounded, weakly prominent tubercle (20 5), and glabrous area of profemora with a single coarse puncture (36 2). P. brevis differs from P. jekeli, and also from all other species of Ptychoderes, by the pygidium not impressed medially near apex, and ventrite V with projected, not acuminated, lateroapical angles, both autapomorphies of P. brevis.</p> <p>Ptychoderes brevis is similar to P. callosus Jekel, 1855 by the dorsal vestiture with olivaceous­green scales, differing by: 1) prosternum raised with coarse, deep, dense punctures; 2) prosternal furrow straight, deep and entire and 3) elytra with prominent basal gibbosities, lacking both anteapical tubercles and swollen interstriae. In P. callosus, the prosternum is weakly raised, with moderately coarse, shallow, sparse punctures; the prosternal furrow is shallow, strongly curved in front of procoxae, and with a subtriangular prosternal projection at middle not interrupting the furrow; the elytra have weakly prominent basal gibbosities, anteapical tubercles and interstriae 3–9 swollen.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 263) COLOMBIA and BRAZIL (Pará, Mato Grosso).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA. Putumayo: Nariño (Villa Amazonica), 1 F (compared with holotype), 1.X– XI.1995, Mracek col. (CPMT). BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Sinop, 1 F, Isnard Rubim leg. (MZSP).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF85F9781730FAEAFEFDFA58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF87F97F1730FA40FC92FBCE.text	A02F87F5FF87F97F1730FA40FC92FBCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes jekeli Mermudes and Napp 2004	<div><p>Ptychoderes jekeli Mermudes and Napp, 2004</p> <p>Figs. 210, 254, 263</p> <p>Ptychoderes jekeli Mermudes and Napp, 2004: 28, Figs. 2, 4; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes jekeli was recently described and illustrated by Mermudes and Napp (2004). Here it is added:</p> <p>Female paratype. Ovipositor (apex exposed) with a toothed plate similar to that of P. crustatus.</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. jekeli belongs to the P. crustatus + group, being the sister group of P. brevis by the synapomorphies mentioned under this species (20 5, 36 2). It differs from P. brevis by the dorsal vestiture with dark­green scales plus the autapomorphies: 1) mentum transversely carinated; 2) segments of antennal club robust and elongate; 3) prosternum transversely raised and 4) glabrous area of mesofemora with two coarse punctures. In P. brevis, the dorsal vestiture has olivaceous­green scales, the mentum not transversely carinated, the segments of antennal club short and less thickened, the prosternum not raised and the glabrous area of mesofemora finely, densely punctate.</p> <p>With regard to the greenish dorsal vestiture, P. jekeli looks like P. jordani and P. viridanus, species related, respectively, to the groups P. obsoletus + and P. antiquus +.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Female holotype (ISNB) examined, labelled as follows: Guyane Française, Roches de Kourou, R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. I. G. 12.595. Female paratype (MPEG) examined, labelled: Brasil, Pará, Tucurui (Rio Tocantins, Chiqueirão), 8. IV.1984, M. F. Torres leg.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 263) FRENCH GUIANA and BRAZIL (Pará).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF87F97F1730FA40FC92FBCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF80F97D1730FBDAFCEFF8CD.text	A02F87F5FF80F97D1730FBDAFCEFF8CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes longicollis Jordan 1894	<div><p>Ptychoderes longicollis Jordan, 1894</p> <p>Figs. 53, 79, 93, 107, 121, 162–164, 198, 211, 243, 257, 263</p> <p>Ptychoderes longicollis Jordan, 1894: 592; Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 211): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed whitish scales intermingled with brownish, decumbent scales denser on rostrum, pronotum and elytral interstriae 1–2 and 4. Sides of pronotum, epipleura, elytral apical declivity and pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral body surface and legs with dense, appressed, yellowish­white scales. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales, narrowed between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites clothed with dense, appressed blackish­brown scales. Mesepimera, episterna and sides of metasternum with dense, coarse setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale; these punctures shallower and sparser at sides of ventrites. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about half the eye’s maximum width. Sides feebly swollen and bicarinate; carinae oblique, joining at dorsal margin of scrobe; with a large, dull area coarsely, contiguously punctate below carinae. Scrobes careniform at dorsal margin; extension shallow, wide with two deep pits, one proximal to scrobe, and one distal, deeper and wider than extension. Mentum finely, densely punctate; strongly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with dense, coalescent, moderately coarse punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae elongate (Fig. 211), exceeding elytral apices by two club segments. Segment II half as long as III; III to VII increasing in length; VIII one third longer than IX; this 3 times as long as X; XI short, half as long as IX (II=1.1–1.2; III=2.2–2.2; IV=2.6–2.5; V=2.7–2.7; VI=2.9–2.9; VII=3.2–3.2; VIII=2.9–2.8; IX=2.2–2.1; X=0.7–0.6; XI=1.0–1.0).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 211, 243) elongate, at least 1.2 times as long as wide; sides subparallel, weakly narrowed near apical margin. Pronotal depression shallow, deeper near antebasal carina, with a prominent, more or less transverse, median tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression (Fig. 243). Pronotum transversely rugose throughout, rugae prominent. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (about twice width of carina), sinuous and oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous and prominent. Secondary carina straight, widely interrupted at middle, not reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina not reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum almost flat (Fig. 257), with moderately coarse, deep punctures, irregularly dense; antecoxal furrow narrow, shallow and sinuous with a small prosternal projection at middle not interrupting the furrow. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and a deep, irregularly transverse impression near the intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum impressed at apex, swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide across humeri, weakly depressed at basal two thirds, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel, convergent at apical third. Anteapical tubercles poorly conspicuous, interstriae 3–9 barely swollen, 3 and 9 more raised. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply grooved, sex patch absent. Ventrite V not impressed on disk; apex slightly emarginate. Pygidium (Fig. 53) slightly wider than long, depressed, with an elongate groove to fit elytra; apex truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 79) slightly wider than long, convergent apically, apex largely rounded; sternite VIII (Fig. 93) strongly transverse, subparallel­sided, deeply emarginated at apex forming large lateral lobes; apodeme narrow, longer than wide and sclerotized; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 107) twice as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 121) obliquely truncate at apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 162–164) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 163) slightly curved at proximal margin, acuminate apically from middle; pedon (Fig. 162, 164) with body thick, slightly curved, rounded at apex; apodemes strongly curved near body of pedon. Internal sac (Fig. 162) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated dorsally at distal half, lacking sclerites.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.2 times as long as wide across base; sides not swollen. Antennae shorter, exceeding the posterior margin of prothorax by one segment; segments II to VII subequal in length; VIII slightly shorter than VII; IX and XI subequal; X shortest (II = 0.6–0.7; III = 0.7–0.7; IV = 0.8–0.9; V = 0.7–0.8; VI = 0.6–0.7; VII = 0.7–0.8; VIII = 0.5–0.6; IX = 0.7–0.8; X = 0.4–0.5; XI = 0.7–0.7). Ventrite V more strongly emarginate at apex. Terminalia: tergite and sternite VIII similar to those of P. mixtus, differing by the rounded apex; ovipositor with three moderately developed teeth, successively smaller; median rods slender, acuminate at proximal margin; median ventral lobe bilobated; bursa copulatrix lacking ventral lobe; spermathecal gland slightly longer than spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 16.5–17.4/14.6–16.9; RL = 2.6–2.9/1.9–2.3; RAW = 2.4–2.6/2.2–2.6; RBW = 1.8–2.1/1.7–1.9; HW = 2.6–2.7/ 2.4–2.7; DSO = 1.1–1.1/0.6–0.8; MLO = 1.1–1.2/1.1–1.6; PL = 4.7–5.0/4.3–5.0; PW = 3.7–4.2/3.7–4.2; EL = 10.2–11.2/9.3–10.8; EW = 4.5–5.0/4.3–5.0.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Male holotype (BMNH) examined, labelled as follows: 1) Type [rounded, white with red border, printed]; 2) Suriname [square, white, handwritten]; 3) Ptychoderes longicollis, male, Type!, Jordan [square, white, handwritten]. Type locality: Suriname.</p> <p>Remarks. The relationship of P. longicollis with the clade P. jordani + is supported by synapomorphies referent to the shape of male tergite VIII (39 2), and the ovipositor with three moderately developed teeth and slender median rods which are acuminate at the proximal margin (characters 47 2 and 48 1). P. longicollis is also similar to the species of the group P. obsoletus + by vestiture and pronotum transversely rugose throughout, differing by the elongate, parallel­sided prothorax and shallow, narrow, sinuous prosternal furrow. This type of furrow, presence of black spots at the anterior angles of ventrites, and the strongly sinuous lateral carina of prothorax also occur in the P. bivittatus + group.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 263)</p> <p>SURINAME, COLOMBIA and BRAZIL (Rondônia and Mato Grosso). Bovie (1906), Wolfrum (1929), Blackwelder (1947) and Rheinheimer (2004) record this species for GUYANA.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA. Putumayo: Nariño (Villa Amazonica), 1 F, X– XI.1995, Mracek leg. (CPMT). BRAZIL. Rondônia: Forte Príncipe da Beira, 1 F, XI.1961, F. M. Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Mato Grosso: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.616665/lat -12.516666)">Sinop</a> (12º 31’ S; 55º 37’ W), BR 163, Km 500 to 600, 350 m, 1 M, 1 F, IX.1974, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF80F97D1730FBDAFCEFF8CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FF83F9411730FEABFE29FC4F.text	A02F87F5FF83F9411730FEABFE29FC4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes jordani Frieser 1959	<div><p>Ptychoderes jordani Frieser, 1959</p> <p>Figs. 80, 94, 108, 122, 165–168, 189–192, 212–214, 244, 264</p> <p>Ptychoderes jordani Frieser, 1959: 416; 1979: 109; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Figs. 212–214): pale dorsal vitta with dense, decumbent, appressed whitish scales intermingled with green (greenish­ochreous in pale forms, Fig. 214), decumbent scales denser on head, pronotum and elytra. Pygidium with predominance of green scales, brown scales scarce. Ventral body surface and legs with dense, appressed yellowish­white scales. Prosternum subglabrous; at sides, below lateral carina, with a dark vitta of blackish­brown scales narrowed posteriorly towards lateral carina, and narrowly divided by yellowish­white scales running along pleural suture. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, episterna and sides of metasternum with dense, setigerous punctures deeper in mesepisterna, each provided with a brownish scale; these punctures shallow and sparse at sides of ventrites. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with a strip of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.1–1.5 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about half maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate because of careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae suboblique, upper one slightly thicker than lower carina. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension wide, shallow with two deep, subequal pits, one proximal to scrobe, and one distal. Mentum finely, sparsely punctate, strongly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with shallow, sparse, moderately coarse punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 212) from short, reaching elytral basal third to moderately long, slightly exceeding the middle of elytra. Segment II one third shorter than III; IV longest, slightly longer than V; V to VIII subequal in length; IX slightly shorter than VIII, twice as long as X; this slightly longer than wide and half as long as XI (II = 0.4–1.0; III = 0.6–1.6; IV = 0.7–1.9; V = 0.6–1.8; VI = 0.5–1.8; VII = 0.6–1.8; VIII = 0.5–1.7; IX = 0.6–1.3; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.6–1.4).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 212–214, 244) slightly wider than long, sides almost rounded feebly converging anteriorly from antebasal carina, anterior margin conspicuously narrowed. Pronotal depression deep, divided by a prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum transversely rugose throughout, rugae more prominent and long at the anteromedian region and on tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (subequal to twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina more or less straight, widely interrupted at middle, almost reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum raised, with coarse, deep, dense punctures; antecoxal furrow deep, slightly wide, slightly sinuous and entire. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and deep, irregularly transverse impression near the intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum longitudinally impressed, swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra about twice as long as wide across humeri, weakly depressed at basal two thirds, the apical third convex; basal gibbosities somewhat prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel, slightly attenuate apically from behind middle. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae 3–9 barely swollen. Radial cell of wing present or absent.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with very small, almost rounded setiferous sex patch, clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, yellowish pubescence; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V not impressed, slightly emarginate at apex. Pygidium as wide as long, depressed, with an elongate groove to fit elytra; sides convergent, apical margin roundedtruncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 80) slightly wider than long, convergent at sides, rounded at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 94) with sides convergent, the apical margin bilobate, apodeme triangular and sclerotized; apodeme of sternite XI (Fig. 108) twice as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 122) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 165–168) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 166) curved at proximal margin, acuminated at apex; pedon (Figs. 165, 167) with body weakly curved, narrowed apically; apodemes curved. Internal sac (fig. 165) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated medially; antemedian sclerites narrow and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 168).</p> <p>Female (Fig. 213). Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.1–1.2 times as long as wide across base; extension of scrobe deep. Antennae shorter, exceeding antebasal carina of prothorax; segments II–III subequal in length; IV slightly longer than V; V–VII subequal in length; VIII barely shorter than IX; this slightly longer than X and subequal to XI (II = 0.4–0.8; III = 0.5–0.8; IV = 0.5–1.0; V = 0.5–0.8; VI = 0.5–0.7; VII = 0.4–0.8; VIII = 0.3–0.7; IX = 0.6–1.0; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.6–1.0). Elytra more convex. Pygidium slightly longer than wide. Ventrite V with apical margin truncate. Terminalia: tergite VIII (Fig. 189) almost twice as long as wide, subparallel at sides, truncate at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 190) almost as long as apodeme, sinuous at apex; ovipositor (Figs. 191–192) similar to that of P. longicollis, differing by the median ventral lobe acuminate at apex.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female. TL = 11.8–18.7/11.7–20.8; RL = 1.6–2.5/ 1.6–2.7; RAW = 1.6–2.2/1.6–2.7; RBW = 1.4–1.6/1.5–2.2; HW = 2.0–2.8/1.8–3.1; DSO = 0.5–0.9/0.3–1.0; MLO = 1.1–1.7/1.1–1.6; PL = 3.2–4.8/3.2–5.3; PW = 3.3–5.0/3.3–5.7; E L = 7.7–12.0/7.3–13.7; EW = 3.7–5.5/3.4–6.5.</p> <p>Variability</p> <p>Either the light brown or the green scales may be denser at the sides of both pronotum and elytra, even in pale forms (Figs. 212–214).</p> <p>Type material Male holotype (BMNH) examined, with following labels: 1) TYPE [rounded, white with red border]; 2) HOLOTYPE [red]; 3) Cay., 58.74 [white]; 4) Ptychoderes jordani m. sp. n. det. R. Frieser 1955 [white]; 5) male, Cayen. BAR [white]. Female paratype (ZSMA) examined, labelled as follows: 1) Bolivia, Chaparé, Villa Tunari, 400 m, III.53 [white]; 2) Ptychoderes jordani sp. n., Paratype, female, det. R. Frieser, 1959 [white]; 3) Zool. Staatsseg München [blue]. Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana.</p> <p>In addition to the holotype (Fig. 212) and paratype (Fig. 213), three specimens identified by Karl Jordan in 1950 (ISNB) were examined, one of them labelled as a paratype of P. subviridis (name in litt.). Two of these specimens actually belong to P. jordani and one to P. jekeli Mermudes and Napp, 2004. According to Frieser (1959), P. jordani was based on the material previously identified by Karl Jordan as P. viridanus Boheman, 1833. However, the holotype and the paratype of P. jordani do not have Jordan’s identification labels, and because of the similarity of the names “ subviridis ” (Jordan, in litt.) and P. viridanus, it is possible that the type material of P. jordani was actually studied by Jordan.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The following synapomorphies support P. jordani as sister group of the group P. obsoletus +: pygidium elongate and impressed (32 1); aedeagus without arc between apodemes (41 0); internal sac with antemedian sclerites (45 1); tergite VIII of females longer than wide, with dense, long hairs at sides (46 1); and ventral median lobe of ovipositor acuminate at apex (49 1).</p> <p>By the green dorsal vestiture, P. jordani looks like P. viridanus and P. jekeli (Figs. 223, 210). The pronotal depression and the transverse tubercle are similar in P. jordani and P. viridanus, but the pronotum is evidently rugose throughout, with elongate rugae in the former, while in P. viridanus the pronotum is not rugose (if present, then rugae restricted inside the depression). P. jekeli is similar to P. jordani regarding the rugose pronotum, differing by the slightly deep pronotal depression with an almost rounded tubercle that does not reach the lateral margins of depression.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 264)</p> <p>COSTA RICA, PANAMA, COLOMBIA, FRENCH GUIANA, PERU, BRAZIL (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso) and BOLIVIA.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: P. N. Guanacaste (Est. Maritza, 600m, O side of Orosi Vol [cano]), 1 F, II – III.1992, Segura leg. (INBC); (A. C. Guanacaste, Los Almendros, 300 m), 1 F, VIII.1993, 1 F, IV.1994, Lopez leg. (INBC, MZSP). Puntarenas: P. N. Manuel Antonio (Quepos, 800 m) 1 M, IV.1991, Varela leg. (INBC), Peninsula Osa (Rancho Quemado, 200 m), 1 M, VIII.1991, Quesada leg. (INBC, MZSP). PANAMA. PNM Prov. Cerro Jefe (3000’), 1 M, VII.1997, Wappes &amp; Morris leg. (ACMB). COLOMBIA. Putumayo: Nariño (Villa Amazonica), 1 M, X– XI.1995, Mracek leg. (CPMT). FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, 1 M (ISNB), Roches de Kourou, 1 M, 1 F (ISNB). PERU. Pucallpa: Ucayali, 1 M, I.1961, Dirings leg. (MZSP). BRAZIL. Amapá: Fazendinha (IEPA), Parq. Zoob., 2 M, XII.2000, 4 M, 2 F, I.2001, 4 M, 1 F, II.2001, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Serra do Navio, 1 F, X.1996, 2 F, X.1997, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Porto Santana, 1 M, II.1961, Carvalho leg. (MNRJ). Amazonas: Benjamin Constant (Rio Javari, Alto Amazonas), 1 F, II.1961, 1 F, IX.1961, 1 F, X.1961, 1 M, XII.1961, 1 F, XII.1962, 1 F, IX.1963, 1 M, 1 F, XII.63, Dirings leg. (MZSP), 1 F, IX.1955, Lima leg.; 1 M, IX. 60, Pereira leg. (MNRJ); Itacoatiara, 1 M, I.1958, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Manaus, 1 M, IX. 57, 2 F, X.1957, 4 M, 4 F, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); 1 F, II.1958, 1 F, VII.1959, Elias leg. (DZUP), (Estr. Am. 1, Km 64, n° 3012), 2 M, VIII.1970 (INPA); Tefé, 1 M, XII.1961, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Pará: 1 F, IX.1964, Dente leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.616665/lat -12.516666)">Sinop</a> (12° 31´S, 55°37’W, BR 163, Km 500 to 600, 350 m), 3 M, 1 F, IX.1974, 1 M, 1 F, X.1974, 2 M, X.1975, 1 M, IX.1976, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); (Fazenda Teles), 6 M, 1 F, X.1974, Silva leg. (MNRJ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.6/lat -12.766666)">Vera</a> (12° 46’S, 55°36’W), 3 M, X.1973, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FF83F9411730FEABFE29FC4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFBEF9471730FC5BFBD3F8E8.text	A02F87F5FFBEF9471730FC5BFBD3F8E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes obsoletus Jekel 1855	<div><p>Ptychoderes obsoletus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>Figs. 81, 95, 109, 123, 169–172, 215, 256, 265</p> <p>Ptychoderes obsoletus Jekel, 1855: 61; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes obsoleta [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 215): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent brownish to pale­brown scales denser on rostrum, and elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4. Sides of pronotum, epipleura, apical declivity of elytra and pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral body surface and legs with dense, appressed, yellowish­white scales, sparser on pro­ and mesosternum. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales, slightly narrowed between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, metepisterna, sides of metasternum and ventrites with shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.1–1.7 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about half or slightly more than maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate because of careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae somewhat oblique, upper one slightly thicker than lower carina, both weaker near margin of scrobe; with or without transverse carina between lower carina and margin of scrobal extension.. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension wide, shallow with a deep distal pit. Mentum sparsely punctate­rugose; shallowly grooved at sides and at apical margin. Gula with dense, fine punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 215) either short, reaching elytral basal third, to moderately long, exceeding the middle of elytra. Segments IX and X weakly depressed dorsally; II one third shorter than III; IV to VI subequal in length; VII slightly longer; VIII–IX slightly shorter, subequal; X half as long as IX; XI one third longer than X (II = 0.6–0.9; III = 0.8–1.7; IV = 0.9–1.7; V = 0.8–1.8; VI = 0.7–1.8; VII = 0.7–2.1; VIII = 0.6–1.7; IX = 0.8–1.5; X = 0.5–0.7; XI = 0.8–1.2).</p> <p>Prothorax (Fig. 215, 256) slightly longer than wide, feebly converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, divided by a prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum transversely rugose throughout, more so on tubercle and at sides near lateral carinae, less so inside depression behind tubercle. Antebasal carina widely interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina straight, feebly interrupted at middle, not reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 256) raised, with coarse, deep, dense punctures; antecoxal furrow deep, moderately wide, curved in front of procoxae, partially interrupted at middle by a short prosternal projection almost as wide as the prosternal process at base. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and an irregularly transverse impression, deeper at middle near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum strongly impressed at apex, swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide across humeri, convex at apical third; interstriae 2 strongly depressed at basal two thirds; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base, less so near suture. Sides slightly attenuate apically from basal third. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 feebly swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with intercoxal process deeply grooved, sex patch absent. Ventrite V feebly emarginate at apex. Pygidium slightly longer than wide, depressed, with an elongate groove to fit elytra, almost rounded at apex.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 81) slightly wider than long, convergent apically, rounded at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 95) strongly transverse, subparallel at sides, the apical margin somewhat truncate and acutely notched at middle, apodeme vestigial; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 109) twice as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 123) slightly emarginate at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 169–172) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 170) straight at proximal margin, attenuate apically from middle; pedon (Figs.169, 171) with body curved, weakly narrowed apically; apodemes curved. Internal sac (Fig. 169) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated medially, lateral membrane with pigmented rods; antemedian sclerites narrow and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 172).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.2 times as long as wide across base; extension of scrobe deep. Antennae shorter, exceeding the antebasal carina of prothorax; segments IX–X barely depressed dorsally at base; II to IV slightly increasing in length; V to VII subequal; VIII slightly shorter than VII; IX longer than VIII; X one third shorter than XI (II = 0.3–0.8; III = 0.4–0.7; IV = 0.5–0.9; V = 0.4–0.7; VI = 0.3–0.6; VII = 0.4–0.7; VIII = 0.3–0.6; IX = 0.5–0.9; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.6–1.1). Elytra convex, slightly shorter than in male. Ventrite V as long as IV, truncate at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. jordani, differing by the apical margin of both tergite VIII, obliquely truncate, and sternite VIII, truncate.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 12.7–23.5/11.0–20.9; RL = 1.7–3.4/1.6–2.7; RAW = 1.8–2.7/1.8–2.6; RBW = 1.5–2.0/1.3–2.2; HW = 1.2–1.8/ 1.0–1.6; DSO = 0.6–1.6/0.3–0.9; MLO = 1.2–1.8/1.0–1.6; PL = 3.5–5.7/3.2–5.4; PW = 3.5–5.2/3.1–5.3; EL = 8.5–13.7/7.2–13.6; EW = 3.7–6.1/3.3–6.3.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Not examined. Jekel (1855) did not mention how many specimens he examined, and according to Pitkin (2003) the type material is deposited in BMNH. Type locality: Brazil (Jekel 1855).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. obsoletus is the sister group of P. magnus, by the median, well developed prosternal projection in front of the deep antecoxal furrow (25 1). They differ, besides the characters mentioned in the key, by the following features (condition present in P. magnus indicated in parenthesis): 1) antebasal carina of pronotum widely interrupted at middle, at least twice width of carina (narrowly interrupted at middle, less than twice width of carina); 2) secondary carina straight, weakly interrupted at middle, not reaching lateral carina (sinuous, reaching lateral carina near posterior margin of prothorax); 3) mesosternum with an irregular transverse impression, deeper at middle, near the intercoxal process (with deep, irregular, contiguous impressions); 4) intercoxal process of mesosternum strongly impressed at apex, lacking lateroapical projections (impressed at base, with lateroapical projections).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 265) BRAZIL (Pernambuco, Bahia and Espírito Santo).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Pery­Pery (= Periperi), 1 F, XII.1892, Gounelle leg. (BMNH). Bahia: 1 M, ex­coll. Castelnau­Roelofs. (ISNB). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra. 1 M, 1 F, XI.1968, 4 M, 4 F, II.1969, Elias leg. (DZUP, MZSP); Linhares (Parq. Sooretama), 1 M, V.1953, Teles leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, XI.1967, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFBEF9471730FC5BFBD3F8E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFB9F9461730FEABFB64F8D8.text	A02F87F5FFB9F9461730FEABFB64F8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes magnus Mermudes and Napp 2004	<div><p>Ptychoderes magnus Mermudes and Napp 2004</p> <p>Figs. 82, 96, 110, 124, 173–176, 216, 245, 255, 265</p> <p>Ptychoderes magnus Mermudes and Napp, 2004: 27, Figs. 1, 3; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes magnus was recently described and illustrated by Mermudes and Napp (2004). Here, the descriptions of the male and female terminalia are added.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 82) as long as wide, convergent at sides, widely rounded at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 96) strongly convergent apically, deeply emarginate at apex, apodeme triangular, weakly sclerotized; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 110) twice as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 124) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 173–176) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 174) straight at proximal margin, acuminate at apex; pedon (Figs. 173, 175) with body weakly curved, narrowed apically; apodemes weakly curved. Internal sac (Fig. 173) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated at distal two thirds, lateral membrane with pigmented rods; antemedian sclerites thickened and strongly sclerotized (Fig. 176).</p> <p>Female terminalia. Similar to that of P. jordani, differing by the emarginate apex of both tergite and sternite VIII.</p> <p>Type material examined</p> <p>Male holotype: BRAZIL, Rondônia, Ouro Preto d’Oeste, X.1986, O. Roppa, P. Magno, J. Becker leg. (MNRJ). Paratypes. BRAZIL. Rondônia: Ariquemes, 1 F, XI.1979, B. Silva leg. (MNRJ); Ouro Preto d’Oeste, 4 M, 2 F, X.1986, O. Roppa, P. Magno, J. Becker leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, idem (CPMT), 1 M, idem (DZUP). Amapá: Macapá (Fazendinha IEPA, Parque. Zoob.), 1 F, I.2001, P. Magno leg. (MNRJ). Amazonas: (Faz. E steio ZF­3, 60 Km N. de Manaus, Km 23), 1 F, 3.9.1986, B. C. Klein leg. (in Malaise Reserva 1112) (INPA); Manaus, 1 F, 16.IX.1955, 1 F, 8.XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Pará: Santarém, 2 M, 1 F, 10.VII.1938, Zellibor &amp; Hauff leg. (MNRJ); Óbidos, 1 M, VII.1954, 2 F, IX. 1953, F. M. Oliveira leg.; Mocajuba, 1 M, III.1953, O. M. Rego leg. (MNRJ); Itaituba (Rio Tapajós), 2 M, 1 F, I.1961, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: Sinop (Faz. Teles), 1 F, X.1974, B. Silva leg., (12º31’S, 55º37’W, BR 163, 350 m), 2 F, X.1975, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). BOLIVIA. (Rio Colorado, Alto Surutú —not stated), 1 M, II.1964, A. Martinez leg. (MACN).</p> <p>Remarks See remarks under P. obsoletus.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 265) BRAZIL (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará and Mato Grosso) and BOLIVIA.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFB9F9461730FEABFB64F8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFBAF94A1730FEABFD4FFE17.text	A02F87F5FFBAF94A1730FEABFD4FFE17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes depressus Jekel 1855	<div><p>Ptychoderes depressus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>Figs. 52, 83, 97, 111, 125, 177–180, 217, 246, 264</p> <p>Ptychoderes depressus Jekel, 1855: 44; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes depressa [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 217): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent, brownish to pale­brownish scales slightly denser on rostrum and elytral interstriae 2 and 4. Apical declivity of elytra, interstriae 1, 3, 5 and 7 with long, suberect, blackish­brown setae, conspicuously denser on interstriae 1, 3 and 5. Pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral body surface and legs with dense, appressed, yellowish scales, except disk of pro­ and mesosternum sparsely hairy. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales slightly narrowed between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow glabrous vitta. Mesepimera and episterna with moderately shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­ brown scales. Tarsomera II–III and V with dense blackish­brown scales at apex.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.1–1.6 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes about maximum width of eye. Sides bicarinate; carinae elongate, reaching scrobal margin, lower carina strongly oblique. Scrobe careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension vanishing with a distal deep pit. Mentum punctate­rugose; shallowly grooved at apical margin and strongly impressed at sides. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 217) either short, reaching elytral basal third or slightly longer than body, exceeding elytra by the club. Segments IV–IX depressed; III–X grooved, the furrow deeper from III; II to VII increasing in length, VIII slightly shorter; IX one third shorter than VIII, and 3 times as long as X; XI one third longer than X. Ventral surface of segments X–XI and apical third of IX with elongate, hook­like, blackish­brown setae. (II = 0.4–1.3; III = 0.6–2.5; IV = 0.7–3.5; V = 0.6–4.1; VI = 0.6–4.5; VII = 0.6–4.6; VIII = 0.5–3.9; IX = 0.6–2.9; X = 0.3–0.8; XI = 0.6–1.2).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 217, 246) as long as or longer than wide, converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, partially divided by a prominent, rounded, median tubercle almost reaching the margins of depression. Pronotum transversely rugose throughout, more so near carinae and depression margins, rugae poorly conspicuous or even absent inside depression. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), oblique and weakly sinuous towards lateral carina. Lateral carina slightly sinuous. Secondary carina straight, slightly interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum raised, almost flat, with moderately dense, moderately coarse, shallow punctures; antecoxal furrow entire, anterior margin from curved to slightly sinuous. Mesosternum with coarse, moderately shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and a deep, irregularly transverse impression near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum longitudinally impressed, more so at base and apex, weakly swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide across humeri; flattened at basal two thirds between suture and interstriae 3, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, rugae more evident at humeri, inconspicuous near suture. Sides subparallel, slightly narrowed apically from behind middle. Anteapical tubercles almost rounded, weakly prominent; interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply grooved; sex patch absent. Ventrite V depressed on disk, surface dull, densely punctate, with suberect pilosity; emarginate at apex, lateroapical angles projected, almost rounded. Pygidium (Fig. 52) wider than long, depressed, groove to fit elytra extending beyond middle; apex rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 83) as wide as long, strongly convergent at apical two thirds, apical margin rounded; sternite VIII (Fig. 97) with sides convergent, apical margin emarginate forming large lobes, apodeme vestigial; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 111) 3.5 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 125) obliquely truncated at apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 177–180) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 178) straight at proximal margin, strongly acuminated apically; pedon (Figs. 177, 179) with body weakly curved and narrowed to apex; apodemes curved at proximal third. Internal sac (Fig. 177) slightly longer than aedeagus, spiculated medially, lateral membrane with pigmented rods; antemedian sclerites narrow and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 180).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum shorter, slightly longer than wide across base; distance between scrobe and eye about half maximum width of eye. Extension of scrobe shallow, sharply delimited dorsally, distal pit deeper. Antennae reaching posterior margin of prothorax; segments VI and VIII shortest; IX–X impressed dorsally (II = 0.4–0.7; III = 0.4–0.7; IV = 0.4–0.8; V = 0.4–0.7; VI = 0.3–0.6; VII = 0.4–0.7; VIII = 0.3–0.5; IX = 0.5–0.8; X = 0.4–0.6; XI = 0.5–0.9). Apical declivity of elytra without hook­like setae. Ventrite V truncate at apex. Pygidium more strongly impressed medially near apical margin. Terminalia similar to that of P. jordani, differing by tergite VIII subparallel at sides, and the emarginate apex of both tergite and sternite VIII.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 10.5–22.0/10.2–19.3; RL = 1.4–3.6/1.3–2.6; RAW = 1.4–2.6/1.3–2.5; RBW = 1.2–2.2/1.1–2.2; HW = 1.6–3.2/ 1.4–3.0; DSO = 0.5–1.6/0.4–0.9; MLO = 0.6–1.6/0.7–1.5; PL = 2.8–5.7/2.6–5.2; PW = 2.8–5.3/2.6–5.2; EL = 7.0–14.7/6.8–13.0; EW = 3.1–6.5/2.8–5.8.</p> <p>Type material Not examined. Jekel (1855) did not mention the number of specimens studied, and</p> <p>according to Pitkin (2003) the type material is deposited in BMNH. Type locality: Brazil (Jekel 1855).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The following synapomorphies support the sister relationships between P. depressus and P. virgatus, within group P. jordani +: vitta at sides of prosternum not narrowed posteriorly (4 2); extension of scrobe vanishing in males, shallow in females (11 1); antennal segments IV to VIII grooved in males (17 1). In those two species the male’s antennae are stout, and segments IX–X also grooved; in females, these segments are strongly depressed. P. depressus differs from P. virgatus by: eyes more convex, antennal segment III grooved, depression of pronotum deep with a rounded median tubercle, and prosternal furrow narrow. In P. virgatus, the antennal segment III is not grooved, the eyes are less convex, the pronotal depression shallower with a prominent, transverse tubercle, and the prosternal furrow wider.</p> <p>P. depressus is similar to P. elongatus and P. nebulosus by the flattened elytra, strongly depressed between suture and interstriae 3 (character 27 2). However, by cladistic analysis (see Fig. 270), P. elongatus and P. nebulosus belong in the group P. mixtus +, thus is not closely related to P. depressus.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 264)</p> <p>PERU, BRAZIL (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), BOLIVIA and PARAGUAY. Rheinheimer (2004) records this species from Argentina.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>PERU. Rio Toro, 1 F (no other data) (NHMB). BRASIL. Pernambuco: Serra Comonaty (near Águas Claras) (Serra de Communaty), 1 M, 1893, Gounelle leg. (BMNH). Goiás: Jataí, 1 F, ex­coll. Jordan (BMNH), 2 M, X.1972, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ); Cabeceiras (Lagoa Formosa), 1 M, X.1964, Exp. Depto­Zool. leg. (MZSP). Bahia: 1 M, 1 F, Fruhstorfer leg. (NHMB); Encruzilhada (Estr. Rio­Bahia, Km 965, 960 m), 4 M, 1 F, XI.1974, Seabra &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Minas Gerais: Pedra Azul (700 m), 1 M, 2 F, XI.1972, Seabra &amp; Oliviera leg. (MNRJ). Espírito Santo: Barra do São Francisco (Córrego Ita), 1 F, I.1955, 1 M, XI.1956, Zikán leg. (MNRJ); Conceição da Barra, 1 M, 1 F, XI.1968, Elias leg. (DZUP); 1 M, XII.1965, Maller leg. (DZUP); Santa Teresa, 1 M, XII.1964, Elias leg. (DZUP); Linhares, 1 M, X.1972, Elias leg. (MZSP), 1 M, XII.1961, 1 M, III – IV.1970, 1 M, 1 F, III.1972, Silva leg. (MNRJ); (Parq. Sooretama), 1 M, 1 F, III.1953, Teles leg. (MNRJ). São Paulo: Indiana, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1943, Pohl leg. (MZSP), 2 M, I.1935, 1 M, X.1935, 1 M, XII.1954 (no leg.) (MNRJ). Paraná: Arapongas, 1 F, I.1952, Maller leg. (DZUP). Santa Catarina: Seara (Nova Teutônia). 1 M, XI.1955, 1 F, 1 F, XII.1935, Plaumann leg. (ex­coll. Frey) (NHMB); Timbó, 1 F, I.1939, Pohl leg. (MZSP). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 4–6 K SSE Buena Vista (Fauna &amp; Flora Hotel), 1 M, X.2000, Wappes &amp; Morris leg. (MZSP), 1 F, I.2002, Wappes leg. (ACMB); (Rio Colorado, Alto Surutu, not stated), 1 M, II.1964, 1 M, III.1964, Martinez leg. (MACN). PARAGUAY. 1 M, XII.1949, 1 M, I.1950, 1 M 17. XII.[?]8, Hokeman leg. (NHMB); 1 F, Sohapler leg., 1 F (no date) (BMNH).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFBAF94A1730FEABFD4FFE17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFB5F9481730FD83FDC2FA7F.text	A02F87F5FFB5F9481730FD83FDC2FA7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes virgatus Fahraeus 1839	<div><p>Ptychoderes virgatus Fåhraeus, 1839</p> <p>Figs. 32, 84, 98, 112, 126, 181–184, 218, 247, 253, 264</p> <p>Ptychoderes virgatus Fåhraeus in Schoenherr, 1839: 157; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.); Jekel, 1855: 64; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Preudhomme, 1906: 32 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes virgata [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 725 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 218): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent brownish to pale­brownish scales denser on elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4. Pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral surface and legs with dense, appressed, yellowish scales, sparser on pro­ and mesosternum. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales feebly narrowed between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of mesosternum with narrow glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, episterna and sides of metasternum with shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide across base, weakly swollen at each side of apical impressions. Distance between scrobe and eyes subequal or shorter than maximum width of eye. Sides barely depressed between two vestigial carinae, upper carina more conspicuous. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension vanishing with a deep distal pit. Mentum with moderately coarse, confluent punctures; shallowly grooved at apical margin and strongly depressed at sides. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with weakly prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 218) either short, reaching elytral basal third to slightly longer than body, exceeding elytral apex by 2–3 segments. Segments IV to IX, depressed and deeply grooved, X grooved at base; II to IV thickening, increasing in length; V–VI subequal; VII slightly longer than each VI and VIII; IX at least 3 times as long as X; XI one third longer than X (II = 0.7–1.1; III = 0.9–2.0; IV = 1.1–2.9; V = 1.2–3.3; VI = 1.0–3.3; VII = 1.2–3.6; VIII = 1.0–3.2; IX = 1.2–2.7; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.8–1.2).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 32, 218, 247, 253) as long as or longer than wide, almost parallelsided, distinctly narrower at anterior margin. Pronotal depression from shallow to slightly deep, divided by a weakly prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum rugose throughout, more so on tubercle and near lateral carinae, less so inside depression. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina slightly sinuous. Secondary carina straight, narrowly interrupted at middle, almost reaching second lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 253) raised, with dense, deep, coarse punctures; antecoxal furrow deep, wide, anterior margin curved, without median projection. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and a deep, irregularly transverse impression near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum longitudinally impressed, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, with evident lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.1–2.2 times as long as wide across humeri, depressed at basal two thirds, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to middle of elytra, more so at base, less so near suture. Sides subparallel, barely convergent apically from basal third. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae 3 to 9 barely swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply grooved; sex patch absent. Ventrite V not depressed on disk, slightly emarginated at apex. Pygidium slightly wider than long, depressed, with an elongate groove to fit elytra, rounded­truncate at apex.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 84) as wide as long, strongly convergent at apical two thirds, rounded at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 98) with sides convergent, apical margin rounded with well defined lateral lobes, apodeme vestigial; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 112) 3.5 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 126) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 181–184) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 182) curved at proximal margin, acuminate at apex; pedon (Figs. 181, 183) with body slightly curved, thickened apically; apodemes straight, oblique at proximal 1/5. Internal sac (Fig. 181) slightly longer than aedeagus, spiculated medially, denser ventrally, lateral membrane with pigmented rods; antemedian sclerites narrow, weakly pigmented (Fig. 184).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.0–1.1 times as long as wide across base; extension of scrobe shallow. Antennae either reaching or exceeding the posterior margin of prothorax by one segment; segment IX grooved, X strongly impressed at base; II–III subequal in length; IV slightly longer than V; V to VIII subequal; IX and XI subequal and slightly longer than X (II = 0.4–0.7; III = 0.5–0.8; IV = 0.7–1.0; V = 0.6–0.8; VI = 0.5–0.7; VII = 0.5–0.7; VIII = 0.4–0.6; IX = 0.7–1.0; X = 0.4–0.5; XI = 0.7–1.0). Elytra slightly more convex. Ventrite V sparsely, minutely granulate, truncate at apex. Pygidium longer than broad, rounded at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. jordani (Figs. 189–192) differing by tergite VIII with sides subparallel, and sternite VIII emarginate at apex.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 12.7–19.7/12.3–19.7; RL = 1.9–3.2/1.2–1.6; RAW = 1.7–2.4/1.2–1.5; RBW = 1.5–2.3/1.1–1.4; HW = 1.9–3.0/ 1.8–3.0; DSO = 0.7–1.6/0.5–0.8; MLO = 1.3–1.5/1.2–1.8; PL = 3.3–5.0/3.2–5.0; PW = 3.3–4.8/3.2–4.8; EL = 8.2–12.3/7.8–13.1; EW = 3.7–5.7/3.7–5.8.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Female holotype, not examined, deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (NHRS). Type locality: according to Fåhraeus in Schoenherr (1839), the species was based on a single female from Cayenne (French Guiana).</p> <p>Remarks See remarks under P. depressus.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 264)</p> <p>FRENCH GUIANA, BRAZIL (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso) and BOLIVIA. Recorded to Peru by Rheinheimer (2004).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, 1 F (NHMB). BRAZIL. Amapá: Ilha de Maracá, 1 M (no date), Benton leg. (in malaise) (INPA); Serra do Navio (assentamento), 6 M, 2 F, X.1996, 1 M, X.1997, 1 F, X.1999, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Porto Grande (Nova Colina, assentamento), 1 F, I.2001, Magno leg. (MNRJ). Rondônia: Ouro Preto d’Oeste, 1 M, X.1996, Magno &amp; Becker leg. (MNRJ). Amazonas: Rio Autaz, 1 F, Roman leg. (BMNH); Manaus, 1 M, 1 F, X.1957, 1 F, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg., 1 F, VII.1958, Fernandes leg. (MNRJ). Pará: Óbidos. 1 M, 1 F, II.1923, H. C. Boy leg., 2 M, XII.1938, (collector illegible), 1 F, I.1954, Brazilino leg., 1 F, IX.1955, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ), 1 F, IV.1960, Dirings leg., 1 F, VIII.1968 (no leg.) (MZSP), (Colônia Rio Branco), 3 M, XII.1952, Teles leg., 2 M, VIII.1953, 2 M, 4 F, X.1953, Bazilino leg., 4 M, 1 F, IX.1953, 1 M, X.1953, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ), Jacareacanga, 1 F, XII.1968, Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ), Tucurui, 1 F, I.1983, Silva leg. (MNRJ). Mato Grosso: Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos), 1 M, X.1983, Becker, Roppa &amp; Silva leg. (MNRJ); Sinop (Faz. Teles), 2 M, X.1974, 2 M, 2 F, X.1976, Silva leg., (12°31’ S, 55°37’W, BR 163, Km 500–600, 350 m), 2 F, IX.1974, 2 M, 1 F, IX.1976, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ – MZSP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.6/lat -12.766666)">Vera</a> (12°46’S, 55°36’ W), 1 M, 2 F, X.1973, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). BOLIVIA. La Paz: Reyes (Rio Beni),1 M, 1891, Balzan leg. (BMNH).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFB5F9481730FD83FDC2FA7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFB7F9511730F9A6FD4DFCD7.text	A02F87F5FFB7F9511730F9A6FD4DFCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes mixtus Jekel 1855	<div><p>Ptychoderes mixtus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>Figs. 71, 85, 99, 113, 130–133, 185–188, 199, 201, 219, 232, 236, 266</p> <p>Ptychoderes mixtus Jekel, 1855: 57; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220</p> <p>(cat.); Jordan, 1906: 303, t. 10, fig. 3; Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.). Ptychoderes mixta [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 219): pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish to clay­whitish scales, intermingled with brownish scales, decumbent and distinctly denser on rostrum, head, elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4, apical declivity and epipleura. Pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral surface and legs with appressed, dense yellowish­white scales; metasternum and ventrites medially densely pilose; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a dark vitta of blackish­brown scales narrowed posteriorly towards lateral carina and narrowly divided by whitish scales runnin along pleural suture. Sides of mesosternum with a narrow glabrous vitta. Mesepimera, episterna, sides of metasternum and ventrites with coarse setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with a strip of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.3–1.8 times as long as wide across base; apical notch deep, narrow. Distance between scrobe and eyes as long as maximum width of eye. Sides barely swollen, with two straight, thickened carinae; near the basal margin of scrobe either with coarse, confluent punctures or with an impressed area, carinae vanishing. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension vanishing with a deep distal pit. Mentum with sparse, moderately coarse punctures; groove of apical margin vestigial. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 219) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to slightly longer than body, exceeding elytral apices by club length; segments II–VII increasing in length; VIII–IX decreasing; X one third shorter than XI (II = 0.4–1.2; III = 0.6–2.2; IV = 0.6–2.8; V = 0.6–3.2; VI = 0.5–3.5; VII = 0.5–3.7; VIII = 0.4–3.3; IX = 0.6–2.8; X = 0.3–0.8; XI = 0.5–1.2).</p> <p>Prothorax (Fig. 219) as long as or longer than wide; sides converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep with a rounded, weakly prominent, median tubercle not reaching margins of depression. Pronotum transversely rugose throughout, more so on disk and at sides. Antebasal carina narrowly interrupted at middle (subequal to width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina widely interrupted at middle, almost reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Disk of prosternum raised, with irregularly dense, deep, coarse punctures; antecoxal furrow deep, straight, narrow and entire. Mesosternum with sparse, shallow, moderately coarse punctures, and a deep, irregularly transverse impression coarsely punctate at sides near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum feebly impressed at apex, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide across humeri, weakly depressed at basal half; interstria 1 raised for the entire length, continuing with apical margin; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel, convergent at apical 1/4. Anteapical tubercles (Fig. 232) rounded, from developed to weakly prominent, formed by the swollen interstriae 3–9. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I (Fig. 236) clothed with dense, erect, yellow pilosity, setiferous sex patch slightly developed, suboval, closer to apical margin; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V feebly emarginate at apex. Pygidium feebly subconvex, with a short groove to fit elytra, apical margin truncated.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 71) slightly wider than long, subparallel at sides, almost rounded at apical margin; sternite VIII (Fig. 85) convergent at sides, apical margin emarginate forming large lobes, apodeme triangular, pigmented. Apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 99) 3.6 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 113) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 130–133) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 130, 131) straight at proximal margin, acuminate apically from base; pedon (Figs. 130, 132) with body slightly curved and thickened, apex subacuminate; apodemes oblique at proximal third. Internal sac (Fig. 130) almost as long as aedeagus, almost entirely spiculated, more so at middle; median sclerites strongly sclerotised (Fig. 133).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, at least 1.2 times as long as wide across base, not swollen at sides; extension of scrobe shallow. Antennae shorter, reaching the middle of prothorax; segments II–VII subequal in length, VIII and X shortest; club thickened, segments IX and XI distinctly longer than preceding (II = 0.3–0.6; III = 0.3–0.5; IV = 0.3–0.6; V = 0.2–0.4; VI = 0.2–0.4; VII = 0.2–0.4; VIII = 0.2–0.3; IX = 0.4–0.6; X = 0.2–0.3; XI = 0.4–0.5). Elytra slightly shorter and convex. Ventrite V with apical margin truncate. Terminalia (Figs. 185–188). Tergite VIII (Fig. 185) slightly longer than wide, sides divergent from anterior margin to middle, then convergent towards truncate apical margin; sternite VIII (Fig. 186) slightly shorter than apodeme, truncate at apex; ovipositor (Figs. 187, 188) with four teeth: two distal, conchoidal, developed and subequal, one proximal, dorsolateral, moderately developed, and one small proximal ventrolateral; median rods stout and rounded at proximal margin; median ventral lobe bilobated; bursa copulatrix with ventral lobe.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. CT = 9.8–18.5/9.0–18.3; CR = 1.3–3.4/1.2–2.2; LAR = 1.2–2.1/1.2–2.0; LBR = 1.0–1.8/0.9–1.7; LC = 1.6–2.8/0.8–1.3; DEO = 0.6–3.0/0.5–0.8; MLO = 0.8–3.0/0.8–1.3; CP = 2.5–5.0/2.3–4.3; LP = 2.5–4.7/ 2.3–4.2; CE = 6.3–12.5/5.8–11.3; LE = 3.0–5.8/4.5–5.2.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Syntypes, 1 male and 2 females (MNHN) examined: 1 male [Coll. Chevr.]; 1 female [Brésil 37, Chevr.]; 1 female [Chevr.]. The specimens have no individual labels, there is, however, a unique label at the bottom of the box, written: “Mixtus Jek., Ins. Saunders., Brazil, Cayen.” Type locality: Jekel (1855) studied specimens from Cayenne (French Guiana) and Rio Negro (Brazil) but did not mention the number of specimens.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Three synapomorphies support P. mixtus as the sister group of the clade P. bivittatus +: tergite VIII, in males, almost subparallel at sides, rounded­truncate at apex (39 1); internal sac with median sclerites (44 1); rectal loop oblique, straight, provided with a prominent dorsal projection (50 2).</p> <p>Ptychoderes mixtus differs from the other known species of the genus by the autapomorphies: 1) apical notch of rostrum deep and narrow; 2) elytral interstria 1 prominent from basal 1/5 and continuing with elytral apical margin; 3) setiferous sex patch closer to apical margin of ventrite I. In addition, the whitish dorsal vitta is less contrasting in relation to the body sides.</p> <p>Ptychoderes mixtus is similar to P. depressus and P. rugicollis in the dorsal vestiture and elytra with anteapical tubercles, differing, in addition to the characters mentioned in the key, in the deep pronotal depression provided with a weakly prominent, almost rounded, median tubercle that does not reach the lateral margins of depression. In P. depressus and P. rugicollis, the pronotal depression is shallower; in the former, the median tubercle is rounded and prominent almost reaching the lateral margins of depression, while in P. rugicollis the median tubercle is transverse and reaches the margins of depression. P. depressus belongs to the P. longicollis + group.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 266)</p> <p>PANAMA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, FRENCH GUIANA, BRAZIL (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), BOLIVIA, PARAGUAY and ARGENTINA. Jordan (1906) recorded P. mixtus for COSTA RICA and Rheinheimer (2004) for VENEZUELA.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>PANAMA. Chiriqui Prov., 4 K E Boqueti, 1 F, V.1996, Wappes, Huethei &amp; Morris leg. (ACMB). COLOMBIA. 1 M, ex­coll. Lacordaire (ISNB). GUYANA. Roraima (distr.), 2 M, ex­coll. Sharp (BMNH). FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, 1 M, 1 F (MZSP). BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: (12°31’S, 51°46’W), 1 M, 1 F, XII.1968, RS/RGS – Exp. Brazil Beaver leg. (BMNH); Rio Verde (400 m), 1 M, X.1964, (DZUP); Rosário Oeste, 1 M, I.1972, Dirings leg. (MZSP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.6/lat -12.766666)">Vera</a> (12°46’S, 55°36’W), 1 M, 3 F, X.1973, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Goiás: Rio Verde, 1 M, II.1945 (MZSP). Bahia: Encruzilhada (Estr. Rio – Bahia, Km 965, 960 m), 3 M, 2 F, XI.1974, 1 F, XII.1974, Seabra &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Espírito Santo: 1 M, ex­coll. Fry (BMNH); Barra de São Francisco (Córrego Ita), 1 M, XI.1957, Almeida leg. (DZUP), 1 M, 1 F, XI.1956, Zikán leg. (MNRJ); Linhares, 1 F, III – IV.1970, Silva leg. (MNRJ); Pinheiros, 1 F, XI.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP); Santa Teresa, 1 F, X.1964, 1 F, XII.1964, 1 M, XII.1966, Elias leg. (DZUP), 1 F, XII.1964, Elias leg. (MZSP); São Mateus, 1 M, X.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: 2 M, ex­coll. Fry (BMNH). São Paulo: 1 M, I.[19]14, 1 F, I.1920, (leg. illegible) (MNRJ); Indiana, 1 F, XII.1939, Pohl leg. (MZSP), 1 M, 1 F, XII.1934 (MNRJ); Nova Europa (Faz. Itaquerê), 1 M, XII.1964, Lenko leg. (MZSP); Piracicaba, 1 M, 1965, Reichardt leg. (MZSP); São Paulo (Saúde), 1 M, XII. [19]15 (MNRJ), (Ipiranga) 1 M, (MZSP), (Saúde) 1 m, XII.[19]15 (MNRJ). Paraná: Antonina, 1 F, I.1956, Marinoni &amp; Azevedo leg. (DZUP); Curitiba (900 m), 1 M, XII.1967, exp. DZUP – UFPR leg. (DZUP); Jussara (Horto Florestal, 340 m), 1 M, X.1974, leg. DZUP – UFPR leg. (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, 1 F (light trap), X.1970, Justus leg. (DZUP); Porecatu, 1 M, X.1970, Becker­Hatschback leg. (DZUP); Rolândia, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1943, Justus leg. (DZUP), 1 M, XI.1949, 1 M, 1 M, III.1951, 2 M, 4 F, VII.1954, 1 M (compared with syntype), XI.1959, Dirings leg. (MZSP), 1 M, XII.1957 (MNRJ). Santa Catarina: Corupá, 2 F, I.1953, 1 F, XI.1953, Maller leg. (MNRJ); Joinville,1 M, IV.1955, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Rio Vermelho. 1 M, II.1950, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Timbó, 4 M, 2 F, II.1956, 2 F, II.1963, Dirings leg.; Rio Herta (400 m), 1 M, III.1952, Dirings leg.; Rio Benedito, 2 M, III.1955, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Rio Grande do Sul: 1 F (compared with syntype), ex­coll. Jordan (BMNH). BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: 4–6 Km SSE Buena Vista (Fauna &amp; Flora Hotel), 1 M, I.2004, Robin &amp; Clarke leg. (MZSP). PARAGUAY. Itapúa: E ncarnación, 1 M (compared with syntype), III.1949, Schade leg. (BMNH); Alto Parana (Hohenau), 1 M, XII.1954, L. Peña leg. (ACMB). ARGENTINA. Jujuy: Jujuy, 3 M, 2 F, 190[?], Bruch leg. (MACN), 1 M, 1 F (DZUP). Salta: Oran­Urundel, 1 M, XII.1947, Kormilev leg. (MACN), 1 M (MZSP).</p> <p>Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan, 1894</p> <p>Figs. 72, 86, 100, 114, 134–137, 220, 228, 248, 265</p> <p>Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan, 1894: 594; Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Jordan 1906: 304, t.10, fig. 4; Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); 1953: 3 (cat. supl.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes bivittata [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes vittatus [sic]; Jordan, 1895: 123 (misspelling); Wolfrum, 1953: 3 (cat. supl.)</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Figs. 220, 228): a pale vitta formed by dense, appressed, yellowish scales, intermingled with sparse, semi­appressed light­brown scales present on dorsal side of rostrum, frons, sides of vertex and at each side of pronotum extending to humeri. Central region of vertex and pronotum with brownish scales either moderately dense or missing. E ach elytron with irregular spots formed by short and sub­erect dark­brown scales: at base close to scutellum; one almost rounded antemedially; one dorsal, posmedially, one before apex; several small ones along the pleural margins. Pygidium predominantly with darkbrown scales, except at central region near sulcus, with spot formed by light­brown scales intermingled with scales of other color. Ventral body surface and legs with yellowish scales. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with a continuous vitta of blackishbrown scales, extending shorter beyond lateral carina. Sides of mesosternum with a large glabrous vitta; upper, longitudinal half of metepisternum and lateroanterior angles of ventrites (Fig. 200) with dense, decumbent, blackish­brown scales; ventrites, at each side of disk, with shining, brownish scales, forming a row of conspicuous almost rounded spots closer to posterior margin. Mesepimera and mesepisterna with dense, setigerous coarse punctures, each bearing a brownish scale, these punctures shallower on metepisterna, and sides of metasternum and ventrites. Femora, tibiae and tarsi without scales of other color. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of dark­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.3–1.8 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes from shorter to subequal to maximum width of eye. Sides slightly swollen and bicarinate; upper carina short, lower carina slightly longer. Scrobes careniform at dorsal margin; extension shallow, wide, with two pits, one distal, deep, and one shallower proximal to scrobe. Mentum with moderately coarse, confluent punctures, impressed on each side, shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons without carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Figs. 220, 228) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to longer than body, exceeding elytral apices by two segments. Segments II–V increasing in length; VI–VII longest, subequal; VIII–IX slightly decreasing in length; IX three times as long as X; this half as long as XI (II = 0.5–1.4; III = 0.7–2.2; IV = 0.6–2.7; V = 0.6–3.1; VI = 0.6–3.5; VII = 0.6–3.5; VIII = 0.6–3.2; IX = 0.8–2.5; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.8–1.6).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 220, 228, 248) as long as or slightly longer than wide; sides subparallel, narrower at anterior margin. Pronotum somewhat convex, without depression, the area corresponding to the median tubercle weakly raised. Pronotum rugose throughout, rugae long, thickened, more conspicuous at middle third; at sides, from feeble to evident. Antebasal carina narrowly interrupted at middle (twice or less than width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina slightly sinuous. Secondary carina sinuous, narrowly interrupted at middle, almost reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with irregularly dense, glabrous, shining nodules. Prosternum raised with contiguous, coarse, deep punctures; antecoxal furrow deep, wide, slightly sinuous at middle. Mesosternum with moderately fine, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, barely impressed on each side, and with two deep, contiguous impressions near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum impressed at apex, slightly swollen at lateral and apical margins, with lateroapical projections. Elytra about twice as long as wide across humeri, somewhat convex, barely depressed along interstria 2; basal gibbosities missing; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more so at base and near suture. Sides subparallel, slightly narrower apically. Apex (Figs. 220, 228) with neither anteapical tubercles nor swollen interstriae. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply grooved, sex patch absent. Ventrite V slightly emarginate at apex. Pygidium slightly wider than long, depressed, with an elongate groove to fit elytra; apical margin almost rounded.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 72) slightly wider than long, subparallel­sided, roundedtruncate at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 86) almost rounded at sides, slightly emarginate at apex, apodeme triangular, pigmented; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 100) 3.3 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 114) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 134–137) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 135) curved at proximal margin, sides acuminate apicad of middle; pedon (Figs. 134–136) with body slightly curved, thickened apically, rounded at apex; apodemes slightly curved at proximal half. Internal sac (Fig. 134) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated at median and proximal regions; median sclerites thickened, weakly sclerotised (Fig. 137).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, about 1.2 times as long as wide across base; sides not swollen. Antennae shorter, reaching the antebasal carina of prothorax; segment XI longest (II = 0.4–0.7; III = 0.5–0.8; IV = 0.5–0.9; V = 0.4–0.8; VI = 0.4–0.7; VII = 0.5–0.7; VIII = 0.3–0.6; IX = 0.6–0.9; X = 0.4–0.6; XI = 0.8–1.1). Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina with feeble nodules between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Ventrite V with apical margin truncate. Terminalia: tergite VIII slightly wider than long, slightly rounded at sides, apical margin feebly emarginated; sternite VIII and ovipositor similar to those of P. mixtus, differing by elongate spermathecal gland, at least twice as long as spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 11.5–19.7/11.5–22.2; RL = 1.7–3.7/1.7–2.9; RAW = 1.7–2.4/1.7–2.5; RBW = 1.3–2.0/1.4–2.2; HW = 1.9–3.0/ 1.9–3.2; DSO = 0.7–1.8/0.6–1.1; MLO = 1.0–1.7/1.0–1.6; PL =3.2–5.5/3.2–5.5; PW = 3.2–5.0/3.2–5.5; EL = 7.5–13.2/7.7–13.5; EW = 3.5–6.0/3.5–6.3.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Male syntype (BMNH) examined, with following labels: 1) Type [small white with red border]; 2) Tehuantepec; 3) Ptychoderes bivittatus, male, Type !, Jordan; 4) [white rounded with yellow border = Paratype]; 5) Karl Jordan coll., B.M. 1940–109; 6) Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan / Syntype, Lyal det. 1999. Type locality: Jordan (1894) examined a male and a female, respectively from Tehuantepec (Mexico), and Chontales (Nicaragua).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. bivittatus is the sister group of P. callosus + by synapomorphies referent to the anterolateral angles of ventrites I–V with developed, dark spots formed by dense, blackish­brown scales (3 1), and lateral carinae of prothorax strongly sinuous (21 3). It differs from all other species of the genus mainly by dorsal vestiture, frons without carinae, and pronotum slightly convex, lacking central depression.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 265)</p> <p>MEXICO, NICARAGUA and COSTA­RICA. Jordan (1906) recorded P. bivittatus for Guatemala and O’Brien (1998) for HONDURAS.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>CENTRAL AMERICA. 1 F (NHMB). MEXICO. 2 F, ex­coll. Lange (NHMB). Colima: Colima, 1 F (NHMB). Nayarit: Tepic (Elcora), 1 F, Lüdecke leg. (NHMB). Yucatán: Quintana Roo, 1 F, V.1964 (ACMB). NICARAGUA: Estelí: Estelí, 1 F, 8/X/2000 (emerged from Ficus insipida – cut by Acrocinus longimanus), J. Tomá. leg. (MNRJ); Rio San Juan: Los Guatusos (Rio Papaturro), 1 F, 21–29/ V /2000, Hernandez &amp; Sunyer leg. (SEAN). COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park (300 m), 1 M, IV /1984, 1 F, III /1984, (INBC); 1 F, V /1996 D. H. Janzen &amp; W. Hallwacha leg. (INBC, MZSP); Est. Biol. Nancite (0 m), 1 M, IX /1990, E. Alcazan leg. (INBC); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, Est. Las Pailas (A. C. Guanacaste), 1 M, 8–18 ene/1992, C. Cano leg. (INBC); Est. Maritza (600 m, west of Vol. Orosi), 1 F, II /1992, F. Araya leg. (INBC); R. Gongora (700 m, 6 Km NE Quela, Grande de Libéria), 1 M, II /1992, III Curso Parataxon leg. (INBC, MZSP); P. N. Guanacaste (North of Liberia 30 Km, Finca Jenny), 1 F, II – V /1991, E. Araya leg. (INBC, MZSP), (240 m) 1 M, 2–6/X/1994, E. Araya leg. (INBC, MZSP); Vicinity Estac. Murcielago (8 Km SW Cuajiniquil, 100 m), 1 M, VI /1989, GNP Biodiversity Survey UTM leg. (INBC); Dos de Tilaram (San Ramón, 1.100 m), 1 M, VII /1995, G. Rodríguez leg. (INBC, MZSP). Limón: Reventazon (“Hamburgfarm”), 1 M, XI.1924, F. Nevermann leg., (“an trockenen Holz”) (NHMB).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFB7F9511730F9A6FD4DFCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFAEF9551730FCC3FE21FCD7.text	A02F87F5FFAEF9551730FCC3FE21FCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes callosus Jekel 1855	<div><p>Ptychoderes callosus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>Figs. 54, 73, 87, 101, 115, 138–141, 221, 234, 260, 267</p> <p>Ptychoderes callosus Jekel, 1855: 54; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes callosa [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 221): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales, intermingled with decumbent light­olivaceous­green to pale scales denser at sides of pronotum, elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4, apical declivity and epipleura. Pygidium with predominance of olivaceous­green scales. Ventral body surface and legs clothed with dense, appressed, whitish scales, except pro­ and mesosternum sparsely pilose; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with dark vitta of blackish­brown scales narrowed posteriorly, and interrupted by whitish scales running along pleural suture. Sides of mesosternum with large, glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites with almost rounded spots of blackish­brown scales, surrounded or not with olivaceous­green or pale scales. Mesepisternum with sparse, coarse setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale, the punctures shallower on metepisternum and sides of metasternum. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales. Tarsomeres I with a dorsal spot of blackish brown scales at base.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.2–1.8 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes from shorter to about half maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate because of careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae elongate, suboblique, weakly prominent near scrobal margin; impressed between carinae, more so near eyes. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension shallow, wide and irregular with deep distal pit slightly wider than extension. Mentum finely, sparsely punctate, slightly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons almost flat with prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 221) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to longer than body exceeding elytral apex by two club segments. Segments II–VI increasing in length, VII–IX decreasing; IX about 3 times as long as X; XI about twice as long as X (II = 0.4–1.8; III = 0.6–2.7; IV = 0.7–3.7; V = 0.6–3.9; VI = 0.5–4.2; VII = 0.6–3.9; VIII = 0.4–3.5; IX = 0.6–2.9; X = 0.4–0.9; XI = 0.7–1.6).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 221, 260) longer than wide; sides slightly converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, divided by a prominent, more or less transverse, median tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum evidently rugose throughout, less so at sides near lateral carina. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (subequal to twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina slightly sinuous. Secondary carina straight, widely interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina not reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 260) weakly raised, almost flat, with moderately coarse, shallow, sparse punctures; antecoxal furrow shallow, sinuous, strongly curved in front of procoxae, with developed, subtriangular prosternal projection at middle not interrupting furrow. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, with deep, irregular, transverse impression near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum with longitudinal impression progressively deeper from apex to base, slightly swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra about twice as long as wide across humeri; impressed along basal two thirds of interstria 2, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities weakly prominent; surface rugose from base to behind middle, more evidently at base, less so near suture. Sides slightly convergent apically from basal third. Anteapical tubercles (Fig. 234) prominent, rounded, interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 feebly swollen. Wings with radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with developed setiferous patch, varying from almost round to suboval, more evidently rounded at posterior half, and clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, yellowish pubescence; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V emarginate at apex, lateroapical angles slightly projected, almost rounded. Pygidium (Fig. 54) slightly wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra; apical margin rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 73) as wide as long, subparallel at sides, rounded at apex; sternite VIII (Fig. 87) convergent at sides, apical margin emarginate with distinct lobes, apodeme triangular and membranous; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 101) 4.6 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 115) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 138–141) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 139) curved at proximal margin, sides acuminate apically from middle; pedon (Figs. 138, 140) with body slightly curved, narrowed apically, apex weakly pigmented and acuminate; apodemes slightly curved. Internal sac about as long as aedeagus, spiculated medially; lateral membrane with pigmented rods; median sclerites strongly sclerotized and narrow (Fig. 141).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.1–1.2 times as long as wide across base. Antennae shorter, exceeding middle of prothorax; segment XI longest (II = 0.5–0.7; III = 0.4–0.7; IV = 0.5–0.8; V = 0.4–0.8; VI = 0.4–0.6; VII = 0.4–0.7; VIII = 0.3–0.4; IX = 0.5–0.8; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.6–0.9). Elytra more convex. Pygidium strongly impressed at middle near apex. Ventrite V less emarginate at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by tergite VIII emarginate at apex; gland of spermatheca not observed.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 10.7–22.8/13.3–20.7; RL = 1.4–4.1/1.6–2.7; RAW = 1.3–2.7/1.7–2.5; RBW = 1.1–2.2/1.4–2.1; HW = 1.7–3.2/ 2.0–3.0; DSO = 0.5–1.9/0.6–0.9; MLO = 0.9–1.8/1.1–1.7; PL =3.0–6.7/3.5–5.8; PW = 2.8–5.7/3.4–5.3; EL = 6.8–14.8/8.8–13.7; EW = 3.4–6.8/4.2–6.8.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. callosus is the sister group of P. rugicollis, by having a rounded tubercle at halfway of elytral apical declivity, between the interstriae 3 and 9 (31 3), and lateral membrane with pigmented rods in the distal region of the internal sac (43 1). P. callosus differs by the olivaceous­green scales of the dorsal vestiture, and the prosternal furrow with a developed subtriangular projection at middle. In P. rugicollis, the scales are brownish, and the prosternal furrow narrow with a tiny median projection.</p> <p>Ptychoderes callosus is similar to P. brevis mainly by the dorsal vestiture with olivaceous­green scales, differing by the almost flat prosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, sparse punctures; antecoxal furrow from slightly deep to shallow, sinuous, strongly curved in front of procoxae, and with a developed, subtriangular projection at middle; elytra with basal gibbosities weakly raised, anteapical tubercles prominent, and interstriae 3–9 slightly swollen. In P. brevis, the prosternum is raised with dense, deep, coarse punctures; the antecoxal furrow straight, deep, without projection at middle; and the elytra with prominent basal gibbosities, without anteapical tubercles and interstriae not swollen.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Three female syntypes from Cayenne, French Guiana (MNHN) were examined. The three specimens set on a single label fixed at the bottom of the box, written: “ Callosus Jek., Ins. Saunders., Cayenne”.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 267)</p> <p>COLOMBIA, FRENCH GUIANA, PERU, BOLIVIA and BRAZIL (Amapá, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Goiás, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina). Rheinheimer (2004) records P. callosus also from GUIANA and VENE ZUELA.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA. 1 M, R. Bunch leg. (BMNH). FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, 1 F, Bar leg. (Bowring 63 47*) (BMNH). PERU. Huanuco: Tingo Maria (800 m), 1 M, VIII. 1971 (at light) C. &amp; M. Vardy leg. (B. M. 1971–533) (BMNH), Rio Huallaga, 650–800 m, 1 M, Dirings leg. (MZSP). BRAZIL. 2 F, Bates leg. (Bowring 63 47*) (BMNH). Amapá: Oiapoque (Res. Indígena Manga), 1 F, X.1980, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Porto Grande (assentamento – Nova Colina), 1 F, I.2001, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Serra do Navio, 1 F, XII.1987, Magno &amp; Costa leg. (Assentamento), 1 F, X.1996, Magno leg. (MNRJ). Acre: Rio Branco, 2 M, 3 F, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Rondônia: Forte Príncipe da Beira, 10 M, 19 F, XI.1961, Oliveira leg. (DZUP, MNRJ); Ouro Preto d’Oeste, 1 F, X.1987, Elias leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 2 F, X.1980, Roppa, Seabra &amp; Becker leg., 1 M, 2 F, X.1983, Becker, Roppa &amp; Silva leg., 11 M, 14 F, X.1986, Roppa, Becker, Silva leg. (MNRJ); Pimenta Bueno, 2 F, X.1986, Roppa, Magno &amp; Becker leg. (MNRJ); Porto Velho (Guaporé), 1 M, 3 F, XI.1954, Pereira, Werner, Dente, Alvarenga leg. (MZSP), 2 M, 3 F, X.1954 (no leg.), 1 F, XI.1954, Ferreira, Werner, Dente, Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ); Vilhena, 4 M, 8 F, XII.1986, 2 M, 1 F, I.1987, Elias leg. (Proj. Polonoroeste) (DZUP, MZSP). Amazonas: Aripuanã (Cidade Humboldt), 1 F, III.1977, Dias leg.. (INPA); Benjamin Constant, 1 M, XI.1960, Schneider leg. (DZUP), 2 F, IX.1955, 3 F, IX.1960, Pereira leg., 2 F, IX.1955, Lima leg., 1 F, X.1956, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ), (Rio Javari), 1 F, VII.1956, 1 M, I.1960, 2 M, 2 F,</p> <p>VIII.1960, 10 M, 13 F, X.1960, 2 M, 2 F, XI.1960, 1 M, 2 F, XII.1960, 1 F, II.1961, 2 M, 1 F, III.1961, 6 M, 8 F, IX.1961, 24 M, 30 F, X.1961, 4 M, 4 F, XII.1961, 1 F, I.1962, 1 M, III.1962, 1 F, IX.1962, 2 F, X.1962, 4 M, 4 F, XI.1962, 4 M, 4 F, XII.1962, 3 M, 6 F, I.1963, 1 F, IV.1963, 1 M, IX.1963, 1 F, X.1963, 2 M, 1 F, XII.1963, 1 M, IV.1964, 2 F, XI.1966, 1 F, XI.19[?], Dirings leg. (MZSP); Lago Acará, Borba, 1 F, XI.1943, Parko leg. (MNRJ); Manaus (Sitio Vieiralves), 2 M, 2 F, XII.1955, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); Maturacá (Rio Negro), 2 F, I.1963, Bechyné leg. (MPEG), (ATS Jatahy, AH 010– KM 45), 1 M, III.1982 (no leg.) (INPA); São Paulo de Olivença (Rio Solimões), 1 F, XI.1960, 4 F, XII.1960, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Tabatinga. 1 F (compared with type), X.1956, Oliveira leg., 1 M, IV.1978, Pereira leg. (MNRJ). Pará: Altamira (Rio Xingu), 1 F, XII.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Belém, 1 F, XII.1961, Bechyné leg. (MPEG); Pascodivelas (?), 1 M, XI.1982, França leg. (MPEG); Óbidos, 1 M, X.1953, 1 F, XI.1956, Oliveira leg., (Colônia Rio Branco), 2 M, 2 F, XII.1952, Teles leg. (MNRJ), (Traira), 2 M, X.1961, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Tucuruvi (right margin), 1 M, III.1979, Overal leg., 1M, III.1979, Neto leg. (MPEG); Ceará: Carquejo, 1 F, II.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: Barra do Bugres. 1 F, XI.1983, Silva, Becker &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); Chapada dos Guimarães, 1 F, XII.1983, Exp. DZUP – Polonoroeste leg. (DZUP); Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos, Faz. São João), 2 M, 2 F, X.1983, Becker, Roppa &amp; Silva leg. (MNRJ); Pontes e Lacerda, 1 M, X.1998, Roppa, Magno &amp; Becker leg. (MNRJ); Sinop (12°31’S, 55°37’W, BR 163, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.616665/lat -12.516666)">Km</a> 500–600, 350 m), 5 M, X.1973, 19 M, 7 F, IX.1974, 8 M, 1 F, X.1975, 3 M, 1 F, IX.1976, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ), (Faz. Teles), 5 M, 3 F, X.1974, 3 M, 1 F, X.1976, Silva leg. (MNRJ). Goiás: Mineiros, 1 M, 1 F, X.1994, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Rio Verde, 1 M, XII.1945 (MZSP). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 1 F, I.1968, Dirings leg. (MZSP). São Paulo: Franca, 2 M, 2 F, XII.1902, Dreher leg. (MZSP); Indiana, 1 F, XII.1943, Pohl leg. (MZSP), 1 M, XII.1934, 5 M, 1 F, I.1935, (no leg.) (MNRJ); Porto Cabral, 1 M, Travassos, Carrera, Dente leg. (MZSP). Paraná: Matelândia, 1 F, II.1962 (DZUP); Rolândia, 1 M (compared with type), 1 F, XI.1949, 1 M, 3 F, VII.1954, 1 F, XI.1956, Dirings leg. (MZSP), 1 M, XI.1953, Maller leg. (MNRJ). Santa Catarina: Timbó, 1 M, 3 F, XI.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP). BOLIVIA. Beni: Rurrenabaque (175m), 1 M, X.1996, L. Peña leg. (ACMB). Cochabamba: Chapare (Chipiri), 1 F, IV.1945, Martinez leg. (MZSP). Santa Cruz: Província Sara (Nueva Moka), 1 F, III.1950, Martinez leg. (MZSP); 4–6 km SSE Buena Vista (Fauna &amp; Flora Hotel), 2 M, I.2004, Robin Clarke leg. (ACMB, MZSP), 2 M, X.2004, Wappes &amp; Clarke leg. (ACMB, MZSP), 1 F, I.2004, 1 F, X.2004, Robin Clarke leg. (ACMB).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFAEF9551730FCC3FE21FCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFAAF95A1730FCC3FD5CFAAF.text	A02F87F5FFAAF95A1730FCC3FD5CFAAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes rugicollis Jordan 1895	<div><p>Ptychoderes rugicollis Jordan, 1895</p> <p>Figs. 74, 88, 102, 116, 142–145, 222, 237, 249, 259, 267</p> <p>Ptychoderes rugicollis Jordan, 1895: 122; Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Jordan, 1906: 303, t. 10, Figs. 2, 2a; Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Howden, 1992: 20 (biology, morphology); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 222): pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish to yellowish­white scales, intermingled with scarce, decumbent, brownish to pale scales, denser on elytral interstriae 2 and 4; sides of pronotum, epipleura, elytral declivity and pygidium with predominance of brown scales. Ventral body surface and legs with appressed, dense yellowish­white scales. Sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with continuous dark vitta of blackishbrown scales, slightly narrowed between pleural suture and posterior margin of prothorax. Sides of mesosternum with wide glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites with dark spots of blackish­brown scales. Mesepisterna with coarse setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale; these punctures deeper at sides of ventrite I, and shallow at sides of ventrites II–V. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with two spots of blackish­brown scales. Apical half of tarsomera I, II and IV with spot of blackish­brown scales. Rostrum 1.3–1.7 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes subequal or slightly longer than maximum width of eye. Sides bicarinate; carinae oblique and thickener near scrobe; strongly impressed between carinae near ocular margin; with coarse, coalescent punctures close to scrobal margin. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension shallow, wide with thick, not careniform margin, and deep distal pit slightly wider than extension. Mentum moderately coarse, sparsely punctate, grooved at sides, apical margin shallowly grooved. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with</p> <p>weakly prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 222) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to longer than body, exceeding elytral apex by two club segments. Segments II–VII increasing in length; VIII slightly shorter than VII; IX 3 times as long as X; XI 1.5 times as long as X (II = 0.5–1.3; III = 0.6–2.4; IV = 0.8–3.0; V = 0.6–3.3; VI = 0.6–3.4; VII = 0.6–3.6; VIII = 0.5–3.3; IX = 0.7–3.2; X = 0.4–1.0; XI = 0.8–1.7).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 249, 259) as long as or longer than wide; sides converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, divided by prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum transversely rugose throughout; rugae more prominent and long on depression margins, median tubercle, and near lateral carinae, less so or missing inside depression. Antebasal carina widely interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina suboblique towards posterior margin of prothorax, moderately interrupted at middle and almost reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 259) weakly raised, almost flat, with coarse, moderately deep, sparse punctures more or less obliterate by vestiture; antecoxal furrow shallow, narrow and curved, with tiny prosternal projection at middle. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, and deep, irregular impressions, subcontiguous at middle near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum strongly impressed at base, weakly so at apex, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, without lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.0–2.3 times as long as wide across humeri, weakly impressed at basal two thirds, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities somewhat prominent; surface rugose from base to beyond middle, more evidently at basal third. Sides slightly converging apically from basal third. Anteapical tubercles prominent, rounded, interstriae 3, 5, 7 and 9 swollen. Wings with radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I (Fig. 237) with suboval, moderately developed setiferous sex patch closer to intercoxal process, and clothed with dense, erect, yellowish­white pubescence; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V not impressed on disk, slightly emarginate at apex. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra, apical margin rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 74) as wide as long, subparallel at sides, apical margin rounded; sternite VIII (Fig. 88) with sides convergent, apical margin emarginate with large lobes, apodeme triangular and sclerotised; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 102) 2.8 time as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 116) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 142–145) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 143) curved at proximal margin, acuminated at apical third; pedon (Figs. 142, 144) with body curved and thickened, rounded at apex; apodemes curve, oblique at proximal third. Internal sac (Fig. 142) almost as long as aedeagus, spiculated medially, with median sclerites strongly sclerotized (Fig. 145); lateral membrane with pigmented rods.</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, at least 1.3 times as long as wide across base; extension of scrobe deep. Antennae shorter, exceeding middle of prothorax; segments II–VII subequal in length; VIII slightly shorter; IX twice as long as VIII; XI almost twice as long as X (II = 0.4–0.8; III = 0.3–0.7; IV = 0.4–0.9; V = 0.3–0.7; VI = 0.3–0.6; VII = 0.2–0.6; VIII = 0.2–0.4; IX = 0.4–0.8; X = 0.3–0.6; XI = 0.5–1.1). Prothorax slightly wider than long. Elytra more convex. Ventrite V weakly emarginate at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by the 8 th tergite slightly longer than wide, slightly sinuous at sides, weakly emarginate at apex. Gland of spermatheca not observed.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 11.3–22.0/10.5–20.6; RL = 1.6–3.5/1.6–2.8; RAW = 1.6–2.6/1.4–2.7; RBW = 1.2–2.0/1.2–1.9; HW = 1.8–3.0/ 1.6–3.1; DSO = 0.7–1.7/0.5–0.9; MLO = 1.0–1.8/1.0–1.8; PL = 3.0–5.5/2.8–5.5; PW = 3.0–5.2/3.0–5.6; EL = 7.2–13.5/7.2–14.2; EW = 3.5–5.8/3.3–6.7.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Jordan (1895) based his description on six males and five females from Chiriqui (Panama) and Chontales (Nicaragua). Syntypes (BMNH) not examined.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. rugicollis may be recognized mainly by the whitish dorsal vitta strongly contrasting with the vestiture of the sides, and the setiferous sex patch of the male ventrite I closer to the intercoxal process. See other remarks under P. callosus.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 267)</p> <p>MEXICO, NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, PANAMA and COLOMBIA, westmost of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2/lat 3.0)">Colombia</a>, in Gorgona Island (3º0’N, 78º12’W)). O’Brien (1998) recorded P. rugicollis from HONDURAS, and Jordan (1906) from GUATEMALA.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>MEXICO. 1 F, Bowring 63 47* (a label Mexico manuscript, other impress Brazil) (BMNH); Chiapas: 1 M, 1 F, 1953, Hartig leg. (NHMB); El Chorreodero (8 Km east from Chiapa de Corzo, 590 m), 1 M, V.1990, H. A. Howden leg., 1 F, V.1990, Gill leg. (CPHH); Tapachula, 1 M (NHMB). Oaxaca: San Antonio, 1 F, V. Tiirkheign leg. (NHMB), 1 F, Koltze leg. (NHMB). NICARAGUA. Granada: V. Mombacho, 1 F, VII.1989, Reinboldt leg. (SEAN). COSTA RICA. 1 M (NHMB); 1 M, VI. [19]28 (" An trocknendem Holz "), 1 F, Nevermann leg. (NHMB). Puntarenas: San Luis (Monteverde, A. C. Arenal, 300 m), 1M, VI.1993, Fuentes leg. (INBC); P. N. Manuel Antonio (Quepos, 800 m), 1 M, II.1991, Ramirez leg., 1 M, IV.1992, 1 M, II.1993, Varela leg., 1 M, IV.1991, Zuniga leg. (INBC, MZSP); P. N. Corcovado (Est. Sirena, 0–100 m), 1 M, III.1990, 1 M, IV.1990, 1 M, V.1992, Fonseca leg. (A. C. Osa), 1 M, VI.1993, Fonseca leg. (INBC); Res. Biol. Carara (Est. Quebrada Bonita, 500 m), 1 F, VIII.1989, 1 M, IX.1989, 1 M, VI.1990, 2 M, VI.1991, Zuniga leg., 1 M, VI.1993, Sabório leg., 1 M, VI.1993, Guzmán leg. (INBC, MZSP). Límon: Est. Hitoy Cerere (Rio Cerere, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 100 m), 1 F, VII.1992, Carballo leg., 2 M, 1 F, VI – VII.1992, Quesada leg. (INBC); Est. Miramar (500 m), 1 M, X.1992, Carballo leg. (INBC); P. N. Cerro Tortuguero (Cerro Tortuguero, 0–120 m), 1 M, VI.1990, 1 M, VII.1990, Quesada leg. (INBC); Finca de E. Rojas (Sector Cerro Cocori, 150 m), 1 M, V – VI.1992, 1 F, VI.1993, Rojas leg. (INBC); R. N. F. S. Barra del Colorado (Rio Sardinas, 10 m), 1 M, V.1993, Araya leg. (INBC). Guanacaste: P. N. Guanacaste (Est. Los Almendros, 300 m), 1 M, 1 F, V.1993, 1 M, VI.1993, 1 M, 2 F, VIII.1993, 1 M, VI.1994, 2 M, 1 F, IV.1995, López leg. (INBC, MZSP); Est. Pitilla (700 m, 9 Km S Santa Cecília), 1 M, V.1990, II Curso Parataxon. leg., 1 M, VI.1993, Rios leg. (INBC); Est. Cação (1000–1400m, SW side of Cação Vulcano), F, V – VI.1990, Guadamuz col, 1 M, VI.1991, Chaves leg. (INBC); Est. Maritza (600 m, W side of Orosi Vulcano), 2 F, V.1990, 1 M, VI.1990, Blanco leg., 1 F (malaise), 1988, 1 M, VII.1989, GNP Biodiv. Survey leg. (INBC); Santa Rosa National Park (300m), 1 F, X.1983, 1 M, V.1984, Janzen &amp; Hallwachs leg. (INBC); Hacienda El Oro (450–500 m), 1 M, VII.1996, Masis, Chavarria, Moraga &amp; Rios leg. (at light) (INBC); P. N. Rincón de la Vieja (Est. Las Pailas, 800 m), 1 M, X– XI.1992, Cano leg., 1 M, IV.1993, 2 M, VII.1993, Taylor leg. (INBC); Sector Las Pailas (45 Km SW side of Rincón de la Vieja Vulcano, 800 m),1 M, VI. VII.1995, Taylor leg. (INBC). Heredia: P. N. Bráulio Carrillo (Est. El Ceibo, 400–600m), 1 M, IV.1990, Chaves leg. (INBC); (Est. Magsasay, 200 m); 1 M, VI.1990, Alcazar leg. (INBC). San José: Escazu, 1 F, ex. coll. D. Sharp (BMNH). Cartago: Turrialba, 2 M, VII.1971, V. Becker leg. (DZUP, MZSP). PANAMA. Cocle: El Valle (2400’), 1 M, V.1981, Wappes leg. (ACMB). Canal Zone: Barro Colorado (Biol. Station). 1 M, VIII.1965, (no leg.) (MZSP); 1 F, VII.1961, Campbell leg. (ACMB). Panama Prov.: 13–18 km N. El Llano, 1 M, VI.1983, Wappes leg.; Cerro Campana (2800’), 1 M, V.1996, Wappes, Huether &amp; Morris leg. (MZSP); 80 km E Chepo, 1 F, V.1981, Wappes leg. (MZSP). COLOMBIA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2/lat 3.0)">Gorgona Island</a> (3º0’0N, 78º12’0W, at light, 200 ft), 1 M, VII.1924, St. George Exped. (BMNH).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFAAF95A1730FCC3FD5CFAAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFA5F95E1730FA76FEEAFD8F.text	A02F87F5FFA5F95E1730FA76FEEAFD8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes viridanus Boheman 1833	<div><p>Ptychoderes viridanus Boheman, 1833</p> <p>Figs. 75, 89, 103, 117, 146–149, 223, 258, 266</p> <p>Ptychoderes viridanus Boheman, 1833: 121; Schoenherr, 1839: 158; Jekel, 1855: 63; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Guérin, 1953: 183; Gombauld &amp; Duranton, 1996: 384 (biology); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes viridanus var. ochraceus Frieser, 1979: 110; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.). (unavailable name, ICNZ Art. 10.2).</p> <p>Ptychoderes viridaduns [sic]; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.) (misspelling).</p> <p>Ptychoderes viridana [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 223): pale dorsal vitta formed by whitish scales intermingled with decumbent, dark­green scales (greenish­ochreous in pale forms) clothing rostrum, head, pronotum and elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4. Pygidium with predominance of green scales. Ventral body surface and legs with appressed, dense, yellowish­white scales. Sides of prosternum with setigerous punctures each provided with a green or light­brown scale; below laterobasal carina with small, irregular, dark spot of blackish­brown scales, rarely reaching lateral carina. Sides of mesosternum with wide glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites I–V with a spot of dense, blackish­brown scales. Mesepimera, episterna and sides of metasternum with dense, coarse, shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a brownish scale; sides of ventrites without such punctures. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with strip of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.4–1.7 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes shorter or subequal to maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to careniform upper margin of scrobe; upper carina slightly elongate, not reaching scrobal margin; lower carina more thiken near scrobe; with or without transverse carina between margin of scrobal extension and lower carina. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension deep with deep distal pit, slightly wider than extension. Mentum finely, sparsely punctate; strongly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons with weakly prominent carinae.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 223) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to almost as long as body, reaching elytral apical third. Segments II–V increasing in length; VI slightly shorter than V; VII–IX decreasing in length; X half as long as IX; XI about 1/3 longer than X (II = 0.4–1.3; III = 0.5–2.0; IV = 0.6–2.3; V = 0.6–2.5; VI = 0.4–2.3; VII = 0.5–2.7; VIII = 0.3–2.2; IX = 0.6–1.9; X = 0.4–0.8; XI = 0.6–1.3).</p> <p>Prothorax (Fig. 223) as long as or longer than wide; sides converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Pronotal depression deep, divided by prominent, more or less transverse tubercle reaching lateral margins of depression. Pronotum not rugose or, if rugae present, then hardly visible inside depression in front of median tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (about twice width of carina), barely sinuous and slightly oblique towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina slightly curved, moderately interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina prominent, reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 258) almost flat, with coarse, deep, moderately dense punctures; antecoxal furrow shallow, strongly sinuous with tiny prosternal projection at middle not interrupting furrow. Mesosternum with moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly sparse punctures, with shallow, irregular impression near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum longitudinally impressed, swollen at lateral and apical margins, with minute lateroapical projections. Elytra about 2.2 times as long as wide across humeri; barely depressed at basal two thirds, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities almost inconspicuous; surface weakly rugose at base and near suture beyond middle of elytra. Sides subparallel at basal half, slightly converging apically from middle. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae not swollen, and apical margin not prominent. Wings with radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with developed, almost rounded setiferous sex patch, clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, yellowish pubescence (brownish in pale forms). Ventrite V not impressed at disk, slightly emarginate at apex. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra; apical margin rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 75) slightly wider than long, subparallel at sides, rounded­truncate at apical margin; sternite VIII (Fig. 89) convergent at sides, apical margin slightly emarginate forming poorly defined, large lobes, apodeme triangular, sclerotized; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 103) twice as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 117) slightly emarginated at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 146–149) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 147) straight at proximal margin, abruptly acuminated at apex; pedon (Figs. 146, 148) with body strongly curved and narrowed apically; apodemes slightly curved, sinuous at proximal third. Internal sac (Fig. 146) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated at apical two thirds; median sclerites narrowed and weakly sclerotised (Fig. 149).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly longer than wide across base. Antennae short, just exceeding middle of prothorax; segments II–V subequal in length, VI–VII slightly shorter than V; VIII and X, shortest; IX and XI subequal (II = 0.3–0.6; III = 0.4–0.7; IV = 0.7–0.8; V = 0.6–0.7; VI = 0.5–0.6; VII = 0.3–0.6; VIII = 0.3–0.5; IX = 0.4–0.8; X = 0.3–0.5; XI = 0.5–0.8). Elytra more convex. Ventrite V truncate at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by tergite VIII weakly rounded at sides, and emarginate at apical margin; spermathecal gland twice as long as spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female. TL = 10.7–20.5/8.7–19.7; RL = 1.7–3.5/1.2–2.5; RAW = 1.4–2.5/1.2–2.3; RBW = 1.2–2.0/1.1–2.0; HW = 1.7–3.0/1.4–3.0; DSO = 0.5–1.7/ 0.4–0.8; MLO = 0.9–1.6/0.7–1.5; PL =2.8–5.5/2.5–5.3; PW = 2.8–5.0/2.5–5.0; EL = 6.7–13.2/5.7–13.2; EW = 3.0–6.0/2.7–5.8.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Female holotype, not examined, deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (NHRS). Type locality: the species was based on a single female recorded from Brazil (Boheman in Schoenherr 1833).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The following synapomorphies support P. viridanus as sister group of the clade P. antiquus +: meso­ and metafemora with postmedian dark stripe (5 2); pronotum rugose only inside the depression (19 2); and elytral surface weakly rugose (30 3). The small, dark spot below the laterobasal carina of prothorax is an autapomorphy of this species.</p> <p>By the dense, green scales of the dorsal vestiture, P. viridanus looks like P. jordani and P. jekeli, differing by the non­rugose pronotum (or rugose only inside the depression in front of the median tubercle), and prosternum with a narrow, sinuous, shallow antecoxal furrow. In P. jordani and P. jekeli, the pronotum is rugose throughout, and the prosternum deeply furrowed in front of procoxae.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 266)</p> <p>TRINIDAD &amp; TOBAGO, COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA, FRENCH GUIANA, BRAZIL (Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Espírito Santo) and BOLIVIA. Rheinheimer (2004) recorded P. viridanus also from GUIANA and ECUADOR.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>TRINIDAD &amp; TOBAGO: Arina, 1 M, 1957, Duffy leg. (BMNH). VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro, Bajo Delta, 1 M, Pastor Ávila leg. (ZSMA). COLOMBIA. Vichada: PNN Tuparro Cerro Tomás (5°21’N, 67°51W, 140 m), 1 F, XI – XII –2000, Villalba leg. (malaise) (IAHC). BOLIVIA. Rio Colorado, Alto Surutu (not stated), 1 M, II.1964, A. Martinez leg. (MACN); Cochabamba: Chaparé (Chipiriri), 2 M, IV.1943, A. Martinez leg. (MZSP). BRAZIL. 1 M,ex­col. Fry (Dry Forest) (BMNH), 1 F, (ex. Mus. W. W. S.) (BMNH). Amapá: Serra do Navio (assentamento), 10 M, 10 F, X.1996, 5 M, 7 F, X.1997, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Ponto Grande (Nova Colina, assentamento), 3 M, 2 F, II.2001, Magno leg.; (BR, 156 KM), 1 M, II.1999, Magno leg. (MNRJ). Acre: Rio Branco, 2 F, XI.1961, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Rondônia: Forte Príncipe da Beira, 1 M, XI.1961, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ); Ouro Preto d’Oeste, 1 M, X.1980, Roppa et al. leg. (MNRJ); Vilhena, 2 M, XII.1986, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) (MNRJ). Amazonas: 1 M, Dr. Hahnel, (Staudinger), ex­col. K. Jordan (BMNH); Benjamin Constant (Rio Javari), 1M, IV.1942, 1 M, 1 F, V.1942, Pohl leg.; 1 F, VIII.1960, 2 M, 1 F, X.1960, 1 F, XI.1960, 1 M, XII.1960, 2 F, II.1961, 1 M, III.1961, 1 M, VII.1961, 2 M, 5 F, X.1961, 1 M, XII.1961, 2 M, XI.1962, 1 F, VI.1964, 1 F, XI.1966, Dirings leg. (MZSP); 1 M, 2 F, III – IV.1942, Parko leg., 1 M, IX.1955, Lima leg., 2 M, IX.1960, Pereira leg., 1 M, XI.1960, Schneider leg. (MNRJ); Manaus, 1 F, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ), 1 F, VIII –1959, Elias leg. (DZUP), 1 M, VII.1959, Fernandes leg. (DZUP), 1 F, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, XII.1955, 1 M, 4 F, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ), (1 Km W Taruma Falls, 100m), 1 M, III.1981, G. Ekis leg. (“primary Forest on bark, day”) (INPA); São Paulo de Olivença (Rio Solimões), 1 F, I.1960, 2 M, 1 F, XI.1960, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1960, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Tabatinga, 1 F, X.1956 Oliveira leg., 1 F, IX.1978 Pereira leg. (DZUP, MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, X.1956, Lima leg., 1 F, IX.1956, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Pará: Itaituba (Rio Tapajós), 1 M, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Igarapé Bacaba (Ilha do Pará), 1 F, XI.1997, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Jacareacanga, 1 F, IV.1969, Barbosa leg. (MNRJ); Mocajuba, 1 M, II.1953, Rego leg. (MNRJ); Óbidos, 1 M, IX.1953, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, V.1922, H. Boy leg. (MNRJ). Ceará: Carquejo, 1 M, II.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, 1 M, IX.1985, Mario F. leg. (MZSP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.616665/lat -12.516666)">Sinop</a> (12° 31’ S 55° 37’ W, BR 163, 350 m), 2 M, 3 F, X.1973, (500–600m), 4 M, 6 F IX.1974, 3 M, F, X.1975, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg.; Faz. Teles, 8 M, 1 F, X.1974, 1 M, X.1976, Silva leg. (MNRJ); Jacaré (P. N. Xingu), 1 M, XI.1961, Alvarenga &amp; Werner leg. (MNRJ); Vila Vera, 1 F, X.1973, Roppa &amp; Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.75/lat -12.833333)">Xavantina–Cachimbo</a> (12º 50’ S, 51º 45’ W), 1 M, 1 F, XI.1967, B. E. Freeman, Roy. Soc. ­ Roy., Geog. Soc., Exped. 1967–69 (BMNH). Bahia: 1 F, ex­col. Fry (BMNH). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, 1 F, 2 M, X– XII.1968, 1 M, 1 F, XI.1969, E lias leg. (MNRJ); São Mateus, 2 F, XII.1969, Lima leg. (MNRJ); Linhares (Parque Sooretama), 1 M, VI.1969, Silva leg., 1 F, X.1972, Elias leg. (MZSP), 1 F, III.1953, 3 F, V.1953, Teles leg. (MNRJ), 1 F, II.1973, 1 M, III.1973, 1 M, XI.1973, Elias leg. (MNRJ), 4 M, 3 F, XI – XII.1969, 1 F, IX.1972, Silva leg. (MNRJ); 1 F, XII.1965, Maller leg., 1 M, I.1965, 1 F, XII.1968, (DZUP, MZSP), 3 M, 1 F, I.1970, 1 M, XII.1969, Lima leg. (DZUP, MNRJ).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFA5F95E1730FA76FEEAFD8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFA1F9221730FD1BFC57FC77.text	A02F87F5FFA1F9221730FD1BFC57FC77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes antiquus Jekel 1855	<div><p>Ptychoderes antiquus Jekel, 1855</p> <p>Figs. 76, 90, 104, 118, 150–153, 224, 266</p> <p>Ptychoderes antiquus Jekel, 1855: 59; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Guérin, 1953: 183; Holloway, 1985: 162 (setiferous sex patches); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>[Ptychoderes] regularis Jekel, 1855: 59 (in litt.) (nom. nud.).</p> <p>Ptych.[oderes] nanus Jekel, 1855: 59 (in litt.) (nom. nud.).</p> <p>[Ptychoderes antiquus] var. nanus Jekel, 1855: 59.</p> <p>Ptychoderes antiquus var. nanus Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes antiqua [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes antiqua var. nana [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes affinis Jordan, 1894: 593; Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Rheinheimer, 2004:10 (cat.). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 224): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales, intermingled with either light­brown, olivaceous­green or pale­ochreous­green scales, decumbent and denser on rostrum and elytral interstriae 1, 2 and 4. Pygidium with predominance of coloured scales. Ventral body surface and legs with dense, appressed, grayish­white or yellowish­white scales; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with continuous vitta of blackish­brown scales. Sides of mesosternum with wide, glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites III–V with small dark spot of dense blackish­brown scales. Mesepisternum with coarse setigerous punctures, each provided with a light­brown scale, these punctures shallow on mesepimera, metepisterna, and sides of metasternum and ventrites. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with strip of blackish­brown scales. Base of tarsomeres I and apical half of II–III with spot of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.3–1.8 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes from about half as long to slightly longer than maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to careniform upper margin of scrobe; carinae elongate and oblique, upper carina slightly shorter than lower carina, reaching scrobe margin; with or without transverse carina between lower carina and extension of scrobe. Scrobe careniform at dorsal margin; extension shallow with deep distal pit, slightly wider than extension. Mentum shallowly, finely punctate; shallowly grooved at sides, deeply so at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons almost flat, weakly impressed near ocular margin, with prominent carinae. Head elongate behind eyes; vertex almost flat.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 224) from short, reaching elytral basal third, to elongate, reaching apical third of elytra. Segment II 2/3 as long as III; IV–VII subequal in length; VIII and IX slightly shorter; X 1/3 shorter than XI (II = 0.4–1.4; III = 0.5–2.2; IV = 0.6–2.6; V = 0.5–2.7; VI = 0.3–2.7; VII = 0.4–2.8; VIII = 0.3–2.3; IX = 0.4–2.1; X = 0.4–0.7; XI = 0.6–1.20).</p> <p>Prothorax (Fig. 224) slightly longer than wide; sides converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Longitudinal pronotal depression deep; median tubercle almost rounded, weakly prominent and flat on top, not reaching depression margins. Surface not rugose or, if so, then rugae poorly conspicuous only inside depression in front of tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (at least twice width of carina), sinuous towards lateral carina. Secondary carina feebly curved, widely interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum almost flat, with fine, moderately sparse punctures; antecoxal furrow shallow, narrow and curved, interrupted at middle by strongly acuminate prosternal projection reaching intercoxal process. Prosternal process even with prosternum. Mesosternum almost dull, finely punctate, with coalescent, irregular, shallow punctures near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum shallowly, longitudinally impressed, swollen at apical and lateral margins, with lateroapical projections. Elytra 2.2–2.3 times as long as wide across humeri, strongly depressed at basal two thirds between suture and interstriae 2, convex at apical third; basal gibbosities inconspicuous; surface rugose only on basal 1/4. Sides subparallel, feebly converging apically from basal third. Anteapical tubercles absent, interstriae 3–9 barely swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with developed, almost rounded setiferous sex patch, slightly truncate at posterior margin, clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, shining yellowish scales, slightly darker than ventral body vestiture. Intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V not impressed on disk, slightly emarginate at apex. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half with short groove to fit elytra; apical margin rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 76) slightly wider than long, subparallel at sides, rounded­truncate at apical margin; sternite VIII (Fig. 90) convergent at sides, slightly emarginate at apical margin, forming large, poorly defined lobes, apodeme triangular and sclerotised; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 104) 4 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 118) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 150–153) without arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 150) acuminate apically from middle, proximal margin conspicuously emarginate; pedon (Figs. 151, 152) with body curved, narrowed apically, apodemes weakly curved. Internal sac (Fig. 152) almost half as long as aedeagus, spiculated at distal two thirds; median sclerites narrow and strongly sclerotised (Fig. 153).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum shorter, 1.3–1.5 times as long as wide across base. Antennae short, exceeding middle of prothorax; segments II–IV subequal in length, V slightly shorter; VI–VII subequal in length; VIII shortest; IX and XI respectively longer than VIII and X (II = 0.3–0.7; III = 0.2–0.6; IV = 0.3–0.6; V = 0.2–0.5; VI = 0.2–0.8; VII = 0.2–0.9; VIII = 0.2–0.3; IX = 0.3–0.6; X = 0.3–0.5; XI = 0.5–0.8). Elytra feebly more convex. Ventrite V expanded on each side at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by tergite VIII slightly rounded at sides, feebly emarginate at apex, and spermathecal gland elongate, twice as long as spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 10.2–21.4/8.8–19.2; RL = 1.3–3.5/1.2–2.5; RAW = 1.2–2.4/1.1–2.3; RBW = 1.0–2.0/0.9–1.6; HW = 1.3–2.9/ 1.5–2.8; DSO = 0.4–1.5/0.3–0.8; MLO = 1.0–1.7/0.8–1.6; PL = 2.8–5.7/2.5–5.2; PW = 2.7–5.3/2.3–4.9; EL = 6.7–13.9/6.0–12.8; EW = 2.9–6.2/2.7–5.8.</p> <p>Variability</p> <p>The coloured dorsal scales intermingled with whitish scales may vary from lightbrown to olivaceous­green or pale ochreous­green, and all the pale tonalities may occur together in a single specimen. The setiferous sex patch, from subtriangular to suboval; pilosity looking brownish due to artificial light.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Two female syntypes of P. antiquus Jekel, 1855 (MNHN) were examined. The specimens lack individual labels, and there is a single common label fixed at the bottom of the box, written: “ antiquus KL., Jek. Ins. Saund., Bahia ”. Type locality: Bahia (Brazil). The holotype of P. affinis Jordan, 1894 (BMNH) was examined and is labelled as follows: 1) Type [rounded, white with red border, impress]; 2) Ptychoderes affinis, male, Type, Jordan; 3) Karl Jordan coll., B. M. 1940–109. Type locality: Jordan (1894) mentioned only “ Brazil ”.</p> <p>The examination of the type material allowed stablishment of the present synonymy. Jordan (1894), in describing P. affinis, related this species to P. obsoletus. However, in 1906, he allocated P. affinis and P. antiquus within the “Group I”, distinguishing them from the other species of the group by the elytra convex at apex, lacking anteapical tubercles.</p> <p>Jekel (1855: 59) in describing P. antiquus mentioned two names in litt., P. regularis and P. nanus. Herein, both are considered nomina nuda. The name P. antiquus var. nanus was established by Jekel when he nominated the variety of P. antiquus. According to ICNZ, names published as “varieties” before 1961 are subspecific and so, available (Art. 45.6.4).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. antiquus is the sister group of the clade P. nebulosus + P. elongatus by the synapomorphies: sides of ventrites III to V with a small, dark spot of dense, blackish­ brown scales (3 2); sides of prosternum with dark vitta not narrowed posteriorly (4 2); median tubercle of central pronotal depression flattened (20 6); and females ventrite V expanded at sides (35 1).</p> <p>P. antiquus differs from P. nebulosus and P. elongatus, mainly by the antecoxal prosternal furrow, which is shallow, narrow and curved, interrupted at middle by a well developed, acuminate prosternal projection that reaches the base of intercoxal process, and elytra without anteapical tubercles.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 266)</p> <p>FRENCH GUIANA, BRAZIL (Rondônia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), PARAGUAY and ARGENTINA</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>FRENCH GUIANA. Caiena, 1 F, (MZSP). BRAZIL. 1 M, (nº 54/145) (MNRJ, compared with types);1 M, ex­col. Sharp (BMNH). Rondônia: Vilhena, 2 M, 1 F, XII.1986, 2 F, I.1987, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) (DZUP, compared with types), 1 M, XII.1986, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) (MNRJ, compared with types). Goiás: Rio das Mortes, 1 F, IX.1954 (MZSP); Utiariti (Rio Papagaio), 1 M, XI.1966 Lenko &amp; Pereira leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: (12° 31’ S 55° 46’ W), 1 F, XII.1968, RS/RGS exp. Brazil – R. A. Beaver leg. (685), (“ light trap, Bace Camp. ”) (BMNH); Barra dos Bugres, 1 F, X.1983, Roppa &amp; Silva leg. (MNRJ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.6/lat -12.766666)">Vera</a> (12° 46’ S 55° 36’ W), 1 F, X.1973, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourados, 1 F, XII.1975, Lorenzoni leg. (DZUP). Bahia: Encruzilhada (estr. Rio – Bahia, 960 m), 2 M, 1 F, XI.1974 (MNRJ), 1 M, XII.1974 (DZUP). Minas Gerais: Ibiá, 1 F, X.1965, Elias leg. (DZUP). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1968, Elias leg. (DZUP). Barra do São Francisco (Córrego do Ita), 8 M, 6 F, XI.1956, Zikán leg. (MNRJ), 1 F, XII.1956, Zikán leg. (DZUP, compared with types), 4 M, 4 F, XI.1957, Almeida leg. (MZSP). Córrego Menezes, 1 M, XII.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP). Linhares, 1 M, 1 F, II.1968, Oliveira leg., 1 M, 1 F XI.1964, Werner, Oliveira &amp; Seabra leg., 1 F, X.1969, Morais leg., 1 M, XII.1970, Alvarenga leg., 2 F, XI.1971, Domingos leg. (DZUP), 2 M, 1 F, II – III.1970, Silva leg. (MNRJ), 1 F, X.1972, Elias leg. (MZSP). Santa Teresa, 4 M, 1 F, XII.1964, 1 M, I.1966, 1 M, 2 F XII.1966, 1 F, IV.1967, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1967, Elias leg. (DZUP). São Paulo: Franca, 1 M (no data) Dreher leg.; Itu, 1 M, 1900 (MZSP); Marília, 1 M, 1 F (MZSP, compared with type); Nova Europa (Faz. Itaquerê), 1 F, XII.1964, Lenko leg.; Peruíbe (Barra do Una), 1 M, XII.1980, exped. MZSP leg.; Porto Cabral, 6 M, III.1944, Travassos­Filho, Carrera &amp; Dente leg.; Ribeirão­Preto (Rio Tamanduá), 1 F, VI.1953, Barreto leg.; São Paulo, 1 F, I.1968, Esmen leg. (MZSP). Rio de Janeiro: Caramujos, 1 M, X.1935, Zikán leg. (MNRJ); Itatiaia (700m), 1 M, XII.1953, Seabra &amp; Alvarenga leg. (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro, 1 F, ex­leg. Fry (BMNH). Paraná: Arapongas, 2 M, I.1952, 1 M, 1 F, II.1952, Maller leg. (DZUP), 1 F, XII.1951, 1 F, II.1952, Maller leg. (MNRJ); Foz do Iguaçu, 1 F, XII.1996, exped. DZUP leg. (DZUP); Jaguariaiva, 1 F, I.1972 (cerrado), 3 M, 1 F, XI.1972, Moure leg. (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, 1 F, XI.1941, Justus leg., 1 M, I.1947 (in dead avocado tree) (DZUP); Rolândia, 1 M, XII.1951, Maller leg. (DZUP, compared with types), 1 F, XI.1953, 1 F, XII.1954, Maller leg. (DZUP), 1 F, XI.1950, 2 F, III.1951, 1 M, X.1953, 5 M, 5 F, VII.1954, 1 F, X.1956, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Santa Catarina: Campo Alto, 1 F, II.1973, Sakakibara &amp; Milke leg.(DZUP); Corupá, 1 M, I.1954, Maller leg. (DZUP); Joinvile, 1 F, Brückner leg. (MNRJ, compared with types), 1 F, XII.1953, 1 M, III.1956, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Seara (Nova Teutônia), 1 F, I.1935, B. Pohl leg., 1 F, XII.1965, Plaumann leg. (MZSP), 1 M, X.1973, Plaumann leg. (DZUP). Timbó, 1 M, XII.1938, B. Pohl leg., 1 F I.1955, 1 M (compared with types), IV.1956, 1 F, III.1960, 1 F, V.1962, 1 F, II.1964, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Rio Grande do Sul: Caxias, 1 M, I.1927 (coll. MCN 163–845) (MCNZ); Garibaldi, 1 M, II.1953 (coll. MCN 163–844) (MCNZ); Porto Alegre (Praia do Tigre), 1 M, I.1975, Vieira leg. (coll. MCN. 163–846) (MCNZ); Santo Ângelo, 1 M, II.1937 (leg. MCN.163–847) (MCNZ). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Bella Vista (1 M, 7 F, II – III.1950 (BMNH), 1 F, II – III.1950 (MZSP), Hohenau, 1 F, XII.1954, L. Peña leg. (ACMB). ARGE NTINA. Jujuy: Ledesma, 1 M, X.1984, Correa leg. (MACN).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFA1F9221730FD1BFC57FC77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFDDF9271730FBA3FBCEF917.text	A02F87F5FFDDF9271730FBA3FBCEF917.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes elongatus (Germar 1824)	<div><p>Ptychoderes elongatus (Germar, 1824)</p> <p>Figs. 77, 91, 105, 119, 154–157, 225, 233, 250, 262, 268</p> <p>Anthribus elongatus Germar, 1824: 178; Gyllenhall in Schoenherr, 1833: 120 (= Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795) (error).</p> <p>Ptychoderes elongatus; Schoenherr, 1833: 122; Dejean, 1837: 256 (cat.); Schoenherr, 1839: 156; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.); Labram &amp; Imhoff, 1842: fasc. 10; Jekel, 1855: 46; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Holloway, 1985: 162 (setiferous sex patches); Costa et al. 1988: 251 (biology, plate 138, Figs. 1–15); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes elongata [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Fig. 225): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent light­brown to pale­light­brown scales, denser on rostrum, head and elytral interstriae 3 and 4; apical two thirds of elytra with sparse, suberect, fusiform, light­brown scales. Pygidium with predominance of brownish scales. Ventral body surface and legs with appressed, dense, yellowish­white scales except medially with sparse, blackish­brown pilosity; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales. Sides of mesosternum with wide glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites III–V with small dark spot of dense, blackish­brown scales. Mesepisternum with shallow setigerous punctures each provided with a brownish scale, and becoming almost inconspicuous in mesepimera, metepisterna, and sides of metasternum and ventrites. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with strip of blackish­ brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum 1.3–1.8 times as long as wide across base; weakly depressed between carinae. Distance between scrobe and eyes from slightly shorter to slightly longer than maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to careniform upper margin of scrobe; upper carina short not reaching scrobe, lower carina elongate, suboblique, reaching scrobal margin. Scrobes careniform at dorsal margin; extension wide, slightly deep with deep distal pit slightly wider than extension. Mentum sparsely, finely punctate, weakly impressed at sides, and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula with sparse, fine punctures. Frons almost flat, not impressed near ocular margin, with prominent carinae. Head elongate behind eyes; vertex almost flat.</p> <p>Antennae (Fig. 225) from short, exceeding the middle of prothorax, to about as long as body, reaching apical ¼ of elytra. Segments II to VII increasing in length, remaining decreasing; IX 3 times as long as X; XI almost twice as long as X (II = 0.3–2.0; III = 0.3–2.6; IV = 0.3–3.3; V = 0.2–3.8; VI = 0.2–4.1; VII = 0.2–4.2; VIII = 0.1–3.6; IX = 0.3–2.9; X = 0.3–0.8; XI = 0.5–1.4).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 225, 250, 262) longer than wide, converging anteriorly from antebasal carina. Longitudinal pronotal depression deep, more so behind median tubercle, this almost rounded, weakly prominent, flat on top, not reaching margins of depression. Rugae short, weakly prominent, restricted inside depression, always more evident behind tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (at least three times width of carina), curved towards lateral carina. Secondary carina sinuous, widely interrupted at middle, not reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina not reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 262) almost flat, with scarce, almost inconspicuous, fine punctures; antecoxal furrow vestigial and curved. Intercoxal process of prosternum at same level of prosternum. Mesosternum almost flat, dull, not punctured; anterior groove shallow. Intercoxal process of mesosternum with shallow, longitudinal groove, swollen and declivous at lateral and apical margins, with well developed lateroapical projections. Anterior groove of metasternum vestigial. Elytra 2.3 times longer than wide across humeri, flattened between suture and interstriae 3 at basal 3/4; basal gibbosities inconspicuous; surface weakly rugose at basal 1/5. Sides converging apically from basal third. Epipleura with shallow, short groove at base. Apex (Fig. 233) looking truncate due to subtransverse, prominent anteapical tubercles, interstriae 3–9 not swollen. Wings without radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I with central, developed, rounded setiferous sex patch clothed with shining brown pilosity; groove of intercoxal process vestigial. Ventrite V not impressed on disk, slightly emarginate at apical margin. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra, truncate at apical margin.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 77) wider than long, subparallel­sided, apical margin almost rounded; sternite VIII (Fig. 91) almost rounded at sides, apical margin strongly emarginated forming large, well defined lobes, apodeme triangular and sclerotized; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 105) 3.2 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 119) obliquely truncate at apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 154–157) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 154) slightly emarginate at proximal margin, acuminate apically from base, apical third narrow; pedon (Figs. 155, 156) with body strongly curved, thickened apically; apodemes slightly curved. Internal sac (Fig. 156) slightly longer than aedeagus, largely spiculated dorsally and ventrally at middle, ventral area smaller and denser spiculated; median sclerites strongly sclerotised (Fig. 157).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum slightly shorter, 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide across base. Antennae short, exceeding the middle of prothorax; segments II to VIII subequal to barely decreasing in length; club thickener with segments IX and XI subequal in length and evidently longer than remaining segments (II = 0.4–0.8; III = 0.3–0.7; IV = 0.4–0.6; V = 0.3–0.5; VI = 0.3–0.5; VII = 0.3–0.5; VIII = 0.2–0.5; IX = 0.5–0.8; X = 0.3–0.5; XI = 0.6–0.8). Elytra weakly flattened, apical declivity more evident. Ventrite V expanded on each side at apex. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by tergite VIII weakly constricted at apical third, sternite VIII almost rounded at apical margin, and spermathecal gland slightly longer than spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 8.3–24.5/11.8–22.0; RL = 1.2–4.1/1.4–3.0; RAW = 1.4–2.6/1.3–2.5; RBW = 0.9–2.2/1.1–2.2; HW = 1.2–3.0/ 1.6–2.5; DSO = 0.5–2.2/0.5–1.1; MLO = 0.8–1.8/0.9–1.5; PL = 2.1–6.7/3.1–6.2; PW = 2.0–5.5/2.8–5.2; EL = 5.5–16.0/7.6–14.7; EW = 2.3–6.7/3.3–6.3.</p> <p>Variability</p> <p>Ventral body surface often subglabrous medially. The rugae of central pronotal depression may be inconspicuous in front of tubercle.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Not examined. According to Kuschel (1955), deposited in the University of Halle, Germany (ex­col. E. F. Germar). Type locality: Germar (1824) mentioned only “ Brazil ”.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. elongatus is the sister group of P. nebulosus by the synapomorphies: presence of fusiform scales at apical two thirds of the males elytra (2 1); prosternal furrow vestigial (24 3); elytra converging apically from basal third, dorsally impressed between suture and interstriae 3 (27 2), with subtransverse anteapical tubercles at beginning of apical declivity (31 4).</p> <p>P. elongatus differs from P. nebulosus by: 1) ventral surface medially clothed with brownish pilosity; 2) groove of anterior margin of both metasternum and intercoxal process of ventrite I, vestigial. In P. nebulosus, the pilosity of ventral surface is whitish throughout, and the anterior margin of the metasternum and ventrite I is deeply grooved.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 268)</p> <p>BRAZIL (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina). The species is recorded also from ARGENTINA by Rheinheimer (2004).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>BRAZIL. 1 F (BMNH); 1 M, ex­coll. E. Werstern (BMNH);1 F, Salilberg leg., ex­coll. Sharp (BMNH); Espírito Santo: 1 F, ex­coll. Fry (BMNH); 1 M, Pres. E. Gowing­Scopes­ Brit. Mus. 1968–131 (BMNH); 1 M, 1 F, ex­coll. K. Jordan (BMNH); Santa Tereza, 1 M, X.1964, 1 M XI 1964, 5 M, 11 F, XII.1964, 1 F, II.1966, 4 M, 4 F, X.1966, 4 M, 4 F, XI.1966, 1 F, XII.1966, 1 M, 1 F, XI.1967, C. Elias leg. (DZUP, MZSP); Tijuco Preto, 2 M, 1 F, XI.1937, C. Elias leg. (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: 1 M, ex­coll. Fry (BMNH); Itatiaia (700m), 1 M, X.1929, Pohl leg., 1 M, XII.1953 Seabra &amp; Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ), (800 m), 1 F, XII.1933, Lopes &amp; Cunha leg. (MZSP). Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado), 1 M, IX.1958, 1 M VIII.1959, 1 M, XII.1959, 1 M, XI.1961, 1 F, I.1967, 3 M, 1 F, XI.1967, Alvarenga &amp; Seabra leg. (MNRJ), 1 M IX.1961, Moure leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, XII.1965, Moure &amp; Seabra leg. (MNRJ), 1 M III.1953 and 1 F, XI.1953, D. Zajciw leg. (MNRJ), (E str. Sumaré), 1 M, XI.1955, Seabra leg. (MNRJ), (Floresta da Tijuca), 1 M, I.1974, Seabra leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, III.1980, Seabra leg. (MNRJ), (Gávea), 1 M III.1939 (MZSP). São Paulo: Alto da Serra, 1 M, IX.1941, Almeida leg. (MZSP); Guarujá, 1 F, III.1970 (MNRJ); Peruíbe (Barra do Una), 1 M, 1 F, XII.1980, Exp. MZSP leg. (MZSP). Paraná: Antonina, 1 F, I.1966, Marinoni &amp; Azevedo leg. (DZUP); Rolândia, 1 M, 1 F, II.1944, Justus leg. (DZUP), 1 F, XI.1949, 4 M, 1 F, VII.1954, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Monjolinho, 1 M, I.1944, Justus leg. (DZUP); Jussara (H. florestal, 340 m), 1 F, X.1974, Exp. Depto. Zoo UFPR (DZUP). Santa Catarina: 1 F, Staudinger leg., Pres. E. Gowing­Scopes­Brit. Mus. 1968–131 (BMNH); Corupá (60 m), 1 M, X.1933,. (DZUP); 1 M, X.1960, 1 F, III.1960; 1 M, X.1961 (DZUP); 1 F, 1 M, II.1950, 1 M, XI.1951, 1 M, I.1953, 1 F, II.1953 Maller leg. (DZUP), 1 M, XII.1953, Maller leg. (MNRJ); Joinville, 2 M (nº 54 Proc /249) Brückner leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, 1 F, III.1960; 1 F (no other data) (MZSP); São Bento do Sul (Rio Vermelho), 1 M, 1 F, III.1949, 1 F, I.1961, 1 F, III.1962, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Seara (= Nova Teutônia), 1 M, 1 F, I.1935, 1 M, 1 F, I.1939, Pohl leg. (MZSP); Timbó, 3 M, 1 F, IV.1947, 1 M, XI.1950, 4 M, 2 F, III.1951, 2 M, 1 F, III.1952 (Rio Herta, 400m, Usina R. Cedro), 2 M, XII.1952, 2 M, 2 F, I.1955, 1 F, III.1955, (Rio Benedito), 2 M, 2 F, XI.1955, 1 M, XII.1955, 4 M, 6 F, II.1956, 2 M, 1 F, III.1956, 3 M, 3 F, IV.1956, 2 M, 5 F, V.1956, 1 F, VIII.1956, 4 M, 2 F, XI.1956, 14 M, 8 F, XII.1956, 2 M, 6 F, III.1957, 9 M, 5 F, IV.1957, 2 M, 1 F, I.1960, 2 M, I.1961, 1 F, X. 1961, 8 M, 12 F, XI.1961, 2 M, I.1962, 1 M, V.1962, 3 M, 1 F, XII.1962, 3 M, I.1963, 10 M, 11 F, II.1963, 2 M, 2 F, III.1963, 3 M, 2 F, V.1963, 1 M, 2 F, II.1964, 1 M, 1 F, III.1964, 1 F, I.1968, Dirings leg. (MZSP).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFDDF9271730FBA3FBCEF917	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
A02F87F5FFD9F92F1730FEABFEF6FCFF.text	A02F87F5FFD9F92F1730FEABFEF6FCFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychoderes nebulosus (Olivier 1795)	<div><p>Ptychoderes nebulosus (Olivier, 1795)</p> <p>Figs. 7, 9, 11–51, 55–63, 69, 78, 92, 106, 120, 158–161, 226–227, 229, 235, 238, 261, 268</p> <p>Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795 (n° 80): 5, t. 1, fig. 3 a–c.</p> <p>Ptychoderes nebulosus; Schoenherr, 1823: col. 1135; Jekel, 1855: 48; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1953: 3 (cat. supl.); Faustini &amp; Halstead, 1982: 45, 64 (setiferous sex patches); Marvaldi et al., 2002: 764 (molecular); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes nebulosa [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes elongatus; Lacordaire, 1830: 158; Gyllenhal in Schoenherr, 1833: 120 (non Germar, 1824).</p> <p>Ptychoderes tricostifrons Fåhraeus in Schoenherr, 1839: 158; Jekel, 1855: 53; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Jordan, 1906: 303, t. 10, Figs. 1, 1a; Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Holloway, 1985: 162 (setiferous sex patches). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Ptychoderes tricosifrons [sic]; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.) (misspelling).</p> <p>Ptychoderes nebulosus s. tricostifrons [sic]; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes columbianus Jekel, 1855: 50; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Ptychoderes columbiana [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).</p> <p>Ptychoderes nebulosus s. columbianus [sic]; Rheinheimer, 2004:10 (cat.).</p> <p>Male. Vestiture (Figs. 226–227, 229): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent light­brown scales denser on rostrum, head, and elytral interstriae 2 and 4; apical two thirds of elytra with sparse, suberect, fusiform, lightbrown scales. Pygidium with predominance of brownish scales. Ventral body surface (Fig. 201) and legs with dense, appressed yellowish­white to grayish­white scales; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales. Sides of mesosternum with wide glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites III–V with small, dark spot of dense, blackish­brown scales. Sides of metasternum, metepisterna and ventrites with shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a light­brown scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with strip of blackish­brown scales.</p> <p>Rostrum (Figs. 7, 9, 11–23) 1.3–2.0 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes from half as long to slightly longer than maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to careniform upper margin of scrobe; upper carina elongate; with or without transverse carina between scrobal margin and lower carina. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension wide, slightly deep with deep distal pit slightly wider than extension. Mentum with fine, shallow punctures; weakly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula dull with sparse, fine punctures. Frons almost flat, not impressed near ocular margin, with prominent carinae. Head elongate behind eyes; vertex almost flat.</p> <p>Antennae (Figs. 226–227, 229) from short, reaching basal third of elytra, to slightly longer than body, exceeding elytral apex by two club segments. Segments II to VII increasing in length; VIII–IX slightly shorter than VII; IX about 3 times as long as X; XI one third longer than X (II = 0.6–2.1; III = 0.6–2.5; IV = 0.6–3.3; V = 0.6–4.0; VI = 0.5–4.4; VII = 0.5–4.5; VIII = 0.3–4.1; IX = 0.6–3.5; X = 0.4–1.2; XI = 0.8–1.7).</p> <p>Prothorax (Figs. 33, 37–46, 226–227, 229, 261) slightly longer than wide, convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina. Longitudinal pronotal depression deep, with almost rounded tubercle, slightly prominent and flat on top, not reaching margins of depression. Rugae short and thickened, restricted to depression, less conspicuous in front of tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (more than twice width of carina), sinuous towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina barely curved, widely interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina not reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum (Fig. 261) almost flat, with shallow, slightly conspicuous punctures; antecoxal furrow vestigial and curve. Intercoxal process of prosternum at same level of prosternum. Mesosternum uniformly, finely punctate, slightly impressed near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum with longitudinal impression at base, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, with lateroapical projections. Elytra about 2.5 times longer than wide across humeri, flattened between suture and interstriae 3; basal gibbosities inconspicuous. Surface rugose only at base, rugae more prominent at sides. Sides parallel at basal half, then slightly convergent apically. Apex (Fig. 229) with subtransverse, prominent, anteapical tubercles, interstriae 3–9 not swollen. Wings with radial cell.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite I (Fig. 238) with developed, almost rounded to suboval setiferous sex patch, clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, yellowish­white pilosity; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V not impressed on disk, slightly emarginate at apical margin. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra; apical margin rounded­truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia. Tergite VIII (Fig. 78) wider than long, subparallel­sided, apical margin almost rounded; sternite VIII (Fig. 92) almost rounded at sides, apical margin emarginate forming large, poorly defined lobes, apodeme triangular and sclerotised; apodeme of sternite IX (Fig. 106) 2.6 times as long as arms. Tegmen (Fig. 120) rounded at apex. Aedeagus (Figs. 158–161) with arc between apodemes; tectum (Fig. 159) almost straight at proximal margin, narrow at apical third; pedon (Figs. 158, 160) with body strongly curved, thickened apically; apodemes curved or not. Internal sac (Fig. 158) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated at middle; median sclerites narrowed and sclerotised (Fig. 161).</p> <p>Female. Rostrum 1.2 times as long as wide across base. Antennae short, exceeding middle of prothorax; segments II to IV subequal in length, V–VII slightly shorter and subequal; VIII shortest; IX and XI conspicuously longer than remaining segments (II = 0.3–0.7; III = 0.3–0.7; IV = 0.3–0.7; V = 0.2–0.6; VI = 0.2–0.5; VII = 0.2–0.5; VIII = 0.1–0.4; IX = 0.4–0.7; X = 0.6–0.9; XI = 0.6–0.9). Prothorax as long as wide. Elytra less flattened, lacking fusiform scales. Ventrite V expanded on each side at apex. Disk of ventrite I, in some females with undamaged ventral vestiture, with dense, shining pilosity looking like male sex patch, but pilosity not erect. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus, differing by elongate spermathecal gland, about 5 times as long as spermatheca.</p> <p>Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 11.5–24.2/9.0–20.5; RL = 1.7–4.3/1.2–2.7; RAW = 1.5–2.3/1.2–2.3; RBW = 1.3–2.0/1.0–2.2; HW = 1.8–3.1/ 1.5–2.9; DSO = 0.6–1.8/0.4–1.0; MLO = 1.1–1.7/0.7–1.7; PL = 3.2–6.5/2.5–5.7; PW = 3.0–5.2/2.4–5.1; EL = 7.5–15.9/5.8–13.5; EW = 3.3–6.3/2.8–5.8.</p> <p>Variability</p> <p>The dorsal whitish vitta may be either more or less conspicuous depending on the density of the light­brown scales (Figs. 198–199). Intercoxal process of mesosternum rarely without lateroapical projections. Large males with elytra more strongly depressed (Fig. 199). All the variations including the colour of ventral vestiture, shape of setiferous sex patch and apodemes of pedon, are randomly found having no relation with geographical distribution.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>The type material of Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795, was not located, and that of P. tricostifrons Fåhraeus, 1839 (NHRS), not examined. P. nebulosus was described from French Guiana, and P. tricostifrons from Mexico.</p> <p>Jekel (1855) did not mention the number of specimens he studied. Syntypes of P. columbianus Jekel, 1855 (1 male, 1 female) (MNHN), were examined. The specimens have a single common label fixed at the box bottom, written: “Columbianus, Jek. Ins. Saund., Columb.” The female has an additional label, written: “Columb”. Type locality. Jekel (1855) reported specimens from Colombia (Bogotá and Cartagena) and Brazil (Amazonas and Pará).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>P. nebulosus differs from P. elongatus by the characters given in the key. See other remarks under P. elongatus.</p> <p>Jordan (1906: 302) questioned the distinction among the Ptychoderes species of the "Group 1", mainly among those having elytral anteapical tubercles (P. nebulosus, P. tricostifrons, P. columbianus and P. elongatus). Actually, the characters mentioned by Jekel (1855: 51) to differentiate P. columbianus from P. elongatus are so subtle that they are not sufficient to recognize them. The exam of large amount of specimens widely distributed showed that, probably, they have been identified according to their provenance.</p> <p>The knowledge of new characters to distinguish P. nebulosus and P. elongatus plus the study of great amount of material recorded from wide distribution area, showed: 1) the strong variability of characters mentioned by previous authors as distinctive of P. nebulosus, P. tricostifrons and P. columbianus; 2) that the variability is not related to geographical distribution, occurring randomly in specimens from the same locality; 3) the consistency of characters used in the present work to differentiate P. nebulosus from P. elongatus, also in areas where they are sympatric. These facts justify the proposed synonymy of P. columbianus and P. tricostifrons under P. nebulosus, and the distinction of the latter from of P. elongatus, partially corroborating Jordan (1906).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 268)</p> <p>From southern MEXICO to PARAGUAY, reaching ECUADOR at west, and coast of BRAZIL (São Paulo) at east. In eastern BRAZIL (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), P. nebulosus occurs in sympatry with P. elongatus.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>MEXICO. 1 M (MZSP); 1 M, 1 F, Le Moult vend. (ISNB); 1 M, 1 F, ex­coll. K. Jordan (BMNH); 1 M, ex­coll. Dejean &amp; ex­coll. Roelofs (ISNB). Canelas (not stated). 1 F, Heyne, Berlin­Wilm. leg. (ISNB). Las Mercedes (not stated) (3.000 ft), 1 F, ex­coll. Champion (ISNB). Ghiesbrecht (not stated)1 M, 1 F (ISNB); Vermächtnis (not stated). 1 M, 1907, Lorenz leg. (NHMB). Nayarit: Tuxpan, 1 F, ex­coll Sallé (ISNB). Colima: Colima, 2 M; VeraCruz: (Lake Catemaco), 1 F, VI.1969, Howden leg. (CPHH). BELIZE. 1 M (BMNH); Stann Creek: Stann Creek Valley, 1 M, VIII.1933, 1 M, XI.1933 (BMNH).</p> <p>GUATEMALA. El Peten: Tikal,1 F, XII.1960, ex­coll. F. Tutzing (NHMB). Rio Maria Linda (not stated) (500 ft.), 1 F, ex­col. Champion (BMNH). Alta VeraPaz: Panzos, 1 F, ex­col. Champion (ISNB); Atitlan Vulcano (25–3560 ft), 2 M, ex­col. Champion (ISNB), (25–2500 ft), 1 M ex­col. Champion (BMNH). NICARAGUA. Rio Ran Juan: Rio San Juan (Refugio Barbola) 1 M (MZSP), 1 F (SEAN), XI.1999, Maes &amp; Hernandez leg..</p> <p>COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: P. N. Corcovado, (Est. Sirena, 0–100 m,). 1 M, XI.1989, 2 M, 5 F, XII.1989, 1 F, II.1990, 1 M, IV.1990, 1 M, III.1991, 1 F, IV.1991, 1 M, V.1992, 1 F, VI.1992, 1 F, III.1993, 1 M, 1 F, IV.1993, 1 M, 2 F, IX.1993, 1 M, IV.1994, 1 M, V.1994, Fonseca leg., 1 M, 1 F, X.1990, 2 M, 1 F, XII.1990, Saborio leg., 1 M, 1 F, VI.1990, Obando leg., 1 M, IV.1992, Rodriguez leg., 1 F, IV.1995, Gamboa leg., 1 M, III – IV.1992, Fuentes leg., 1 F, III.1995, Zumbado leg., 1 F, VI.1990, Maass leg., 1 M, I.1981, Janzzen &amp; Hallwacks leg. (INBC, MZSP); (Península de Osa, Rancho Queimado, 200 m,). 1 M, V.1991, Saborio leg., 3 M, IV.1992, Brenes leg., 1 M, V.1992, Quesada &amp; Varela leg., 1 M, III.1993, Fonseca leg., 1 M, II.1994, 1 M, V.1994, Marin leg. (INBC, MZSP); Península Osa (Bosque Esquinas, 200 m). 1 M, I.1994, Quesada leg. (INBC); Res. Biol. Carara (Est. Quebrada Bonita, 50 m,). 1 M, VI.1990, Rojas leg., 2 M, 2 F, VII.1990, Bello &amp; Rojas leg., 1 F, VI.1990, Bello leg., 1 M, III – IV, Campos leg., 1 M, X.1993, 1 F, I.1994, Guzmán leg., 1 M, 1 F, V.1992, 1 F, I.1993, 1 F, IV.1994, Saborio leg., 1 F, IV.1989, 2 F, VIII.1989, 2 M, 1 F, IX.1989, 2 M, 2 F, X.1989, 1 M, 1 F, XI.1989, 1 M, XII.1989, 1 M, 1 F, V.1990, 2 F, VI.1990, Zuniga leg. (INBC, MZSP); ditto (Est. Carara, 200 m, L–N 195250, 478700). 1 M, III.1990, Zuniga leg. (INBC); R. N. Cabo Blanco (Est. San Miguel, 1 m). 1 M, IV.1971, Alvarado leg. (INBC); (Est. San Miguel, L–N 173174, 411412). 1 M, 1 F, IX.1993, Ramírez leg. (INBC); (Est. Agujas, 300 m). 1 F, X.1995, 1 M, 1 F, IX.1997, 1 M, III.1998, Azofeita leg., 1 M, XI.1997, 1 F, XII.1997, Labo leg. (INBC); P. N. Manuel Antonio (Quepos, 800 m). 1 M, IV.1991, Zuniga leg., 1 M, IV.1991, 1 F, VIII.1991, 1 F, XI.1991, 1 F, IV.1992, Varela leg. (INBC); (Centro Juvenil Tropical, 100 m). 1 F, VII.1997, Lobo leg. (light trap) (INBC); P. N. Amistad. (Est. Las Mellizas, 1300 m). 2 M, IV.1989, Ramírez &amp; Mora leg. (INBC); (Albergue Cerro de Oro, 150 m). 1 F, VIII.1995, Angulo leg. (light trap), 1 F, V – VI.1995, Gamboa leg. (INBC); (Potrero, Gde B. Aires, Los Angeles, 700 m). 1 F, II.1992, Ramírez, Quesada, Mora, Zumbado leg. (INBC); Alajuela: (Caño Negro, R. N. V. S., 20 m). 1 F, II.1995, Flores leg. (INBC); San Ramon (San Luiz, Bajo Córdoba). 1 M, V.1985, Roff leg. (INBC). Limón: (Hamburgfarm, Reventazon), 1 F, VIII.1934, Nevermann leg. (an trocknem Holz) (NHMB); (Waldeck Farm), 1 M, V.1930, Nivermann leg. (in frischem Holzchlag nachts); (R. N. F. S. Gandoca y Manzanillo, Manzanillo, 0–100 m). 2 M, 3 F, IX –X.1992, 2 M, XI.1992, 1 F, XII.1992, Quesada leg., 2 M, X– XI.1992, Taylor leg. (INBC, MZSP); (Amubri, 70 m). 1 F, VI.1993, 1 F, IX.1993, 2 F, X.1993, 1 M, I.1995, Gallardo leg. (INBC); (Amubri, Talamanca). 2 M, VII.1992, Gallardo leg. (INBC); (Finca de E. Rojas, Sector Cerro Cocori, 150 m). 1 M, IX.1990, 1 F, III.1991, 1 F, VIII.1991, 1 M, X.1991, 1 F, I.1992, 1 F, I– II.1992, 1 M, 3 F, V.1992, 3 M, 2 F, V – VI.1992, 1 M, IX.1992, 1 F, X.1992, 1 F, XI.1992, 1 F, VIII.1993, 1 M, IX.1993, 3 M, XI.1993, 2 F, IV.1994, 1 M, 6 F, V.1994, 1 F, V – VI.1994, 1 M, X.1994, Rojas leg., 2 M, 3 F, III. IV.1992, Quesada leg. (INBC, MZSP); Torturego (20 ft), 1 M, II – III.1982 Kirby leg. (BMNH), P. N. Tortuguero (Cerro Tortuguero, 0–120 m). 1 F, Delgado leg. (INBC), (Est. Cuatro Esquinas, 0 m). 1 M, XII.1992, 1 M, 2 F, I.1993, 3 M, 2 F, II.1993, Delgado leg. (INBC); (Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Est. H. Cerere, 100 m, Rio Cerere). 1 M, 1 F, VI.1992, 2 M, VII.1992, 3 M, XI.1992, 1 F, VI.1994, Carballo leg., 2 M, 1 F, VII.1992, Quesada leg., 1 M, IX.1990, Barrelier leg., 3 M, 2 F, VIII.1992, Gallardo leg. (INBC); (R. B. H. Cerere, Valle La Estrella, 100 m). 2 M, 2 F, Carballo leg. (INBC); (R. B. H. Cerere, Est. Miramar, 500 m). 2 F, VIII.1992, Carballo leg. (INBC); Suretka (not stated), Rio Vatri, 60 m). 1 M, III.1987, Solis leg. (INBC). Guanacaste: P. N. Guanacaste (Est. Pitilla, 700 m, 9 Km S Sta Cecília). 1 F, IV – V.1993, 1 M, 1 F, VI.1993, Rios leg., 1 M, 1 F, V.1998, Biodiversity Survey leg. (INBC); (Est. Pitilla, 400 m, 5 Km SO Sta Cecília). 3 M, XII. 1990, Rios &amp; Moraga leg. (INBC); (P. N. Santa Rosa, 300 m). 1 F, XII.1982, Janzen &amp; Hallwachs leg. (INBC); (Est. Maritza, 600 m, O side of Orosi Vulcano, L–N, 326900, 373000). 1 M, I– III.1992, Brenes leg., 1 F, V.1992, II Curso ParaTaxonomos leg. (INBC); P. N. Rincon de La Vieja (Est. Las Pailas, 800 m). 1 M, IX –X.1992, 3 M, 2 F, X– XI.1992, Garcia leg., 1 F, IV.1993, Taylor leg., 3 F, I.1992, 1 M, IX –X.1992, 1 F, XII.1992, Cano leg., 1 M, 1 F, XI – XII.1992, 1 F, I– IV.1993, Sihezar &amp; Rodriguez leg. (INBC, MZSP). Heredia: P. N. Bráulio Carrillo (Est. Magsasay, 200 m). 2 M, 1 F, X.1990, 1 M, 3 F, V.1991, Fernandez leg., 1 M, IV.1991, Fernandez, Salicetti &amp; Foster leg., 1 M, VI.1990, Alcazar leg., 1 M, V.1991, Aguilar leg. (INBC), (Est. El Ceibo, 400–600 m). 1 F, Chaves leg. (INBC). Cartago: Turrialba (600m), 1 F, I.1971, 1 M, 1 F, VII.1971, 1 M, I.1972, 1 F, I.1973, 1 F, IV.1973, 1 M, VII.1973, V. Becker leg. (DZUP, MZSP). PANAMA. Chiriquí: Vólcan de Chiriqui (2–3000 ft.) 1 M, ex­col. Champion (BMNH); Chiriqui 2 M, 2 F (NHMB), 1 F, ex­col. Bettinger (ISNB). Canal Zone: Ilha Barro Colorado, 1 M, VIII.1941, Johnson leg. (UCMC), 1 M, XI.1956, Britski leg. (MZSP), 1 F, IV.1924, Bradley leg. (NHMB); Frijoles (not stated), 1 M, V. 1981, Gill leg. (CPHH), Puerto Armuelles, 1 M, VI.1930, Bierig leg. (NHMB). TRINIDAD &amp; TOGAGO. Trinidad: Caparo. 1 M (no data), A. Heyne, Berlin­Wilm. leg. (ISNB). VENE ZUELA. Distrito Federal: Caracas. 1 M, VII. 1965, Kultzer leg. (NHMB). COLOMBIA. 2 M, ex­col. K. Jordan (BMNH); 1 M (no data) ex­col. Madon (ISNB); 1 M, ex­coll. Lacordaire (ISNB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.333336/lat 6.016667)">Choco</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.333336/lat 6.016667)">Darien</a>, 1 M, Hodge leg. (BMNH), PNN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.333336/lat 6.016667)">Enseada de Utria Cocalito</a> (6°1’N, 77°20’W, 20 m), 1 F, XI – XII.2000, Pérez leg. (malaise) (IAHC). Valle del Cauca: Cali (1.035 m), 1 F, I.1960, Dirings leg. (MZSP), Rio Dagua, 1 F, Rosemberg leg. (BMNH). Cundinamarca: Bogotá, 1 F (BMNH), 1 F, XII.1996, Bürger leg. (NHMB). Pehlke (= Hacienda Pehlke or Hamburgo), 2 M, 2 F, 1929, Pehlke leg. (NHMB); 2 F (no data) (NHMB). Cezar: Chiriguana (Lago Sapatoza region = Ciénaga Zapatosa), 2 F (BMNH), 1 F (MZSP), IX.1924, Allen leg. FRENCH GUIANA. Gourdonville, 1 F, VIII.1905, 1 F, X.1905 (BMNH), 1 M (BMNH), 1 M (MZSP), I.1906 (no leg.) (BMNH); Pariacabo, 5 M, IX.1905, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1905, 1 F, I.1906 (MZSP); Passoura, 1 M (MZSP), 1 F (BMNH), VIII.1905, 1 M, I.1906 (BMNH). EQUADOR. Napo: Lambaqui. 1 F, III.1983, Huggert leg. (MZLU). El Oro: Zaruma, 1 M, 12–?–15, Rohwen leg. (UCMC); Pichincha: (250 m, 47 Km S of Santo Domingo, Rio Palenque), 1 F, II.1979, Marshall leg.; (500 m, Tinalandia, 16 Km SO Santo Domingo), 1 M, VI.1976, Peck leg. (CPHH). Baron (not stated), 2 M, 6 F (BMNH), 1 M (MZSP). Dureno (150 m), 1 F, IX.1977 (no leg.) (SEAN). Archidona (not stated). 1 M, Haensch leg. (NHMB). Balzapamba (not stated). 1 M, Haensch leg. (NHMB). PERU. 1 M (NHMB). Junin: Chanchamayo (not stated), 1 F (NHMB). Pasco: Pozuzo. 1 F (no date) (NHMB), 2 M, ex­col. Bettinger (ISNB). Huanuco – Loreto: Rio Pachitea, 1 M, 1 F (no data) (NHMB). Cuzco: Marcapata, 3 M, 1 F (no date) (NHMB). Ayacucho: Rio Toro, 1 F (no date) (NHMB). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chaparé ([Villa] Tunari), 1 M, II.1953, Martinez leg.; (Chipiriri), 1 M, 1 F, IV.1943, Martinez leg. (MZSP); Santa Cruz: Buenavista (Ichilo), 1 M, II.1950, Martinez leg. (MZSP), (450 m). 1 M, Steinbach leg. (NHMB); (Rio Colorado, Alto Surutu, not stated) 1 M, II.1964, Martinez leg. (MACN). BRAZIL. 1 M, ex­col. Lacordaire (ISNB). Amapá: Ferreira Gomes (Barragem do Bredão), 1 F, VIII.1996, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Oiapoque (BR 156, Km 12), 1 F, XII.2000, Magno leg. (MNRJ); Serra do Navio (assentamento), 1 M, X. 1996, 2 M, X.1997, Magno leg. (MNRJ). Amazonas: Benjamin Constant, 1 M, IX.1956, Lima leg. (MNRJ); 1 M, X.1960, Pereira leg. (MNRJ), (Rio Javari), 1 F, VII.1954, 1 M, 3 F, VII.1956, 1 M, IV.1960, 1 F, VIII.1960, 1 M, I.1961, 1 F, II.1961, 1 M, III.1961, 10 M, 7 F, X.1961, 2 M, I.1962, 2 F, III.1962, 2 M, 3 F, V.1962, 1 M, 1 F, VI.1962, 6 M, 1 F, XII.1962, 1 F, II.1963, 1 M, VIII.1963, 1 M, II.1964, 3 F, Dirings leg. (MZSP), 1 F, III.1942, 1 M, V.1942, Pohl leg. (MZSP); Manaus, 1 F, XI.1955, 3 M, XII.1955, 1 M, 1 F, X.1957, 3 M, XI.1957, Elias &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ), (Est. Am 1, Km 64), 3 M and 3 F, VIII.1970, Faustino leg. (INPA); (Est. Colônia), 1 M, III.1976, L. P.A. leg. (INPA), Reserva Ducke, 1 M, V.1968, (Col [ônia] Santo Antonio), 1 M, III.1982, Antonio leg. (INPA); Maturacá (Rio Negro), 1 M, I.1963, J. &amp; B. Bechyné leg. (MPEG); São Paulo de Olivença (Rio Solimões), 1 M, III.1960, 1 M, 2 F, XII.1960, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Tabatinga, 1 F, VII.1956, Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ), 1 M, IX.1956, 1 M, 2 F, X.1956, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ); 5 M, 1 F, X.1956, 2 M, 3 F, Sousa Lima leg. (MNRJ), 2 M, 2 F, IV.1978, Pereira leg. (MNRJ). Pará: Conceição do Araguaia, 1 M, XI.1979, Neto leg. (MPEG); Itaituba (Rio Tapajós), 1 M, I.1961, 1 F, X.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP); Óbidos (Baixo Amazonas), 1 F, IV.1960, 1 F, III.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP), (Colônia Rio Branco), 1 F, XII.1952, Teles leg. (MNRJ); 1 F, VIII.1955, Brazilino leg. (MNRJ), Jacareacanga, 1 F, X.1959, Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ); Tucurui (right margin), 1 M, III.1979, Overal leg. (MPEG). Acre: Rio Branco, 4 M, 2 F, XI.1961, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ). Rondônia: Forte Príncipe da Beira, 1 M, 4 F, XI.1961, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ); Ouro Preto d’Oeste. 1 F, X.1987, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) (MNRJ); 1 M, 1 F, X.1986, Roppa, Magno &amp; J. Becker leg. (MNRJ); Porto Velho (Guaporé), 1 F, X.1954, Pereira, Dente &amp; Alvarenga leg. (MZSP), 1 M, 1 F, Pereira, Dente &amp; Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ); Vilhena, 1 F, XI.1986, 1 F, I.1987, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) (MNRJ); 1 F, XI.1960, Alvarenga leg. (MNRJ). Ceará: Carquejo, 1 F, III.1963, Dirings leg. (MZSP). Mato Grosso: Barra Bugres, 1 M, IX.1989, Matos leg. (UFMT); Cuiabá, 1 M, XI.1990, Silva leg. [light] (UFMT); Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos, Faz. São João), 2 M, 1 F, X.1983, J. Becker, Roppa &amp; Silva leg. (MNRJ), Iguatemi, 1 M, XII.1964, Kloss leg. (MZSP), Rio Verde (400 m), 1 F, X.1960 (no leg.) (DZUP), Rosário Oeste, 2 F, I.1972, Dirings leg. (MZSP), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.616665/lat -12.516666)">Sinop</a> (12°31’ S, 55°37’ W, 350 m), 4 M, 1 F, IX.1974, 1 M, 1 F, X.1975, 1 M, IX.1976, Alvarenga &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); (Faz. Teles), 3 F, X.1974, 1 M, X.1976, Silva leg. (MNRJ); Juína, 2 M, 1 F, IV – VI.1985, Silva leg. (MNRJ). Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourados, 3 M, I.1976, Lorenzoni leg. (DZUP). Goiás: Anápolis, 1 M, (no date) (MZSP), Goiânia, 1 M, III.1962, Oliveira leg. (MNRJ), Mineiros, 5 M, 4 F, X.1994, 2 M, XI.1994, Magno leg. (MNRJ). Bahia: Camacã (Faz. Sta Maria) 1 F, XII.1978, Benton leg.; 2 M, 4 F (ex­col Fry) (BMNH – DZUP). Encruzilhada (Estr. Rio – Bahia, Km 965, 960 m), 3 M, 1 F, XI.1974, 3 M, XII.1974, Seabra &amp; Roppa leg. (MNRJ); Itamaraju, 1 F, XI.1985, Roppa leg. (MNRJ); (Prado Itamaraju) 1 F, X.1969, Roppa leg. (MNRJ). Minas Gerais: Araxá, 1 M, XI.1965, E lias leg. (DZUP); Ibiá, X.1965, Elias leg. (DZUP). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, 6 M, 2 F, V.1968, 3 F, X.1968, 1 F, XI.1968, 5 M, 3 F, XII.1968, 1 M, 1 F, X.1969, 1 F, XI.1969, 1 M, I.1970, Elias leg. (DZUP, MNRJ); Barra do São Francisco (Córrego Ita), 1 M, 1 F, X.1954, 2 M, I.1955, 7 M, 6 F, XI.1956, Zikán leg., 2 M, 5 F, XI.1957, Almeida leg., 1 F, II.1955, 1 M, 1 F, XII.1959, Grossmann leg. (DZUP). Córrego dos Menezes, 1 M, I.1971 (no leg.), 1 M, 2 F, XII.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP). Linhares, 1 M, XII.1969, 1 M, IX.1973, Elias leg.; 3 F, XII.1969, 2 M, 3 F, XII.1970, Alvarenga leg.; 2 M, 1 F, XI.1971, Silva leg.; 2 M, 2 F, XII.1965, 1 M, I.1967, Maller leg. (DZUP), 1 F, X.1972, 1 F, XI.1972, 1 M, VI.1973, Elias leg. (MZSP), 7 M, 3 F, XI – XII.1969, 1 F, II.1970, 2 M, 9 F, III – IV.1970, 1 M, X.1971, 4 M, 2 F, III.1972, 1 M, IX.1972, Silva leg., 1 M, XI.1972, de Paula leg., 1 F, 1973, 1 M, II.1975, Elias leg. (MNRJ); (Bananal). 1 M, 3 F, XI.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP); (Parque Sooretama), 1 M, IV.1968, Silva leg. (MNRJ), 4 M, II.1968, Oliveira leg.; 3 F, I.1971, 1 F, II.1971, Lima leg.; 2 M, 3 F, Werner, Oliveira &amp; Seabra leg.; 3 F, V.1953, Teles leg.; 1 M, XII.1970 (no leg.) (DZUP), 2 M, VI.1969, Silva leg. (MZSP); Pinheiros, 1 M, XI.1971, Lima leg. (DZUP). São Mateus (Barra Seca), 1 M, XII.1965, 1 F, XII.1969, 1 M, IV.1970, 1 M, 2 F, XII.1969, Lima leg. (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 1 F, III.1969, Fragoso leg. (MNRJ). São Paulo: Araras, 1 F, XI.1986, Campos leg. (light trap) (MZSP); Franca, 1 M, 1902, 3 F, XI.1902, Dreher leg. (MZSP), 2 F, XI.1902, Dreher leg. (BMNH).; 1 M, 1 F, XII.1902, 1 F, VIII.1903, (no leg.) (MZSP); Peruíbe (Barra do Una), 1 F, XII.1980, Expedição MZSP leg. (MZSP); Porto Cabral, 1 M, 1 F, III.1974, Travassos, Carreira, Dente leg. (MZSP); Rio Preto, 1 M, I.1928, Pohl leg. (MZSP). PARAGUAY. 1 M (BMNH); 1 M, XI.1949, 1 F XII.1949, Hokeman leg. (NHMB).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A02F87F5FFD9F92F1730FEABFEF6FCFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mermudes, José Ricardo M.;Napp, Dilma Solange	Mermudes, José Ricardo M., Napp, Dilma Solange (2006): Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini). Zootaxa 1182 (1): 1-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1182.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1182.1.1
