identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A0103577FF8AFFB1FECAD6A27E7505F4.text	A0103577FF8AFFB1FECAD6A27E7505F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyferdina Mah 2017	<div><p>Genus Bathyferdina Mah, 2017</p><p>[New Japanese name: Koyo-akamon-hitode-zoku]</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). Body flat on both sides, disc broad with five short arms. Abactinal plates homogenous in size. Marginal plates significantly larger than abactinal plates, and gradually decrease in size toward the arm tip. Abactinal, marginal, actinal and adambulacral plates covered with skin containing granules. Skin absent on circular or quadrate bare areas on marginal plates. Either or both abactinal, marginal, actinal and adambulacral plates have glassy bosses (crystal bodies) on their surface. Furrow spines arranged in a single longitudinal series. Actinal surface of adambulacral plates covered with skin and granules, but devoid of spinelets, enlarged granules or other accessories.</p><p>Remarks. This diagnosis is emended from Mah (2017) to include presence of glassy bosses on actinal and adambulacral plates. For details see remarks under B. caelator sp. nov.</p><p>Type species. Bathyferdina aireyae Mah, 2017</p><p>Species included. Bathyferdina aireyae; B. caelator sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF8AFFB1FECAD6A27E7505F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
A0103577FF88FFB4FED3D71D7EF30799.text	A0103577FF88FFB4FED3D71D7EF30799.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyferdina caelator Arai & Fujita 2021	<div><p>Bathyferdina caelator sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Koyo-akamon-hitode] (Figs 2A, 3)</p><p>Bathyferdina sp.: Arai et al. 2018: 194–196.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: NSMT E-8265, KY-09-21, Northwest of Ototo-jima Island, 135.5–135.8m . Paratypes: NSMT E-8266, 1 individual, KT-09-2-TW1-1, West of Chichi-jima Island, 138.6–145.2 m; NSMT E-8267, 1 individual, dry, locality unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Bathyferdina with glassy bosses on abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates. Disc broad with R/r 2.0–2.3. Abactinal plates are homogeneous in size and shape. Superomarginal plates rectangular to barrel-like in outline, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius to the tip of arms. Glassy boss/ridge present on abactinal and actinal plates. One or two glassy bosses on the center of each adambulacral plate. Three furrow spines on each adambulacral plate.</p><p>Description of holotype. R= 23.2 mm, r= 9.9 mm, R/r= 2.3, width of arm is 11.1 mm at base, 6.6 mm at half of R, and 3.1 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Body is flat on both abactinal and actinal sides. Arms are five and tapering more greatly near the disc than near the arm tip (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Abactinal plates are polygonal to elliptical in shape, not lobed, variable in size, and tessellated so that only small spaces are left for papulae around the corners of these plates (Fig. 3B). Those on the disc are about 1.5–2.0 times larger than those on the arms. The arrangement of abactinal plates is regular, and median rows of plates are conspicuous. Between two upper interradial corners of first superomarginal plates on a ray, there are seven to nine abactinal plates. The entire abactinal surface of abactinal plates is rough with glassy bosses which are circular around the center of the plate and elongated around the periphery (Fig. 3D). Madreporite is single, 1 mm in diameter, flat and pentagonal with rounded corners; gyri extend radially from the central area where nine discontinuous, short gyri lie in parallel to one another. Terminal plates are conical with a broad base and a narrow rounded apex, smaller than the distalmost marginal plates, smooth and bare without skin or granules (Fig. 3C).</p><p>Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates correspond in number and size. There are six (seven on one arm) plates to each side of an arm. Superomarginal plates are rectangular in outline, longer than width, rounded at corners, and conspicuous on the abactinal side; first superomarginal plates are about 3 mm in length and 2 mm in width on the abactinal surface. They gradually decrease in size toward the arm tip where the distalmost superomarginal plates are more squarish, measuring about 1–1.5 mm in both length and width. No glassy boss was observed on any marginal plates.</p><p>Actinal plates are quadrangular, regularly arranged, and normally flat except several small plates slightly convex between larger actinal plates (Fig. 3F) and inferomarginal plates are slightly convex. The surface of actinal plates is rough with glassy bosses when denuded of granular skin.</p><p>Adambulacral armature is composed of three (distally two) furrow spines on each adambulacral plate (Fig. 3F). Furrow spines are truncated at the tip, prismatic, and quadrangular or triangular in a cross section. The adambulacral plates are rectangular with slightly rounded corners. On the proximal first to tenth adambulacral plates, there are one or two glassy bosses at the center of the plates.</p><p>Abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates are covered with a thin skin concealed by fine granules. On the marginal plates, the skin and granules are limited at the periphery, leaving the rest of the plate surface exposed (Fig. 3B). Papulae are isolated, confined around the abactinal plates except in the abactinal interradial areas where they are absent. There are no papulae on the actinal surface. Most papulae occur in spaces where corners of three abactinal plates meet. There are pedicellariae on some of the first or second superomarginal plate and actinal interradial plates (Fig. 3B). Each pedicellaria with a single fan-shaped valve rather than two or more valves normally observed in Ferdininae . Some alveoli lacking a fan-shaped valve are present on some marginal plates.</p><p>Color in life is brownish on the abactinal surface and white on the actinal. Bare areas on marginal plates are darker brown (Fig. 2A).</p><p>Notes on paratypes. The body dimensions in the paratypes are: R =10.0 mm, r=5.0 mm, and R /r=2.0 (NSMT E-8266); R = 20.4 mm, r= 9.7 mm, and R /r=2.1 (NSMT E-8267) . The other characters are consistent with the description of the holotype.</p><p>DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-8265 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427072).</p><p>Remarks. Mah (2017) established Bathyferdina with a description of B. aireyae . Bathyferdina caelator sp. nov. is devoid of any subambulacral spines or enlarged granules while it shows small R/r, a uniform granular skin covering abactinal and actinal surface, marginal plates continuous in size, large quadrate bare area on marginal plates, homogenous abactinal plates completely covered with skin, and glassy bosses on abactinal plates. These characters support placement of the present species in Bathyferdina . Mah (2017) mentioned that Bathyferdina has no glassy bosses on marginal plates in his key of Ferdininae but he also stated that it has glassy bosses on both abactinal and marginal plates. According to Mah (personal communication), B. aireyae in fact has glassy bosses on the abactinal and marginal surfaces but not on the actinal surface. We have emended the diagnosis of Bathyferdina accordingly.</p><p>Bathyferdina caelator is distinguished from the single congeneric species, B. aireyae, in having glassy bosses on not only abactinal but actinal and adambulacral plates while lacking them on marginal plates. Bathyferdina caelator lacks granules or tubercles on the inferomarginal plates, while they are occasionally present in B. aireyae . Mah (2017) described B. aireyae as lacking any pedicellariae but one of the paratypes reexamined in this study (CASIZ 219696) possesses a large number of pedicellariae on marginal and actinal plates. Although these pedicellariae varied in number of valves from one to five, the shape of the valves closely resembled those in B. caelator .</p><p>Distribution. Ogasawara Islands, 135.5–145.2 m (this study).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, caelator, is a Latin masculine noun in apposition meaning sculptor, and alluding to the complex patterns of glassy bosses on abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates.</p><p>Japanese name. Koyo is taken from R/V Koyo, the vessel which collected the holotype, and akamon-hitode comes from the Japanese name of Neoferdina cumingi (Gray, 1840), another species of Ferdininae which occurs commonly in Japanese waters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF88FFB4FED3D71D7EF30799	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2.text	A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fromia eusticha Fisher 1913	<div><p>Fromia eusticha Fisher, 1913</p><p>[Japanese name: Nameraka-juzuberi-hitode] (Figs 2B, 4)</p><p>Fromia eusticha Fisher, 1913: 213–214; Fisher 1919: 375– 377; Domantay and Roxas 1938: 220; A. H. Clark 1952: 286; Jangoux 1978: 294–295; A. M. Clark 1993: 331; Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196.</p><p>Material examined. NSMT E-9298, 1 individual, KY-10- 31, West of Hutami Port, Chichi-jima Island, 96.5–96.8 m . NSMT E-10595, 1 individual, KY-17-24, West of Minamijima Island, 147– 149 m .</p><p>Description. R= 34.1 mm, r= 7.8 mm, R/r=4.4, width of arm is 8.8 mm at base, 5.5 mm at half of R, and 3.0 mm at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-9298. R= 26.1 mm, r= 5.8 mm, R/r=4.5, width of arm is 7.1 mm at base, 4.6 mm at half of R, and 2.6 mm at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-10595. Abactinal surface is flat and actinal surface is arched. Arms are five, slender, and tapering to blunt tips (Fig. 4A, B).</p><p>Abactinal plates are polygonal with rounded corners and weakly developed lobes. The plates are arranged in five regular, staggered longitudinal rows at the base of arms (Fig. 4C). The median row extends toward the tip of arms. The two adjacent rows terminate at 2/3R from the center of the disc, and the outermost two rows at 1/4R. The entire surface of abactinal plates is rough with numerous hemispherical glassy bosses (crystal bodies). Madreporite is circular, not conspicuously elevated from the abactinal surface, and about 1.2 mm in diameter (Fig. 4E). Gyri partly radiate from, but absent at, the center. Anal aperture is surrounded by four enlarged ossicles in NSMT E-10595; none are present in NSMT E-9298. Terminal plates are conical and truncated at the tip. The surfaces of the plates lack granules, and are smooth, except the basal portions where glassy bosses occur (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Superomarginal plates are block-like, rounded, and larger in diameter than neighboring abactinal plates. There are fifteen superomarginal plates on each side of the arm with R= 32.7 mm in NSMT E-9298. They are not alternating in size but diminishing toward the tip of arms. Inferomarginal plates also decrease in size toward the tip of arms, but they are smaller than the adjoining superomarginal plate.</p><p>Actinal plates are polygonal, mostly quadrangular, lacking lobes, and leaving no space in between. They are arranged in three longitudinal series at one side of the arm base in NSMT E-9298 (Fig. 4F). The row adjacent to adambulacral plates extends 2/3R from the center of the disc, the outer row 1/2R, and the outermost one 1/6R. There are only two rows in NSMT E-10595. Most actinal plates lack glassy bosses except some interradial plates.</p><p>Each adambulacral plate bears three furrow spines and two subambulacral spines followed by smaller granules on the abradial side (Fig. 4H). The number of furrow spines is two or four on a relatively small number of plates, and more plates are likely to bear only two furrow spines near the tip of arms (ca. 1/5R from the tip). Most furrow spines are truncated at and widening toward the tip, flattened, and constricted at the base. The proximal furrow spines on some plates are slightly tapering toward the tip. Subambulacral spines are tapering toward the blunt tip, conical or pyramidal, and flattened but thicker than furrow spines. The granules abradial to the subambulacral spines are identical in size and shape to those on actinal plates, thus these granules and the subambulacral spines are discontinuous in size. Pedicellariae occur among the ossicles on a small number of plates. Tubefeet are biserial and with a sucking disc.</p><p>Each oral plate bears five oral spines and four to five suboral spines in NSMT E-9298; there are five to six oral and three to four suboral spines in NSMT E-10595. The remaining abradial portion of the plate is covered with granules. Oral spines are conical, tapering toward the pointed tip, slightly curved, and longer than furrow spines. Those near the center of the mouth are more slender and longer than the distal ones. Suboral spines are similar to oral spines in size and shape near the mouth. However, they are shorter in the abradial portion of plates, and a few of them are intermediate in size between oral spines and granules. The granules are slightly larger and coarser than those on actinal plates.</p><p>The abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates are covered with a skin on which granules occur. There are 125 granules per square millimeter on abactinal plates at the base of arms, and 79 granules on actinal interradial plates in NSMT E-9298. In NSMT E-10595, there are 124 and 75 per square millimeter, respectively. The granules on abactinal and superomarginal plates are fine and even in size. On the other hand, those on actinal plates are larger at the center than the periphery of plates. A few at the center of the distal nine to ten inferomarginal plates are enlarged and tubercular (Fig. 4D). Papulae are isolated and confined to the corners of abactinal plates except only a few occurring between actinal plates. They are absent in abactinal interradial areas.</p><p>Pedicellariae occur on some actinal plates and adambulacral plates at the disc and basal part of arms (Fig. 4G). They are the most abundant on the proximal most actinal interradial plates. The valves of pedicellariae are similar to the surrounding granules, but two to three times larger. They are gathered in pairs or triplets except one pedicellaria with four valves, and meeting with each other at the smooth surface. There is no alveolus under these pedicellariae, so they leave no trace on the underlying plates when detached. The longer axis or diameter measured 0.19–0.27 mm with the average of 0.24 mm.</p><p>Color in life is orange to vermilion on the disc, arm tip, and margins of skeletal plates, and pale yellow on other part of arms on the abactinal side in NSMT E-10595 (Fig. 2B). The actinal side is white, except margins of skeletal plates which are orange to vermilion, just as on the abactinal side. No color remained in both specimens after preservation in ethanol.</p><p>DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9298 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427073).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens differ from the description of the holotype of F. eusticha by Fisher (1919) in the absence of intermarginal papulae, only a few actinal papulae, and less abundant pedicellariae.</p><p>Distribution. Sulu Archipelago, 44 m (Fisher 1913). Puerto Galera, Mindoro Island, Philippines, depth unknown (Domantay and Roxas 1938). Bikini Atoll, 55 m (A. H. Clark 1952). Obi Islands, Indonesia, on the beach and reef (Jangoux 1978). Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 96.5–149 m (this study).</p><p>Japanese name. Nameraka means smooth, referring to its fine granules and graduating superomarginal plates. Juzuberi-hitode is a Japanese name for the genus Fromia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
A0103577FF8DFFB8FC09D2F27EA806E7.text	A0103577FF8DFFB8FC09D2F27EA806E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fromia labeosa Arai & Fujita 2021	<div><p>Fromia labeosa sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Ogasawara-juzuberi-hitode]</p><p>(Figs 2C, 5)</p><p>Fromia sp.: Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: NSMT E-9297, KY-16-14, East of Ototo-jima Island, 56.6–62.9 m . Paratypes: NSMT E-9293, KY-08-25, West of Nishi-jima Island, 127–129 m; NSMT E-9294 and E-9295, KY-16-06, Northwest of Ototojima Island, 135–137 m; NSMT E-9296, KY-16-09, East of Chichi-jima Island, 90.5–94.6 m; 1 individual each.</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of the genus Fromia with a small disc and slender, slightly arched arms. At R= 31.3 mm, abactinal plates arranged in five longitudinal rows at base of arms. Superomarginal plates only slightly convex, not alternating but regularly decreasing in size toward the tip of arms. Coarse granules enlarged at center of plates. Papulae single and confined on the abactinal surface. Adambulacral plates bear three (rarely two or four) furrow spines and five to nine thicker subambulacral granules graduating in size toward those on neighboring actinal/marginal plates. Oral plates bear five oral spines on the margin and four to six suboral spines on the rest of the plate. Large, elliptical pedicellariae on many actinal plates with their major axis oblique to the ambulacra.</p><p>Description of holotype. R= 31.3 mm, r= 8.6 mm, R/r= 3.6, width of arm is 9.0 mm at base, 5.4 mm at half of R, and 2.9 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Body is slightly arched at both sides, and the abactinal interradial areas are sunken. Arms taper to blunt tips.</p><p>Abactinal plates are polygonal, weakly lobate, arranged in staggered longitudinal series where there are five rows at the base of arms (Fig. 5C). Hemispherical glassy bosses (crystal bodies) occur on the abactinal plates. Madreporite is single, circular, and about 0.9 mm in diameter, located at about one half r from the anal aperture. Gyri do not regularly radiate from the center of the madreporite. The anal aperture is single and surrounded by six slightly larger ossicles. Terminal plates are conical, truncated at the tip. Several tubercles encircle the top of terminal plates.</p><p>Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are block-like, rectangular, only slightly convex and not alternating but regularly decreasing in size toward the tip of arms. There are sixteen superomarginal and seventeen inferomarginal plates on one side of the ray when skin and granules are removed. The second to fourth superomarginal plates average 1.7 mm in length.</p><p>Actinal plates are polygonal, without lobes, and leave no space in between. No glassy bosses occur on actinal plates. These are arranged in three longitudinal series at the base of a denuded arm with a few odd plates on the interradial area.</p><p>Adambulacral plates bear three (exceptionally two or four), slender, flattened, cylindrical and bluntly pointed furrow spines and five to nine thicker, more sharply pointed subambulacral granules (Fig. 5F). The latter are not in regular rows parallel to the ambulacrum, and are grading in size to the granules on neighboring actinal or marginal plates. Tubefeet are biserial with a stout terminal disc.</p><p>Each oral plate bears five oral spines on the adoral margin and four to six suboral spines on the rest of the plate. Oral spines are conical or pyramidal, larger than furrow spines. Suboral spines are similar to oral spines in the adradial portion but abradially grading into actinal granules.</p><p>The abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates are concealed with a skin which is covered coarsely with granules (Fig. 5B). These granules are domed at the top, polygonal in shape, and slightly enlarged at the center of plates, but never spinous. The diameter is ca. 260–340µm at center and ca. 140–200µm on periphery. There are 20 granules per square millimeter on abactinal plates at the base of arms and actinal interradial plates. The papular pores are isolated and confined around abactinal plates except on the interradial areas and tips of arms, where the pores are absent.</p><p>Many actinal plates possess a large elliptical pedicellaria (Fig. 5D). It is typically 1 mm in length and 400 µm in width. The pedicellariae are loosely arranged in a parallel series to an ambulacrum on arms, and their major axis is often oblique to the ambulacrum (Fig. 5A, E).</p><p>Color in life is vermilion with white granules and terminal plates (Fig. 2C).</p><p>Notes on paratypes. The difference in the numeric characters among type specimens is shown in Table 2. R /r generally increases and the number of granules per square millimeter decreases as R increases. Other characters in the paratypes are consistent with the description of holotype.</p><p>DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9295 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427074).</p><p>Remarks. The present species is distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: superomarginal plates regularly decreasing in size toward the arm tip in F. labeosa sp. nov. while they are alternating large and small, or small superomarginal plates are occasionally intercalated between larger ones, in F. pacifica H. L. Clark, 1921, F. heffernani (Livingstone, 1931), F. monilis (Perrier, 1869), and F. nodosa A. M. Clark, 1967; there are five abactinal plates between first superomarginal plates on each side of arms in F. labeosa while there are more than seven such plates in F. hemiopla Fisher, 1913, F. milleporella (Lamarck, 1816), F. polypora H. L. Clark, 1916, and F. schultzei (Döderlein, 1910); abactinal plates are uniform in size in F. labeosa while several elliptical plates are larger than others in F. elegans H. L. Clark, 1921 and F. indica (Perrier, 1869); abactinal granules are granular in F. labeosa while they are spinuous in F. armata Koehler, 1910; they are also coarse (20/mm 2) in F. labeosa while they are fine (80–90/mm 2) in F. hadracantha H. L. Clark, 1921; papulae are lacking on the actinal surface in F. labeosa while there are two rows of actinal papulae in F. balansae Perrier, 1875 and F. ghardaqana Mortensen, 1938 . Five to nine subambulacral tubercles continuous in size and not arranged in definite rows in F. labeosa while subambulacral spines are conspicuously larger than outer granules on the adambulacral plate, and arranged in a straight row in F. eusticha . In addition to these differences, large elliptical pedicellariae on actinal plates are specific to F. labeosa .</p><p>Distribution. Ogasawara Islands, 56.6–137 m (this study).</p><p>Etymology. The species epithet, labeosa, is a Latin feminine adjective meaning having large lips and referring to the large pedicellariae on the actinal surface.</p><p>Japanese name. Ogasawara is taken from the type locality and juzuberi-hitode is a Japanese name for the genus Fromia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF8DFFB8FC09D2F27EA806E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
A0103577FF83FFBAFC9BD4197C3607DB.text	A0103577FF83FFBAFC9BD4197C3607DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ogmaster capella (Muller and Troschel 1842)	<div><p>Ogmaster capella (Müller and Troschel, 1842)</p><p>[Japanese name: Hadaka-akasuji-hitode]</p><p>(Figs 2D, 6)</p><p>Goniodiscus capella Müller and Troschel, 1842: 61 .</p><p>Goniaster (Ogmaster) capella Martens, 1865: 359–360 .</p><p>Ogmaster capella: Sladen 1889: 261; Koehler 1910: 79; Fisher 1919: 262, 305; Döderlein 1935: 101–102; Guille and Jangoux 1978: 53; A. M. Clark 1993: 267; Liao and A. M. Clark 1995: 94; A. M. Clark and Mah 2001: 337; Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196.</p><p>Dorigona reevesii Gray, 1866: 7 .</p><p>Goniaster muelleri: Lütken 1871: 248–250 .</p><p>Material examined. NSMT E-9312, 1 individual, dry, KY-08-21, East of Chichi-jima Island, 95– 98 m .</p><p>Description. R= 16.5 mm, r= 6.9 mm, R/r=2.4, width of arm is 8.5 mm at base, 4.8 mm at half of R, and 1.9 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Abactinal and actinal surface are flat. Arms are five, tapering toward a pointed tip (Fig. 6A).</p><p>Abactinal plates are polygonal, mostly pentagonal to hexagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving only small spaces around the corners. The plates on the interradial area are larger than those on the median of arms, and those neighboring the superomarginal plates are smaller (Fig. 6B). The plates are covered with a very thin skin without any granules, thus giving a naked appearance. The surface of the plates is rough with numerous glassy bosses. Papulae are confined to the proximal portion of the abactinal radial area. They are isolated, and occur at the corners of abactinal plates. Madreporite is circular, domed, and about 1.0 mm in diameter; gyri radiate from the center. Anal aperture lies at the center of the disc, and is surrounded by five granular ossicles.</p><p>Terminal plates are bell-shaped (Fig. 6C). They have a smooth surface and lack any appendages except two plates bearing a single cylindrical, blunt spine at either side of the tip, suggesting that each terminal plate should bear a pair of such spines.</p><p>Marginal plates are block-like, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius toward the arm tip. There are nine superomarginal plates on each side of arms. The distalmost four plates are in contact with their counterparts on the other side of the arm, though there are small rhomboidal abactinal plates inserted at the median of arms between sixth and seventh superomarginal plates (also between seventh and eighth on two arms). The inferomarginal plates correspond to the superomarginal plates in shape, size and number.</p><p>Actinal plates are polygonal, mostly quadrangular or pentagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving no space in between. The surface of the plates is smooth with a skin lacking granules. A few low, faint glassy bosses occur on some of the plates.</p><p>Adambulacral plates bear four to five furrow spines and two to five subambulacral tubercles (Fig. 6D). Furrow spines are cylindrical or conical with a blunt tip, and arranged on the curved adradial margin of adambulacral plates. The most distal spine on each plate is about two times wider at the base than the others, and tapering more rapidly toward the tip with the same width as the others. The subambulacral spines are hemispherical, irregular in size, and mostly arranged in a straight line at the abradial side of the plate. On the distal plates corresponding to the final two to three inferomarginal plates, the number of furrow spines decreases to 1–3 including the larger distal spine, and the subambulacral ossicles disappear. Tubefeet are biserial and with a terminal disc. No pedicellariae occur on adambulacral plates or other plates.</p><p>Oral plates have a semicircular and domed abactinal surface. Each oral plate bears six oral spines at the margin and six to eight suboral tubercles on the abactinal surface. Oral spines are conical, slightly depressed with flanking spines. The most adradial one is the largest and about two times larger than the most abradial one which is almost identical with the neighboring furrow spines.</p><p>Color in life is dull pink with red lines between plates on the abactinal surface and white on the actinal surface (Fig. 2D).</p><p>DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9312 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427075).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen from the Ogasawara Islands is small but generally agrees with all the past descriptions. Pedicellariae are lacking on adambulacral plates in the present specimen unlike larger specimens with R around 30 mm (Döderlein 1935; Guille and Jangoux 1978). Additionally, the present specimen differs from the original description since none of its plates covered with granules. According to Döderlein (1935), who examined the type specimen, the original description by Müller and Troschel (1842) misinterpreted the crystal bodies (glassy bosses) as granules. In the present specimen, the surface of all the abactinal plates and some of the actinal plates shows numerous glassy bosses.</p><p>Liao and A. M. Clark (1995) suggested that Stellaster septemtrionalis Oguro, 1991, which was described from 105 m deep in the East China Sea (Oguro 1991), may be a junior synonym of O. capella although they did not give a detailed description or comparison of the two species. The two species are indeed very similar in having 5–6 furrow spines, 2–3 short subambulacral spines, and in lacking tubercles or spines on abactinal and marginal plates. However, O. capella can be distinguished from S. septemtrionalis by the absence of coarse granules on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates and conical tubercles on actinal plates. We consider that these differences are sufficient to separate the two species and S. septemtrionalis should be maintained as valid.</p><p>Distribution. Southern coast of China, 60–129 m (Liao and A. M. Clark 1995). Kai Islands, Indonesia, 90 m; Timor Island, 112 m; Small Sunda Islands, depth unknown (Döderlein 1935). Seram Island, depth unknown (Guille and Jangoux 1978). Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 95–98 m (this study).</p><p>Japanese name. Hadaka-akasuji-hitode means a bare red-lined sea star, referring to the body hardly covered with granular skin and conspicuous red lines bordering abactinal plates in life.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF83FFBAFC9BD4197C3607DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
A0103577FF81FFBCFED5D71D7E9C03A9.text	A0103577FF81FFBCFED5D71D7E9C03A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamaria tenella (Fisher 1906)	<div><p>Tamaria tenella (Fisher, 1906)</p><p>[Japanese name: Birodo-hime-hokiboshi]</p><p>(Figs 2E, 7)</p><p>Ophidiaster tenellus Fisher, 1906: 1082 .</p><p>Ophidiaster sp.: McKnight 1975: 56–57.</p><p>Tamaria tenellus: McKnight 1993: 172–173 .</p><p>Tamaria tenella: H. L. Clark 1921: 88, 91; A. M. Clark 1993: 354; McKnight 2001: 176–177; Arai et al. 2018: 198–199.</p><p>Material examined. NSMT E-8285, 1 individual, coll. by Dr. Minoru Imajima in 1969, labeled as “Hyotan-jima, Ogasawara Islands, intertidal” but probably a mislabeled specimen collected by a coral fisherman Akio Kihara around Ani-jima, Chichi-jima, Haha-jima or Yome-jima Island in depth ranging from 150 to 160 m (see Imajima 1970: 190) . NSMT E-9277, 1 individual, SY-09-21, West of Ototojima Island, 159– 161 m .</p><p>Description. R=30.0 mm, r= 6.2 mm, R/r=4.8, width of arm is 7.3 mm at base, 4.6 mm at half of R, and 3.0 mm at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-8285. R=26.0 mm, r= 5.4 mm, R/r=4.8, width of arm is 6.7 mm at base, 3.6 mm at half of R, and 2.1 mm at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-9277. Body is arched on the abactinal side and flat on the actinal side. Arms are five and tapering toward the tip evenly from the base (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Abactinal plates are four-lobed and arranged in three regular longitudinal rows which reach the tip of arms. The rows are partly disrupted at base of an arm of NSMT E-8285, and the shortest arm of NSMT E-9277. Five to six carinal plates in the middle of arms and a few distal actinolateral plates are devoid of skin and granules in an elevated circular area at the center (Fig. 7F). Madreporite is circular, not elevated from the abactinal surface of disc; gyri radiate from the center in a complex pattern. Tubefeet are biserial with a terminal disc. Terminal plates are spherical, devoid of granules, and bearing about ten tubercles at the apex in NSMT E-9277 (Fig. 7F). In NSMT E-8285, the tubercles are very low and faint, and the number is about three.</p><p>Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are similar in shape and size to abactinal plates, and arranged in two regular longitudinal series. Distal superomarginal plates (twelve to thirteen plates from the arm tip in NSMT E-9277 and seven to nine in NSMT E-8285) are devoid of a skin and granules like some of the abactinal plates (Fig. 7F). More distal plates have a larger, more swollen and more elliptical naked area. In NSMT E-8285, three to four distalmost inferomarginal plates are denuded and swollen like distalmost superomarginal plates.</p><p>Actinal plates are rectangular and arranged in three longitudinal series at the base of arms: the innermost series reach about 3/4R, the outer 1/2R, and the outermost 1/6R in NSMT E-8285 (in NSMT E-9277, there are two series reaching 2/3R and 1/4R respectively, and a few interradial plates).</p><p>Each adambulacral plate bears two furrow spines and a subambulacral spine (Fig. 7D). Furrow spines are truncated, flattened, and polygonal but rounded at corners and slightly concave at the furrow surface. Each plate carries a pair of subequal spines. Subambulacral spines are obovate but more circular in the distal part of arms. Between two furrow spines and a subambulacral spine, there are granules one of which is occasionally larger than the surroundings to appear like a tubercle.</p><p>Oral plates are covered with granules like actinal plates. A plate bears five to six oral spines and a suboral spine (Fig. 7B). They are identical in shape to furrow spines and subambulacral spines respectively.</p><p>The entire body is overlaid with a skin except some abactinal plates and distal superomarginal plates as mentioned above. The skin is covered with fine granules homogenous in size (Fig. 7B, C). The number of granules per square millimeter is 379 on proximal carinal plates and 167 on proximal actinal plates in NSMT E-9277; 281 and 295 respectively in NSMT E-8285.</p><p>A papular area bears one to three pores on the disc and one to five on the arms. The areas occur between carinal, abactinolateral, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates but never below the inferomarginal plates. They are arranged in six longitudinal series although the numbers of pores change irregularly.</p><p>Pedicellariae presents on superomarginal plates (from the base to the middle of arms), abactinal interradial plates, and exceptionally on an abactinolateral plate in NSMT E-9277, on actinolateral, superomarginal, and inferomarginal plates in NSMT E-8285. Each pedicellaria with two valves, which fit in an entrenched piece of ossicle with an alveolus at the center (Fig. 7E). The ossicle is merged with the subjacent plate. The valve is gradually broadening from the base to form a smooth, unserrated, and slightly curved contour.</p><p>Color in life is unknown. The ex-ethanol specimens show brown transverse bands on arms with darker papular areas and transverse lines between plates on the abactinal surface.</p><p>DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was sequenced from NSMT E-9277 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427076).</p><p>Remarks. Fisher (1906) described two closely similar species, Ophidiaster sclerodermus Fisher, 1906 and O. tenellus, distinguishing them by the length of arms, granulation, thickness of skin, number of papular pores in each area, and number of pedicellariae. Both species were subsequently transferred to the genus Tamaria by H. L. Clark (1921). The present Ogasawara specimens resemble these two species, but show discordance in some characters from each species. Tamaria scleroderma has a larger number of papular pores (9–14) and shorter arms (R/r=4.8) than Tamaria tenella . The Ogasawara specimens are consistent with T. tenella in the number of papular pores (1–3) while it has longer arms (R/r=6.9). The New Zealand specimens of T. tenella described by McKnight (1975, 2001) differ from the Ogasawara specimens in the proportion of arms, number of papulae, distribution of pedicellariae, and spines on actinal plates. The rays are longer in proportion to the disc: R/r=5.5 at R= 22 mm and 7.5 at R= 48 mm. All the papulae are isolated, and the pedicellariae occur on actinal plates. In the larger specimen with R= 48 mm, spines similar to the subambulacral ones occur on some actinal plates. In addition to these differences, the Ogasawara specimens also have a central naked area on the distal carinal and superomarginal plates which is not present in the Hawaiian or New Zealand specimens. The present specimens are temporarily considered to be T. tenella, based on the small number of papular pores per area. However, we believe that these species require a detailed revision in regard to morphological variation with a greater number of specimens.</p><p>Distribution. Hawaii Islands, 238–276 m (Fisher 1906). Three Kings Rise and Norfolk Ridge, New Zealand, 403– 503 m (McKnight 1993, 2001). Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 159–161 m (Arai et al. 2018; this study).</p><p>Japanese name. Birodo means velvet, referring to the smooth skin with minute granules. Hime-hokiboshi means a small comet.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF81FFBCFED5D71D7E9C03A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Arai, Mikihito;Fujita, Toshihiko	Arai, Mikihito, Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species. Species Diversity 26 (1): 7-21, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7
