identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A362A828FFAB7E09627FA0A2FE000BB1.text	A362A828FFAB7E09627FA0A2FE000BB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia batusangiensis Ardi & D. C. Thomas 2023	<div><p>1. Begonia batusangiensis Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas, sp. nov. § Petermannia</p> <p>Begonia batusangiensis has female flowers with 2 tepals, recurved pedicels, and a fusiform ovary with very narrow (up to 2 mm) wings, which distinguish it from all other species of Begonia sect. Petermannia with 2-tepaled female flowers (Table 1). – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Gunung Batusangia, 25 vi 2022, W. H. Ardi WI767 (holotype FIPIA; isotypes CEB, SING). Figures 1, 2A.</p> <p>Perennial, monoecious herb with basal stem appressed to the substrate, rooting at the nodes, and distally ascending. Stem erect, succulent, semi-woody, up to 1 cm in diameter, brown, glabrous, internodes (0.5–) 4.5–8 cm long, shorter in the most distal parts, younger stem reddish on upper part. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, 8–10 × 5 mm, elliptic,</p> <p>with an abaxially weakly prominent midrib from the middle part to the apex, apex apiculate, apicule up to 1 mm long, margin entire and revolute in mature stipules, reddish-greenish, glabrous; petioles 1.5–8 cm long, terrete, red or reddish-brownish, glabrous; lamina 4–7.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm, asymmetrical, succulent, ovate to elliptic, base cordate and lobes sometimes slightly overlapping, apex acuminate, margin serrate, adaxial surface green to reddish green, glabrous, abaxial surface reddish, with sparse hairs on the veins; primary veins 6</p> <p>or 7, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. Inflorescences: protogynous; female inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered, basal to male inflorescences, peduncles 1–10 mm long, pale green-reddish, glabrous, bracts caducous; male inflorescences cymose, a simple monochasium with up to 3 flowers or a dichasium with 5–9 flowers, peduncles 10–12 mm long, reddish, glabrous; bracts caducous, up to c.3 × 2 mm, ovate, pale green or creamy at base and reddish at the apex, midrib slightly prominent, apex apiculate, apicule up to</p> <p>0.5 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels 1–2.2 cm long, pinkish, glabrous; tepals 2, white or pink, 10–19 × 13–21 mm, broadly ovate, base slightly cordate, margin entire, apex rounded; androecium of 35–37 stamens, yellow, filaments up to c. 1.5 mm long, fused at the base for c. 1 mm, anthers up to 1 mm long, obovate, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits that are c.1/2 as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicels 7–9 mm long, reddish, glabrous, recurved; tepals 2, white or white tinged with pink, 14–16 × 15–17 mm, broadly ovate, margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (without wings) c.10 × 4 mm, fusiform, pale green to reddish green, wings 3, very narrow, up to 2 mm at the widest point (middle part), cuneate at the base and apex, style up to 5 mm long, basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruit: peduncle up to 10 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long, strongly recurved; seed-bearing part c.13–15 × 8–10 mm (excluding the wings), ellipsoid, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wings equal, base rounded to cuneate, apex cuneate, up to 2 mm at the widest point (middle part). Seeds barrel-shaped, c. 0.3 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution. Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, southeastern Sulawesi, Kabaena Island, Gunung Batusangia (Figure 3).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology. Crevices of a vertical limestone hill, open, at 950–1250 m elevation (see Figure 2A).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet refers to the Batusangia peak on Kabaena Island, southeastern Sulawesi, where the type material was collected.</p> <p>Proposed IUCN conservation category. CR B1 ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii). Begonia batusangiensis is known only from the type location on Gunung Batusangia, Kabaena Island, which is not in a legally protected area. The species is found restricted to limestone cliffs in the upper part of the mountain. Most of the vegetation of the lower part of the mountain has been converted to clove plantations, and there are substantial nickel-mining operations in the vicinity. Owing to its restricted distribution (a single location) and associated small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), in combination with observed anthropogenic disturbances that are negatively affecting the margins of the species’ habitats and are likely to result in further habitat loss in the future, we assess this species as Critically Endangered (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2022).</p> <p>Notes. Two-tepaled female flowers are rare in Begonia sect. Petermannia, and there are only four species known to show this character state, namely B. willemii Ardi et al. from Sulawesi, B. fairchildii Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas from the Moluccas, and B. brangbosangensis Girm. and B. lombokensis Girm. from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Girmansyah, 2016; Ardi et al., 2022). However, the new species can be easily distinguished from these species, as shown by the comparison in Table 1.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined. INDONESIA. Sulawesi: SOUThEASTErn SUlAWESI: Kabaena Island, Batusangia peak, 3 viii 1993, McDonald &amp; Ismail 4108 (A, BO, K, L); 24 vi 2022, W. H. Ardi WI764 (FIPIA); 29 xi 2022, Arman s.n. (FIPIA).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A362A828FFAB7E09627FA0A2FE000BB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Thomas, Daniel	Ardi, Wisnu H., Thomas, Daniel (2023): THREE NEW SPECIES OF BEGONIA FROM THE OUTER ISLANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN SULAWESI. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1980): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1980, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2023.1980
A362A828FFAF7E04627FA7EAFDA80B04.text	A362A828FFAF7E04627FA7EAFDA80B04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia kabaenensis D. C. Thomas & Ardi 2023	<div><p>2. Begonia kabaenensis D.C.Thomas &amp; Ardi, sp. nov. § Petermannia</p> <p>Similar to the sympatric species Begonia batusangiensis in having succulent, ovate to elliptic leaves, but B. kabaenensis can be distinguished by its paniculate-cymose male inflorescences (vs a simple monochasium or dichasium with few flowers), a shorter female flower pedicel (4–6 mm vs 7–9 mm long), female flowers with 5 tepals (vs 2-tepaled female flowers), well developed ovary wings with a rounded base and subtruncate apex and a subapical widest point up to 6 mm (vs narrow ovary wings with rounded to cuneate base and cuneate apex, widest point in the middle part up to 2 mm); and slightly recurved and shorter fruit pedicels up to 7 mm long (vs strongly recurved, 15–20 mm long). The broadly dentate-denticulate leaf lamina margin and the paniculate-cymose male inflorescence of Begonia kabaenensis are similar to those of B. imperfecta Irmsch.; however, the new species can be differentiated by being monoecious (vs dioecious) and having female flowers with 3 narrow equal wings (vs wingless) and dry, dehiscent capsules (vs fleshy and indehiscent fruit). – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Gunung Batusangia, 25 vi 2022, W.H. Ardi WI769 (holotype FIPIA; isotypes CEB, SING). Figure 4.</p> <p>Perennial, monoecious herb with erect stems, many-branched. Stem erect, soft-wooded at the base, up to 1 cm in diameter, brownish-reddish, glabrous except for microscopic glandular hairs, internodes 2–8 cm long. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, 16–20 ×</p> <p>8–10 mm, oblong, with an abaxially slightly prominent midrib, apex apiculate, apicule up to 1.5 mm long, margin entire and revolute in mature stipules, brownish, glabrous; petioles 2–14 cm long, terrete, reddish-brownish, glabrous; lamina 7.5–14 × 5–9 cm, asymmetrical, ovate, base cordate and lobes often overlapping, apex acuminate, margin broadly dentate and denticulate in between the larger teeth, adaxial surface green, glabrous, abaxial surface reddish, with sparse hairs on the veins; primary veins 6–8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. Inflorescences: protogynous; female inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered, basal to male inflorescences, peduncles (3–) 6–12 mm long, pale green, glabrous, bracts semi-persistent, 7 × 4–5 mm, ovate, pale green, translucent; male inflorescences paniculate-cymose (a compound thyrse), with up to 4 or 5 partial inflorescences, cymes monochasially branching with up to 7 flowers, peduncles of partial inflorescences up to 16 mm long, reddish green, glabrous; bracts caducous. Male flowers: pedicels 1–2.2 cm long, whitish, glabrous; tepals 2, white, 11–15 × 13–14 mm, suborbicular to broadly ovate, margin entire, apex rounded; androecium of c.45 stamens, yellow, filaments up to c. 1.5 mm long, anthers c. 1.2 mm long, obovate, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits that are c.1/2 as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicels 4–6 mm long, slightly recurved in flower stage, green, glabrous; tepals 5, white, subequal, 15–17 × 7–14 mm, elliptic to slightly obovate, margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (without wings) c.15 × 4 mm, narrowly obovoid to ellipsoid, pale green, wings 3, narrow, convex at base, apex subtruncate, up to 6 mm at the widest point (subapical), style up to 5 mm long, basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruit: peduncle up to 16 mm long; pedicels up to 7 mm long, greenish-reddish, glabrous, slightly recurved; seed-bearing part c.20 × 6 mm (excluding the wings), ellipsoid, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wing shape as for ovary, widest point subapically, up to 6 mm wide. Seeds unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Indonesia; endemic to Sulawesi, southeastern Sulawesi, Kabaena Island, Gunung Batusangia (see Figure 3).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology. Base of limestone cliffs, in full shade, at 1000–1250 m elevation.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet refers to the island of Kabaena, southeastern Sulawesi, where the type material was collected.</p> <p>Proposed IUCN conservation category. CR B1 ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii). Begonia kabaenensis is known from only two collections from the type location on Gunung Batusangia, Kabaena Island, which has no legal protection status. The species is restricted to the base of vertical walls at caves or shaded cliffs in the upper part of the mountain. It grows in rather inaccessible areas that are difficult to reach for humans, but there is substantial anthropogenic disturbance nearby negatively impacting the margins of the species’ habitat. Most of the lower parts of the mountain have been converted into clove plantations, and the surrounding areas include nickel-mining sites. Because of its very restricted distribution and associated small EOO and AOO, in combination with observed anthropogenic disturbances and likely future habitat loss, we asses this species as Critically Endangered (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2022).</p> <p>Notes. Limestone karst areas in Malesia harbour numerous species of Begonia, many of which are narrow endemics, and its microhabitats generally support a high floristic diversity (Clements et al., 2006). Kiew (1998) observed that calciphile begonias in Sabah showed strong niche partitioning in the limestone habitats of Bukit Dulong (Gomatong Cave). At the shaded base of the cliff, two understorey Begonia species were found (B. gomatongensis Kiew and B. postari Kiew). At slightly higher elevations where the canopy provides less shade and lower humidity, more drought-tolerant species that are adapted to direct sunlight and heat, such as Begonia malachosticta Sands, were found growing in rock crevices in the cliffs of jagged outcrops. Similar conditions were also observed in the limestone karst of Gunung Batusangia, where Begonia kabaenensis and B. batusangiensis occur sympatrically: B. kabaenensis is found growing in humid and shaded habitats at the base of the hill, whereas B. batusangiensis is growing in rock crevice habitats in the vertical limestone cliffs that are exposed to direct sunlight.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A362A828FFAF7E04627FA7EAFDA80B04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Thomas, Daniel	Ardi, Wisnu H., Thomas, Daniel (2023): THREE NEW SPECIES OF BEGONIA FROM THE OUTER ISLANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN SULAWESI. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1980): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1980, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2023.1980
A362A828FFA27E00627FA7A4FBB90C5A.text	A362A828FFA27E00627FA7A4FBB90C5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Begonia labengkiensis Ardi & D. C. Thomas 2023	<div><p>3. Begonia labengkiensis Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas, sp. nov. § Petermannia</p> <p>Distinguished by the basal stem that is appressed to the substrate, the long-pedunculate female inflorescences, and the paniculate-cymose male inflorescences. Morphologically similar to Begonia matarombeoensis, but B. labengkiensis can be differentiated by its apiculate stipules (apicule 1 mm long vs seta at stipule apex to 6 mm long); leaves adaxially bullate, each bulla tipped with a white pilose hairs (vs not bullate and glabrous); bract of female inflorescence ovate, cymbiform (vs elliptic); tepals of male and female flowers orange (vs white or white tinged with pink); female flower pedicel 5–9 mm long,</p> <p>recurved (vs 9–11 mm, not recurved); ovary shape (without wings) obovoid to narrowly obovoid (vs ellipsoid) (Table 2). – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Labengki Besar Island, 28 vi 2022, W. H. Ardi WI773 (holotype FIPIA; isotypes CEB, SING). Figures 2B, 5.</p> <p>Perennial, monoecious herb, basal stem appressed to the substrate and rooting at the nodes, distally often ascending to erect, many branched. Stem succulent, up to 1.2 cm</p> <p>in diameter, greenish-brownish, with microscopic glandular hairs and a few villose hairs to glabrescent, internodes 1–4 cm long. Leaves alternate; stipules persistent, 8–12 ×</p> <p>6–13 mm, broadly ovate, asymmetrical, with an abaxially slightly prominent midrib from the middle part to the apex, apex apiculate, apicule up to 1 mm long, margin crenate,</p> <p>and crenulate between the larger teeth, ciliate, reddish, glabrous; petioles 11–22 cm long, terrete, pale orange, sparsely pilose hairy; lamina 12–20 × 8.5–14 cm, asymmetrical, ovate to broadly ovate, base cordate and lobes sometimes overlapping, apex acuminate, margin crenate-crenulate, ciliate, adaxial surface reddish green, slightly bullate, bullae tipped by white pilose hairs, abaxial surface red, pale orange on the veins, hairy on the veins, primary veins 7 or 8, actinodromous, secondary veins craspedodromous. Inflorescences: protogynous; female inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered, basal to male inflorescences, peduncles 2–3 cm long, becoming shorter in the distal part, red, glabrous, bracts persistent, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, ovate, asymmetrical, cymbiform, reddish, translucent at the margin,</p> <p>midrib slightly prominent; male inflorescences paniculate-cymose, composed up to 12 subumbellate partial inflorescences, each with up to 10 flowers, peduncles of partial inflorescence up to 3.5 cm long, reddish, glabrous; bracts persistent, 2–6 × 2–4 mm, ovate, asymmetrical, apiculate, apicule up to 0.5 mm long at the apex. Male flowers: pedicels</p> <p>4–11 mm long, orange, glabrous; tepals 2, orange-yellowish, 5–12 × 7–12 mm, broadly ovate, base slightly cordate, margin entire, apex rounded; androecium of c.22 stamens, yellow, filaments up to c. 1 mm long, anthers up to 0.75 mm long, obovate, dehiscing through unilaterally positioned slits that are c.1/2 as long as the anthers. Female flowers: pedicels 5–9 mm long, reddish, slightly recurved, glabrous; tepals 5, orange-yellowish, subequal or unequal, four larger 11–13.5 × 9–11 mm, ovate, one smaller c.11 × 5 mm, elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded; ovary (without wings) 7.5–8.5 × 4–6 mm, obovoid to narrowly obovoid, reddish, glabrous, wings 3, subequal, rounded to cuneate at base and truncate to subtruncate at apex, up to 2.5–4.5 mm at the widest point (apical to subapical), style up to 4.5 mm long, basally fused, 3-branched, each stylodium bifurcate in the stigmatic region, stigmatic surface a spirally twisted papillose band, orange. Fruit: peduncle up to 4 cm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, strongly recurved; seed-bearing part c.9–16 × 4–7 mm (excluding the wings), obovoid to narrowly obovoid, dehiscent, splitting along the wing attachment, wing shape as for ovary, up to 8 mm long at the widest point (apically or subapically). Seeds barrel-shaped, c. 0.3 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution. Indonesia; Sulawesi, southeastern Sulawesi, Labengki Besar Island (see</p> <p>Figure 3).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology. Crevices on vertical limestone hill, coastal karstic forest, shaded, at 1 m elevation (see Figure 2B).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet refers to Labengki Island, southeastern Sulawesi, where the type material was collected.</p> <p>Proposed IUCN conservation assessment. Critically Endangered CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii).</p> <p>This species is known only from the type location, Labengki Besar Island, which has no legal protection status. The species is restricted to limestone cliffs. During fieldwork, fewer than</p> <p>10 mature individuals were observed. There were no signs of direct anthropogenic threats such as limestone mining observed during fieldwork, but some forest cover loss of about 1 ha in 2016, predominantly due to fire, is indicated by remote-sensing data within a 2-km buffer from the type locality (Global Forest Watch, 2023). Given the very small AOO (4 km 2), a single known location, and the observed forest cover loss in close proximity to the type locality, we assess this species as Critically Endangered (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2022). Notes. Begonia labengkiensis has orange tepals, which is very rare in Sulawesi species from Begonia sect. Petermannia. There are only two species in Sulawesi that share this character: Begonia ignita C.W.Lin &amp; C.I Peng and B. tjiasmantoi Ardi &amp; D.C.Thomas (Lin et al., 2017; Ardi &amp; Thomas, 2019). Begonia labengkiensis can be easily distinguished from these two species by the character combination shown in Table 2.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined. INDONESIA. Sulawesi: SOUtheASterN SUlAWeSI: Cultivated specimen collected from the wild, Labengki Besar, North Cliff, Tapu Batusahan, 27 vi 2022, W. H. Ardi WI772 (FIPIA); Labengki Besar, north cliff, Tapu Batusahan, 29 vi 2022, W. H. Ardi WI774 (FIPIA, UI).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A362A828FFA27E00627FA7A4FBB90C5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ardi, Wisnu H.;Thomas, Daniel	Ardi, Wisnu H., Thomas, Daniel (2023): THREE NEW SPECIES OF BEGONIA FROM THE OUTER ISLANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN SULAWESI. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1980): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1980, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2023.1980
