taxonID	type	description	language	source
EB262842553950D7B439D8C3908697F3.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	en	Kim, Jong Guk, Kim, Il-Hoi, Lee, Jimin (2025): Discovery of a new hydrothermal copepod from the Indian Ocean and proposal of Parabathyesola gen. nov. (Harpacticoida, Laophontidae, Esolinae). ZooKeys 1262: 1-20, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.169224
EB262842553950D7B439D8C3908697F3.taxon	description	Description. Female (based on paratypes MABIK CR 00259487 and CR 00259489). Total body length ranged from 457 – 519 μm (mean = 490.1 μm, n = 7), excluding length of caudal setae. Body (Fig. 1 A, B) subcylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly, approximately 4 × as long as wide; maximum width ~ 130 μm long measured at posterior end of cephalothoracic shield in dorsal view; demarcation between prosome and urosome inconspicuous, but flexible dorsally. Integument on all body somites reticulated (Fig. 1 C), covered with fine spinules. Rostrum (Fig. 1 D) well-developed, bell-shaped, defined at base, subapically with one mid-ventral pore and one pair of lateral pores; apical tip blunt, with two sensilla. Prosome (Fig. 1 A, B) composed of cephalothorax and three free pedigerous somites (bearing P 2 – P 4); first pedigerous somite completely incorporated into cephalosome. Cephalothoracic shield bell-shaped, ~ 1.2 × as wide as long, with one mid-dorsal pore, and one unpaired sensillum (in central) and several paired sensilla; pleural areas rounded, with lobate posterior angles; posterior and ventro-lateral margins fringed with long fine setules. Free pedigerous somites gradually tapering posteriorly, with one dorsal row of fine spinules near posterior margin, one pair of dorsal sensilla, and five (in P 2 -, P 4 - bearing somites) or six (in P 3 - bearing somites) pairs of posterior sensilla; posterior and ventro-lateral margins fringed with long spinules; P 2 - bearing somite with one mid-dorsal pore. Urosome (Fig. 1 A, B) five-segmented, comprising P 5 - bearing somite, genital double-somite, three free abdominal somites. All urosomites except for anal somite ornamented with one row of dorsal spinules posteriorly and two or three groups of long spinules laterally. P 5 - bearing somite with remarkably boarder posterior half and dorsal posterior margin ornamented with four pairs of sensilla and one pair of rows of long spinules. Genital double-somite completely fused ventrally (Fig. 2 A), but original division marked by bilateral constriction and dorsal transverse suture, 0.77 × as long as wide; anterior somite (genital somite) with border posterior half bearing three pairs of dorsal posterior sensilla; posterior somite gradually bordering towards posterior margin, with one pair of lateral tube pores (arrowed in Fig. 1 A) and four pairs of dorsal posterior sensilla; genital gonopores and minute mid-copulatory pore covered by single opercula derived from sixth legs; P 6 represented by two small setae on small lobes; midventral surface with one pair of pores and one pair of small sensilla. First free abdominal somite (fourth urosomite) comprising narrower anterior one-third and broadened posterior two-thirds, with one pair of lateral tube pores (arrowed in Fig. 1 A) and three pairs of dorsal posterior sensilla. Second free abdominal somite (fifth urosomite) with almost straight lateral margins without sensillum and tube pore ornamentation. Anal somite smaller than preceding somite, with one pair of lateral tube pores (arrowed in Fig. 1 A), one pair of ventral tube pores (arrowed in Fig. 1 A), ornamented by posterior spinules laterally and ventrally; median cleft deep, ornamented by rows of lateral spinules on each side; semi-circular operculum ornamented with two rows of spinules, flanked by two sensilla. Caudal rami distinctly separated from each other, cylindrical, slightly swollen proximally, 3.4 × as long as wide, ~ 1.4 × longer than preceding somite, with one dorsal tube pore proximally and one row of inner spinules subdistally; set of setae I and II arising from distal one-fourth of lateral margin, seta I very small and seta II 4 × as long as seta I; ventro-lateral seta III subdistal, posterior to set of setae I and II, ~ 1.6 × as long as seta II; setae IV and V bi-serrate, with fracture plane, seta IV ~ 1.7 × as long as ramus, seta V as long as urosome (including caudal rami); seta VI issuing at inner distal corner, small; dorsal seta VII arising from insertion level of seta III, longer than seta II. Antennule (Fig. 2 B) six-segmented, elongate. First segment with one small spinous projection on outer margin and two rows of inner spinules. Second segment longest. Third segment slightly shorter than preceding segment. Fourth segment with distal pedestal bearing aesthetasc fused to adjacent seta. Fifth segment smallest. Sixth segment shorter than third segment, with acrothek composed of one aesthetasc and two setae. Armature formula as follows: 1 - [1], 2 - [8], 3 - [6], 4 - [1 + (1 + ae)], 5 - [1], 6 - [9 + acrothek]. All setae bare except for one spinulose seta on second segment; five outer setae on sixth segment bi-articulate basally. Antenna (Fig. 3 A) composed of coxa, allobasis, one-segmented endopod, and one-segmented exopod. Coxa small, ornamented with two rows of spinules. Allobasis largest, 2.1 × as long as wide, with one spinulose abexopodal seta. Free endopodal segment, longest, gradually broadening towards distal end; inner margin armed with long spinules proximal two-thirds, with one stout spine and two serrated setae; outer margin with surface frill composed of spinules. Distal armature comprising two spines, three geniculate setae, and one delicate seta; longest geniculate seta fused basally to delicate seta at inner distal corner. Exopod small, gradually broadening towards distal end, armed with one row of lateral spinules, with four plumose setae. Mandible (Fig. 3 B). Coxa well-developed, with one row of stout spinules, one blunt median protrusion; gnathobase comprising one uni-cuspidate, two bi-cuspidate, one multicuspid teeth, and one uni-serrate seta. Palp composed of broad basis and one-segmented endopod; basis with two plumose setae distally and one plumose seta proximally (representing exopod); endopod small, with one lateral and two distal plumose setae. Maxillule (Fig. 3 C). Parecoxa broad, with two rows of spinules on outer margin; arthrite well-developed, armed with one bare anterior seta and four posterior spinules; with two bare and two spinulose spines, one pinnate and three bare setae. Coxa small, armed with several outer spinules; endite cylindrical, with one bare seta and one spinulose spine. Base transversally elongate with two plumose setae laterally and one spinulose spine and two bare setae distally. Endopod small, 1.7 × longer than wide, ornamented with lateral spinules, with two plumose setae distally. Maxilla (Fig. 3 D). Syncoxa robust, ornamented with two stout spinules and one row of spinules on outer margin, one row of setules on surface, with three endites; proximal endite smallest, with one bare seta; middle endite largest, with one bare seta and two spinulose setae; distal endite, as large as middle endite, with one spinulose seta and two bare setae. Allobasis drawn out into stout claw accompanying one bare and one pinnate seta. Endopod very small, with one weakly plumose seta and two bare setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 3 E) subchelate, composed of syncoxa, basis and endopod. Syncoxa ornamented with two groups of spinules and one row of spinules on surface, one row of spinules near outer margin, with two plumose setae distally. Basis largest, 2.4 × as long as wide; outer margin convex, with two rows of long spinules, inner (palmar) margin almost straight, with two rows of long spinules. Endopod one-segmented, claw-like, uni-serrated, accompanying one small seta and one small denticle. P 1 (Fig. 4 A). Praecoxa unexamined. Intercoxal sclerite transversely elongate, wide, slightly arched, without ornamentation. Coxa large, slightly longer than greatest width; outer margin slightly swollen proximal two-thirds bearing two groups of long spinules; anterior surface with one row of stout spinules and three rows of minute denticles. Basis elongated by development of pedestal for insertion of endopod, longer than coxa, ~ 1.7 × as long as wide, ornamented with one row of inner spinules, one row of anterior spinules and one anterior tube pore; long and plumose outer seta issuing from pedestal positioned proximal one-fourth of outer margin and accompanying several anterior spinules; plumose inner seta shorter than outer seta, arising from distal one-fourth of anterior surface. Exopod 3 - segmented, slightly less than midlength of ENP 1; all segments subequal in length, ornamented with two rows of outer spinules and several inner setules (absent in EXP 3); EXP 1 with one long and plumose outer seta slightly beyond midlength of EXP 3; EXP 2 with one bare outer spine; EXP 3 with two bare outer spines and two geniculate distal setae. Endopod prehensile, 2 - segmented; ENP 1 robust, elongate, ~ 5.5 × as long as wide, ornamented with outer spinules and inner setules; ENP 2 small, ornamented with outer setules and inner spinules (gradually increasing towards inwardly), distally with one delicate seta and one stout and uni-serrate spine. P 2 (Fig. 4 B). Praecoxal small, ornamented with distal spinules. Intercoxal sclerite wide, arched, unornamented. Coxa large, ornamented with two rows of outer spinules and four rows of anterior spinules. Basis smaller than coxa, with one anterior tube pore near outer margin; inner margin ornamented with one group of setules and outer margin ornamented with one row of spinules; outer seta long and pinnate. Exopod longer than endopod, 3 - segmented; EXP 1 ornamented with five rows of outer spinules and one row of inner setules, with one pinnate outer spine; EXP 2 smallest, with three groups of outer spinules and one row of inner setules, with one pinnate outer spine and one inner plumose seta; EXP 3 as long as EXP 1, ornamented with four rows of outer spinules, with three pinnate outer spines, one distal spine (ornamented with outer spinules and inner setules), one plumose distal seta, and one plumose inner seta. Endopod reaching distal one-third of EXP 2; ENP 1 slightly beyond midlength of EXP 1, ornamented with outer setules, with one anterior tube pore and one plumose inner seta; ENP 2 ~ 1.5 × as long as ENP 1, ornamented with outer setules, with one outer seta, two distal setae, and two inner setae; outer seta and distal inner seta with additional spinular ornamentation. P 3 (Fig. 4 C) as in P 2 except for setal armatures and ornamentations. Coxa with two rows of anterior spinules. Basis with one bare outer seta. Exopod same as setal armature of P 2, but inner seta on EXP 3 extremely long, 2.4 × as long as EXP 3. Endopod also slightly less than distal end of EXP 2; ENP 2 ~ 2 × as long as ENP 1; ENP 2 with one anterior pore and inner setules; armature of ENP 2 comprising one outer spine being plumose proximally and pinnate subdistally, two plumose distal setae and three plumose inner setae; two subdistal inner setae ornamented additional outer spinular ornamentation. P 4 (Fig. 2 C) as in P 2 and P 3 except for setal armatures and ornamentations. Coxa with one row of anterior spinules. Outer seta on basis bare and smaller than those of P 2 and P 3. EXP 1 ornamented with six rows of outer spinules; EXP 3 with same setal armature of P 2 EXP 3, but inner seta extremely long, ~ 2.6 × as long as EXP 3. Endopod also slightly less than distal end of EXP 2; ENP 1 lacking anterior tube pore; ENP 2 ~ 2.8 × as long as ENP 1, ornamented with setules in proximal half on both sides, one row of outer spinules in distal half; anterior tube pore present; setal armature of ENP 2 as in P 2, but outer seta exceeding distal end of EXP 3; spinular ornamentation observed in outer seta and two inner setae. P 5 (Fig. 2 D). BENP elongate, ~ 3.3 × as long as wide, with one anterior tube pore; outer setophore distinctly prolonged, with one long bare seta, and ornamented with spinules anteriorly and posteriorly; endopodal lobe well-developed, beyond midlength of exopod, slightly tapering towards distal end, with one tube pore, three long pinnate inner setae and two small pinnate distal setae; all margins of endopodal lobe ornamented with spinules. Exopod elongate, ~ 4.8 × as long as wide; distal margin produced as tubular extension, with one long bare seta; inner margin ornamented with spinules and subdistal pinnate seta; outer margin ornamented with three groups of spinules and four pinnate setae; proximal two setae on outer margin displaced in same insertion position. Male (based on paratype MABIK CR 00259490). Habitus (Fig. 5 A) slightly smaller than female. Body length ranged from 440 to 462 μm (mean = 448.8 μm, n = 5); length / width ratio ~ 4.3 and prosome / urosome (including caudal rami) length ratio 1.0. Urosome (Figs 5 A, 6 A) six-segmented; P 5 bearing-somite trapezoidal in dorsal aspect; genital somite free, slightly broadening towards posterior margin; first and second postgenital somites as in female, with two pairs and one pair of ventral tube pores, respectively. Antennule (Fig. 5 B) seven-segmented, subchirocerate, with geniculation between fifth and sixth segments; first segment armed with one row of weak spinules and two rows of stout spinules; second segment longest, 2.3 × as long as wide, subdistally with incomplete suture line; fourth segment represented by small sclerite bearing one seta; fifth segment swollen, with peduncle bearing one long seta and aesthetasc fused basally to adjacent another seta; sixth segment with one bare seta and three teeth-like projections; seventh segment conical, slightly recurved, subdistally with one acrothek as female. Armature formula as follows: 1 - [1], 2 - [9], 3 - [6], 4 - [1], 5 - [10 + (1 + ae)], 6 - [1 + 3 teeth], 7 - [8 + acrothek]. All setae bare except for one spinulose seta on second segment and uni-serrate seta on fifth segment; six outer setae on distal segment bi-articulate. P 3 (Fig. 6 B, B ’). Endopod probably 3 - segmented, with incomplete anterior division between distal two segments; ENP 1 as in that of female; ENP 2 with one recurved and pinnate outer spine and one short and plumose inner seta; ENP 3 with two inner and two distal plumose setae. P 5 (Fig. 6 C) two-segmented; left and right BENP fused to sclerite; BENP with one anterior and two inner tube pores; outer setophore cylindrical, flanked with one row of anterior spinules, with one long bare seta. Exopod elongate, 2.3 × as long as wide, ornamented with anterior spinules; with two outer, one distal, and two inner setae. P 6 (Fig. 6 A). asymmetrical, right membrane basally articulated from ventral surface of genital somite; leg represented by small cylindrical protrusion bearing one plumose seta.	en	Kim, Jong Guk, Kim, Il-Hoi, Lee, Jimin (2025): Discovery of a new hydrothermal copepod from the Indian Ocean and proposal of Parabathyesola gen. nov. (Harpacticoida, Laophontidae, Esolinae). ZooKeys 1262: 1-20, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.169224
EB262842553950D7B439D8C3908697F3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin adjective calidus meaning ‘ warm’ or ‘ hot’, and refers the hydrothermal habitat of its type locality. Gender: feminine.	en	Kim, Jong Guk, Kim, Il-Hoi, Lee, Jimin (2025): Discovery of a new hydrothermal copepod from the Indian Ocean and proposal of Parabathyesola gen. nov. (Harpacticoida, Laophontidae, Esolinae). ZooKeys 1262: 1-20, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.169224
CA3DA465CF925E09A8C766360E9A554D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name alludes to the close relationship of the new genus with the genus Bathyesola. Gender: feminine.	en	Kim, Jong Guk, Kim, Il-Hoi, Lee, Jimin (2025): Discovery of a new hydrothermal copepod from the Indian Ocean and proposal of Parabathyesola gen. nov. (Harpacticoida, Laophontidae, Esolinae). ZooKeys 1262: 1-20, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.169224
CA3DA465CF925E09A8C766360E9A554D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Esolinae. Body subcylindrical, slightly depressed, with inconspicuous demarcation between prosome and urosome, usually flexible dorsally; integument on all body somites reticulated except for caudal rami. Rostrum prominent, defined at base, with one pair of dorsal sensilla. Cephalothoracic shield bell-shaped. Free pedigerous somites gradually tapering posteriorly. P 5 - bearing somite with remarkably boarder posterior half. Genital double-somite completely fused ventrally, with bilateral constriction and dorsal transverse suture. Genital double-somite and first free abdominal somite with posteriorly extended pleurotergites. Caudal rami distinctly separated from each other, elongate, with seven setae; set of setae I and II located at distal one-fourth of lateral margin; setae IV and V with fracture planes. Antennule six-segmented, elongate, with aesthetasc on fourth and sixth segments in female; first segment with one small spinous outer projection; seven-segmented, subchirocerate in male, with geniculation between fifth and sixth segments, aesthetasc on fifth and seventh segments. Antenna with allobasis bearing one abexopodal seta; exopod one-segmented, with four setae. Mandible with well-developed coxa; gnathobase with several teeth and one serrate seta; palp two-segmented; basis with two distal setae; exopod represented by one seta; endopod with one lateral and two distal setae. Maxillule with well-developed arthrite, with one anterior seta; endopod one-segmented, with two distal setae. Maxilla with robust syncoxa bearing three endites; allobasis drawn out into stout claw; endopod very small with three setae. Maxilliped subchelate; syncoxa with two setae; claw-like endopod accompanying one small seta and one denticle. P 1 – P 4 with wide and narrow intercoxal sclerites. P 1 with elongate protopods; exopod three-segmented, extending midlength of ENP 1; EXP 1 and EXP 2 with outer spine; EXP 3 with two outer spines and two geniculate distal setae; endopod prehensile, two-segmented; ENP 1 elongate, unarmed; ENP 2 small, with one claw and one delicate seta. P 2 – P 4 with rectangular coxae, with long outer setae; exopods longer than endopods, three-segmented; endopods two-segmented; P 3 endopod in male three-segmented, with separate and recurved outer spine instead of spinous apophysis. Armature formulae: P 5 two-segmented; baseoendopod elongate, with outer setophore bearing seta; left and right BENP fused to sclerite in male; endopodal lobe well-developed, with five setae in female, undeveloped and unarmed in male; exopod elongate, with six setae in female and five setae in male; proximal two outer setae on exopod of female displaced in same insertion position. P 6 represented by two small setae on both sides of genital operculum in female; asymmetrical in male, with one long seta on each side.	en	Kim, Jong Guk, Kim, Il-Hoi, Lee, Jimin (2025): Discovery of a new hydrothermal copepod from the Indian Ocean and proposal of Parabathyesola gen. nov. (Harpacticoida, Laophontidae, Esolinae). ZooKeys 1262: 1-20, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1262.169224
