taxonID	type	description	language	source
A2710835FFB98C2D9B35B1D2FDD2F90C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Amygdalops thomasseti LAMB, 1914: 358 (original designation) Diagnosis – (1) Head slightly higher than long to distinctly longer than high. (2) Eye large, very convex, elongately ellipsoid to rounded quadrangular, with longest diameter oblique. (3) Occiput strongly concave. (4) Frons very narrow; frontal triangle long, narrow and shining. (5) Frontal lunule reduced, indistinct. (6) Antenna strongly geniculate between pedicel and 1 st flagellomere; pedicel overlapping base of 1 st flagellomere. (7) Arista very long-pectinate, with longest rays dorsoproximally. (8) Palpus slender, with 1 distinct subapical seta. Cephalic chaetotaxy: (9) pvt small but crossed or strongly convergent; (10) vte and / or posterior ors longest of cephalic setae; (11) vti markedly shorter than vte, about as long as oc; (12) 2 long ors, the posterior in the middle of orbit, the anterior close to fore margin of frons; 2 (less often 1) microsetulae just in front of anterior ors; (13) a single row of minute postocular setulae; (14) 1 long vi and 1 somewhat shorter subvibrissa; (15) peristomal setulae few in number, short, but at least twice as long as postoculars. (16) Thorax (Fig. 1) distinctly narrower than head. (17) Pleural area with dark, longitudinal band at dorsal margin. Thoracic chaetotaxy: (18) 1 hu, 2 npl (anterior longer); (19) 1 short sa, 1 longer pa; (20) 1 small to minute prs; (21) 2 postsutural dc, both in prescutellar portion of scutum, the posterior very long, the anterior short to very small; (22) ac microsetae in 4 – 6 rows in front of suture; (23) 2 sc, the apical long, the laterobasal small; (24) 1 minute (to invisible) ppl; (25) 2 stpl, the anterior always shorter and weaker. Legs: (26) Fore leg usually yellow or femur and tibia partly darkened; (27) f 1 without ctenidial spine; (28) t 2 with distinct ventroapical seta; (29) male f 3 with posteroventral row of setae which are shortened and thickened in distal third. (30) Wing (Figs 161 – 174) long and narrow; (31) wing membrane usually ornamented by dark preapical spot and some whitish areas, rarely unicolourous; (32) C without distinct spinulae; (33) R 2 + 3 long, sinuous, ending about twice farther from apex of R 4 + 5 than M; (34) R 4 + 5 straight to strongly sinuous; (35) R 4 + 5 and M slightly to strongly convergent in apical fourth of wing; (36) M usually straight but sometimes sinuous; (37) discal (dm) cell short and narrow, with cross-vein r-m situated near or in front of its middle; (38) CuA 1 short, usually not reaching wing margin; (39) A 1 and anal lobe reduced, anal cell narrow; (40) alula small and very narrow. Abdomen of male. (41) T 1 separate from T 2, at least dorsally; (42) T 2 - T 5 large and broad. (43) S 1 - S 5 much narrower and usually paler than associated terga. Male postabdomen: (44) T 6 small, transverse, weakly sclerotized and bare; (45) S 6 - S 8 fused dorsolaterally (Fig. 3); (46) S 6 strongly asymmetrical and its ventral part very short; (47) S 7 asymmetrical, placed laterally; (48) S 8 relatively long, less asymmetrical and situated dorsally. Male genitalia (Figs 2 – 7, 14 – 19, 38 – 43). (49) Epandrium moderately broad, with relatively sparse setae, 1 – 3 pairs of setae usually longer. (50) Medandrium variable in size, usually relatively high; (51) cercus short to long, weakly sclerotized, finely setose. (52) Gonostylus with longest setae in anterior half of inner side, micropubescence on outer side usually well developed. (53) Hypandrium with internal lobes flat and membranous; (54) transandrium (Figs 7, 17, 30) with caudal process usually represented by a pair of band-like sclerites, sometimes dorsally fused, rarely only single medial sclerite developed. (55) Pregonite fused to hypandrium, only posteriorly separated by narrow notch (Figs 5, 16), either incurved or somewhat projecting ventrally. (56) Postgonite usually simple and slen- der, more or less flattened and with characteristic basal sclerite attached to its proximal part. (57) Aedeagal part of folding apparatus (Fig. 6) originally dorsally dark and sclerotized (secondarily desclerotized and pale), attached to base of phallapodeme, laterally provided with lenticular or tuberculate armature; (58) connecting sclerite (Figs 3, 6, 135) usually slender and long, pale-pigmented. (59) Basal membrane usually with sclerotized structures (short spines or tubercles). (60) Phallapodeme with distinctly bifurcate base. (61) Aedeagus with short phallophore and (62) distiphallus composed of voluminous membranous saccus and slender sclerotized filum. (63) Membrane of saccus overgrown by rich spines of various lengths and thicknesses; (64) filum formed by 2 long, dark, slender and twisted band-like sclerites, terminating in membranous apex (rarely modified to compact sclerite). (65) Ejacapodeme small, with slender digitiform projection. (66) Female abdomen with broader terga (T 2 - T 6) and narrower sterna (S 2 - S 5). (67) Postabdomen (Figs 9 – 10, 45 – 47) relatively broad and short, terga and sterna (except S 6) well sclerotized and dark. (68) T 6 and also S 6 relatively large. (69) T 7 laterally extended and reaching ventral side, usually embedding spiracles; (70) S 7 strongly modified, usually narrow and characteristically pigmented, disparate or partly (anteriorly) fused with T 7; (71) T 8 plate-shaped, small, transversely suboblong; (72) S 8 protruding posteromedially, with narrow, postero- (dorso) medial incision. (73) Internal sclerotization of female genital chamber (uterus) developed (Figs 11, 13, 20, 24, 49, 51) but usually weakly sclerotized, formed by fusion of 2 pairs of posterior crooked sclerites and (74) 1 anteroventral, transversely compressed, fine annular sclerite. (75) Anterior part of uterus with membranous pouch-like ventral receptacle (Figs 12, 32) having a digitiform or vermicular terminal projection. (76) Accessory glands of usual form, subterminally with dilated ducts. (77) Spermathecae (1 + 1) spherical to shortly pyriform (Figs 8, 117), with simple but distinct cervix, and with body surface carrying dark, usually short and blunt spinulae with minute stalked pale globules. (78) T 10 small, at least partly dark, with 1 or (rarely) 2 pairs of dorsal setae; (79) S 10 slightly larger and longer than T 10, simple, densely micropubescent besides fine setulae. (80) Cerci relatively short and broad, with comparatively short setae, those on apex thicker than others, apical seta sometimes reduced to short pale spine. Discussion – The genus Amygdalops can be best diagnosed by the combination of the characters No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31, 37, 38, 40, 54 – 57, 60, 70, 72, 75, 77 and 80. However, the Afrotropical genus Margdalops ROHÁČEK et BARRACLOUGH 2003 shares some of these features with Amygdalops, viz. No. 2 – 4, 12, 17, 27, 29, 39, 40, 75, 80. These characters are considered synapomorphic and demonstrating close (sister-group) relationships of these genera (for more detail see ROHÁČEK & BARRACLOUGH 2003 and ROHÁČEK 2004). With respect to plesiomorphic character states as found in Margdalops the monophyly of Amygdalops is supported by the following apomorphies, viz. (5) frontal lunule reduced, (7) arista very long-pectinate, (11) vti markedly shorter than vte, (20) prs reduced, (38) CuA 1 shortened, (54) transandrium medially with (usually paired) caudal process, (55) pregonite fused to hypandrium and posteriorly separated by a narrow notch, (57) aedeagal part of folding apparatus dorsally sclerotized and attached to base of phallapodeme and (70) female S 7 strongly modified. Amygdalops can be practically recognized by the characteristic ellipsoid eyes, position of ors and short vti, combined with long-pectinate arista, short prs, dc macrosetae in prescutellar position, pleura with dark dorsal band, wing with preapical dark spot, short and narrow dm cell and shortened CuA 1. This easily affiliates most species with Amygdalops, apart from taxa having wings without dark pattern (as is A. lineola) or with pattern modified (as in A. stenopteryx and allies, see below). The latter species particularly resemble Margdalops but only in similar wing pattern (darkened band along anterior margin of wing) which apparently evolved independently in these groups. In such cases it is advisable to check the whole set of diagnostic features as enumerated above in this paragraph.	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFBD8C239B5BB5FDFB58FB11.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 13, 161)	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFBD8C239B5BB5FDFB58FB11.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype male labelled: “ Java I. ’ 06, Semarang. Jacobson ”, “ Amygdalops lineola [handwritten by de Meijere], det. de Meijere [printed], type [handritten] ”, “ Amygdalops lineola de Meijere, 1916, ZMAN type DIPT. 0044.1 ” [red label] (ZMAN, genit. prep., examined). Other material examined: INDONESIA: Flores I., X 859, eastern periphery of village Mataloko, ca 10 km ESE’ Badjawa, 200 – 300 m E’ mission church and school, 8,49 S 121,02 E, creek valley, open cultivated land (vegetables, maniok), diverse herbaceous vegetation (– 2 m height), grazed by buffaloes, 24. ix. 1992, 1 male 3 females (ZSMC, in alcohol; 1 female in SMOC, dried from alcohol); Flores I., X 853, Detusoko, 33 road km NE’ Ende, 8,45 S 121,45 E, hot springs, grazed pastures between ponds and stream, swept, eclector, 21. ix. 1992, 1 male; Java I., X 846, western periphery of village Kaliurang, N’ Yogjakarta, eastern edge of canyon, partly grazed, partly cultivated land, moist vegetation, predominantly grass and Carices, 9. ix. 1992, swept, eclector, 1 female (ZSMC, in alcohol), all M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Central P., 20 km SE Port Moresby, swept, bushes, 27. xii. 1987, 1 male, J. W. Ismay leg. (AMSA). THAILAND: Bangkok, Pratomvan, at light, viii-ix. 1962, 3 males, J. Scanlon leg.; Bangkok, Pratoomvan Dist., at light, 9 – 10. v. 1959, 1 male; Bangkok, Makasan Dist., at light, 11 – 12. v. 1959, 2 males 1 female; Loey Pr., Meung Dist., at light, 1 – 5. vi. 1959, 1 male; Loey Pr., Dan Sai Dist., at light, 6 – 7. vi. 1959, 1 male, all Manop leg. (USNM, 1 male in SMOC). Redescription – Male. Total body length 1.43 – 2.06 mm. Body largely yellow (secondarily darkened orange-ochreous in the holotype), only head, scutellum and some markings on thorax and abdomen dark brown. Head slightly higher than long and (in contrast to most other Amygdalops spp.) anteriorly rounded in profile. Occiput dark brown and bare, only postocular stripes and medial area above foramen sparsely greyish microtomentose. Frons relatively narrow, largely shining dark brown. Frontal triangle large, reaching to anterior fifth of frons, entirely (including ocellar triangle) dark brown, glabrous and polished. Anterior fifth to fourth of frons ochreous-yellow. Orbits largely For abbreviations see text dark brown (ochreous-yellow only anteriorly) and shining; long narrow stripes (darkened and slightly depressed) between frontal triangle and orbits silvery microtomentose and differently glittering. Face very narrow, pale yellow, its margin in front of eye ochreous; gena whitish yellow, sparsely whitish microtomentose. Mouthparts whitish yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy: pvt small but crossed; vti distinctly shorter and thinner than vte, the latter longest of cephalic setae; oc about as long as vti; 2 long ors (posterior almost as long as vte and anterior markedly shorter) and only 1 small setula in front of anterior ors; no microsetulae in front of frontal triangle; 1 long vi and 1 distinctly shorter subvibrissa (about half to two-thirds of vi); only 3 – 4 small peristomal setulae; postocular setulae very minute; palpus with 1 subapical seta longer than subvibrissa. Eye convex, elongately ellipsoid; its longest diameter 1.4 – 1.5 times as long as shortest one. Gena very narrow, somewhat widened posteriorly; its smallest height about 0.05 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna geniculate; pedicel yellow to pale ochreous; 1 st flagellomere ochreous around base of arista, otherwise yellowish white and long whitish ciliate on anterior corner. Arista 2.0 times as long as antenna, dorsally very long-pectinate. Thorax narrower than head, largely yellow or orange-yellow, with brown scutellum and postscutellum. Mesonotum (Fig. 1) yellow to orange, with brown medial longitudinal band being posteriorly and (more so) anteriorly widened. Humeral and notopleural areas pale yellow; a narrow longitudinal stripe at dorsal margin of pleura (from anterior spiracle to haltere) brown; rest of pleura yellow to pale yellow. Thoracic chaetotaxy (see Fig. 1): 1 small prs; 2 dc, posterior very long but anterior short and weak; 4 (rarely 5) rows of ac microsetae on suture; 2 sc, apical slightly shorter than posterior dc, laterobasal small; ppl indistinct; 2 stpl, the anterior weaker; sternopleuron (katepisternum) otherwise with a few minute setulae. Scutellum rounded triangular with convex surface. Legs yellow, coxae and trochanters whitish yellow. f 1 with a row of posteroventral setae (usually 3 of them long) and a row of much shorter posterodorsal setae. f 3 with a short row of 6 – 7 thickened and shortened posteroventral setae in distal fourth. Wing (Fig. 161) narrow, with almost unicolourous pale yellowish ochreous membrane, only slightly darkened between R 4 + 5 and M. R 2 + 3 subparallel with C, apically slightly upcurved. R 4 + 5 and M close to each other, slightly convergent basally and apically. Cell dm rather short and narrow; r-m situated in its middle. CuA 1 and A 1 not reaching wing margin, the latter very short. Anal lobe and alula reduced. Wing measurements: length 1.42 – 1.93 mm; width 0.43 – 0.56 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.13 – 3.10, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.89 – 3.57. Haltere yellowish white to white. Abdomen. Terga wide, largely yellow, only T 1 - T 3 with lateroventral parts brown and T 1 - T 4 (sometimes also T 5) with medial faint spots (sometimes posteriorly widened) ochreous-brown. T 1 - T 5 large, with short setae. T 6 reduced, weakly sclerotized and unpigmented, bare. S 1 - S 5 simple, becoming wider posteriorly (S 5 largest), pale yellow to whitish, with finer setulae than associated terga. S 6 - S 8 asymmetrical, all dorsally fused (Fig. 3). S 6 transverse, pale brown, with thickened dark anterior margin; S 7 twice longer than S 6, pale brown with very narrow dark anterior margin; both S 6 and S 7 with 2 setulae; S 8 long and dark brown as epandrium, setose as T 5. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 2, 3) small compared to internal genitalia, dark brown, sparsely and shortly setose, except for dorsomedial and laterocaudal longer setae. Cercus unusually small and short, with short setae. Medandrium (Fig. 2) also small, very low. Gonostylus (Figs 2 – 4) simple, proximally wider, distally tapered and apically acutely pointed, with short and sparse setae on inner side; its outer side with scarce setulae and micropubescence restricted to dorsal posterolateral area. Hypandrium relatively robust (Fig. 5), with small membranous internal lobes; transandrium simple, almost straight; caudal process represented by 2 lateral ligulate sclerotizations in basal membrane (Fig. 7). Pregonite (Fig. 5) projecting somewhat posteroventrally forming a distinct lobe, with 5 short setae. Postgonite (Fig. 5) medium-sized, distinctly bent in apical third, with moderately acute apex and bearing 1 anterior setula in basal fourth; basal sclerite of postgonite small. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus attached to base of phallapodeme (Fig. 6) dorsally darkened, ventrally membranous, provided with elongate sclerotized excrescences; connecting sclerite pale-pigmented, slender, very finely granulose. Basal membrane (Figs 5, 7) and lateral sclerotizations of caudal process with dark short spines (larger laterally and ventrally, smallest posteromedially). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 6) with phallapodeme having widened bifurcate base and long apex. Aedeagus with short phallophore being connected with filum by a long ventral sclerite (Fig. 6). Distiphallus not very large, composed of distally membranous saccus and of slender twisted filum formed by 2 closely attached ribbon-like sclerites. Saccus with slender sharp spines in middle part and with small conical spines on apex. Base of filum widened and strongly sclerotized, apex largely membranous, with stripe-like sclerotization very fine. Ejacapodeme small, with usual digitiform projection. Female (new). Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.75 – 2.40 mm. Antenna with 1 st flagellomere more darkened, brown around base of arista. f 3 posteroventrally simply finely setulose. Wing measurements: length 1.71 – 2.02 mm, width 0.49 – 0.62 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.06 – 2.69, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.50 – 3.75. Abdomen yellow, with brown lateral spots on T 1 - T 5 and T 6 also laterally somewhat darkened. T 1 - T 6 with darkened medial spots (being posteriorly wider and darker). Preabdominal sterna (S 1 - S 5) pale yellow to whitish, becoming wider posteriorly, S 5 narrower than S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 9 – 10) short and wide, sparsely setose. T 6 broad, yellow with faintly darkened lateral sides and dorsomedial spot (Fig. 9). S 6 transverse, wider than preceding sterna, whitish yellow. T 7 long, dark brown, reaching far on ventral side of postabdomen, ventromedially anteriorly connected by pale (in specimens from Thailand – see Fig. 10) to dark brown bridge (in specimens from Java and Flores) and embedding 7 th spiracles. S 7 short, transversely subtrapezoidal, with bipartite pigmentation (Fig. 10) and only 8 long setae. T 8 dark, transverse, plate-shaped, tapered posterimm, others = 0.05 mm orly, setose only at posterior margin. S 8 dark, small, slightly narrower than S 7, with indefinite anterior margin and relatively long fine setae. T 10 small, short, paler than T 8, with dark sides and with a pair of long setae on protruding (see Fig. 13) posteromedial third. S 10 wider and paler than T 10, with setulae at posterior margin. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber distinctive (Figs 11, 13), composed of large, wing-like, anterolaterally expanded anterior sclerites and narrower medial sclerites; annular sclerite reduced to indefinite membranous twisted stripe; vaginal area without spinulae. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 12) membranous, short, tapered and strongly ventrally curved, with digitiform, subventrally directed apex. Spermathecae (Fig. 8) ball-shaped, with numerous blunt spines on surface of basal third, and with comparatively long sclerotized cervix. Cerci (Fig. 13) relatively robust, brown, with dense short setosity. Discussion – A. lineola DE MEIJERE, 1916 is an easily recognizable species differing from all congeners by its largely yellow thorax and abdomen combined with dark brown head, anteriorly rounded head profile, almost unicolourous wing, very small male cercus, characteristic modification of the female T 7 and S 7 and many more features. Interestingly, the extended T 7 and shortened S 7 resemble somewhat those of the very distantly related Afrotropical species A. obscurior ROHÁČEK, 2004. Because of the retention of several plesiomorphic characters, A. lineola is considered to be closest to the ancestor of Amygdalops thus forming a sister-group to all remaining species from the regions under study. Biology – New data obtained from material collected by M. v. TSCHIRNHAUS suggest that A. lineola is associated with moist (often grazed) vegetation with grasses or sedges and that adults are attracted to light. Collection data are from V – VI, VIII – IX, XII – I. Distribution – Thailand, Indonesia (Java, Flores), Papua New Guinea.	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFB08C389B1BB162FE3CFD22.taxon	description	(Figs 14 – 25, 162) Type material: Holotype male labelled: “ Pt. Oca, GUAM, Mariana Is., May 31, 1945, Light Trap, G. E. Bohart, J. L. Gressitt ” (intact, USNM). Paratypes: MARIANA Is.: Guam I., same data as for holotype but 28. v. 1945, 1 female and 4. vi. 1945, 1 female; Guam I., Tumon Bay, iv. 1946, 1 male (damaged, abdomen lost), N. L. H. Krause leg.; Guam I., Pt. Ritidian, 1. viii. 1945, 1 female, J. L. Gressitt leg.; Rota I., Rota, 20. vi. 1946, 1 male, Townes leg.; Saipan I., ex Off. s’ mess [= Officer’s mess], 7. ix. 1944, 4 females (1 damaged), Saipan Med Bn [= Medical Battalion], 2 nd Mar. Div. [= 2 nd Marine Division] leg. (USNM, 1 female paratype SMOC, 1 male 2 female paratypes with genit. prep.). Etymology – The species is named for its prevailing colour of thorax (silaceus = Lat. ochreous yellow). Description – Male. Total body length 1.67 – 1.75 mm. Body bicolourous, ochreous-yellow and brown. Head about as long as high, distinctly angular in profile. Frons relatively long and narrow, whitish yellow and ochreous-brown. Occiput ochreous-yellow medially and brown laterally, bare, medial pale area sparsely whitish microtomentose. Frontal triangle narrowly elongate, distinctly depressed, reaching to anterior third of frons, ochreous to ochreous-brown and dull. Ocellar triangle brown between ocelli, ochreous laterally, distinctly shining. Medial stripe in front of frontal triangle dark ochreous-brown, rest of frons including orbits whitish yellow, sparsely whitish microtomentose and subshining. Face narrow, with a pair of brown medial stripes, laterally paler brown; parafacialia, gena and postgena whitish, sparsely silvery white microtomentose. Mouthparts (including palpus) whitish yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy: pvt small, convergent but not crossed; vti distinctly shorter than vte, the latter and posterior ors longest of cephalic setae; oc about as long as vti; 2 long ors (posterior as long as vte, anterior shorter) and 1 short ors (= enlarged microsetula, inserted close to anterior ors) plus 1 microsetula in front of the latter; 1 – 2 medial microsetulae in front of frontal triangle; 1 long vi and 1 shorter subvibrissa (about two-thirds of vi); 4 – 5 weak peristomal setulae; postocular setulae minute; palpus with 1 dark seta as long as subvibrissa. Eye strongly convex, elongately ellipsoid; its longest diameter 1.6 times as long as shortest one. Gena narrow, markedly widened posteriorly; its smallest height about 0.07 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna with pedicel ochreous; 1 st flagellomere with large area around base of arista ochreous-brown, rest white and whitish ciliate on anterior corner. Arista only 1.5 times as long as antenna. Thorax narrower than head, with distinctive bicolourous pattern. Mesonotum with broad ochreous-yellow medial area (between dc and sc setae) extended from thoracic neck to apex of scutellum; only lateral sides with (dark) brown longitudinal band reaching onto basal corners of scutelum; humeral and notopleural areas narrowly ochreous-yellow. Pleural part with brown longitudinal band along dorsal margin (from anterior spiracle to haltere); rest of pleura yellow to whitish yellow. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs reduced to microseta; 2 dc (anterior short and weak, posterior very long); 4 – 5 rows of ac microsetae on suture but only 2 rows behind posterior dc; 2 sc, apical yet longer than posterior dc, laterobasal short; ppl indistinct; 2 stpl, anterior weak and short; ventral part of sternopleuron with about 5 pale hair-like setae. Scutellum ochreous-yellow, with only basal corners brown. Legs yellow, coxae, trochanters and tarsi usually paler. f 3 with posteroventral row of 7 – 8 densely arranged setae in distal third, the most distal 4 – 5 thickened and shortened. Wing (Fig. 162) narrow, with almost unicolourous pale ochreous membrane faintly brownish darkened only at Cs 3, more diffuse beyond this. Veins pale brown. R 2 + 3 subparallel and running close to C, with slightly upcurved apex terminating far from apex of R 4 + 5. R 4 + 5 and M close to each other, subparallel or slightly convergent apically. Cell dm short and narrow; r-m situated near its middle. CuA 1 and A 1 not reaching wing margin, the former less than half length of the latter. Alula strongly reduced but anal lobe distinct. Wing measurements: length 1.47 – 1.63 mm; width 0.47 – 0.51 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.25 – 2.90, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.71 – 4.43. Haltere with dark yellow stem and brown knob. Abdomen. Terga moderately wide, rather sparsely and shortly setose. T 1 - T 3 almost entirely brown (or paler brown at anterior margin of T 3); T 4 and T 5 brown, with large anterolateral semicircular yellow spots (in T 5 almost meeting anteromedially). T 6 reduced, desclerotized and unpigmented, bare. Sterna (S 1 - S 5) simple, relatively wide, becoming slightly wider posteriorly (S 5 largest), pale yellow, with finer setae than on terga. S 6 - S 8 asymmetrical, all partly fused together. S 6 most transverse; S 7 on left side of postabdomen, 1.5 times as long as S 6. Both S 6 and S 7 ochreous-brown, with anterior darkened marginal strip-like swelling and each with 2 microsetae. S 8 longer than S 7, dark brown as epandrium and similarly setose as T 5. 7 th left spiracle large, embedded in S 7 near its anterior margin laterodorsally. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 14 – 15) relatively wide, with strong setae, 1 dorsomedial, 1 dorsolateral and 1 caudal longest; anal opening moderate (Fig. 14). Cercus large, slightly shorter than gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 14) small compared to epandrium. Gonostylus (Fig. 18) shorter than epandrium, narrow, suboblong, with tapered but rounded apex slightly bent inside (cf. Fig. 14); its outer side with a few setulae and reduced micropubescence (restricted to posterodorsal area); inner view. Scales: 0.05 mm side of gonostylus with longer setae, particularly near anterior margin. Hypandrium (Fig. 16) simple, slender, with weak unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 17) strongly bent medially, with deeply concave ventral margin; caudal process only indicated by medial dark-pigmented stripe. Pregonite (Fig. 16) very low, fused with hypandrium, incurved, posteriorly internally separated from hypandrium by an incision; its posterior part slightly projecting ventrally and with 1 long and 1 short seta, its anterior part with 3 setae. Postgonite (Fig. 16) short, simply tapered, with rounded apex and 1 setula near middle of its outer side; basal sclerite of postgonite small. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus (Fig. 19) not darkened dorsally, externally provided with flat lenticular tubercles (enlarged ventrally) and some fine spines among them. Connecting sclerite slender, elongate, darker pigmented dorsally. Basal membrane overgrown by short broad spines particularly posteroventrally (Figs 16 – 17). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 19) with slender phallapodeme, having strongly widened forked base, slender ventral fulcrum and short apex. Saccus of distiphallus not large, only basally and ventrally somewhat sclerotized and darker pigmented, otherwise membranous and provided with fine acute spines basally, ventrally and subapically and with small blunt tubercles dorsolaterally preapically. Filum of distiphallus relatively short, formed by 2 dark stripe-like sclerites being closely affixed but diverging in proximal and distal end and terminating in dilated membranous apex (Fig. 19). Ejacapodeme small, pale-pigmented, with digitiform projection. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.71 – 2.34 mm. Face with brown pattern composed of 4 more or less distinct longitudinal stripes, lateral pair being as dark as (or darker than) medial pair. f 3 posteroventrally simply finely setulose. Wing measurements: length 1.63 – 1.87 mm, width 0.52 – 0.58 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.14 – 2.73, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.10 – 4.00. Preabdominal terga wider and more transverse than in male, brown, with pale yellow spots. T 1 - T 2 with pale yellow medial area, wider on T 1, narrower on T 2. T 3 - T 5 (and also T 6, see below) with large pale yellow anterolateral semicircular spots (smaller on T 3, larger on T 5). Preabdominal sterna (S 1 - S 5) pale yellow to whitish, S 1 shorter and bare; S 2 - S 5 about as long as wide and of almost the same size or S 5 slightly wider. Postabdomen (Figs 21 – 22). T 6 large, markedly broader than T 7, densely shortly setose, pale yellow with brown sinuous transverse band (Fig. 21). S 6 whitish yellow, as wide as T 7, with fine setae in posterior half. T 7 narrow, dark brown (darkest of postabdominal sclerites) but with anterior and posterior pale-pigmented marginal area, with dense short setae in posterior half. S 7 (Fig. 22) narrow (narrower than S 8), with distinctive anterolateral corners, darkened only along anterior and lateral margins, thus, with large unpigmented but microtomentose area, and with 8 fine long setae in posterior half. T 8 pale-pigmented, plate-shaped, transversely suboblong, with sparse thin setae along posterior margin. S 8 darker posteriorly and paler anteriorly, finely setulose, of usual shape. T 10 small, brown like cerci, finely microtomentose in addition to a pair of long medial setae. S 10 wider and paler than T 10, micropubescent, with setulae at posterior margin. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber (Figs 20, 24) distinctive, pale brown, formed by a pair of elongate, anteriorly wing-like widened sclerites, and by a distinct transversely compressed annular sclerite; vaginal area near genital opening densely finely spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 20) small, membranous, formed by a pouch projecting in ventrally curved digitiform terminal projection. Accessory gland (Fig. 20) finely granulose, on short, distally widened and ringed duct. Spermathecae almost spherical (Figs 23, 25), without surface spinulae; duct cervix developed but short, pale-pigmented. Cerci (Fig. 21) rather robust, brown, with rich but not long setae. Discussion – A. silaceus sp. n. is distinguished by its largely yellow head, unusually enlarged “ microseta ” in front of the anterior ors, mesonotum ochreous-yellow between dc lines and dark brown laterally to them, wing faintly brownish only at Cs 3, R 4 + 5 and M close to each other, elongate gonostylus with reduced micropubescence, caudal process of transandrium reduced to darkened medial stripe, short postgonite, saccus of distiphallus short, female S 7 very narrow and spermathecae without surface spinulae. Cladistically (see Fig. 175) it represents a sister-group clade to all remaining Oriental and Oceanian species except for A. lineola. Biology – The type specimens were collected in IV-VI, VIII and IX, some of them in a light trap. Distribution – The species is plausibly endemic to Mariana Is. (Guam I., Rota I., Saipan I.).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFAB8C3C9B17B77FFC18FC77.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 37, 163) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: “ THAILAND: Bangkok, Huaykwang, Aug. - Sept. 1962, J. Scanlon – light ” (USNM, genit. prep.). Paratypes: THAILAND: Mae Fang N. P., No. 14, over & along forest brook, 1. xi. 2004, 1 female, L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM). INDONESIA: Flores I., X 859, eastern periphery of village Mataloko, ca 10 km ESE’ Badjawa, 200 – 300 m E’ mission church and school, 8,49 S 121,02 E, creek valley, open cultivated land (vegetables, maniok), diverse herbaceous vegetation (– 2 m height), grazed by buffaloes, 24. ix. 1992, 1 male 1 female, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. (ZSMC, dried from alcohol). VIETNAM: Cuc phuong, Ninh binh, 6 – 18. v. 1966, 1 male, Topál leg. (HMNH, in poor condition – immature, faded, dried from alcohol). All paratypes with genit. prep. Etymology – The name (bisinus = Lat. double curved) reflects the sinuous lateral outline of gonostylus of the species. Description – Male. Total body length 1.82 – 2.06 mm. Colouring resembling that of A. nigrinotum. Head slightly longer than high, somewhat quadrangular in profile. Occiput dark brown and microtomentose as in A. nigrinotum. Frontal triangle reaching to anterior third to fourth of frons, with very narrowed anterior corner. Stripes between frontal triangle and orbits and also anterior third of frons greyish microtomentose and dull. Orbit more or less shining, with anterior third yellow, posterior two-thirds dark brown. Face dirty yellow; parafacialia and gena narrowly ochreous-margined. Mouthparts bicolourous, brownish dorsally, palpus brownish darkened at least on apex and proboscis yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. nigrinotum but vti about half to two fifths of length of vte, oc slightly longer than vti; 1 vi (only as long as oc) and 1 subvibrissa, about two-thirds of vi, both relatively weak; peristomal setulae (5 – 6) weak. Eye of rounded rhomboid shape (thus rather angular), with longest diameter 1.4 – 1.5 times as long as shortest one. Gena and antenna as in A. nigrinotum. Thorax similarly patterned as in A. nigrinotum but darker brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; 2 dc, anterior reduced, only twice longer than dc microsetae; 2 sc, laterobasal weak but distinctly longer than anterior dc. Legs bicolourous as in A. geniculatus, thus mostly yellow, only femora with brown distal third (in f 1 usually lighter than in f 2 and f 3) and tibiae with pale brown darkened proximal third except for knees. f 3 with 6 – 7 short and thickened setae in distal third of posteroventral row. Wing (Fig. 163) with pattern generally paler than in other Amygdalops spp., particularly preapical spot and darkened stripe along R 4 + 5 usually faded and less distinct; no markedly lighter area between R 2 + 3 and C. R 4 + 5 and M subparallel, the former very slightly sinuate apically; r-m situated near middle (or slightly in front of it) of dm cell. Wing measurements: length 1.71 – 2.03 mm; width 0.50 – 0.57 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.94 – 2.23, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.56 – 3.82. Haltere with pale brown stem and dark brown knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga dark brown but T 5 with small, short, pale ochreous anterolateral spot on each side (holotype) or uniformly brown (paratype from Flores I.). Preabdominal sterna ochreous (holotype) to pale brown (paratype from Flores I.) and becoming somewhat wider posteriorly, S 5 the largest and slightly wider than long. S 7 with 2, S 6 with 3 – 4 setulae. Genitalia. Epandrium hemispherical (Figs 26 – 27), with 1 dorsomedial and 1 caudal pair of longer and thicker setae; anal opening semi-elipsoid (Fig. 26). Cercus small, not projecting below anal fissure, only half length of gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 26) with rectangular dorsal corners. Gonostylus (Figs 26 – 28) of distinctive shape, twice bent (sinuous) in profile, with tapered but rounded apex; its outer side broadly micropubescent, bare only along anterior margin and on apex; inner side of gonostylus with fine long setae. Hypandrium (Fig. 29) rather robust; transandrium relatively robust, concave ventromedially and protruding lateroventrally (see Fig. 30); caudal process distinctive, formed by single slender sclerite provided with a blade-like keel (see Fig. 29). Pregonite (Fig. 29) fused with hypandrium, lobate but incurved and slightly projecting, with only 4 setae (1 anterior shorter than others). Postgonite (Fig. 29) rather long, slightly bent, its dark part very slender but surrounded by submembranous wide margins, with 1 setula in proximal two-fifths of its outer side; basal sclerite attached to postgonite large, flat, with some tubercles. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus attached to base of phallapodeme (Fig. 31) small, slightly darkened dorsally, armed with some elongate spine-like tubercles; connecting sclerite slender, curved, proximally wider, relatively dark-pigmented. Basal membrane with small tuberculiform spines (larger medially) ventrally to caudal process (Figs 29 – 30). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 31) with moderate phallapodeme, having deeply forked base and very short apical part with distinct lateral projections. Basal part of distiphallus partly spinulose. Saccus of distiphallus very voluminous, largely shortly spinulose and apart from short ventral sclerite membranous. Filum of distiphallus not very long, slender, curved and formed by 2 stripe-like closely attached and distally attenuated sclerites terminating in dilated membranous apex. Ejacapodeme very small, with slender digitiform projection. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.50 – 2.74 mm. Palpus distinctly brownish. f 3 lacking shortened setae. Wing measurements: length 2.36 – 2.54 mm, width 0.67 – 0.77 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.83 – 1.95, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.71 – 4.27. Abdomen with preabdominal terga uniformly dark brown. Preabdominal sterna smaller and distinctly narrower than in male, dark ochreous to pale brown, becoming wider and darker posteriorly; S 3 - S 4 distinctly longer than broad; S 5 largest but still slightly longer than broad but distinctly narrower and paler than (postabdominal) S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 33 – 34). T 6 markedly wider and slightly longer than T 7, tapering posteriorly, with numerous dense short and thick setae, dark brown with pale anterior margin. S 6 slightly narrower than T 7, pale ochreous anteriorly and posteriorly, darkened brown in the middle, finely setose. T 7 dark brown, anteriorly shallowly emarginate, with anterolateral corners extended on ventral side, embedding 7 th spiracles (see Fig. 34), densely setose as T 6 but only in posterior half. S 7 rather small, tapered both anteriorly and posteriorly, characteristically patterned, with anteromedial narrow light area, bordered on both sides by larger brown areas, and with bare and pale-pigmented posterior fourth. T 8 brown, unusually narrow and tapered posteriorly because of ventrally bent sides, with few (including 1 long) fine setae posteriorly. S 8 brown, also very narrow, with prominent posteromedial bulge (Fig. 36). T 10 small and narrow (as long as wide), brownish, with scattered microtomentum and a pair of longer posteromedial setae. S 10 also small, slightly larger than T 10, brown as S 8, micropubescent, posteromedially projecting. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber formed by two pairs of fused flat pale brown sclerites (Figs 35 – 36) being gradually widened anteriplex, lateral view. Scales: Fig. 28 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm orly; annular sclerite very thin and twisted several times; vaginal area finely spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 32) vesiculate, with smooth surface and a digitiform terminal projection. Spermathecae spherical, relatively large (one distinctly larger than other, Fig. 37), each with a few grain-like spines in basal part; duct cervix short. Cerci (Fig. 33) medium-sized, with moderately long fine setae. 0.1 mm, others = 0.05 mm Discussion – A. bisinus sp. n. forms together with the following 10 species the A. nigrinotum group being characterized by the highly uniform external appearance (largely dark head, dark brown mesonotum, dark halteres, similar wing pattern with brown preapical spot) and also by the synapomorphic elongate gonostylus and finely attenuated annular sclerite of the female genital chamber. A. bisinus can be distinguished from other species of the group in having bicolourous femora as in A. geniculatus and A. sp. n. (c), the gonostylus sinuously margined in profile, a peculiar medial keel-like caudal process of the transandrium, a large basal sclerite of postgonite (similar to that of A. nigrinotum), a distinctive shape and pattern of the female S 6 and S 7 and a narrowed 8 th and 10 th postabdominal segment of the female. The species is related to A. cuspidatus sp. n. and allied species and forms with them the A. cuspidatus subgroup (see below, Fig. 175). Biology – The few known specimens were found on vegetation (partly grazed) at brooks, one male (holotype) was caught at a light, in V, VIII – IX, XI. Distribution – Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia (Flores).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFAF8C309B0DB048FC5BFAA7.taxon	description	(Figs 38 – 51, 164) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: “ INDONESIA: Isle Flores, 8,49 S 121,02 E, eastern periphery of village Mataloko, ca 10 km ESE’ Badjawa, 24.9.1992 ”, “ 200 – 300 m E’ mission church and school, swept, eclector, X 859, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. ”, “ creek valley, open cultivated land (vegetables, maniok), diverse herb. vegetation (– 2 m height), grazed by buffaloes ” (ZSMC, dried from ethanol). Paratypes: same data as for holotype 310 males 235 females (ZSMC, FBUB, SMOC, DEBU, USNM, about 100 specimens dried, others retained in ethanol, a number with genit. prep.); Java I., X 846, western periphery of village Kaliurang, N’ Yogjakarta, eastern edge of canyon, partly grazed, partly cultivated land, moist vegetation, predominantly grass and Carices, 9. xi. 1992, swept, eclector, 1 female, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. (ZSMC, dried from alcohol). TAIWAN: Taipei, Nanshih Chiao, Han-Lo-Da, No. 21, 450 m, rocky forest undergrowth, 10. x. 2000, 1 male, L. Papp & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM, genit. prep.); Taichung, Ta Keng, sweeping net, 20. ii. 1992, 2 males, C. Y. Li leg. (NMNS, Nos 1390 – 180, 1390 – 291, genit. prep.). Etymology – The name is derived from the elongate, apically pointed gonostylus of the species (cuspidatus = Lat. pointed). Description – Male. Total body length 2.10 – 2.78 mm. Similar to A. nigrinotum but differing as follows. Head about as long as high. Occiput uniformly dark brown or medially (above foramen) somewhat paler. Frons brown with gradually paler anterior fourth or third, from ochreous-brown posterior part to pale yellow foremost margin. Orbit largely brown and shining, only its foremost part (with ors microsetulae) ochreous to yellow. Mouthparts yellowish orange to yellow including palpus, only a small dorsal part (clypeus) pale brownish. Cephalic chaetotaxy: vti about three-fifths of length of vte; oc weak, about as long as vti; 2 long ors, anterior markedly longer than oc; 5 – 6 small peristomal setulae. Eye very convex, elongate, with longest diameter 1.7 times as long as shortest one. Gena and antenna as in A. nigrinotum. Thorax somewhat darker than in A. nigrinotum. Humeral and notopleural areas relatively dark, usually only humeral callus (partly) ochreous-yellow, other parts pale brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; 2 dc, anterior reduced, only twice longer than dc microsetae; 2 sc, laterobasal sightly longer than anterior dc. Legs completely yellow, with whitish yellow coxae and trochanters. f 3 with 8 – 10 shortened, thickened and dense setae in distal fourth or third of posteroventral row. Wing (Fig. 164) with pattern composed of brown preapical spot confluent with broad brown darkened stripe along R 4 + 5; also whitish hyaline area between C and brown bordered R 4 + 5 distinct. R 4 + 5 usually slightly bent or sinuous terminally; r-m situated somewhat in front of middle of discal (dm) cell. Wing measurements: length 2.02 – 2.72 mm; width 0.49 – 0.79 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.72 – 2.06, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.62 – 4.14. Haltere dark brown, stem sometimes paler. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga all dark brown, rarely (1 male from Taiwan) T 5 with small and short, pale yellow anterolateral spot on each side. Preabdominal sterna pale ochreous-brown and becoming somewhat wider and darker posteriorly, S 5 the largest and darkest (slightly wider than long). Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 38 – 39) with 1 dorsomedial pair of longer and thicker setae; anal opening relatively narrow, rounded triangular (Fig. 38). Cercus slender, relatively short. Medandrium (Fig. 39) comparatively narrow, somewhat tapered dorsally, with corners simply rectangular. Gonostylus (Figs 38 – 39, 43) elongate, slender, acutely tapered distally; its micropubescence restricted to posterolateral area in wider proximal half, inner side of gonostylus with short and weak setae. Hypandrium (Fig. 40) moderate in size, simple, with somewhat dorsally projecting but unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 41) of distinctive structure, with dark dorsomedial arched sclerite having concave ventral margin; caudal process (Fig. 41) formed by slender, weak, medially divided and ventrally slightly diverged sclerite. Pregonite (Fig. 40) low, incurved and only posteroventrally somewhat projecting and separated from hypandrium by short incision, with 7 – 8 setae, all on its posterior part. Postgonite (Fig. 40) slender, knife-shaped, apically acutely pointed, with 1 – 2 setulae in proximal two-fifths and 1 microseta in distal two-fifths; basal sclerite attached to postgonite small. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus short, with dorsal part (Fig. 42) hardly darkened and its outer side with flat tubercles and some spinulae. Connecting sclerite proximally slender but darker, distally strongly dilated, paler and finely tuberculate. Basal membrane with dense short spines posteroventrally to caudal process (Figs 40, 41). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 42) with robust phallapodeme, having flattened but shortly forked base and short apex with distinct lateral projections. Saccus of distiphallus voluminous, with flat sclerites (dorsal, ventral and basal) in its proximal half, otherwise membranous and finely spinose in proximal and central part, tuberculate with some short spines in apical part. Filum of distiphallus long, dark, strongly curved and formed by 2 slender stripe-like, basally affixed and distally separate sclerites ending in membranous shortly lobate apex. Ejacapodeme very small, with slender digitiform projection. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.46 – 3.18 mm. Mouthparts somewhat darker: clypeus distinctly brown and palpus with pale brown darkened apex. f 3 without shortened setae. Wing pattern often darker; r-m situated more distinctly in front of middle of dm cell. Wing measurements: length 2.30 – 2.90 mm, width 0.59 – 0.79 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.81 – 2.00, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.67 – 4.40. Preabdominal terga all uniformly dark brown. Preabdominal sterna pale ochreous; S 2 - S 5 slightly to distinctly longer than broad, becoming larger and wider posteriorly; S 5 largest and markedly longer than (postabdominal) S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 45 – 47). T 6 wider and somewhat longer than T 7, dark brown with pale-pigmented anterior (shorter) and posterior (longer) marginal areas. S 6 narrower than T 7, largely pale yellowish but transversely darkened in front of posterior row of setae. T 7 dark brown, anteriorly emarginate and with pale crescent-shaped area (Fig. 45), mainly setose in posterior third, extended on extension). Scales: 0.1 mm others = 0.05 mm ventral side and embedding 7 th spiracles but its anterolateral corners not projecting. S 7 (Fig. 47) small, narrow and similar to that of A. curtisi sp. n., tapered anteriorly, brown except for pale anterior corner and posterior marginal area, finely setose. T 8 paler brown (anteriorly more lightened) than T 7, plate-shaped, amost semicircular, with a few fine setae along posterior margin. S 8 dark brown, somewhat wider than S 7 but narrower than T 8. T 10 very small (yet smaller than that of A. curtisi), pale-pigmented, with some microtomentum only posteriorly. S 10 also small, paler than S 8, somewhat wider than T 10, micropubescent in posterior half. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber formed by a fusion of pale-pigmented sclerites (Figs 49, 51) being anteriorly somewhat dilated laterally; annular sclerite extremely fine, manifold twisted and, hence, of variable shape; vaginal area finely spinulose (Fig. 51). Ventral receptacle (Fig. 50) membranous, vesiculate, with a digitiform, relatively short terminal projection; receptacular duct dilated distally. Accessory gland (Fig. 44) with distinct darker granulae and its ringed duct markedly dilated subterminally. Spermathecae spherical, smaller than in A. curtisi, one larger than the other (Fig. 48), each with short blunt spines in basal third; duct cervix yet longer than in A. curtisi. Cerci (Fig. 45) short, moderate, with short setae. Discussion – A. cuspidatus sp. n. belongs to the A. nigrinotum group but forms within it [together with A. bisinus sp. n., A. sp. n. (a) and A. curtisi sp. n.] a separate A. cuspidatus subgroup delimited by small, anteriorly tapered female S 7. Its closest relative is A. sp. n. (a) which has a similarly patterned wing (preapical spot confluent with distinctly darkened stripe along R 4 + 5) but differs from it (in female sex) by the narrow S 6 and smaller S 7. The latter sclerite is most similar to that of A. curtisi sp. n., another member of the A. cuspidatus subgroup. In the male sex, A. cuspidatus can be best recognized by the slender, acutely tapered gonostylus (this being most similar to those of the Afrotropical species A. sparsus ROHÁČEK, 2004 and allies). Biology – The majority of specimens (more than 550 = the largest series of Amygdalops ever collected) originate from a sweep sample collected by M. v. TSCHIRNHAUS in a creek valley on herbaceous vegetation grazed by buffaloes. The remaining specimens were swept from forest undergrowth. Adults occur in II, IX, X. Distribution – Taiwan, Indonesia (Flores, Java).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFA38C329B5EB1F8FD63F907.taxon	description	(Figs 52 – 57, 165) Material examined: TAIWAN: Taichung Hsien, No. 24, N 24 ° 09 ’ 25.2 ’’, E 120 ° 52 ’ 9.6 ’’, 585 m, over / along Ma-Chu-Ken river & in river valley, 6. iv. 2003, 1 female, L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM, genit. prep.). Description – Male unknown. Female. Total body length 2.78 mm. Body colouring and chaetotaxy similar to those of A. nigrinotum. Head about as long as high, quadrangular in profile. Occiput dark brown, with small pale brown spots medially above foramen (? always). Frontal triangle shorter, reaching to half of frons. Frons darker than in related species, dark brown with paler brown anterior third (up to ptilinal suture). Orbit largely brown and shiny, darker posteriorly, paler 52, 56 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm anteriorly, only small foremost part with orbital microsetulae yellowish. Face ochreous to pale brown. Mouthparts dorsally brown, palpus pale brown with darkened apex and proboscis orange-ochreous, lighter distally. Cephalic chaetotaxy: vti weak, slightly more than half length of vte; oc slightly longer than vti; 2 strong ors, anterior only slightly shorter than posterior; 1 vi (only somewhat longer than oc) and 1 subvibrissa, about two-thirds of vi, both weak; 8 – 9 peristomal setulae. Eye very convex, of rounded rhomboid shape (thus rather angular). Antenna also relatively dark, orange ochreous, with brownish darkened dorsal side of pedicel and anterior half of 1 st flagellomere. Thorax similar to that of A. nigrinotum but darker brown. Humeral and notopleural areas relatively dark, largely pale brown, only partly ochreous-yellow. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, slightly longer than mesonotal microsetae; 2 dc, anterior short, weak but not reduced, about half length of posterior dc; 2 sc, laterobasal weak and shorter than anterior dc. Legs dark yellow, only coxae and trochanters pale to whitish yellow. Pedal chaetotaxy without peculiarities, f 3 uniformly setulose. Wing (Fig. 165) pattern most similar to that of A. cuspidatus, with rather large preapical brown spot confluent with broad darkened stripe along R 4 + 5. R 4 + 5 very slightly sinuate or bent apically; r-m situated near middle of dm cell. Wing measurements: length 3.10 mm; width 0.93 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.04, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.59. Haltere with paler brown stem and dark brown knob. Abdomen with preabdominal terga entirely dark brown. Preabdominal sterna small, narrow, pale ochreous-brown, becoming wider posteriorly; S 2 as long as broad, S 3 - S 4 distinctly longer than broad; S 5 largest but slightly longer than broad and markedly narrower and paler than S 6 (see below). Postabdomen (Figs 53 – 54) very dark (T 6 distinctly darker than T 5) relatively short and broad. T 6 markedly wider than T 7, transverse, dark brown, densely shortly setose. S 6 transverse, as broad as T 7, remarkably dark brown, only anteriorly with irregular paler brown area. T 7 dark brown, anteromedially shallowly emarginate and its lateral sides extended on ventral side, embedding 7 th spiracles but anterolateral corners not projecting. S 7 larger than in A. cuspidatus, tapered anteriorly, dark brown except anteromedial narrow area surrounded by darkest parts of S 7, this pattern most resembling that of A. bisinus. T 8 dark brown (anterior margin paler) plate-shaped and similar to that of A. cuspidatus, but with more setae in posterior half. S 8 dark brown, as wide as S 7 and slightly narrower than T 8. T 10 small, brown, shortly triangular, finely microtomentose apart from medial pair of setae. S 10 paler than S 8, distinctly transverse and wider than T 10, micropubescent in addition to marginal setulae. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber formed by coaslesced complex of brownish sclerites (Figs 55, 57) being anteriorly suddenly dilated laterally; annular sclerite very thin and manifold twisted; vaginal area finely spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 56) vesiculate, with a digitiform, relatively slender terminal projection; receptacular duct short, dilated distally. Spermathecae subspherical, both of almost same size (Fig. 52), with small blunt spines around duct insertion (less numerous than in A. cuspidatus); duct cervix short but longer than in A. bisinus. Cerci (Fig. 53) rather robust, longer than in A. cuspidatus, shortly setose. Discussion – This new but unnamed species (known from a single female) is closely allied and most similar (including wing pattern) to A. cuspidatus sp. n. but differs from it by its shorter frontal triangle, darker frons, pale brown palpus with darker apex, different female S 6 and S 7 and markedly shorter cervix of spermatheca. Biology – The only available female was collected in a river valley, in IV. Distribution – Taiwan.	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFA08C369B13B5F2FBBFF8ED.taxon	description	(Figs 58 – 71, 166) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: „ THAILAND, Thonburi Prov., Mueng Dist, 7 May 1969, Manop, coll. - light ” (USNM, genit. prep.). Paratypes: THAILAND: Udrontani Prov., Meung Dist., light, 17. – 20. vi. 1959, 1 female; Thonburi, 23. xii. 1958, 1 female, all Manop leg. (USNM); Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep N. P., No. 26, along forest brook, 9. xi. 2004, 1 female, L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM); Chiang Mai Prov / 24, Mae Hia, 19.05.41 N / 98.56.11 E, 350 m, 25. xii. 2003, 1 male; Sunat Thanai City, 9.07.24 N / 99.20.37 E, 10. v. 2003, 1 female, both P. Schwedinger leg.; Mae Hong Son Prov., Mae Hong Son, 19.30 N / 97.97 E, 340 m, 20. x. 2000, 1 female, B. Merz leg. (MHNG). TAIWAN: X 1157, Tunghsiao, Miaoli, 7. iii. 1996, 1 male, Kung-ju Lin leg. (SMOC, dried from alcohol); X 943, Distr. Taichung Hsien, Tachia Hsi river, between Tachia (N) and Chingshui (S), 24.21 N, 120.34 E, 6 km E’ coast, between costal road no 1 and railway line, river bank, swept, eclector, 12. iii. 1994, 1 female, Kung-ju Lin leg. (ZSMC, dried from alcohol). All paratypes with genit prep. Etymology – The species is named in honour of the late Curtis W. Sabrosky, a renowned dipterist, who had already recognized several unnamed Amygdalops species in the USNM collection long ago but did not describe them. Description – Male. Total body length 1.71 – 1.83 mm. Resembling A. nigrinotum in outer appearance (holotype faded, reddish brown instead dark brown). Head about as high as long. Occiput entirely dark brown, microtomentose as in A. nigrinotum. Frontal triangle reaching to anterior third to fourth of frons. Sides of ocellar triangle with some microtomentum. Frons largely brown, only anterior fourth to third ochreous-yellow. Orbit brown, with anterior third paler ochreous-yellow, distinctly shining. Face ochreous-yellow, only slightly darker marginally. Mouthparts (including palpus) yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy: vti markedly shorter than vte (often less than half of its length); oc weak, slightly longer than vti; 2 long ors, anterior robust but shorter than posterior; subvibrissa less than two-thirds of vi length; 5 – 7 peristomal setulae. Eye convex, posteriorly rather angular rounded, with longest diameter 1.5 times as long as shortest one. Gena and antenna as in A. nigrinotum. Thorax with colouring and chaetotaxy as A. nigrinotum but differing as follows: prs reduced to microseta; 2 dc, anterior reduced to a weak setula (only slightly longer but thicker than dc microsetae) arising just in front of posterior dc; 2 sc, laterobasal finer but slightly longer than anterior dc; 2 relatively weak stpl. Legs yellow (femora, tibiae) to whitish yellow (coxae, trochanters, tarsi). f 3 with 5 short and thickened setae in distal third of posteroventral row. Wing (Fig. 166) with pattern and venation similar to those of A. nigrinotum, r-m situated in middle of dm cell or slightly in front of it. Wing measurements: length 1.78 – 2.02 mm; width 0.61 – 0.69 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.72 – 1.79, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.30 – 3.55. Haltere pale greyish brown, stem usually more yellowish. Abdomen as in A. nigrinotum. Preabdominal terga dark brown, T 4 with small to indistinct, T 5 with larger yellow or ochreous anterolateral spot on each side. S 6 paler than S 7 and strongly ventrally shortened. Genitalia. Epandrium relatively broad (Figs 59 – 60), setose as in A. nigrinotum; anal opening narrowly pentagonal, acute-angled dorsally (Fig. 59). Cercus rather slender, projecting ventrally, shorter than gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 59) comparatively narrow, with slightly projecting corners. Gonostylus (Figs 59 – 60, 62) relatively large and wide, with hardly tapered and rounded apex and a distinct lateral keel; most of its outer side with dense micropubescence, only along anterior margin bare; inner side of gonostylus with short and weak setae. Hypandrium (Fig. 61) relatively slender, simple, with small unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 58) simple, wide but slenview. Scales: Figs 58, 62 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm der, with concave ventral margin; caudal process formed by a weak, ventrally forked sclerite. Pregonite (Fig. 61) low, only posteriorly ventrally bulging, with about 6 setae, 3 of them on posterior bulge. Postgonite (Fig. 61) slender, slightly bent, apically not very acute, with 1 microseta in the middle of its outer side; basal sclerite attached to postgonite small. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus attached to base of phallapodeme (Fig. 63) hardly darkened dorsally, covered by small polygonal tubercles and some spinulae (anteriorly and ventrally); connecting sclerite relatively robust, widest in the middle, but pale-pigmented and finely granulose. Basal membrane with dense tuberculiform spines between arms of caudal process (Figs 58, 61). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 63) with moderately slender but long phallapodeme, having shortly bifurcate base and apex with distinct lateral projections. Base of distiphallus bare. Saccus of distiphallus very voluminous, except for base and ventral sclerite membranous and provided with rich spinulae in distal half. Filum long, dark, very slender and formed by 2 curved stripe-like closely attached and distally attenuated sclerites terminating in slender membranous apex. Ejacapodeme very small, with somewhat pointed projection. Female. Similar to A. nigrinotum unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.98 – 2.22 mm. Wing narrower than in male on the average. Wing measurements: length 1.98 – 2.18 mm, width 0.59 – 0.65 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.83 – 1.94, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.30 – 3.89. Abdomen with T 3 - T 6 with pale yellow anterolateral spot on each side; spots on T 3 and T 6 smaller, on T 4 and T 5 larger. Preabdominal sterna S 3 - S 5 of almost the same size and width, also S 6 similar, hardly wider than S 5. Postabdomen (Figs 64, 67). T 6 only somewhat wider and not longer than T 7, with dense short and thick setae, dark brown with ochreous but small anterolateral spots and unpigmented posterior margin. S 6 much narrower than T 7, whitish yellow anteriorly (on anteromedial lobe) and posteriorly and pale brownish in the middle, with fine setae. T 7 dark brown, tapering posteriorly, anteriorly shallowly emarginate, its anterolateral corners extended on ventral side, embedding 7 th spiracles and almost meeting medially (see Fig. 67), similarly setose as T 6 but only in posterior half. S 7 small, narrow and similar to that of A. cuspidatus sp. n., tapered anteriorly, brown except for paler anteromedial stripe and posterior submarginal area, with fine setae. T 8 paler brown than T 7, plate-shaped, with rounded posterior corners and a few fine setae posteriorly. S 8 dark brown, somewhat wider than S 7, finely setulose, with usual posteromedial bulge and incision. T 10 small and relatively short, pale-pigmented, with scattered microtomentum and a pair of longer posteromedial setae. S 10 also paler than S 8, wider than T 10, micropubescent, with setulae at posterior margin. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber formed by a complex of fused pale brown sclerites (Figs 68, 71) being anteriorly dilated laterally; annular sclerite very thin and twisted several times; vaginal area finely spinulose (not visible in Figs 68, 71). Ventral receptacle (Fig. 70) membranous, vesiculate, with a finger-shaped, ventrally directed, terminal projection. Spermathecae spherical, unusually large (markedly larger than in A. cuspidatus sp. n.), one larger than the other (Figs 65 – 66), each with short blunt spines around duct insertion; duct cervix relatively long. Cerci (Fig. 64) short, moderate, with short setae. Discussion – This new species belongs to the A. cuspidatus subgroup but differs from related species in having paler (light greyish brown) halteres, a large and wide gonostylus with a broadly rounded apex and larger spermathecae. Its female S 7 and long cervix of the spermathecal duct most resemble those of A. cuspidatus sp. n. but A. curtisi sp. n. has the female anterolateral corners of T 7 extended ventromedially, S 7 with unpigmented anteromedial narrow area and pale-pigmented S 6. Biology – Several specimens were collected at a light, another along a forest brook, in III, V – VI, X – XII. Distribution – Thailand, Taiwan. ites, lateral view. Scales: Figs 64, 67 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.05 mm	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FFA48C0A9B0DB5F2FB73F928.taxon	description	(Figs 72 – 85, 167) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: “ THAILAND: Mae Fang N. P., over & along a forest brook ”, “ Nov. 1, 2004, No. 14, L. Papp & M. Földvári ” (HNHM, genit. prep., left wing lost). Paratype: THAILAND: Nan Prov., Mae Charim waterfall, No. 25, over and along rivulet, 7. – 8. xi. 2004, 1 female, L. Papp & Földvári leg. (HNHM, genit. prep.); Kamphaeng Phet Prov., Khlong Lan Dist., nr. Khlong Lan Watf., 16.07.51 N, 99.16.41 E, No. 18, 280 m, secondary forest, 11. – 12. xii. 2003, 1 female, P. Schwedinger leg. (MHNG, genit. prep.). Etymology: The species is named “ curtistylus ” because of its apically truncated shape of gonostylus. Description – Male. Total body length 1.87 mm. Body resembling that of A. nigrinotum, darker. Occiput brown, sparsely greyish microtomentose except for bare stripes along posterior margin of eyes. Sides of frontal triangle and top of ocellar triangle with sparse microtomentum. Parafacialia and gena very narrowly brown-margined. Mouthparts dorsally brown including palpus, only proboscis yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy: vti short, slightly longer than half length of vte; oc slightly longer than vti; 1 relatively short vi (shorter and weaker than oc) and 1 yet weaker subvibrissa (two-thirds of vi); 5 – 6 small peristomal setulae. Eye subovoid, with longest diameter 1.6 times as long as shortest one. Genal smallest height 0.06 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna as in A. nigrinotum. Thorax somewhat darker than in A. nigrinotum. Humeral callus yellow, notopleural area ochreous-brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; 2 dc but anterior reduced to a weak setula only twice longer than dc microsetae; laterobasal sc weak but longer than anterior dc. Legs largely dark yellow with pale to whitish yellow coxae and trochanters. f 3 with 6 somewhat thickened and shortened setae in distal third of posteroventral row. Wing (Fig. 167) with pattern as in A. nigrinotum. Cross-vein r-m situated slightly in front of middle of discal (dm) cell. Wing measurements: length 2.20 mm; width 0.69 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.10, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.42. Haltere with ochreous to pale brown stem and dark brown knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga uniformly dark brown, only T 5 with short yellowish anterolateral spot on each side. Preabdominal sterna S 3 and S 4 distinctly longer than broad; S 5 the largest and as long as broad. Genitalia. Epandrium relatively high (Figs 72 – 73), with 1 dorsomedial and 1 caudal pair of long and robust setae; anal opening relatively narrow (Fig. 72). Cercus slender, shorter than gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 72) of moderate width, dorsally as wide as ventrally, with corners simply rectangular. Gonostylus (Figs 72 – 73, 77) elongate and slender as in A. cuspidatus but its apex truncated not pointed and with micropubescence covering most of outer side, inner side of gonostylus with longer but fine setae. Hypandrium damaged in holotype (Fig. 74), relatively slender and simple, with small incurved and unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 75) simple, arched, concave ventrally; caudal process (partly broken off in the holotype, see Fig. 75) formed by a pair of 2 flat, ventrally widened sclerites. Pregonite (Fig. 74) low, fused with hypandrium, with posterior, ventrally projecting but rounded process carrying about 6 small setae, and with 3 longer setae on anterior simple part in addition. Postgonite (Fig. 74) slender, dark, slightly sinuate, apically pointed, with 1 microseta in distal fourth. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus short (Fig. 76) dark-pigmented and provided with flat polygonal to rounded tubercles (larger ventrally) but without spinulae. Connecting sclerite slender, also dark, curved, finely granulose proximally and tapered distally. Armature of basal membrane unrecognized due to damage, probably with transverse flat spines as are those belateral view (widest extension). Scales: Fig. 77 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm tween sclerites of caudal process (Fig. 75). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 76) with slender phallapodeme, having shortly forked base and long apex with distinct lateral projections. Saccus of distiphallus voluminous but not very long, with distinct ventral sclerite and somewhat pigmented basal and middle parts, otherwise membranous, with spines in central part and apical part. Filum of distiphallus long, strongly curved, formed by 2 dark, very slender stripe-like sclerites (basally wider and coalesced, distally separate) ending in membranous finely denticulate apex (Fig. 76). Ejacapodeme not observed, probably very small. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.14 – 2.66 mm. f 3 without shortened setae. Cross-vein r-m situated distinctly in front of middle of dm cell. Wing measurements: length 2.42 – 2.58 mm, width 0.71 – 0.73 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.83 – 1.90, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.62 – 4.25. Abdomen with T 1 - T 3 completely dark brown, T 4 - T 6 with distinct light yellow anterolateral spot on each side; spots on T 4 slightly smaller than those on T 5 or T 6. S 3 - S 5 about as long as broad but becoming larger and wider posteriorly, consequently S 5 larger than S 4 but narrower than (postabdominal) S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 79 – 80). T 6 slightly wider than T 7, dark brown with distinct yellowish anterolateral spots (Fig. 79). S 6 slightly wider than long, of trapezoid shape, pale yellow. T 7 dark brown, anteromedially shallowly emarginate, and with semicircular lighter spot and its lateral sides extended on ventral side, reaching up to S 7 and embedding 7 th spiracles. S 7 tapered anteriorly and subcordate, dark brown (darkest in the middle) except for anterior pale area with basal sensillae. T 8 dark brown, with only anterolateral margins pale, plate-shaped, relatively broad. S 8 dark brown, as wide as S 7 but markedly narrower than T 8, distinguished by peculiar anterior bare sclerite (= possibly internal sclerites fused to S 8) with corners turned up (see Figs 81 – 82). T 10 brown, transversely pentagonal, finely microtomentose only around a pair of posteromedial setae. S 10 paler than S 8, pentagonal but longer than T 10, micropubescent posteromedially and near marginal setulae. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber weakly developed (except anterior part of S 8 being probably also modified internal sclerites) and pale-pigmented (Figs 81 – 82), not dilated anteriorly; annular sclerite distinct, thicker than usual and simply bent; vaginal area finely spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 85) vesiculate, with bent digitiform rather robust terminal projection; receptacular duct relatively slender. Accessory gland (Fig. 84) small, shortly pyriform and with minute stalked globulae on surface; duct ringed, strongly dilated subterminally. Spermathecae spherical, very large, both of almost same size (Figs 78, 83), with minute (almost grain-like) dark spinulae in basal third; duct cervix short and weakly sclerotized. Cerci (Fig. 79) rather robust, longer than in A. cuspidatus or A. nigrinotum, shortly setose. Discussion – This new species can be recognized from similar species of the A. nigrinotum subgroup only by its brown palpus, male genitalia (e. g. by the apically truncate gonostylus) and female postabdomen (distinctive S 7 and S 8 in particular). It is considered to be related to A. pappi sp. n. but this cluster is defined by only a single synapomorphy, the denticulate apex of the filum of the distiphallus (Fig. 175). Actually, A. curtistylus sp. n. is a rather atypical member of the A. nigrinotum subgroup because the armature of its saccus and shape of the female S 7 seem to be intermediate between those of other species of this subgroup and those of the A. cuspidatus subgroup, not to mention the uniquely modified female S 8 and the thickened annular sclerite (cf. Figs 81 – 82). Biology – Both type specimens were swept near a forest brook, in XI. Distribution – Thailand. ventral receptacle, lateral view. Scales: Figs 79 – 80 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.05 mm	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF988C049BEFB5F2FB19F9EC.taxon	description	(Figs 86 – 98, 168) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: „ THAILAND, Nan Prov., Mae Charim, waterfall, No. 25 ”, „ over and along rivulet, 7 – 8.11.2004, L. Papp & Földvári ” (HNHM, genit. prep.). Paratypes: same data as for holotype, 4 females; THAILAND: Mae Fang N. P., No. 14, over & along a forest brook, 1. xi. 2004, 2 females; Doi Inthanon N. P., Pha Sum Ran Waterfall, No. 8, forest & along brook, 30. x. 2004, 1 male, all L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM, 1 female SMOC, all with genit. prep.). Etymology – The species is named for LÁSZLÓ PAPP, the eminent Hungarian dipterist, in recognition of his tremendous contribution to the knowledge of the Oriental fauna of Diptera (see PAPP et al. 2006). Description – Male. Total body length 2.02 – 2.26 mm. Very similar to A. nigrinotum in outer appearance. Occiput entirely dark brown. Orbit brown, with anterior third paler brown or ochreous-yellow, shining. Gena ventrally pale-brown margined and postgena dark yellow. Mouthparts light brown to dark ochreous including palpus, the latter with brownish darkened apex. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. nigrinotum. 8 – 9 small peristomal setulae. Eye broadly subovoid, with longest diameter 1.4 times as long as shortest one. Genal smallest height 0.06 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Arista 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as antenna. Thorax as in A. nigrinotum. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; anterior dc reduced to a weak setula (only twice longer than dc microsetae); ac microsetae in 4 rows also between posterior dc; 2 sc, laterobasal small but slightly longer than anterior dc. f 3 with 5 – 6 shortened and thickened posteroventral setae in distal third. Wing (Fig. 168) with pattern and venation very similar to those of A. nigrinotum. Cross-vein r-m situated distinctly in front of middle of dm cell. Wing measurements: length 2.06 – 2.36 mm; width 0.61 – 0.68 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.75 – 1.90, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.38 – 3.82. Haltere as in A. nigrinotum. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga dark brown, T 4 with small to indistinct, T 5 with larger yellow or ochreous anterolateral spot on each side. Preabdominal sterna becoming wider posteriorly, S 5 the largest. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 86 – 87) very similar to that of A. nigrinotum, with longer dorsomedial (1) and dorsolateral (1 – 2) setae; anal fissure large, rather parallel-sided in lower half (Fig. 86). Cercus shorter than gonostylus, projecting ventrally less than in A. nigrinotum. Gonostylus (Figs 86 – 87, 89) elongately subtriangular, in lateral view more bent and more pointed apically than in A. nigrinotum; most of its outer side (also near apex) with micropubescence; inner side of gonostylus with longer setae, particularly in apical half anteriorly. Hypandrium (Fig. 88) moderate, with small pale-pigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 90) slender, simply bent (with concave ventral margin) and with small ventromedial process; caudal process formed as a weakly sclerotized, medially depigmented plate. Pregonite (Fig. 88) low, with posterior part doubly projecting ventrally and with only 6 – 7 setae, 1 of them longer. Postgonite (Fig. 88) longer than in A. nigrinotum, slender, almost straight with only apical fourth bent and pointed and with only sensillae on outer side; basal sclerite of postgonite small, hidden behind pregonite. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus attached to base of phallapodeme (Fig. 91) not darkened dorsally, provided with flat tubercles (smaller than in A. nigrinotum); connecting sclerite narrow, long, distally widened and finely tuberculate. Basal membrane densely spinulose, particularly ventrally (Figs 88, 90). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 91) with phallapodeme thicker than in A. nigrinotum, with widened shortly forked base and robust pale apex with distinct lateral projections. Saccus of distiphallus voluminous, except for basal and ventral sclerites membranous and provided with short thorn-like spines dorsolaterally and with clusters of robust pigmented eral view. Scales: Fig. 89 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm view. Scales: Figs 93 – 96 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.05 mm spines anteriorly (longer) and preapically (shorter), thus without fine spinulae. Filum of distiphallus formed by 2 stripe-like twisted sclerites (one distinctly darker and thicker) ending in slightly widened membranous and very finely tuberculate apex. Ejacapodeme with digitiform projection. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.94 – 2.50 mm. f 3 without shortened setae. Wing measurements: length 2.20 – 2.48 mm, width 0.63 – 0.75 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.74 – 1.90, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.28 – 3.92. Abdomen with preabdominal terga similarly spotted as in A. nigrinotum. S 3 - S 5 becoming slightly wider posteriorly, so S 5 widest but slightly narrower than S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 93 – 94). T 6 broader than T 7, densely setose in posterior two-thirds, brown with pale yellow anterolateral spots. S 6 pale yellow, very slightly narrower than T 7. T 7 dark brown, only anteriorly with paler marginal stripe, on ventral side embedding spiracles and with small marginal incision near them. S 7 with simple pattern, brownish except for pale posterior margin, darkest sublaterally and near 4 posterior long setae, with a pair of characteristic small protuberances on anterior margin surrounding the sensory setulae. T 8 only slightly paler than T 7, plate-shaped, markedly microtomentose and with fine setae in posterior half. S 8 also dark, as wide as S 7. T 10 small and short, dark and bare anteriorly and laterally, otherwise unpigmented and microtomentose, with a pair of longer setae. S 10 subcordate, dark, bare anteriorly, micropubescent in posterior two-thirds (see also Fig. 95). Internal sclerotization of genital chamber complex but pale, composed of 2 pairs of fused sclerites (medial pair narrow, lateral pair widened anterolaterally) and of twisted and thin annular sclerite (Figs 95 – 96); vaginal part with short spinulae (Fig. 96). Ventral receptacle (Fig. 98) membranous, formed by basally strangled pouch and slender digitiform, ventrally directed, terminal projection. Spermathecae spherical (Figs 92, 97), with small blunt spines around duct insertion; duct cervix short and pale-pigmented. Cerci (Fig. 93) characterized by short setae and apical seta modified to a small spine (Fig. 96). Discussion – A. pappi sp. n. is externally very similar to A. nigrinotum but is generally darker in colour, resembling the most closely related A. curtistylus sp. n. (see above) but differs from the latter in having wider eyes and a light brown palpus with darkened apex. However, its dependable identification is only possible by referring to the form of the gonostylus, the large spines in the saccus of the distiphallus, the subquadrate female S 7 and the cercus with a small apical spine. In the latter character it resembles A. geniculatus and A. sp. n. (c) but this sister-pair differs by its darkened brown distal part of the femora and its (sub) pyriform spermathecae with robust spines on the surface. Biology – All known specimens were taken in forest by sweeping vegetation along brooks, in X – XI. Distribution – Thailand.	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF988C049BEFB5F2FB19F9EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype male, labelled: “ Sueyoshi Park, Naha City, Ryukyu, Japan, 26. iii. 2000, H. Nakayama leg. ” (lime green circle), “ An 1081 ” (BLKU). Paratype female, labelled: “ Java, Jacobson ” (handwritten), “ Amygdalops geniculata, det. de Meijere. ” and “ Amygdalops geniculata, det. Dr. O. Duda ” (both partly handwritten), “ Amygdalops geniculata de Meijere, 1916, ZMAN type DIPT. 0043 ” (red label), “ PARATYPUS f, Amygdalops nigrinotum sp. n., M. Sueyoshi & J. Roháček det. 2002 ” (yellow label) (ZMAN, genit. prep.). For other paratypes see SUEYOSHI and ROHÁČEK (2003). Note: The labelling of the female paratype from Java is listed in extenso because this specimen can be considered to belong to the type series of A. geniculatus (cf. SUEYOSHI & ROHÁČEK 2003: 21). However, it is not mentioned in the original description of the latter species (see DE MEIJERE 1916: 207) and was obviously recognized and subsequently appended to the true type specimens by de Meijere himself. Other material examined: AUSTRALIA: SE Queensland: Mt Glorious, Raiforest Circuit tr., 27.20 S / 52.46 E, No. 20, rainforest. 24. x. 2002, 1 female, Merz, Földvári & McNeil leg. (MHNG). INDIA: Assam: 10 mi N Tinsukia, 6. iii. 1944, 1 female, D. E. Hardy leg. (USNM). INDONESIA: Flores I., X 859, eastern periphery of village Mataloko, ca 10 km ESE’ Badjawa, 200 – 300 m E’ mission church and school, 8,49 S 121,02 E, creek valley, open cultivated land (vegetables, maniok), diverse herbaceous vegetation (– 2 m height), grazed by buffaloes, 24. ix. 1992, 85 males 70 females (ZSMC, FBUB, SMOC, DEBU, in alcohol or dried from alcohol); same, X 858, Vicia and Zea mays fields, swept, aspirated, 1 male 3 females; same, X 857, 2 – 3 km E’ mission church and school, coffee-plantage under high trees, many weeds, swept, eclector, 1 female (ZSMC), all M. v. Tschirnhaus leg.; Sulawesi I., Dumoga, low forest, 200 m, Blue Zone, “ Rothamsted 2 ”, Malaise trap, 15. vi. – 10. vii. 1985, 1 female / with teratologically deformed 7 th and 8 th postabdominal segment / (BMNH). JAPAN: Okinawa: Geoku, light trap, xi. 1961, 2 males 1 female; Okinawa: Camp-Kae, light trap, iii. 1962, 3 males 2 females; Okinawa, no locality, 5. – 18. viii. 1961, 1 female, all W. F. Pippin leg. (USNM). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao I.: Mt. Apo School, 15 km SW Davao, 500 m, 22. – 31. x. 1965, 1 male, D. Davis leg. (USNM). TAIWAN: Kaohsiung Hsien, Liukuei, Shan-Ping LTER Site, creek valley, No. 13, 31. iii. – 1. iv. 2003, 1 male, L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM); Changhua, Tatu, X 1154, 2. iii. 1996, 1 male, Kung-ju Lin leg. (ZSMC). THAILAND: Bangkok, Plukchit, light, viii. - ix. 1962, 1 female, J. Scanlon leg.; Bangkok, Pratoomvan Dist., light, 9. – 10. v. 1959, 3 males 1 female; Thonburi Pr., Bangkoknoi Dist., light, 5. – 6. v. 1959, 2 males 3 females; Thonburi Pr., Mueng Dist., light, 7. v. 1959, 2 males 1 female, all Manop leg. (USNM); Mae Fang N. P., over & along a forest brook, No. 14, 1. xi. 2004, 1 male 1 female; 8 km E Doi Anh Kang, over a rocky brook, No. 17, 2. xi. 2004, 1 male; Nan Prov., Ban Na Lae nr. Pua, over a rocky forest brook, No. 19, 5. xi. 2004, 1 male; Nan Prov., Mae Charim waterfall, over and along rivulet, No. 25, 7. – 8. xi. 2004, 1 male; Trang Prov., Khao Chong Botanic Garden, rainforest, No. 43, 22. xi. 2004, 1 male, all L. Papp & M. Földvári leg. (HNHM); Chiang Mai Prov. / 24, Mae Hia, 19.05.41 N / 98.56.11 E, 350 m, 25. xii. 2003, 2 males 2 females, P. Schwedinger leg.; Chiang Mai Prov., 4.5 km N Pai, 19.40 N / 98.44 E, 570 m, 23. x. 2000, 1 female, B. Merz leg.; Uttaradit Pr., Nam Pat Dist., Phu Soay Dao N. P., 17.42 N / 100.57 E, 750 m, evergreen forest, 23. xii. 2005, 1 female, P. Schwedinger leg. (MHNG). USA: Hawaii Is.: Oahu I., no locality, light trap, vi. 1958, 1 male, J. Rodgers & E. J. Ford, jr. leg.; Oahu I., Kunia, light trap, 18. viii. 1945, 1 male,? leg.; Oahu I., Palolo Valley, light trap, 12. ii. 1946, 2 males, Wirth leg.; Oahu I., Hickam Field, light trap, i. 1946, 1 male,? leg.; Oahu I., Ewa, light trap, ix. 1945, 1 female, MCAS leg., same, ii. 1946, 1 female, W. W. Wirth leg., same, xi. 1955, 1 male, J. W. Beardsley leg., same, viii. 1958, 1 male, D. E. Hardy leg.; Oahu I., Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii, light trap, iv. 1960, 1 male, H. Toba leg.; Oahu I., Honolulu, at light, i. 1951, 1 female, v. 1951, 1 male 1 female, x. 1951, 1 male, xi. 1955, 1 female, all D. E. Hardy leg., same, at light, ii. 1945, 2 females,? leg.; Oahu, Honolulu, T. H., 6. x. 1951, 1 male, 7. x. 1951, 2 females, same, at light, x. 1950, 6 males 4 females, all J. Beardsley leg., same, 12. xi. 1929, 1 female, Mangelsdorf leg.; Oahu I., Wahiawa, light trap, 28. iii. 1966, 1 male, Public Health Dept. leg.; Oahu I., Kanuku, light trap, 28. iii. 1966, 1 female, Public Health Dept. leg.; Oahu I., Lanaki, on window, xii. 1950, 1 male, D. Fullaway leg.; Oahu I., Pupukea, 4. ii. 1964, 1 female, D. Gubler leg., same, banana thicket, vii. 1958, 1 female, D. E. Hardy leg.; Oahu I., Waipio, light trap, 24. i. 1946, 3 females, Denison leg.; Hawaii I., Hilo, light trap, xi. 1945, 1 female,? leg.; Hawaii I., Kohala, 26. xii. 1950, 1 male, H. Higa leg.; Hawaii I., Wapio Valley, light, i. 1956, 1 male, J. Beardsley leg. (all USNM). Most specimens with genit. prep. Description – Male. Total body length 1.63 – 2.38 mm. Body bicolourous, brown and yellow. Head somewhat higher than long. Occiput brown to ochreous-brown, usually paler medially and around bases of vte and vti, with a pair of small silvery grey microtomentose spots medially above foramen. Frontal triangle reaching to anterior third of frons, with very narrowed anterior corner, largely bare and shiny, including ocellar triangle. Frons brown with yellow anterior third; stripes between frontal triangle and orbits distinctly darker brown than other parts of frons, greyish microtomentose and dull. Orbit bicolourous, its anterior third yellow and dull, posterior two-thirds brown and more shining. Face yellow to pale ochreous; parafacialia and gena whitish yellow to almost white, with silvery white microtomentum; also postgena pale yellow, contrasting with brown occiput. Mouthparts yellowish orange including palpus. Cephalic chaetotaxy: pvt small but distinct and strongly crossed; vti about two-thirds of length of vte, the latter longest of cephalic setae; oc about as long as vti; 2 long ors, posterior as long as vte or slightly shorter, anterior distinctly shorter but always longer than oc; 2 (rarely only 1) microsetulae in front of anterior ors, anterior orbital microsetula only half length of posterior one; usually 2 pairs of microsetulae medially in front of frontal triangle; 1 long vi and 1 subvibrissa about two-thirds to three-fourths of vi; peristomal setulae distinct, longer anteriorly, shorter posteriorly; postocular setulae very minute; palpus with usual subapical seta. Eye very convex, with longest diameter 1.5 times as long as shortest one. Gena anteriorly very narrow; its smallest height 0.07 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna yellow to yellowish ochreous, more or less darkened on outer dorsal side of pedicel and around base of arista. Arista 1.9 times as long as antenna, long-pectinate. Thorax narrower than head, bicolourous, brown and yellow. Mesonotum including scutellum brown, more rarely with a pair of pale ochreous spots medially just behind neck. Humeral and notopleural areas yellow or orange yellow; pleural part of thorax with brown dorsal band extending from propleuron to haltere and sharply delimited from pale yellow to whitish yellow ventral portion of pleura. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 very small and fine prs; 2 dc, posterior very long (about as long as apical sc), anterior short and weak, less than one-third of posterior dc; ac microsetae in 4 rows on suture, in 2 rows between posterior dc; 2 sc, apical long and strong, laterobasal as long as or shorter than anterior dc; 1 ppl, reduced to fine microsetula; 2 stpl, posterior longer; a few additional setae on ventral part of sternopleuron and also some hair-like setulae close to stpl macrosetae. Scutellum rounded triangular with slightly convex dorsal surface. Legs completely yellow to pale yellow. Pedal chaetotaxy: f 1 with posterodorsal and posteroventral row of longer setae, those posteroventral particularly long (3 – 4 middle longest); f 2 without peculiarities and t 2 with usual ventroapical seta; f 3 with long posteroventral row of setae, 7 – 8 of them in distal third shortened and thickened. Wing (Fig. 169) with simplified pattern, thus with only preapical spot brownish, rest of wing membrane almost unicolourous. R 4 + 5 and M subparallel, very slightly convergent apically; r-m situated near middle of discal (dm) cell. Wing measurements: length 1.62 – 2.30 mm; width 0.43 – 0.66 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.12 – 2.40, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.18 – 3.78. Haltere with ochreous stem and brown knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga large, with short and relatively thick setae, brown to dark brown but T 4 with small, T 5 with larger yellow or pale ochreous anterolateral spot on each side. T 6 weakly sclerotized, short, bare and very pale. Preabdominal sterna small and narrow, finely setose, pale ochreous and becoming somewhat wider posteriorly; S 3 - S 4 slightly longer than broad; S 5 the largest, as long as broad. S 6 - S 8 brown, dorsolaterally fused; S 6 ventrally shortened, transversely band-like; S 7 almost twice longer than S 6, somewhat rectangular; both S 6 and S 7 with anterior darkened marginal ledge-like stripe (thicker in S 6) and each usually with 2 microsetae; S 8 relatively long, similarly setose to T 5. Genitalia. Epandrium hemispherical, medium-long (Figs 99 – 100), moderately setose, with 1 dorsomedial and / or also 1 dorsolateral pair of longer setae; anal opening large, rounded substriangular (Fig. 99). Cercus long, projecting ventrally, almost as long as gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 99) comparatively high and wide. Gonostylus (Fig. 99 – 100, 103) small, suboblong, with tapered but rounded apex; most of its outer side with dense micropubescence, only anterior margin bare; inner side of gonostylus with longer setae, particularly in apical half. Hypandrium (Fig. 104) moderate, with weak unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 101) simple, slender, with nearly straight ventral margin; caudal process represented by a pair of dorsally separate and weak sclerites each of which has small lateral projection. Pregonite (Fig. 104) very low, fused with hypandrium, incurved and only posteriorly slightly ventrally projecting, with only 3 – 4 setae, 1 of them longer. Postgonite (Fig. 104) slightly sinuous, proximally slender, widened in the middle, apically tapered but not acute, with a few sensillae on outer side; basal sclerite attached to postgonite robust, finely dotted and provided with some small teeth posteroventrally. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus attached to base of phallapodeme (Fig. 102) not darkened dorsally, provided with large flat polygonal tubercles; connecting sclerite very slender, long, pale-pigmented. Basal membrane densely spinulose, particularly ventrally (Figs 101, 104). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 102) with moderate phallapodeme, having bifurcate base and short apex with short lateral projections. Aedeagus with short frame-like phallophore and large distiphallus. Base of distiphallus bare. Saccus of distiphallus large, membranous except for base and provided with rich thorn-like spines dorsally, laterally as well as preapically; fine spinulae are only close to sclerotized base of saccus. Filum of distiphallus formed by 2 dark stripe-like twisted sclerites which are closely affixed except for proximal and distal end and terminate in tapered apex. Ejacapodeme small, with very slender projection. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 1.86 – 2.66 mm. f 3 posteroventrally simply finely setulose, lacking shortened setae. Wing measurements: length 1.84 – 2.70 mm, width 0.53 – 0.78 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.00 – 2.39, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.27 – 3.54. Abdomen with preabdominal terga shorter, more transverse. T 1 and T 2 completely dark brown, T 3 - T 6 with pale yellow anterolateral spot on each side; spots on T 3 smallest, on T 5 largest (extended over more than basal third of sclerite). Preabdominal sterna smaller and narrower than in male, pale ochreous-yellow; S 4 and S 5 subequal and as broad as S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 105 – 106). T 6 large, markedly broader than T 7, densely shortly setose, brown with pale yellow anterolateral spots which are medially connected by transverse stripe. S 6 whitish yellow, distinctly narrower than T 7, with fine setae. T 7 narrow, dark brown, anteriorly shallowly emarginate and posterior margin narrowly pale, with dense short setae in posterior half. S 7 with unpigmented central area, darkest anterolateral rounded corners and setose posterior pigmented part. T 8 paler than T 7, plate-shaped, with strongly rounded posterior corners and thin dense setae in posterior half. S 8 dark, distinctly narrower than T 8, finely densely setulose, posteromedially slightly bulging, with narrow mediodorsal incision as usual. T 10 small and relatively short, dark and bare except for small posteromedial microtomentose area, and with a pair of longer setae. S 10 also dark but wider than T 10, micropubescent, with setulae at posterior margin. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber very weak, unpigmented and hardly visible; its vaginal part provided with short thorn-like spines near genital opening (Fig. 109). Ventral receptacle (Fig. 108) membranous, formed by strangled pouch and vermicular, ventrally directed, terminal projection. Spermathecae shortly pear-shaped (Fig. 107), narrowed at duct insertion, with dense curved spines inserted on basal half of spermatheca; duct cervix developed but short. Cerci (Fig. 105) moderate, with short setae. Discussion – This widespread species differs from the majority of members of the A. nigrinotum group in having an usually paler occiput and spots around the bases of vte and vti setae and a relatively longer anterior dc seta. However, it can be identified with certainty only by the shape of the male gonostylus, the peculiar caudal process of the transandrium with lateral projections, the large basal sclerite of the postgonite, the saccus of the distiphallus with thorn-like spines, the characteristic female S 7 and the pyriform spermathecae. It forms together with A. curtistylus sp. n., A. pappi sp. n., A. sp. n. (b), A. geniculatus DE MEIJERE, A. sp. n. (c) and A. abnormis sp. n. the A. nigrinotum subgroup characterized by the strongly spinose armature of the saccus of the distiphallus (see Fig. 175). However, inasmuch as the male genitalia are unknown in A. sp. n. (b), A. geniculatus DE MEIJERE and A. sp. n. (c), this character is only assumed to be present in these species. Despite this fact these species are considered the closest relatives of A. nigrinotum SUEYOSHI et ROHÁČEK together forming a cluster supported by the distinct synapomorphic character 24 (spermathecae pyriform with robust spines – see Fig. 175). Biology – SUEYOSHI and ROHÁČEK (2003) recorded adults collected in III – V and VIII – XII. No other biological data have been available. The new material examined yielded data about the occurrence of the species in herbaceous vegetation of a creek valley grazed by buffaloes (over 150 specimens), at brooks and rivers in various forests and in light traps (numerous specimens from Hawaii and Thailand). Adults were found in I – XII. Distribution – Hitherto, A. nigrinotum has only been known from Seychelles (ROHÁČEK 2004), Indonesia (Java – SUEYOSHI & ROHÁČEK 2003), Japan (Izu, Ogasawara, Ryukyu Is. – SUEYOSHI & ROHÁČEK 2003, ROHÁČEK 2006) and Hawaii (Oahu I., Kauai I., Molokai I., Hawaii I. – HARDY & DELFINADO 1980, sub A. thomasseti, SUEYOSHI & ROHÁČEK 2003). However, it was originally an Oriental species which (probably recently) has expanded its distribution into the eastern Afrotropical, northern Australasian, eastern Palaearctic and Oceanian Regions. There are new records from India (Assam), Thailand, Taiwan, Japan (Okinawa), Philippines (Mindanao), Indonesia (Flores, Sulawesi) and Australia (Queensland).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF978C069B43B231FB28F8DC.taxon	description	(Figs 110 – 116) Type material: REPUBLIC OF PALAU: Palau Is: Koror I., M – 6317, 31. v. 1957, 1 female, J. W. Beardsley leg. (USNM, in poor condition, some extremities including one wing lost, genit. prep.) Description – Male unknown. Female. Very similar to A. nigrinotum, differing as follows. Total body length 1.75 mm. Occiput uniformly brown, with a pair of medial silvery grey microtomentose spots above foramen. Frons as in A. nigrinotum but narrowed anterior corner of frontal triangle somewhat microtomentose and duller. Mouthparts yellowish (including palpus) and clypeus pale brown. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. nigrinotum but pvt smaller (apices not crossed), only 1 (posterior) microsetula in front of anterior ors and 1 pair of microsetulae medially in front of frontal triangle. Antenna with 1 st flagelomere lost but plausibly similar to that of A. nigrinotum. Thorax with colouring and chaetotaxy as in A. nigrinotum but anterior dc weaker and as long as laterobasal sc. Legs as in A. nigrinotum including their chaetotaxies. Wing with pattern and venation very similar to that of A. nigrinotum, with only preapical brownish spot. r-m situated slightly in front of middle of discal (dm) cell. Wing measurements: length 1.78 mm; width 0.54 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.33, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.89. Haltere as that of A. nigrinotum. Abdomen with preabdominal terga similarly coloured as those of A. nigrinotum, thus T 1 and T 2 uniformly dark brown, T 3 - T 6 with pale yellow anterolateral spot on each side; spots on T 3 smallest, on T 4 and T 5 largest. Preabdominal sterna pale ochreous-yellow as in A. nigrinotum but S 3 - S 5 becoming slightly wider posteriorly and, consequently, S 5 largest (as broad as S 6). Postabdomen (Figs 110, 113). T 6 large, broader than T 7, with short thick setae, brown with pale yellow semicircular anterolateral spots. S 6 pale yellow, narrower than T 7, slightly wider than long, with fine setae. T 7 dark brown but anteriorly and posteriorly pale-margined, setose in posterior half. S 7 with pattern and chaetotaxy distinctly different from those in A. nigrinotum, larger (almost as broad as S 6), with small darkened anterior laterally curved processes (Fig. 113), brown central part, and with long setae situated just behind the latter (posterior part of S 7 damaged so that its pigmentation and setosity not visible). T 8 very similar to that in A. nigrinotum. S 8 dark, only slightly narrower than T 8, posteromedially more projecting. T 10 resembling in shape but with wider microtomentose area. S 10 not wider than T 10, narrower, elongately pentagonal, projecting posteriorly. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber (Figs 114, 116) weak, pale-pigmented but formed by a long complex of sclerites (anteriorly widened) and a twisted, very fine and poorly visible annular sclerite (Fig. 116); vaginal part finely spinulose near genital opening. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 115) membranous, smooth on surface, with a finger-like, ventrally directed, terminal projection; receptacular duct distally dilated, finely granulose. Spermathecae shortly pyriform (Figs 111 – 112) as in A. nigrinotum but with less dense robust spines on basal half of spermatheca; duct cervix short. Cerci (Fig. 110) somewhat wider and shorter than in A. nigrinotum. Discussion – This species undoubtedly is very closely related to A. nigrinotum – a number of external and postabdominal characters of these two species are identical or highly similar. Although the majority of differences from female A. nigrinotum are small, the formation and armature of the postabdominal sclerites (S 6 - S 10 in particular) demonstrate that the Palau taxon is a distinct species, most probably endemic to the Palau archipelago. Biology – Unknown. The only female was colected in V. Distribution – Republic of Palau (Koror I.) tral view (micropubescence omitted). Scales: Figs 110, 113 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.05 mm	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF948C199B7AB5FDFB2DFA41.taxon	description	(Figs 117 – 123, 171)	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF948C199B7AB5FDFB2DFA41.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype female, labelled: “ E. Jacobson, Nongkodjadjar, JAVA Jan 1911 ” (printed), “ Amygdalops geniculata de Meijere, 1916, ZMAN type DIPT. 0043.2 ” (red label), “ LECTOTYPUS f, Amygdalops geniculatus de Meijere, 1916, J. Roháček des. 2006 ” (red label) (ZMAN, genit. prep., some legs missing, one wing and hind legs removed and preserved with genit. prep. in glycerine). Paralectotype female, labelled: “ Batavia, VIII. 07, Jacobson ” (handwritten), “ Amygdalops geniculata, det. de Meijere., type ” (partly handwritten, on black framed label), “ Amygdalops geniculata de Meijere, 1916, ZMAN type DIPT. 0043.1 ” (red label) and “ PARA- LECTOTYPUS f, Amygdalops geniculatus de Meijere, 1916, J. Roháček des. 2006 ” (yellow label) (ZMAN, genit. prep.). Note: A third female specimen from Java in ZMAN, identified as A. geniculata by DE MEIJERE, but obviously not a member of the type series (because it is not mentioned in the original description and was probably identified and added subsequently), belongs to A. nigrinotum and was designated as a paratype of the latter species by SUEYOSHI and ROHÁČEK (2003) – see also under A. nigrinotum. Description – Male unknown. Female. Total body length 2.14 – 2.70 mm. Similar to A. nigrinotum but larger and darker. Head about as high as long. Occiput dark brown, sometimes paler brown around bases of vte. Orbit with anterior third yellow and microtomentose (besides shiny spots around bases of ors), rest brown and shining. Face yellow with ochreous medial and marginal stripes. Mouthparts dorsally (including palpus) brown, strikingly contrasting with orange-yellow proboscis. Cephalic chaetotaxy: vti about two-thirds of length of vte; anterior ors distinctly shorter than posterior, only as long as oc but thicker; 5 peristomal setulae. Eye with longest diameter 1.4 times as long as shortest one. Genal smallest height 0.05 – 0.06 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna dark yellow to orange, partly darkened on pedicel and around base of arista. Thorax as in A. nigrinotum but darker brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy: hu and npl setae relatively long; anterior dc reduced, slightly longer and thicker than dc microsetae; ac microsetae in 4 to 6 (in lectotype) rows on suture, in 2 – 4 rows between posterior dc; laterobasal sc small but markedly longer than anterior dc. Legs bicolourous, yellow to pale yellow, but all femora brown to dark brown (paler in f 1) in distal third to two-fifths (except for knees, see Fig. 123) and also t 2 and t 3 proximally somewhat darkened (ochreous-brown). f 1 with rather long setae in posteroventral row; f 3 uniformly finely setulose. Wing (Fig. 171) with pattern and venation of A. thomasseti type, thus with preapical brown spot, darkened also between R 4 + 5 and M, and with pale area between C and R 4 + 5. R 4 + 5 very slightly sinuate apically, M amost straight; r-m situated in front of middle of discal (dm) cell; terminal section of CuA 1 relatively long, 2.5 times as long as dm-cu. Wing measurements: length 2.00 – 2.68 mm; width 0.71 – 0.85 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.89 – 1.94, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.06 – 3.36. Haltere with ochreous to pale brown stem and dark brown knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga uniformly dark brown coloured and shortly setose. Preabdominal sterna small and very narrow, distinctly brown (but paler than terga), all longer than broad (S 4 most markedly) and becoming somewhat wider posteriorly, S 5 the widest but still slightly longer than broad and narrower than S 6. 117, 119 = 0.05 mm, Figs 121 – 122 = 0.1 mm, others = 0.2 mm Postabdomen (Figs 118, 120). T 6 large, broader than T 7, densely shortly setose in posterior three-fourths, largely brown, only posterior marginal stripe yellow and small anterolateral spots paler brown. S 6 pale brown with posterior unpigmented marginal area, hardly narrower than T 7. T 7 dark brown, posteriorly with paler marginal stripe, anteriorly shallowly emarginate, on ventral side embedding spiracles and with small marginal emargination near them. S 7 relatively small, markedly shorter than T 7, brown except for pale posterior marginal area, with lighter anterior third provided medially with a pair of blackish convergent stripes (small area between them pale-pigmented) and with darker middle part finely setose and distinctly microtomentose. T 8 brown, plate-shaped, with small anteromedial unpigmented subtriangular area (Fig. 118). S 8 dark (particularly posteriorly), small, only as wide as S 7, shortly setulose, with only posterolateral seta longer. T 10 small and short, dark and bare laterally, pale-pigmented and microtomentose medially, with a pair of longer setae in central part. S 10 pale brown, distinctly larger than T 10, micropubescent except for anterior marginal area (see also Fig. 121). Internal sclerotization of genital chamber formed by 2 pairs of coalesced sclerites (medial pair narrow, lateral pair broad, wider anteriorly) and of twisted and thin annular sclerite (secondarily prolonged due to condition of postabdomen in the lectotype – see Figs 121 – 122); vaginal part densely spinulose (Fig. 122). Ventral receptacle (Fig. 119) simple, membranous, smooth, proximally broader, distally gradually tapered and curved ventrally to form digitiform projection. Spermathecae distinctly pyriform (Fig. 117), narrowed at duct insertion, with dense curved but blunt spines inserted on narrowed part of spermatheca; duct cervix weakly developed and pale-pigmented. Cerci (Fig. 118) moderately long but rather robust, with a number of short setae and apical seta reduced to a small spine (Fig. 121). Discussion – A. geniculatus DE MEIJERE belongs together with its closest relative A. sp. n. (c) to the A. nigrinotum subgroup. With its sister-species it shares not only a brown distal annulus on the femora (this colouring is otherwise also known in A. bisinus sp. n.) but the chiefly similarly formed and pigmented female S 7 and the cerci with a short apical spine. Unfortunately, males of both these species remain unknown, so that their affinities to other relatives cannot be tested more rigourously. The differences between A. geniculatus and A. sp. n. (c) are given in the description and discussion of the latter species below. Biology – The two type females were captured in I and VIII. Distribution – Only known from type specimens from Indonesia (Java).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF8A8C1B9B42B192FC7BFAF2.taxon	description	(Figs 124 – 128, 172) Material examimed: MALAYSIA: Sabah: Kinabalu National Park, Poring, 570 m, 8. ix. 1983, 1 female; Sabah: 1 km S Kundasang, 1530 m, Malaise trap, 24. viii. 1983, 1 female, all G. F. Hevel & W. E. Steiner leg. (USNM, genit. prep.) Description – Male unknown. Female. Closely resembling A. geniculatus but differing as follows. Darker and larger, total body length 2.81 – 2.94 mm. Occiput blackish brown, with some greyish microtomentum, particularly medially. Frons less shining because frontal triangle also somewhat greyish microtomentose (only ocellar triangle bare in the middle). Anterior fourth to third of frons darker ochreous. Marginal stripes of face, parafacialia and gena pale brown. Mouthparts with dorsal part and palpus brown as in A. geniculatus but proboscis proximally pale ochreous-brown, only distally yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. geniculatus, subvibrissa somewhat weaker and palpus with a distinct ventral seta in the middle, in addition to a series of shorter ventral setulae proximally to it and 1 usual subapical seta. Eye convex, with longest diameter only 1.3 times as long as shortest one. Arista about 2.0 times as long as antenna. Thoracic chaetotaxy and colouring as in A. geniculatus, the latter somewhat darker, particularly as regards the pale notopleural area and ventral part of pleuron. Legs similarly bicolourous as in A. geniculatus but all pale parts darker yellow and last segment of hind tarsus distinctly brownish darkened. Wing (Fig. 172) pattern similar to that of A. geniculatus but yet darker and preapical spot larger. Discal (dm) cell narrower. Wing measurements: length 2.78 – 2.84 mm; width 0.79 – 0.82 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.92 – 1.93, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.84 – 3.90. Haltere with brown stem and blackish brown knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga dark brown as in A. geniculatus but T 4 - T 5 (and also T 6) with whitish yellow shortly lunette-shaped anterolateral spots. Preabdominal sterna also similar but less narrow (S 5 as long as broad) and distinctly lighter coloured than those of A. geniculatus. Postabdomen (Fig. 124) very similar to that of A. geniculatus. T 6 with small anterolateral spots more distinct, whitish yellow. S 6 slightly wider, with larger posterior unpigmented marginal area, less densely setose than in A. geniculatus. T 7 yet narrower than in A. geniculatus, with 7 th spiracle inside its anteroventral (simple) margin. S 7 larger than that of A. geniculatus, with similar pattern, only anteriorly with somewhat different medial structure formed by a pair of blackish sickle-shaped markings and unpigmented area between them. T 8 uniformly darker brown, more transverse. S 8 similar to that of A. geniculatus. T 10 similar in shape but darker pigmented laterally as well as anteriorly. S 10 markedly narrower and more acute posteriorly than that of A. geniculatus. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber with 2 pairs of fused sclerites (medial pair narrow, dark, bent and provided with several posterodorsal tubercles (Fig. 127) in contrast to that of A. geniculatus); annular sclerite slen- der and twisted and vaginal part densely spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 128) also similar to that of A. geniculatus but its proximal part shorter. Accessory gland granulose, on a slender petiole arising from a distally dilated and ringed duct (Fig. 128). Spermathecae very shortly pyriform or rather subspherical (Fig. 125 – 126), larger than those of A. geniculatus and with more robust blunt spines; duct cervix small and weakly sclerotized. Cerci (Fig. 124) distinctly longer and more slender than in A. geniculatus, shortly setose, with apical seta reduced to a small spine as in A. geniculatus. Discussion – This new species is very similar and closely allied to A. geniculatus DE MEIJERE but differs from the latter in having the terminal segment of the hind tarsus brownish, the female T 4 - T 6 with whitish yellow anterolateral spots, the S 7 larger, the spermathecae very shortly pyriform and the cerci longer and more slender. It is left unnamed because only females are known. Biology – Only two females were caught by means of Malaise traps, in VIII – IX. Distribution – Malaysia (Sabah = N Borneo).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF888C1F9B00B1CFFCB1F9B2.taxon	description	(Figs 129 – 143, 170) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: “ SRI LANKA: Bad. Dist., Ela, black light, 25 November 1976 ”, “ Collectors: G. F. Hevel, R. E. Dietz IV, PB & S Karunaratne, D. W. Balasooriya ” (USNM, genit. prep.). Paratypes: SRI LANKA: Kan. Dist., Udawattakele, 1800 ft, black light, 19. xi. 1976, 1 female, G. F. Hevel, R. E. Dietz IV, S. Karunaratne & D. W. Balasooriya leg. (USNM, genit. prep.). INDIA: Mysore, Bangalore, viii. 1957, 1 female, N. L. H. Kraus leg. (USNM, in poor condition, genit. prep.). Etymology: The species is named “ abnormis ” owing to the abnormally modified filum of distiphallus. Description – Male. Total body length 2.42 mm. Externally similar to A. nigrinotum but differing as follows. Occiput brown, slightly paler medially, sparsely greyish microtomentose. Frontal triangle very narrow. Frons with ochreous to yellow anterior third; stripes between frontal triangle and orbits narrow, silvery grey microtomentose and dull. Orbit with anterior third pale brown to yellow and largely dull (shining around base of anterior ors), rest dark brown and shining. Face ochreous-yellow; parafacialia and gena narrowly ochreous margined. Mouthparts as in A. nigrinotum but clypeus pale brown. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. nigrinotum but vi relatively weak (as long as oc but thinner) and subvibrissa about two-thirds of vi; peristomal setulae (8 – 9) smaller. Eye subovoid as in A. nigrinotum. Genal smallest height 0.08 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna yellow to light yellow, somewhat darker around base of arista. Arista 2.0 times as long as antenna. Thorax slightly narrower than head. Mesonotum including scutellum uniformly dark brown. Humeral callus dorsally partly yellowish ochreous, otherwise pale brown to brown as also is notopleural area. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; 2 dc, anterior only twice longer than dc microsetae; 2 sc, apical long and strong (lost in holotype, length deduced from that of female paratype), laterobasal weak but longer than anterior dc. Legs dark yellow, with light yellow coxae and trochanters; mid and hind femora and tibiae somewhat darkened in pre / post-genual third. Pedal chaetotay as in A. nigrinotum; both hind legs missing in male holotype but f 3 supposedly with some shortened and thickened setae in distal part of posteroventral row of setae. Wing (Fig. 170) with pattern and venation similar to those of A. nigrinotum but pale area in front of preapical spot more distinct. R 4 + 5 slightly sinuate apically; r-m situated slightly in front of middle of discal (dm) cell. Wing measurements: length 2.26 mm; width 0.61 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 2.17, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.23. Haltere brown with darker knob. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga large, dark brown, T 4 with very small (poorly visible), T 5 with large pale ochreous anterolateral spot. Preabdominal sterna small but larger than in most relatives, S 2 - S 4 as long as broad but S 2 smaller than S 3 or S 4. S 5 distinctly broader, large, 1.5 times as broad as long. S 6 - S 8 dark brown. S 6 and S 7 similarly formed as in A. nigrinotum but each carrying 2 distinct setae being as long as those on T 5 or S 8. Genitalia. Epandrium hemispherical, relatively long (Figs 129 – 130), with dense and thick setae, 1 dorsomedial and 1 ventrocaudal longest; anal opening dorsally subcordate, ventrally widened (Fig. 129). Cercus as long as gonostylus, bare anteriorly and laterally, setose and micropubescent posteriorly. Medandrium (Fig. 129) comparatively small and narrow dorsally. Gonostylus (Figs 129, 133) rather small, subtriangular, with tapered but apically rounded tip; micropubescence restricted to posterodorsal part of outer side; inner side of gonostylus with relatively short setae. Hypandrium (Fig. 132) rather robust but not broad and pale-pigmented, with weak internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 131) simple, with concave ventral margin; caudal process single, flat, arising from this concavity, weakly sclerotized and finely granulose. Pregonite (Fig. 132) very low, fused with hypandrium, incurved, not projecting ventrally, with only 6 setae. Postgonite (Fig. 132) small, slightly bent, proximally darker, distally lighter, tapered and acutely pointed, with 1 microseta in proximal third; basal sclerite attached to postgonite well-developed, slightly smaller than postgonite (Fig. 132). Aedeagal part of folding apparatus (Fig. 135) somewhat darkened dorsally, externally provided with flat polygonal tubercles; connecting sclerite slender proximally, dilated and finely tuberculate distally. Basal membrane armed by flattened spines, particularly posteroventrally (Figs 131, 132). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 135) with rather robust phallapodeme, having shortly forked base and apex with short lateral projections. Aedeagus with short frame-like phallophore and very large distiphallus. Distiphallus peculiarly modified. Base of distiphallus almost bare. Saccus of distiphallus long, curved, except for basal and ventral sclerites membranous and provided with about 5 thorn-like spines in the middle, a series of short spines on apex and a number of scattered spinulae adherent to surface. Filum of distiphallus unusual, formed by single compact sclerite being expanded in mm, others = 0.05 mm a flat crooked process in the middle and terminating in very tapered apex (Figs 134, 135). Ejacapodeme small, with a thicker digitiform projection. Female. Similar to A. nigrinotum unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.34 – 2.50 mm. Wing measurements: length 2.38 – 2.46 mm, width 0.65 – 0.73 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.90 – 2.00, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.53. Abdomen with T 1 - T 3 completely dark brown; T 4 - T 6 with distinct pale yellowish anterolateral spot on each side; spots on T 4 and T 6 smaller than those on T 5. Preabdominal sterna S 3 - S 4 longer than broad; S 5 as long as broad and distinctly wider than S 4 but narrower than (postabdominal) S 6. Postabdomen (Figs 137 – 138). T 6 somewhat wider but not longer than T 7, slightly tapered posteriorly, with numerous dense short and thick setae, dark brown with pale ochreous anterolateral spots and anterior margin. S 6 largest sternum, as wide as T 7, pale yellow and finely setose. T 7 blackish brown with paler brown anterior marginal area, posteriorly emarginate, ventrolaterally embedding 7 th spiracles (see Fig. 138). S 7 large, unusually broad, with characteristic lateral blackish spots in the middle and fine setae restricted to posterior half. T 8 brown but paler than T 7, broad and transverse, with fine setae posteriorly, micropubescent except for bare lateral and posterior marginal areas. S 8 brown, very small in comparison with S 7 or T 8, finely setulose, with distinctive posteromedial bulge. T 10 very small, transverse, brownish, with striking transverse row of stronger microtomentum and a pair of longer posteromedial setae. S 10 rounded pentagonal, larger than T 10, brownish, micropubescent. Internal sclerotization of genital chamber not large, formed by two pairs of fused twisted pale brown sclerites (Figs 139, 143) being suddenly widened in front of S 8; annular sclerite fine, twisted, highly visible; vaginal area finely spinulose. There is also some secondary sclerotization near insertion of spermathecal and accesory gland ducts. Accessory gland (Fig. 142) formed by a bunch of microglobulae on a short, distally dilated duct. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 141) membranous, vesiculate, with smooth surface and a slender digitiform, ventrally directed terminal projection, set on short, proximally dilated, duct. Spermathecae spherical, relatively large (Figs 136, 140), each with small subconical spines in basal half; duct cervix of medium size. Cerci (Figs 137, 139) short and robust, dark brown, with relatively short fine setae. Discussion – This is the most peculiar species of the A. nigrinotum subgroup distinguished by the uniquely modified filum of the distiphallus (original ribbon-shaped sclerites fused to form single compact sclerite with lobe-like processes – see Fig. 134). Otherwise it can be separated from related and similarly coloured species by the darker humeral and notopleural areas (only dorsal side of humeral callus yellowish), the distinct setae on the male S 6 and S 7, the shape of the gonostylus (resembling somewhat that of A. simplicior ROHÁČEK, 2004 or A. thomasseti LAMB, 1914 – see ROHÁČEK 2004: Figs 39, 47), the female S 7 large with blackish lateral spots, the S 8 small and the cerci short and robust. Biology – Two of the three type specimens were caught in light traps (on black light). Occurrence dates: VIII, XI. Distribution – Sri Lanka, southern India.	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF838C129B46B5F2FBFEFAF1.taxon	description	(Figs 144 – 148, 173) Material examined: POHNPEI (= formerly Ponape): SE. Nanponmal, 70 m, 12. i. 1953, 1 female, J. L. Gressitt leg. (USNM, in very poor condition, damaged, wings and some legs broken and preserved in coalesced plastic tube with glycerine pinned below specimen, genit. prep.). Description – Male unknown. Female. Resembling A. stenopteryx sp. n. in some external features, e. g. flattened head and wing pattern. Total body length 2.58 mm. Body bicolourous, brown and yellow. Head about 1.3 times as long as high, quadrangular in profile and dorsally somewhat flattened. Occiput brown, with pale brown areas behind eyes and insertion of pvt, vti and vte setae, with sparsely grey microtomentose medial spots above foramen. Frontal triangle reaching to anterior two-fifths of frons, with narrowed anterior corner, bare and polished, including ocellar triangle. Frons paler than in most relatives, brown with ochreous-brown to ochreous-yellow anterior half; stripes between frontal triangle and orbits depressed, meeting medially in front of frontal triangle and reaching to ptilinal suture, darker brown and dull due greyish microtomentum. Orbit pale brown to ochreous-yellow (paler in anterior half and around vte and ors bases), largely shiny. Face ochreous-brown; parafacialia, gena and postgena whitish yellow to almost white, with silvery white microtomentum, narrowly brown margined. Mouthparts with clypeus dark brown; palpus reduced (? broken), very slender and yellow; proboscis also small, orange-brown. Cephalic chaetotaxy: pvt small, convergent but apices not meeting; vti weak, slightly more than two-thirds of length of vte, the latter (probably) longest of cephalic setae; oc weak, shorter and thinner than vti; 2 strong ors, posterior missing on both sides (so not measurable), anterior distinctly longer than vti but smaller than vte; 2 microsetulae in front of anterior ors, anterior hardly discernible but posterior unusually long (almost as long as subvibrissa); only 1 pair of microsetulae medially in front of frontal triangle visible; 1 vi very weak (somewhat shorter than oc) and 1 subvibrissa, only slightly shorter than vi; peristomal setulae not observed (reduced or lost). Eye very convex, of elongately ovoid shape, with longest diameter almost 1.7 times as long as shortest one. Gena anteriorly very narrow; its smallest height 0.05 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna relatively dark; pedicel brown with only distal part of inner side orange; 1 st flagellomere also largely brown, only ventroapical part yellowish orange. Arista of unknown length (partly or completely broken off on antennae), long-pectinate, particularly dorsally. Thorax markedly narrower than broad head. Mesonotum dark brown posteriorly but becoming lighter in anterior third and its anterior sixth yellowish ochreous; scutellum uniformly dark brown. Humeral callus ochreous-yellow but notopleural area pale brown; pleural part of thorax with usual brown dorsal band somewhat narrower than in relatives (incl. A. stenopteryx); ventral portion of pleura yellow to orange-ochreous. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 prs, reduced to microseta; 2 dc, posterior lost, not measurable (probably long), anterior reduced, less than three times as long as dc microsetae; ac microsetae in 6 irregular rows on suture; 2 sc, apical very long but rather fine, laterobasal weak, as long as anterior dc; 2 stpl, posterior lost but surely longer and thicker than anterior; a few additional paler setae on sternopleuron ventral to stpl. Legs dark orange-yellow, coxae and trochanters paler, hind femur and tibia darkest. Pedal chaetotaxy probably without peculiarities, f 3 uniformly setulose. Wing (Fig. 173) rather short compared to body length; wing pattern somewhat resembling that of A. stenopteryx, with preapical brown spot extended proximally but covering only most of cell r 1. R 4 + 5 and M subparallel, distally somewhat convergent, the former very slightly sinuate; r-m situated near middle of dm cell; CuA 1 long, almost reaching wing margin. Wing measurements: length 2.06 mm; width 0.66 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.84, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.60. Halteres lost (undescribed). Abdomen with preabdominal terga broad, transverse and entirely dark brown. Preabdominal sterna small, narrow, very pale ochreous, becoming wider posteriorly; S 5 largest, as long as broad but markedly narrower and paler than darkened brown S 6 (see below). Postabdomen (Figs 144 – 145) relatively dark, largely brown. T 6 large, nearly twice broader than T 7, dark brown except for pale anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 144), with short and thick 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm setae (also in anterior half). S 6 broad, transverse, hardly wider than T 7, with brown middle part and pale to unpigmented anterior and posterior marginal areas. T 7 narrow but wider than long, dark brown with posterior margin pale-pigmented and with short setae laterally reaching to anterior third. S 7 (Fig. 145) brown (darker laterally), setose in posterior half, rounded trapezoid (tapered anteriorly), anteromedially with small pale-pigmented area and its anterolateral corners darkened and laterally projecting. Pleural membrane between S 7 and T 7 strikingly sclerotized and darkened, bare near S 7 but strikingly micropubescent along T 7 and anterolaterally with microsetulae modified to dark curved spinulae. T 8 small, brown, transversely oblong, sparsely finely setose. S 8 dark brown, finely setulose, with small posteromedial bulge. T 10 small, brown in anterior half, pale and microtomentose in posterior half and with a pair of unusually short medial setae. S 10 wider than T 10, transversely oval, brown and micropubescent (Fig. 145). Internal sclerotization of genital chamber with a complex of crooked sclerites, including a ventral one protruding (? always) behind 8 th segment (see Figs 145, 147); annular sclerite curved, small and narrow (Fig. 147) as in A. stenopteryx; vaginal area finely tuberculate rather than spinulose. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 146) hyaline, membranous, elongately pouch-shaped, simple and with curved terminal digitiform projection. Spermathecae broadly ovoid-subspherical (Fig. 148), with (not numerous) very short, blunt spines around duct insertion; duct cervix short. Cerci (Fig. 144) robust compared to T 10 but not long, brown, with short fine setae. Discussion – This distinctive new species somewhat resembles A. stenopteryx sp. n. in having the wing darkened (but more narrowly) along the anterior margin and the elongate, somewhat dorsally flattened head but can easily be recognized from it by its shorter head, bare orbit, enlarged microseta in front of anterior ors, the anterior sixth of the mesonotum yellowish ochreous, the wing broad with normal R 2 + 3 etc. (see also key). Also the female postabdominal features distinguish it distinctly (shape and pattern of S 6, S 7, internal sclerites, T 10 with short setae) from all known Amygdalops species. Despite its distinctiveness I did not name this new species because of the insufficient material (single damaged female). Biology – Unknown. The only specimen was found in I. Distribution – Probably endemic to Pohnpei (= Ponape).	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
A2710835FF818C689B34B1C2FC7AF8E3.taxon	description	(Figs 149 – 160, 174) Type material: Holotype male, labelled: „ THAILAND, Bangkok, Pratomvan, Aug. - Sept. 1962, J. Scanlon-light ” (USNM, intact). Paratypes: THAILAND: same data as for holotype, 7 males 7 females; Bangkok, Plukchit, at light, viii-ix. 1962, 1 male 2 females, J. Scanlon leg.; Bangkok, Thonglo, at light, viii-ix. 1962, 1 male, J. Scanlon leg.; Bangkok, Makasan Dist., at light, 11 – 12. v. 1959, 1 male, Manop leg. (USNM, 2 males 2 females with genit. prep.; 1 male 1 female in SMOC). Etymology – The species is named acccording to its strikingly narrowed wings. Description – Male. Total body length 2.22 – 2.65 mm. Body bicolourous, dorsally dark brown, ventrally whitish yellow. Head elongate, subtriangular in dorsal outline, about 1.5 times as long as high, rectangular in profile anteriorly, with frons distinctly projecting in front of eye. Occiput strongly concave, brown with some parts darker or paler pigmented, except lateral areas sparsely greyish microtomentose. Frons very narrow and long, brown, medially in front of ocellar triangle depressed. Frontal triangle narrow, reaching to anterior third of frons, with strongly tapered anterior corner; its sides margined by blackish brown, dull and densely grey microtomentose stripes. Ocellar triangle paler to reddish brown, bare and shiny. Orbit wide, largely shining brown, but with a narrow (anteriorly widened), strikingly silvery white microtomentose, lateromarginal stripe. Face ochreous, dull; parafacialia (very narrowed) and gena yellowish white, with silvery white microtomentum; also postgena light yellow. Mouthparts pale yellow, palpus usually darker. Cephalic chaetotaxy: pvt minute but with apices meeting or crossed; vti very slightly shorter than vte, the latter and / or posterior ors longest of cephalic setae; oc weak, only half length and thickness of vte; 2 strong ors, posterior sometimes longer than vte, anterior also robust, as long as vti; 1 short setula and 1 (sometimes absent) microsetula in front of anterior ors; 2 pairs of microsetulae medially in front of frontal triangle; 1 vi and 1 shorter (at most two-thirds of vi) subvibrissa, both relatively weak; peristomal setulae (6 – 7) small and fine; palpus with 1 subapical seta as long as subvibrissa and 1 shorter ventrobasal seta. Eye strongly convex, of rounded tetragonal outline, with longest diameter 1.7 times as long as shortest one. Genal smallest height 0.08 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna bicolourous, dark brown and whitish; scape, pedicel and dorsal (proximal) half to two-thirds of 1 st flagellomere dark brown, only apical half or third of 1 st flagellomere whitish and white ciliate on apex. Arista 1.6 – 1.7 times as long as antenna, long-pectinate, including 2 – 3 long rays ventrally. Thorax narrower than head, with dorsal half dark brown and ventral half whitish yellow. Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown. Humeral and notopleural areas paler brown to ochreous and with denser whitish grey microtomentum. Pleural part of thorax with dark brown dorsal half (extending down to dorsal apex of fore coxa) including also postscutellum; ventral half of pleura yellowish white. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 small prs, hardly discernible from thoracic microsetae; 2 dc, posterior about as long as apical sc, anterior weak, less than one-third of posterior dc; 2 sc, apical long and strong, laterobasal as long as anterior dc; 2 stpl, both rather strong but posterior longer; a few dark additional setulae on sternopleuron ventral to stpl. Scutellum rounded triangular, slightly convex dorsally. Legs pale to whitish yellow (coxae). f 1 with 2 (or 3) very long setae in posteroventral row. t 2 with ventroapical seta rather robust. f 3 with posteroventral row of 7 – 8 short, slightly thickened, setae. Wing (Fig. 174) extremely narrowed, with modified pattern: apical dark spot extended over anterior half of wing length covering large area between R 4 + 5 and C. R 2 + 3 running very closely to C (almost touching it in its middle) and ending far from apex. R 4 + 5 and M convergent both basally and (yet more) apically; discal (dm) cell very narrow and r-m situated near its middle. Basal (and also apical) end of wing narrowed; alula and anal lobe strongly reduced. CuA 1 and A 1 not reaching wing margin; A 1 very shortened. Wing measurements: length 2.10 – 2.54 mm; width 0.47 – 0.56 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 3.20 – 3.85, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.33 – 4.44. Haltere brown, knob often darker. Abdomen with all sclerites uniformly brown to dark brown. Preabdominal terga large, reaching far onto ventral side of abdomen. T 1 shorter and less setose than following terga (T 2 - T 5). T 6 non-sclerotized, short, pale and bare. Preabdominal sterna brown, elongate, very narrow (S 3 twice longer than wide) and finely setose, only S 1 short, bare, wider than long and paler than others. S 2 - S 5 becoming somewhat wider posteriorly, S 5 the largest, widened and shallowly emarginate posteriorly. S 6 short and transverse; S 7 1.5 times as long as S 6; both S 6 and S 7 with blackish brown anterior marginal stripe and each with 2 minute setulae. S 8 long, more than twice longer than S 7, shortly setose as are T 2 - T 5. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 150 – 151) moderate, not very wide but high and dorsally narrowed, with relatively short setae, only 1 dorsomedial pair long; anal opening small (Fig. 150). Cercus slender and about as long as gonostylus. Medandrium (Fig. 150) moderately sized, with protruding dorsolateral corners. Gonostylus (Figs 150 – 151, 153) unusually short, broad proximally, deagal complex, lateral view. Scales: Fig. 153 = 0.05 mm, others = 0.1 mm strongly narrowed distally, with subacute apex bent anteromedially (cf. Fig. 150); its outer side with rich and dense micropubescence (except for anterior and posterior margins); inner side of gonostylus with several setae. Hypandrium (Fig. 152) simple, slender, with small unpigmented internal lobes; transandrium (Fig. 149) with arched dorsal medial ledge, but with straight ventral margin; caudal process arising on inner side of transandrium (cf. Fig. 152), slender dorsally but formed by a pair of diverging pigmented stripes ventrally. Pregonite (Fig. 152) reduced, very low, incurved and hardly protruding ventrally, usually with 4 setae in one group. Postgonite (Fig. 152) slender, slightly sinuous, with pointed pale apex and 1 setula in proximal fourth to third of outer side; basal sclerite of postgonite small. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus (Fig. 154) narrowed and darkened dorsally, and externally provided with lenticular tubercles (larger ventrally). Connecting sclerite slender, long, sinuous; its membranous vicinity finely densely spinulose. Basal membrane with transverse short spines and with a small group of smaller spines posteromedially (Figs 149, 152). Aedeagal complex (Fig. 154) with robust phallapodeme, having widened, asymmetrical basal fork, robust but pale ventral fulcrum and longer apex with projecting corners. Phallophore short, dorsally with anterior process. Distiphallus voluminous, composed of largely membranous saccus and slender sclerotized filum. Saccus of distiphallus basally provided with slender ventral sclerites reaching to its middle, otherwise membranous and its armature formed by two types of spines – dense fine acute spines on apex and short drawing-pin like spines on anterodorsal surface. Filum of distiphallus (Fig. 154) long, curved, composed of 2 stripe-like closely attached sclerites (one darker and wider) terminating in slender membranous apex. Ejacapodeme not observed. Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.42 – 2.86 mm. f 3 posteroventrally lacking shortened setae. Wing measurements: length 2.34 – 2.78 mm, width 0.47 – 0.62 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 3.12 – 3.86, r-m \ dm-cu: dm-cu = 3.45 – 4.50. Abdomen. Preabdominal terga entirely dark brown, more transverse than in male, T 3 - T 5 the widest. Preabdominal sterna pale brown (S 1, S 2) to brown (S 3 - S 5); S 1 short as in male; not only S 2 - S 4 but also S 5 elongate and very narrow, the latter very slightly wider than S 4 (almost twice longer than wide) and markedly narrower than S 6 (largest abdominal sternum). Postabdomen (Figs 156 – 157) with all sclerites dark brown. T 6 large, longer and broader than T 7, dark brown except for pale posterior margin (Fig. 156), with short and thick setae. S 6 brown with paler posterior margin, slightly longer than wide, sparsely setose (posterior setae longest). T 7 narrow but wider than long, dark brown with posterior pale-pigmented margin. S 7 (Fig. 157) narrower than S 8, with distinctive pattern (anteromedially with small narrow unpigmented area, also its posterior part pale-pigmented) and with fine setae in posterior half. T 8 small, brown, transversely trapezoidal, with sparse setae including long ones in posterior corners. S 8 dark brown posteriorly and paler anteriorly, of usual shape but rather elongate. T 10 small, brown, finely microtomentose in posterior half around a pair of medial setae. S 10 wider and paler than T 10, micropubescent except for anterior margin (Fig. 158). Internal sclerotization of genital chamber with 2 pairs of sclerites, larger anterior on lateral sides of chamber (Fig. 159), smaller posterior being fused posteromedially (cf. Fig. 158) and with unusually small and narrow, bent in lateral view, annular sclerite (Fig. 158); vaginal area near genital opening simple. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 155) hyaline, membranous, elongately pouch-shaped with finely ringed base and ventrally directed terminal finger-like projection. Accessory gland hyaline, on ringed duct dilated distally. Spermathecae spherical (Fig. 160), with numerous short, blunt surface spines around duct insertion; duct cervix well developed, somewhat shorter than body of spermatheca. Cerci (Fig. 156) medium sized, brown, with rich but fine setae. Discussion – A. stenopteryx sp. n. is a peculiar species differing from all known congeners by the most elongate and dorsally flattened head and strikingly narrowed wings with modified venation and dark pattern (see Fig. 174). Two of these characters (11 C and 17 in Fig. 175) are shared with A. sp. n. (d) and are considered synapomorphic for these two species forming together the A. stenopteryx group. A. stenopteryx sp. n. is the more modified of this pair and differs from A. sp. n. (d) by the markedly narrow wing having a larger dark area, its orbit with a lateroothers = 0.05 mm datus, female (Taiwan), length 2.8 mm, 166 = A. curtisi sp. n., male paratype (Taiwan), length 2.3 mm marginal silvery stripe, its longer vti and preabdominal sterna elongate and brown, not to mention its distinctive male genitalia (dorsally narrowed epandrium, short gonostylus, armature of saccus of distiphallus) and its female postabdomen (elongate S 6, S 7 and S 8, small annular sclerite and distinctive internal sclerites). Interestingly, the anterior marginal dark area on the wing of both species of the A. stenopteryx group somewhat resembles those of Margdalops species (see ROHÁČEK & BARRACLOUGH 2003: Figs 66 – 71) but it surely evolved independently in these Amygdalops species by secondary expansion of the preapical dark spot into cells r 1 and (in A. stenopteryx sp. n.) r 2 + 3. Biology – All available specimens were collected at light, in V, VIII – IX. Distribution – Thailand. Lanka), length = 2.5 mm	en	ROHÁČEK J. (2008): Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 325-400, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
